应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)

Unit 1 The Roots of Chemistry

I. Comprehension.

1.It can be inferred from this article which one of the following items is not mainly based on practical use C. Greek chemistry

2. It was B. Empedocless who first introduced the idea that all things are not formed from just one element.

3. In the development of Greek chemistry, D. Democritus was the first one definiting the ultimately constituents of matter?

4. According to Plato, there are B. 4 “elements” whose faces are constituted by regular polygons.

5. In the last paragraph,authors think that experiment D

D.can deal with the reactions by which one substance is converted into another

II. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.

1.The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and it is

necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.

2.Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also an

activity by which knowledge is generated.

3.Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a single

mundane planet.

4.People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereas others

are highly complex.

5.Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there is

neither life nor death.

6.Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life,

although many of us are not fully aware of this.

III. Translation.

1.(a)化学过程；(b)自然科学；（c）蒸馏技术

(a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation

2.正是原子构成铁、水、氧等。

It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and so on.

3.化学具有悠久的历史，事实上，人类的化学活动可追溯到无记录时代以前

Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goes back to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.

4.根据水的蒸发现象，人们认识到液体在一定条件下可以变成气体

According to the evaporation of water, people know/realized that liquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment.

5.在你使用这种材料之前，你必须弄清它的各种性质

You must make sure the properties of the material before you use it.

IV. Translation

化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结

果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。这三步是：（I）物理进化（化学元素的产生），（II）化学进化（分子和生物分子的形成）；和（III）生物进化（有机物的形成和发展）。

Unit 4 Dinking Water Quality And Health

1.The uniqueness of the compound’s structure is A. necessary to learning its synthesis and its application.

2.The structure B. conversation of this molecule leads to its various usage

3.There is a wide range of compounds at trace levels that cannot be thoroughly D. eliminated from the water

4.What’s the main idea of this text? D

D.Water carries many chemical components that result in various diseases

5.What happens when people are exposed to low concentrations of chemical constituents? C

C.They will be sick over a long time, sometimes a lifelong time

6.What kind of evidence shows that chemicals in drinking effect human health? C

C.Though no clear evidence, there are really some precautions for it

7.Which organization does the European Union is preferred to follow its legislation on minimum drinking water quality? A.W.H.O

8.What’s the reason that led is still a danger to man’s health? D

D.Although lead is seldom used now, there still exist many older lead properties in use

9.There is no evidence that nitrate-contained water will cause gastric cancer, because A

A.the increase in nitrate level sometime result to a decrease in gastric cancer rates

1.Some chemicals are accumulated in the bodies of certain organisms, concentrations of them reflecting environmental pollution levels over time

2.Nonyl-phenols were suspected of stimulating vitellogenin production in the trout

3.Clearly, some chemical in the effluent was behaving like a female hormone and the fish provided an early warning of a potential problem requiring urgent investigation

4.This compound is normally produces in the liver of female fish in response to the hormone oestradiol and is incorporated into the yolk of developing eggs

5.The amount of change in the community will be related to the severity of the incident

6.the definition of pollution given above includes the adverse effects on living resources and ecological systems so that impacts need quantifying

7.The measured quantities can then be compared with standards of allowable concentrations

8.Water pollution can be defined as the introduction by man into the environment of substances or energy liable to cause hazards to health, harm to living resources and ecological systems, damage to structure or amenity, or interference in/with legitimate uses of the environment

9.How people design computer game is beyond me

10.Anyone with an annual income of under 5000 may be eligible to apply

1.饮水中毒的例子有时是触目惊心的

The case of water poisoning is sometimes shocking

2.生物耗氧量的定义是与1L废水中的还原剂作用所需的氧气质量

Biological oxygen demand is defined with 1L water reducing agent in the role of the oxygen required

quality

3.人体中大部分的水是喝进去的，但是相当一部分来自食物，还有相当一部分水是人体对食物中的氢原子进行氧化时生成的

The body most of the water is to drink it, but rather part from food, there is a considerable portion of water is the body of the food in the hydrogen oxidation is generated when the

4.但是应该清醒地认识到即使是最先进的检测方法也有可能放过一些会产生新的意想不到的后果的有害物质

However it should be soberly aware of even the most advanced detection methods also have the potential to be let off some will produce new beat all the consequences of hazardous substance

5.这种疾病称为正铁血红蛋白症，是婴儿紫绀综合征的病因之一——婴儿的水分和氧气需要量很大，而由于亚硝酸盐的存在，他们的血红蛋白值却很低

The disease known as methemoglobinemia disease, is one of the causes of bluebaby syndrome-- baby moisture and oxygen in great demand, and as a result of nitrite presence, their hemoglobin value is very low

一个主要来源的有机污染废水的污水处理工程。在英国，这种废水是，作为最低要求，满足了皇家委员会的标准，允许不超过30毫克/升的悬浮物和20毫克/升的生化需氧量（一个30:20污水稀释）。至少八体积的水，具有生化需氧量不超过2毫克/升，是要达到这个标准。不幸的是，设计能力的许多污水处理厂以下的人口现在他们的服务。这可能导致慢性河流的污染或造成定期刷新水质差，破坏水生群落。在大多数发展中国家的世界少有，或是没有，污水处理设施和粪便污染的水的结果在许多寄生感染和水性疾病如痢疾，霍乱和脊髓灰质炎。受污染的水供应仍然造成了每年超过二百万人死亡和无数的疾病。

Unit 5 The Periodic Table

1.From the first paragraph, we can get information about the periodic table except C

C.the periodic table records how many neutrons in the atoms directly

2.We can infer from the passage that periodic table A

A.is first presented by Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

3.According to the passage, which is true among the following sentences? B

B.Mendeleev had made many valuable predictions of the undiscovered elements

4.From Mendeleev’s periodic table, we can conclude that A

A.the elements’ arrangement brought to light the periodicity of chemical properties

5.Which sentence best states the modern periodic table? C

C.The size of atoms and the activity of electrons can be predicted with the number of the element’s period

6.Owing to their electron structure, the noble gases have some special character’s as B

B.because of their stability, the noble gases don’t undergo reactions and all exist in monatomic states

7.The noble gases share a similarity in certain properties. For example C

C.All of the noble gases are unreactive in chemical reactions readily

Certain groupings of elements in the periodic table are designated by special names. The heavy, stepped, diagonal line on the table divides the elements into two major classed. Those to the left of the line are called metals, and those to the right, nonmetal. GroupⅠA elements are known as alkali metals; GroupⅡA are alkaline earth metals; Group ⅦA, halogens. Group ⅥA elements are known as the chalcogens. The group at the extreme right of the table contains the noble gases. All the Group B elements are called transition metals.

1.除汞外所有的金属在室温下均为固体，而且它们的原子排列的很有规则，通常彼此靠的很紧，以便占有最小的空间

In addition to mercury all metals are solid at room temperature, and the arrangement of the atoms are rules rely on each other, usually very tight, so as to occupy a minimum of space

2. 直到1854年左右，铝才开始进行工业规模的生产

Until around 1854, aluminium began on an industrial scale production

3. 这两种元素不仅在常温下不起化合作用，即使在高温下也不发生明显的反应。

The two elements not only in room temperature on photosynthesis, even at high temperatures without obvious reaction

4. 二者都是无色气体，但像所有气体一样可以液化。

Two is a colorless gas, but like all the same gas can be liquefied

5. 这两种化合物的分离即便并非没有可能，也是十分困难。

The two compounds separation even if not impossible, it is very difficult

Unit 7 The Nomenclature of Inorganic Substances

I. Comprehension

1.chemical nomenclature can indicate A

A.the elements which are present in the substance

2.Which of the following sentence is not true? B

B.when an element can from a variety of oxoanions with different numbers of oxygen atoms, the ion with the larger number of oxygen atoms is given the suffix-ite

3.The formulas of oxoacids are derived from C

C.the corresponding oxoanions by adding enough hydrogen ions

4.Binary molecular compound C

C.consists of two kinds of elements

5.in nomenclature, the prefix of –per means B

B.the oxyanion has one more oxygen than corresponding ion which has the suffix ate-

II. Give the systematic name for the following

ammonium ion ; copper(II) ion ; strontium ion;

Ccopper(I) ion; iron(II) ion; zinc ion;

hydrogen ion; lead((II) ion; aluminum;

silver ion; magnesium ion; chromium(III) ion;

Barium ; Manganese(II) ion; iron(III) ion;

calcium ion; mercury(II) ion;

chromium(II) ion; tin(II) ion.

carbon monoxide; ditrogen trioxide;

carbon dioxide; diphosphorus pentoxide;

sulfur trioxide; dichlorine heptoxide

arsenate ion; sulfite ion; hydride ion;

arsenite ion; bromide ion; hydroxide ion;

phosphate ion; chlorate ion; hypochlorite ion;

phosphate ion; chloride ion; iodate ion;

carbonate ion; chlorite ion; nitrate ion;

chromate ion; cyanide ion; iodide ion;

dichromate ion; fluoride ion; nitrate ion;

oxide ion; hydrogen carbonate ion; nitrite ion;

sulfide ion; hydrogen sulfate ion; perchlorate ion;

sulfate ion; hydrogen sulfite ion; permanganate ion.

IV. Acid names may be obtained directly from its acid ion by changing the name of the acid ion

V. Complete the sentences with the proper form of the word given at the end of the sentence.

1.Only the outermost or valence electron energy level is altered when ionic compounds are formed from atoms

2.To illustrate these change for sodium and chlorine we can draw modified Bohr diagrams for the atoms and ions involved

3.The chemical formula for the compound sodium chloride is NaCl. This formula indicates that in the compound there is one sodium ion for each chloride ion

4.We should expect that bonds in water to be polar because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen

5.If the atoms in the water molecule were in a straight row ( that is, in a linear arrangement, ) the two polar bonds would cancel one another out

6.Instead of having one end of the molecule positive and the other end negative, the electrons are pulled toward the right in one bond and toward the left in the other

7.Many of the properties of compounds, like melting point, boiling point, and solubility, depend on the polarity of the molecules of the compound

8.Most of the ionic compounds that we have just named are also referred to as salts

9.A salt is an ionic compound formed by the combination of a cation with an anion

10.Most of the compounds that we have discussed so far are ionic compounds, which constitute a significant portion of the “hard” part of nature

VI. Translation

1. 物质既不能创造亦不能消灭

Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed/eliminated.

2. 科学家必须知道怎么运用数字以求得对问题的准确解释

It is necessary that a scientist must know how to use fingures to get an accutate answer to question.

3. 任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都是由原子组成的

Any substance is made of atoms whether it is solid, liquid or gas.

4. 试验是成功，它的结果正如我们预期的一样

The experiment was successful. It’s results was the same as what we had expected.

5. 我们不久就会完成这个试验

It will not be long before we finish the experiment.

Unit 10 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons

I. Comprehension

1.The IUPAC system is also known as Geneva system because the first meetings of IUPAC system were held in C. Geneva, Switzerland

2.According to the second paragraph, the first four prefixes listed in Table 10.1 were

A.chosen by the IUPAC because they were well establish in

B.established before there were the language of organic chemistry

C.established by organic chemists

3.If there are two or more different substituents when listing them in alphabetical order, we can not ignore B. the prefixes iso- and neo-

4.Despite the precision of IUPAC system, routine communication in organic chemistry still relies on A.Trival names B.semisystematic names C.systematic names

5.The name assigned to any compound with a chain of carbon atoms consist of B. two parts

6.The infix of the name of any compound tells A

A.the number of carbon atom in the parent chain

IV. Decide which item best completes each unfinished sentence.

1.Alkynes react primarily by A.addition

2.The structure represents: A. cyclopropene

3.Which of the following is an alkene? B.C6H12

4.How many disubstitution products are possible for benzene C.3

Unit 11 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

I. Comprehension

1.In the reaction of the carboxylic acid with the alcohol, B

B. –OH from the carboxylic acid and –H from the alcohol forms water

2.The author believes that the acid halide can be formed B

B.by the reaction of the carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride

3.The anhydride derived from two molecules of phosphoric is a strong acid, C

C.because it is completely ionized at pH7.0

4.Halides react readily with water to form with phenols to form and ammonia to form D. Carboxylic acid/esters/amides

5.In A. Hydrolysis reaction, an anhydride is cut into two molecules of carboxylic acid

6.Ibuprofen has been used widely as newer nonprescription analgesics, A

A.because Aspirin can irritate the stomach wall

IV. Translation

1. 同样，溶剂也可以不是液体物质，而是其他物质

Similarly, solvent also may not be liquid matter but the others

2.以溶解度作为一个坐标，以温度作为另一个坐标所作的曲线图称为溶解度曲线

A graph plotting solubility against temperature is called a solubility curve.

( The curve plot drawn (made / produced) by solubility as one coordinate and temperature as another coordinate is called solubility curve.)

3. 空气是混合物气体，含量最多的是以N2形式存在的氮

Air is mixture of gases , the most abundant of which is nitrogen in the form of N2 (molecules).

4.反应的方向和平衡的位置也受温度、压力和其他条件的影响

The direction of the reaction and the position of the equilibrium may also be affected by the temperature, pressure, and other conditions.

5.氢对氧有着很强的亲和力，很容易与氧化合形成水

Hydrogen has a great affinity for oxygen and easily combines with it to form water.

V. Translation

玻意尔（Bohr）模型提出不久后，人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得多。

实验证实电子既有粒子的性质（质量）也有光的特性（波的特性）。因为它的两重性，电子不能

被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单粒子，而且如Bohr所说的，如果电子高速运动，我

们就不能确切地知道它的位置。

4总结

化合物宿命包括：水，盐，糖，氨和石英。

Compounds common names include water , salt , sugar, ammonia ,and quartz.

1.阳离子命名（the names of cations )

(1).单原子阳离子的名称同元素的名称相同，后跟随离子一词。

The names of monatomic cations are the same as the name of the element , with the addition of the word ion .

例如：钠离子Sodium ion

(2) 当一种元素可以形成不止一种阳离子，用编码---罗马数字等于离子电荷数来命名。

When an element can form more than one kind of cation , we use the stock number , a Roman numeral equal to the change of the cation .

例如：亚铜离子（Cu+）copper（I) ion 铜离子（Cu2+）copper（II) ion 亚铁离子（Fe2+）iron（II) ion 铁离子（Fe3+）iron（III）ion

2.阴离子命名（Names of Anions）

（1）单原子阴离子命名时，元素名作为第一部分，加上后缀—ide。

Monatomic anion are named by adding the suffix—ide and the first part of the name of the element.

例如：氟离子（F-）flouride 氯离子（cl-）chloride 溴离子(Br-) bromide

(2)含氧酸跟命名是以元素命名作主干，加后缀—ate。

The names of oxoanions are formed by adding the suffix-ate to the stem of the name of the element.

例如：碳酸跟（CO32-）carbonate.

（3)然而，许多元素可以形成有不同数目氧原子的含氧酸根，含氧较多数目的离子加后缀-ite.

However，many element can form a variety of oxoanions with different numbers of oxygen atoms. The ion with larger number of oxygen is given the suffix-ate. And that with smaller number of oxygen atoms is given the suffix-ite.

例如：硝酸根（NO3-）nitrate 亚硝酸跟(NO2-) nitrite

(1)'' 若超过两种含氧酸根，具有最少氧原子数目的含氧酸根加前缀hypo-并加后缀-ite，

具最多数目氧原子的含氧酸根加前缀per-并加后缀-ate。

Some element form more than two oxoanions. The name of oxoanion with the smallest number of oxygen atoms is formed by adding the prefix hypo- to the -ite form of the name. The oxoanion with a higher number of oxoanion atoms is named with the prefix pre- add to the -ate form of the name.

例如：ClO- hypochorite ClO2- chalorite ClO3- chalorate ClO4- perchlorate

（2）"含H阴离子，命名是将这些阴离子在开头加“hydrogen".

Some anions include hydrogen , the name of these anions begin with

"hydrogen".

例如：HCO3- hydrogen carbonate

（3）”含氧酸命名是源于对应的含氧酸根，并用-ic acid代替-ate，或用-ous acid代替-ite。The formulas of oxoanions are derived from those of the corresponding oxoanions, -ic oxoacides are the parent of -ate oxoanions and -ous oxoacides are the parents of -ite oxoanion.

例如：H2SO4 sulfuric acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid

3.离子化合物命名（names of Ionic compound）

（1）命名是以阳离子在前，阴离子在后的方式。

An ionic compound is named with cation name first , followed by the name of the anion.

例如;KCI potassium chloride NH4NO3 ammonium nitrate

(2)水合物命名是首先给出化合物名字，后用希腊前缀加hydrate，前缀表示有多少水分子。Hydrates are named by first giving the name of the compound, then adding the word hydrate with Greek prefix indicating how many molecules of water are found.

例如;CuSO4.5H2O copper（II)sulfate pentahydrate

4.分子化合物命名（names of molecular compounds）

分子化合物命名是用希腊前缀表示每种原子出现的数目，没有前缀的话则表示只有一个原子。Molecular compound are named by using the Greek prefixes to indicate the number of each type of atom present. No prefix is used if only one atom of an element is present.

例如：PCI3 phosphorus trichloride N2O dinitrogen oxiden

SF6 sulfur hexafluoride N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide

5.单价金属离子.

命名和书写二元离子化合物，先写金属再写非金属，金属名字不变，阴离子是在词根后加-ide. In both naming and writing the formular for a binary ionic compound , the metal comes first and the nonmental second. The unchanged English name of the metal is used . The name of the anion includes only the English root plus ide. 例如：NaCl sodium chloride CaO calcium oxide

6.多原子离子化合物命名同上阴离子命名.

化学专业英语(修订版)翻译

01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如: oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg

化学专业英语翻译1

01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of

《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版

Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助

化学化工专业英语(课本内容)

第二章科技英语构词法 词是构成句子的要素，对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。 所谓构词法即词的构成方法，即词在结构上的规律。科技英语构词特点是外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；第二个特点是构词方法多，除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。 2.1转化法（Conversion） 由一种词类转化成另一种词类，叫转化法。例如： water(n.水)→water(v.浇水) charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电) yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成) dry(a.干的) →dry（v.烘干） slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢) back(ad.在后、向后) →back（v.使后退、倒车） square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的) 2.2派生法（Derivation） 通过加前、后缀构成一新词。派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。 例如“烷烃”就是用前缀（如拉丁或希腊前缀）表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”，则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。依此类推，从而构成千成种化学物质名词。常遇到这样的情况，许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到，全若掌握这种构词法，能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思，合在一起即是该词的意义。下面通过表1举例说明。需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。 本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》（第三版）附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。 据估计，知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。这对扩大科技词汇量，增强自由阅读能力，提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。 2．3合成法（Composition） 由两个或更多的词合成一个词，叫合成法。有时需加连字符。 如副词+过去分词well-known 著名的 名词+名词carbon steel 碳钢 rust-resistance 防锈 名词+过去分词computer-oriented 研制计算机的 介词+名词by-product 副产物 动词+副词makeup 化妆品 check-up 检查 形容词+名词atomic weight 原子量 periodic table 周期表 动词+代词+副词pick-me-up 兴奋剂 副词+介词+名词out-of-door 户外 2．4压缩法（Shortening） (1)只取词头字母 这种方法在科技英语中较常用。

应用化学专业英语翻译完整篇

1 Unit5元素周期表 As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽，我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。有超过100多中元素要处理，我们怎么能记的住所有的信息？有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数，它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。最神奇的是，周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型（原子是是一个不可分割的粒子，其质量决定了它的身份）不久，化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。在制定像这些元素表时候，他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。例如，人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。在当时知道的大约60种元素中，第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质，第三个和第十个，第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。 In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家，发表了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似. Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。他非但没有将那些空白看成是缺憾，反而大胆的预测还存在着仍未被发现的元素。更进一步，他甚至预测出那些一些缺失元素的性质出来。在接下来的几年里，随着新元素的发现，里面的许多空格都被填满。这些性质也和Mendeleev所预测的极为接近。这巨大创新的预计值导致了Mendeleev的周期表为人们所接受。 It is known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 我们现在所知道的元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能量能级的电子数。钠原子最外层能量能级（第三层）有一个电子，锂原子最外层能量能级（第二层）有一个电子。钠和锂的化学性质相似。氦原子和氖原子外层能级上是满的，这两种都是惰性气体，也就是他们不容易进行化学反应。很明显，有着相同电子结构（电子分布）的元素的不仅有着相似的化学性质，而且某些结构也表现比其他元素稳定（不那么活泼） In Mendeleev’s table,the elements were arranged by atomic weights for 在Mendeleev的表中，元素大部分是按照原子数来排列的，这个排列揭示了化学性质的周期性。因为电子数决定元素的化学性质，电子数也应该（现在也确实）决定周期表的顺序。在现代的周期表中，元素是根据原子质量来排列的。记住，这个数字表示了在元素的中性原子中的质子数和电子数。现在的周期表是按照原子数的递增排列，Mendeleev的周期表是按照原子质量的递增排列，彼此平行是由于原子量的增加。只有在一些情况下（Mendeleev注释的那样）重量和顺序不符合。因为原子质量是质子和中子质量的加和，故原子量并不完全随原子序数的增加而增加。原子序数低的原子的中子数有可能比原子序数高的原

化工英文文献翻译

Heavy Oil Development Technology of Liaohe Oilfield Han Yun (Scientific Research Information Department Exploration&Development Research Institute，Liaohe Oilfield Company) Liaohe Oilfield，the largest heavy oil production base in China，features in various reservoir types，deep burial，and wide range of crude oil viscosity．For many years，a series of technologies have been developed for different oil products and reservoir types of the oilfield，of which water flooding，foam slug drive，steam stimulation，steam drive,and SAGD are the main technologies. After continuous improvement，they have been further developed and played an important role in the development of heavy oil in the oilfield． Liaohe Oilfield is abundant in heavy oil resources，46％of the total proved reserves of Liaohe Oilfield Company. Horizontally the resources concentrates in the West Depression and the southern plunging belt of the Central Uplift in Liaohe Rift. Vertically,it is mainly distributed in Paleocene Shahejie Formation(ES). The distinctive geological feature of Liaohe 0ilfield is manifested in three aspects：first，the heavy oil reservoirs are deeply buried and 80％of them are buried more than 900m deep；second，the heavy oil viscosity ranges widely．For most of the reservoirs．the dead oil viscosity ranges in 100～100000mPa·s with the maximum 650000mPa·s.Third the reservoir types are various with complicated oil—water relationship，most of the reservoirs are edge water and bosom water reservoirs and there are also edge water reservoirs，top water reservoirs and bosom water reservoirs．For more than 20 years of development，Liaohe Oilfield has developed series of heavy oil development technologies for different oil products and different types of reservoirs，such as water flooding, foam slug drive,steam stimulation steam drive and SAGD．The most difficult issues have been overcome in the development of the super

《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment

Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment 化学工业与环境 How can we reduce the amount of waste that is produced? And how we close the loop by redirecting spent materials and products into programs of recycling? All of these questions must be answered through careful research in the coming years as we strive to keep civilization in balance with nature. 我们怎样才能减少产生废物的数量？我们怎样才能使废弃物质和商品纳入循环使用的程序？所有这些问题必须要在未来的几年里通过仔细的研究得到解决，这样我们才能保持文明与自然的平衡。 1.Atmospheric Chemistry Coal-burning power plants, as well as some natural processes, deliver sulfur compounds to the stratosphere, where oxidation produces sulfuric acid particles that reflect away some of the incoming visible solar radiation. In the troposphere, nitrogen oxides produced by the combustion of fossil fuels combine with many organic molecules under the influence of sunlight to produce urban smog. The volatile hydrocarbon isoprene, well known as a building block of synthetic rubber, is also produced naturally in forests. And the chlorofluorocarbons, better known as CFCs, are inert in automobile air conditioners and home refrigerators but come apart under ultraviolet bombardment in the mid-stratosphere with devastating effect on the earth’s stratospheric ozone layer. The globally averaged atmospheric concentration of stratospheric ozone itself is only 3 parts in 10 million, but it has played a crucial protective role in the development of all biological life through its absorption of potentially harmful shout-wavelength solar ultraviolet radiation. 1．大气化学 燃煤发电厂像一些自然过程一样，也会释放硫化合物到大气层中，在那里氧化作用产生硫酸颗粒能反射入射进来的可见太阳辐射。在对流层，化石燃料燃烧所产生的氮氧化物在阳光的影响下与许多有机物分子结合产生都市烟雾。挥发的碳氢化合物异戊二烯，也就是众所周知的合成橡胶的结构单元，可以在森林中天然产生含氯氟烃。我们所熟悉的CFCs，在汽车空调和家用冰箱里是惰性的，但在中平流层内在紫外线的照射下回发生分解从而对地球大气臭氧层造成破坏，全球大气层中臭氧的平均浓度只有3ppm，但它对所有生命体的生长发育都起了关键的保护作用，因为是它吸收了太阳光线中有害的短波紫外辐射。 During the past 20 years, public attention has been focused on ways that mankind has caused changes in the atmosphere: acid rain, stratospheric zone depletion, greenhouse warming, and the increased oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. We have known for generations that human activity has affected the nearby surroundings, but only gradually have we noticed such effects as acid rain on a regional then on an intercontinental scale. With the problem of ozone depletion and concerns about global warming, we have now truly entered an era of global change, but the underlying scientific facts have not yet been fully established. 在过去的二十年中，公众的注意力集中在人类对大气层的改变：酸雨、平流层臭氧空洞、温室现象，以及大气的氧化能力增强，前几代人已经知道，人类的活动会对邻近的环境造成影响，但意识到像酸雨这样的效应将由局部扩展到洲际范围则是慢慢发现的。随着臭氧空洞问题的出现，考虑到对全球的威胁，我们已真正进入到全球话改变的时代，但是基本的

应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译

Uｎit 1 The RｏotｓoｆCｈemisｔry Ｉ．Ｃoｍpreｈensioｎ. 1。Ｃ 2. Ｂ3．D 4. C 5. B ＩI。Ｍａｋe ａsenｔeｎｃe ｏut of ｅach ｉｔem ｂy reaｒranging ｔhe wordｓin ｂracｋets. 1.Tｈｅｐuｒiｆｉcation of aｎorganｉc compounｄis usually a matter of consｉｄerａｂlｅdｉfｆicｕｌtｙ, and iｔis nｅcｅｓsaｒy to eｍploy vａrious methoｄs fｏr thｉｓpurpｏse。 2.Science is an ｅｖeｒ－iｎcｒｅasing boｄy ofａccｕｍｕlａｔed anｄ ｓｙsｔｅmatiｚed knowledｇe ａnd iｓalsｏan activｉty bｙwｈic ｈｋnowledge iｓｇenerated。 3.Lifｅ，aftｅr all, is onｌy cｈeｍistry,in faｃｔ, a sｍall example of ｃ hｅｍistry ｏbsｅｒved oｎａsｉngle munｄane pｌａnet。 4.Peoplｅaｒe made of molｅculｅｓ; sｏmｅｏf ｔhｅmｏleculｅs in p ｅople aｒe rａｔher ｓimple whｅreas otｈerｓａｒｅhｉghly compｌex。 5.Chｅｍistry ｉｓever preseｎｔin ｏｕｒｌｉves frｏm ｂｉｒtｈ tｏｄeａthｂeｃａｕse withoｕt chｅmｉｓtrｙｔhere iｓneither life nor deａth. 6.Maｔhｅｍaｔics apｐeａｒs ｔo be almost as humaｎkiｎｄand ａｌ ｓo ｐermeaｔeｓall aspeｃts of ｈuman life, aｌthough ｍａｎｙof us are ｎｏｔfuｌly ａwａrｅoｆtｈis. III。Tｒanｓlatioｎ. 1.（a)chｅmicaｌprｏcess (b) natuｒal scienｃe（c）the teｃhｎｉ ｑｕe of distｉllaｔioｎ 2.Iｔｉs theａtｏｍs that ｍａkｅuｐｉron, waｔeｒ，oｘygen and the lｉke/anｄso on／aｎｄsｏfortｈ/aｎd otherｗiｓe. 3.Cheｍisｔｒy haｓa very long hｉｓtorｙ, ｉnｆaｃｔ，human a ｃtivity in chｅｍｉstrｙgｏes bａｃk ｔo ｐreｒecｏrｄed tｉmｅｓ/pｒedatiｎg reｃｏrded times． 4.Aｃcoｒdｉng to/Froｍthe eｖapoｒaｔion oｆwaｔeｒ，pｅople know ／reaｌized ｔｈat ｌiquidｓcａn ｔurn/bｅ/changeｉｎto gases ｕndeｒcertain conditions/circｕmsｔance／enｖironment。 5.Yoｕｍusｔknow ｔhe propｅｒtieｓｏfｔｈe materiaｌbeｆore y ｏu use it. IＶ．Ｔrａnslation 化学是三种基础自然科学之一,另外两种是物理和生物.自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行,甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快，其余两步相当慢.这三步

机电一体化中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) By integration of machinery development The modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation, in mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to enter into “the integration of machinery” by “the machinery electrification” for the characteristic development phase. First, the integration of machinery outline Integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing functio n and the control function introduces the electronic technology, u nifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call.

化学专业英语

精心整理一、元素和单质的命名 “元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“freeelement”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。 或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。 如FeO:iron(II)oxide或ferrous oxideFe2O3:iron(III)oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O:copper(I)oxide或cuprous oxide CuO:copper(II)oxide或cupric oxide ２．化合物负电荷部分的读法： ２．１二元化合物： 常见的二元化合物有卤化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金属氢化物等，命名时需要使用后缀-ide， 如：fluoride，chloride，bromide，iodide，oxide，sulfide，nitride,phosphide,carbide，hydride;OH-的名称也是用后缀-ide：hydroxide， 非金属氢化物不用此后缀，而是将其看成其它二元化合物（见２。２）；非最低价的二元化合

物还要加前缀，如O22-:peroxideO2-:superoxide 举例：NaF:sodiumfluoride AlCl3:aluminiumchloride Mg2N3:magnesiumnitride Ag2S：silversulfide CaC2:calciumcarbide Fe(OH)2：iron(II)hydroxide 有些物质常用俗称，如NOnitricoxideN2Onitrousoxide ２．２非金属氢化物 除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。对于卤族和氧族氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成另一元素的二元化合物。 举例：HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchloride HBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodide CH4 H 高某酸 举例： H HPO3 正盐：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。 如FeSO4iron(II)sulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganate 酸式盐：同正盐的读法，酸根中的Ｈ读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。 如NaHCO3:sodiumhydrogencarbonate或sodiumbicarbonate NaH2PO4:sodiumdihydrogenphosphate 复盐：同正盐的读法，并且阳离子按英文名称的第一个字母顺序读。 如KNaCO3:potassiumsodiumcarbonate NaNH4HPO4:ammoniumsodiumhydrogenphosphate 水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate 如AlCl3.6H2O:aluminumchloride6-water或aluminumchloridehexahydrate AlK(SO4)212H2Oaluminiumpotassiumsulphate12-water

《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译

Unit1化学工业的研究和开发 One of the main发达国家化学工业飞速发展的一个重要原因就是它在研究和开发方面的投入commitmen t和投资investmen t。通常是销售收入的5%，而研究密集型分支如制药，投入则加倍。要强调这里我们所提出的百分数不是指利润而是指销售收入，也就是说全部回收的钱，其中包括要付出原材料费，企业管理费，员工工资等等。过去这笔巨大的投资支付得很好，使得许多有用的和有价值的产品被投放市场，包括一些合成高聚物如尼龙和聚脂，药品和杀虫剂。尽管近年来进入市场的新产品大为减少，而且在衰退时期研究部门通常是最先被裁减的部门，在研究和开发方面的投资仍然保持在较高的水平。 化学工业technology industry是高技术工业，它需要利用电子学和工程学的最新成果。计算机被广泛应用，从化工厂的自动控制a utomatic control，到新化合物结构的分子模拟，再到实验室分析仪器的控制。 Individual manufacturing一个制造厂的生产量很不一样，精细化工领域每年只有几吨，而巨型企业如化肥厂和石油化工厂有可能高达500,000吨。后者需要巨大的资金投入，因为一个这样规模的工厂要花费2亿5千万美元，再加上自动控制设备的普遍应用，就不难解释为什么化工厂是资金密集型企业而不是劳动力密集型企业。 The major大部分化学公司是真正的跨国公司multinational，他们在世界上的许多国家进行销售和开发市场，他们在许多国家都有制造厂。这种国际间的合作理念，或全球一体化，是化学工业中发展的趋势。大公司通过在别的国家建造制造厂或者是收购已有的工厂进行扩张。 Unit 2工业研究和开发的类型 The applied通常在生产中完成的实用型的或有目的性的研究和开发可以分为好几类，我们对此加以简述。它们是：（1）产品开发；（2）工艺开发；（3）工艺改进；（4）应用开发；每一类下还有许多分支。我们对每一类举一个典型的例子来加以说明。在化学工业的不同部门内每类的工作重点有很大的不同。 (1)产品开发。product development产品开发不仅包括一种新药的发明和生产，还包括，比如说，给一种汽车发动机提供更长时效的抗氧化添加剂。这种开发的产品已经使（发动机）的服务期限在最近的十年中从3000英里提高到6000、9000现在已提高到12000英里。请注意，大部分的买家所需要的是化工产品能创造出来的效果，亦即某种特殊的用途。，或称聚四氟乙烯（）被购买是因为它能使炒菜锅、盆表面不粘，易于清洗。（2）工艺开发process development。工艺开发不仅包括为一种全新的产品设计一套制造工艺，还包括为现有的产品设计新的工艺或方案。而要进行后者时可能源于下面的一个或几个原因：新技术的利用、原材料的获得或价格发生了变化。氯乙烯单聚物的制造就是这样的一个例子。它的制造方法随着经济、技术和原材料的变化改变了好几次。另一个刺激因素是需求的显著增加。因而销售量对生产流程的经济效益有很大影响。早期的制造就为此提供了一个很好的例子。 The ability of能预防战争中因伤口感染引发的败血症，因而在第二次世界大战（1939-1945）中，pencillin的需求量非常大，需要大量生产。而在那时，只能用在瓶装牛奶表面发酵的方法小量的生产。英国和美国投入了巨大的人力物力联合进行研制和开发，对生产流程做出了两个重大的改进。首先用一个不同的菌株—黄霉菌代替普通的青霉，它的产量要比后者高得多。第二个重大的流程开发是引进了深层发酵过程。只要在培养液中持续通入大量纯化空气，发酵就能在所有部位进行。这使生产能力大大地增加，达到现代容量超过5000升的不锈钢发酵器。而在第一次世界大战中，死于伤口感染的士兵比直接死于战场上的人还要多。注意到这一点不能不让我们心存感激。 Process development for a new product对一个新产品进行开发要考虑产品生产的规模、产生的副产品以及分离/回收，产品所要求的纯度。在开发阶段利用中试车间（最大容量可达100升）获得的数据设计实际的制造厂是非常宝贵的，例如石油化工或氨的生产。要先建立一个中试车间，运转并测试流程以获得更多的数据。他们需要测试产品的性质，如杀虫剂，或进行消费评估，如一种新的聚合物。 Note that by-products注意，副产品对于化学过程的经济效益也有很大的影响。酚的生产就是一个有代表性的例子。早期的方法，苯磺酸方法，由于它的副产品亚硫酸钠需求枯竭而变的过时。亚硫酸钠需回收和废置成为生产过程附加的费用，增加了生产酚的成本。相反，异丙基苯方法，在经济效益方面优于所有其他方法就在于市场对于它的副产品丙酮的迫切需求。丙酮的销售所得降低了酚的生产成本。 A major part对一个新产品进行工艺开发的一个重要部分是通过设计把废品减到最低，或尽可能地防止可能的污染，这样做带来的经济利益和对环境的益处是显而易见的。 Finally it should be noted that最后要注意，工业开发需要包括化学家、化学工程师、电子和机械工程师这样一支庞大队伍的协同合作才能取得成功。 （3）process improvement工艺改进。工艺改进与正在进行的工艺有关。它可能出现了某个问题使生产停止。在这种情形下，就面临着很大的压力要尽快地解决问题以便生产重新开始，因为故障期耗费资财。 然而，更为常见的commonly，工艺改进是为了提高生产过程的利润。这可以通过很多途径实现。例如通过优化流程提高产量，引进新的催化剂提高效能，或降低生产过程所需要的能量。可说明后者的一个例子是在生产氨的过程中涡轮压缩机的引进。这使生产氨的成本（主要是电）从每吨6.66美元下降到0.56美元。通过工艺的改善提高产品质量也会为产品打开新的市场。 然而，近年来in rencent years，最重要的工艺改进行为主要是减少生产过程对环境的影响，亦即防止生产过程所引起的污染。很明显，有两个相关连的因素推动这样做。第一，公众对化学产品的安全性及其对环境所产生影响的关注以及由此而制订出来的法律；第二，生产者必须花钱对废物进行处理以便它能安全地清除，比如说，排放到河水中。显然这是生产过程的又一笔费用，它将增加所生产化学产品的成本。通过减少废物数量提高效益其潜能是不言而喻的。 然而，请注意note，with a plant对于一个已经建好并正在运行的工厂来说，只能做一些有限的改变来达到上述目的。因此，上面所提到的减少废品的重要性应在新公厂的设计阶段加以考虑。近年来另一个当务之急是保护能源及降低能源消耗。 （4）application development应用开发。显然发掘一个产品新的用处或新的用途能拓宽它的获利渠道。这不仅能创造更多的收入，而且由于产量的增加使单元生产成本降低，从而使利润提高。举例来说，早期是用来制造唱片和塑料雨衣的，后来的用途扩展到塑料薄膜，特别是工程上所使用的管子和排水槽。 我们已经强调emphasis了化学产品是由于它们的效果，或特殊的用途、用处而得以售出这个事实。这就意味着化工产品公司的技术销售代表与顾客之间应有密切的联系。对顾客的技术支持水平往往是赢得销售的一个重要的因素。进行研究和开发的化学家们为这些应用开发提供了帮助。33的制造就是一个例子。它最开始是用来做含氟氯烃的替代物作冷冻剂的。然而近来发现它还可以用作从植物中萃取出来的天然物质的溶解剂。当它作为制冷剂被制造时，固然没有预计到这一点，但它显然也是应用开发的一个例子 。 Unit3设计 Based on the experience and data根据在实验室和中试车间获得的经验和数据，一组工程师集中起来设计工业化的车间。化学工程师的职责就是详细说明所有过程中的流速和条件，设备类型和尺寸，制造材料，流程构造，控制系统，环境保护系统以及其它相关技术参数。这是一个责任重大的工作。 The design stage设计阶段是大把金钱花进去的时候。一个常规的化工流程可能需要五千万到一亿美元的资金投入，有许多的事情要做。化学工程师是做出很多决定的人之一。当你身处其位时，你会对自己曾经努力学习而能运用自己的方法和智慧处理这些问题感到欣慰。 设计阶段design stage的产物是很多图纸： （1）工艺流程图flow sheets。是显示所有设备的图纸。要标出所有的流线和规定的条件（流速、温度、压力、构造、粘度、密度等）。 （2）管道及设备图piping and instrumentation。标明drawings所有设备（包括尺寸、喷嘴位置和材料）、所有管道（包括大小、控制阀、控制器）以及所有安全系统（包括安全阀、安全膜位置和大小、火舌管、安全操作规则）。 （3）仪器设备说明书equipmen specification sheet s。详细说明所有设备准确的空间尺度、操作参数、构造材料、耐腐蚀性、操作温度和压力、最大和最小流速以及诸如此类等等。这些规格说明书应交给中标的设备制造厂以进行设备生产。 3.建造construction After the equipment manufactures当设备制造把设备的所有部分都做好了以后，这些东西要运到工厂所在地（有时这是后勤部门颇具挑战性的任务，尤其对象运输分馏塔这样大型的船只来说）。建造阶段要把所有的部件装配成完整的工厂，首先要做的就是在地面打洞并倾入混凝土，为大型设备及建筑物打下基础（比如控制室、流程分析实验室、维修车间）。 完成了第一步initial activities，就开始安装设备的主要部分以及钢铁上层建筑。要装配热交换器、泵、压缩机、管道、测量元件、自动控制阀。控制系统的线路和管道连接在控制室和操作间之间。电线、开关、变换器需装备在马达上以驱动泵和压缩机。生产设备安装完毕后，化学工程师的职责就是检查它们是否连接完好，每部分是否正常工作。