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2019年考博英语阅读技巧详细解读

2019年考博英语阅读技巧详细解读
2019年考博英语阅读技巧详细解读

2019年考博英语详细解读阅读技巧

一.基本解题思路:

第一,扫描提干,划关键项。

第二,通读全文,抓住中心。

1. 通读全文,抓两个重点:

(中心句、核心概念常在第一段,常在首段出题);

②其他各段的段首和段尾句。(其他部分略读,有重点的读)

2. 抓住中心,用一分半时间思考3个问题:

①文章叙述的主要内容是什么?

②文章中有无提到核心概念?

③作者的大致态度是什么?

第三,仔细审题,返回原文。(仔细看题干,把每道题和原文的某处建立联系,挂起钩)

定位原则:

原则。(关键词:大写字母、地名、时间、数字等)

出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的,一般每段对应一题。★要树立定位意识,每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。

第四,重叠选项,得出答案。(重叠原文)

1. 通过题干返回原文:判断四个选项,抓住

文的某处比较,重叠选项,选出答案。

2.作题练习要求:要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由

二.阅读理解的解题技巧

绿色:干扰项特征

1. 例证题:

①例证题的标记。当题干中出现example, case, illustrate, illustration, exemplify 时。

②返回原文,找出该例证所在的位置,既给该例子定位。

③搜索该例证周围的区域,10%向下,找出该例证支持的观点。例子周围具有概括抽象性的表达通常就是它的论点。

注意:举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。举例后马上问这个例子说明了什么问题?不能用例子中的话来回答这个问题。

④找出该论点,并与四个选项比较,得出选项中与该论点最一致的答案。

⑤例证题错误答案设计的干扰特征经常是:就事论事。即用例子中的某一内容拉出来让你去选。(╳)

要求:在阅读中,遇到长的例子,立即给这个例子定位,即找出起始点,从哪开始到哪结束。

2. 指代题:

①返回原文,找出出题的指代词。

②向上(辐射性即慢慢由定位点铺开出去)搜索,找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子(先从最近点开始找,找不到再找次近的,一般答案不会离得太远)。

③将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词,看其意思是否通顺。

④将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较,找出最佳答案。

3. 词汇题:

“搜索代入”法

①返回原文,找出该词汇出现的地方。

②确定该词汇的词性

③从上下文(词汇的前后几句)中找到与所给词汇具有相同词性的词(如一下子找不到就再往上往下找),代入所给词汇在文章中的位置(将之替换)看语义是否合适

④找出选项中与代替词意思相同或相近的选相,即答案

注意:

a.如果该词汇是简单词汇,则其字面意思必然不是正确答案。

b.

断。

c.词汇题的正确答案经常注意不能靠单词词义直接往下推。

d.寻找时要注意同位语、特殊标点(比如分号,分号前后两句话的逻辑关系不是形式上的并列就是语义上的并列,也就是两句话的意思相同,所以可用其中一句话的意思来推测另一句话的意思从而推出所给词汇含义)、定语从句、前后缀,特别要注意寻找时的同性原则。比如:让猜一个名词词组(动词词组)的意思,我们就向上向下搜索名词词组(动词词组)。

▲隐蔽型词汇题:题干与原文的某句完全重合,只有一两个词被替换掉。隐蔽型词汇题的做法跟词汇题的做法几乎一样,往上往下找。

4. 句子理解题:

①返回原文找到原句。

②对原句进行语法和词义的精确分析(找主干),应该重点抓原句的字面含义。

若该句的字面含义不能确定,

决定的。

③一般来说,选项中的正确答案与原句意思完全相同,只不过用其他英语词汇换种表达而已。(同一意思的不同表达方式)

④句子理解题的错误选项干扰项特征:。

思路:对句子微观分析;不行就依据上下文;选择时不要推得过远。

5.推理题:

“最近原则”

①标志: learn, infer, imply, inform

②看是否可以通过题干返回原文或依据选项返回原文。一般要围绕文中的一两个重点进行推理。推理题无论通过题干能不能定位,我们都要把它固化到文章的一两点上。

③依据原文的意思进行三错一对的判断。先不要进行推理,若有一个选项跟原文的意思一模一样,则该选项必然是正确答案。推理题不是考察我们的想象力,它实际是考察我们原文中的某几个点如一个、两个点所涉及的问题我们读透了没有。因此,不推的比推的好;推的近的比推的远的要好。

④推理题的最近答案原则:不推的要比推的好,推的近的要比推的远的好,直接推出的要比间接推的好。(原文的某句话变个说法:同一意思的不同表达方法) 注意:做题时不能想得太多,推得过远。是否把原文读懂才是关键。

6. 主旨题:“串线摘帽”

即在自然段少的时候串串线,串线法解不出来时,大帽子、小帽子摘一下。

①主旨题的标志:mainly about, mainly discuss, the best title

②串线法:抓首段和其余各段的第一句话,把其意思连接成一个整体。要注意:

(1)总结性的提示词和转折词,

(2)特别要注意中心句。(主要针对自然段少的文章;针对自然段多的文

④主旨题错误选项的干扰特征经常是:

⑴局部信息,即选项的内容小于文章的内容(以偏概全);

⑵范围过宽,即选项的内容大于文章的内容。

⑤逆向思维法、快速作文法:在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时(这是前提条件),试着从选项出发,想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有那些内容,

7. 作者态度题:

①标志:attitude

②应精确理解四个选项的含义。

③不要掺杂自己的观点。

④可以。如:fortunately, excessively, too many.

⑤举例的方式。

⑦做作者态度题时特别注意:首先看清楚是谁对谁的态度。

8. 判断题:

①看可否通过四个选项具体化到文中一点或者根据自然段原则定位。

②每个选项都应返回原文,不能凭主观印象进行判断。

③要重点抓是“三错一对”还是“三对一错”的关系(做题是要看清题目)。

9. 细节题:

,得出答案

三.题型综合解析

1.重点题型中的几个问题:

①词汇题:字面意思其深刻含义

②句子理解题:一般不要求推理,只看句子本身。(同一意思的不同表达)

③推理题:答案很大程度上是不一定非要经过逻辑推理从原文中得出。

2. 正确答案的特征:

①正确答案经常与中心思想有关。

②正确答案的位置,最常见的三个位置是:段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。

③正确答案经常运用的原则是:同义替换(同一意思的不同表达)、正话反说、反话正说。

④从语气角度来看,正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的用词。如:can, may, might, possible, not necessarily, some.

⑤正确答案经常具有概括性、深刻性,不能只见树木不见森林。

3. 错误答案的特征:

第一大层次:

①无中生有(未提及的概念);

②正反混淆(选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反);

③所答非所问(虽然选项的说法没有问题,符合原文,但和题干搭不上边)

第二大层次:

①过分绝对;

②扩大范围(注意隐蔽型的扩大范围mostly);

③因果倒置;

④常识判断;

⑤推得过远;

⑥偏离中心;

⑦变换词性。

常识判断:如果一个选项仅仅符合常识,不一定是正确答案,还要看文章中类似的意思有没有出现;

如果一个选项不符合常识,一定不是正答案。

能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了,才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。

四.阅读的技巧

1. 标点符号在阅读中的作用:

①句号。用来分割句子,以句号为单位,把段分隔成块,逐个击破。

②逗号。在两个逗号中间是一个补充说明成分时,在阅读过程中可以献跳过去不读。

③冒号。冒号的后面进一步补充说明前面的内容,冒号的前后有一个从抽象到具体的过程。

④分号。分号是用来分隔句子的,并列结构:语意上的并列、结构上的并列。

⑤破折号。两个破折号之间是补充说明成分,在阅读中可以先不读。如果不能读懂破折号之前的句子的意思可借助破折号间的内容加以理解。

⑥引号。引用和讽刺两种作用:

⑴引用某人的观点(是支持还是反对);

⑵用来反讽,讽刺。

引用的目的:不论是正面还是反面引述都是为了说明核心概念、中心思想,否则就没有意义。

⑦括号。两种作用:补充说明、解释生词。

2. 微观阅读的技巧:

①抓主干。

②看标点符号。

③被动变主动。

④消减否定法。

⑤重新断句。

⑥对照法。抓一些重点词:

⑴解释词:namely(即,也就是);likewise(同样的);in other word(换句话说);

that is to say(那就是说)……

⑵转折词目的:体会一种逻辑关系,也是经常出题的地方。

but, yet, although, however, in contrast(与之形成对照的是)

⑶表示结果的词:thus, as a result, consequence

⑷表示递进的词:further more, in addition to

⑸表示重要的词:prime(首要的); above all(最重要的);first of all

3. 宏观阅读的方法:

怎样对待一篇文章:

①一般来说,任何一篇文章都讲一个主题。

②注意抓两类文体:

一个是议论文,抓作者中心观点和作者态度;

二是说明文,抓说明对象和作者态度。

③注意看清楚文章是由几个自然段构成,同时要注意看清楚文章的段落与段

落之间

④注意文章的一些固有模式:

第二类型:花开两朵型,要注意两个核心概念的区别和联系。

第三类型:问题答案型,一般来说问题就是文章的中心,阅读的目的就是为了寻找问题的答案。

第四类型:平铺直叙型,注意抓首段和中心。

第五类型:开门见山型。

的固有模式:

①中心句(段首句)具体论述

②中心句(段首句)具体论述;中心句(段尾句)

如果段首句和段尾句是呼应的话,那么其之间的话必然是支持句,也可能反着说一下,但最终还是支持段首或段首主题句的。

③过渡句(段首句)具体论述

④中心句(段首句),具体论述,转折,具体论述

⑤具体论述,中心句(段尾句)

⑥句句展开式(无明显主题句)指比较短的段落。如只有三、四行的段落。这样就没有必要在段首给出一个中心,后面再展开。而是直接把事情给描述一下就可以了。

5. 读文章时需特别留意的细节:

①举例、打比喻处

②人物论段

③转折处后

④复杂句

⑤因果句

⑥特殊标点

⑦段首段尾句

最常出题的地方是:中心思想或核心概念。中心思想 +细节 = 文章

6.独句段在文章中的作用:

①文尾的独句段所起的作用是---总结全文;

②文章中间的独句段的作用是---承上启下。

五.英语到底考什么?(阅读能力)

1.观念转变和方法转变(close reading 细读)

考研考察细读、辨别能力。

2.阅读的重要性

3.文章类型的分析(来源、内容、体裁)

①来源:西方大学的一二年级课本、西方报刊杂志(从97年以后主要来自西方报刊杂志)

②从内容角度把44篇文章分类:社会科学为主,自然科学为辅,新的趋势是人文科学的文章。

文章的分类:(共44篇)

(1)社会科学(Social Science)有30篇

包括:政治学、经济学、社会学、传播学、教育学、心理学、历史学、人类学、文化学等

分析:政治学,从89-03没有出过题,因为西方和东方的意识形态存在差异性,避开敏感话题,没有出过;

经济学,每年至少一篇;教育学,隔年出一次;传播学,隔年出一次。

总结:泛读的重点——经济学、教育学、传播学、心理学。

(2)自然科学(Natural Science)有10篇

10篇中,纯而有纯的自然科学很少,只有约4篇。命题集中在科学史方面。

出题的原则:一般性原则,公正性原则。

总结:泛读自然科学的文章,少读纯自然科学的文章,多读简介科学史的文章。

(3)人文科学,包括:文学、历史、哲学(还剩4篇)

分析:88--99年,11年中从未出过题。

00年(3)文学评论—未来主义诗歌;

00(5)散文—雄心壮志;

01年(5)散文—我这个人的一段心路历程;

02年(1)讲幽默,题目有迷惑性。

总结:人文科学出题有抬头趋势。

③从体裁角度把44篇文章分类:议论文、说明文、记叙文、应用文。

多读:议论文、说明文。(从来没有出现过记叙文,应用文只出过1篇)

④从语言为主。

突显美国英语与美国文化,应该多了解一些美国的基本概况。最好有一幅美国地图。

4.新大纲中对于阅读理解的总体要求(阅读速度和8点阅读要求)

①阅读速度:(02年开始为4篇x 5题)

每篇文章略有增加,但增加不大。要求文章读得更细了,用close reading(细读)的方式击破考研阅

读。比较适合的阅读速度为:45-50/分

②八点阅读要求:

(1)能够抓住文章中的主旨大意、

(2)理解文章中的具体信息,

(3)理解概念性的含义(concept),

(4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申的能力(解体思路应尽量适应命题专家)

(5)根据上下文推测生词含义,

(6)理解文章的谋篇结构及段与段、句与句的逻辑关系,

(7)理解作者的意图、观点、态度,

(8)区分论点和论据

③新大纲提出的三点要求:

(1)词语的概念性含义

(2)理解文章的谋篇结构

(3)区分论点和论据

5.大纲的特点(3个):

①放慢作题速度(close reading仔细阅读),阅读速度要求我们读得更细更慢了;

②词的变化(passage变成了text的把握,这要求

来读文章;

③命题范围没有任何变化。

④强调时效性。考研阅读“赶时髦”,与当今形势联系较紧,多看一些时文(经济方面)。

97年(1)法律时文;97年(5)经济时文;96年(3)经济-劳资变化;

99年(2)互联网;01年(4)全球并购浪潮;02年(4)安乐死

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