英语二测验考试翻译讲义

英语翻译讲义

一、大纲要求及其解读

（一）《大纲》中对考生翻译能力进行考察的指导思想如下：

（二）《大纲》对翻译部分的具体要求如下：

（三）评分标准

1、英译汉评分标准示例:

Progress in communication and transport technologies during the 20th century has enabled us to overcome geographical boundaries and revolutionize our way of living. The world is now linked to such an extent that a local happening/ cannot take place/ without impacting on the international community.

Globalization is not just about/increasing/the worldwide circulation of information and ideas. Economically speaking, it entails transnational investment and international trade, t hereby integrating all countries into a single giant world market. In terms of culture, globalization itself is neither positive nor negative: It may be either of them/depending on our viewpoint.

二、翻译部分得分目标及复习策略

得分目标：

复习的基本策略：

每周两组翻译训练，可以使用历年真题以及大学英语六级考试的翻译材料（六级是只翻译其中的句子，建议大家在练习的时候尝试翻译一个段落或者全文）；

在训练过程中把注意力放在如何得到目标分数上。

三、具体翻译技巧及其真题解析

翻译有两个要义：准确性、表达性。其中又以准确性为第一要义。

我们也把翻译训练的目标分为对应的两个：一、准确；二、通顺。

把原文的意思翻译准确，是我们在无论是汉译英还是英译汉的翻译题目中得分的首要条件。这就要求译者必须谨慎地遵循作者的原意，在选词、造句方面也要如实地表达出原文的思想。

所谓遵循原意，首先就得看明白原意，只有明白了作者的意思，才有遵循可言。

所为表达性，其目的旨在让读者对译文更加容易理解和接受。注意英汉句子结构的差异，在翻译的时候可以按照语言本身的习惯在不影响准确性的前提下，进行句式、结构上的调整。

结合翻译的理论，我们知道正是这第一步的“明白”，才可以让我们在翻译的时候做到“准确”。在准

确的基础上，我们再进一步选词酌句以实现好的“表达”。因此在平时的翻译练习中可以分为三步走：看懂原文、准确翻译、调整通顺。

翻译的得分要义可以浓缩为两点：从整体着眼理解、从细节着手翻译。

（一）英译汉

1．英译汉翻译中“准确性”的实现

看懂原文，准确理解，是进行英译汉的第一步。方法与做阅读理解的技巧颇为相似：抓住关键词，确定段落主题。对于理解整个段落而言，关键词通常是“名词”，尤其是出现频率高的某些个或某类名词。

例1：

One of the chief concerns of wildlife management is the protection and improvement of the natural habitat so that animals have enough food and water to survive. Wildlife management involves care of the soil to produce good vegetation; it also involves care of plants, not only as a source of food, but also as protection. Animals need cover to hide from their natural enemies and to raise their young safely.

Just as crops are harvested, wildlife too must sometimes be 'harvested'. by allowing limited hunting, good management can control certain species that threaten to overpopulate their habitat.

通过高频单词，可以判断该段落主题为：野生动物（wildlife）及其管理（management）。

例2：

Progress in commu nication and trans port technologies during the 20th century has enabled us to overcome geographical boundaries and revolutionize our way of living. The world is now linked to such an extent that a local happening cannot take place without impacting on the International commu nity.

Globalization is not Just about increasing the worldwide circulation of information and ideas. Economically speaking, it entails transnational investment and international trade, thereby integrating all countries into a single giant world market. In terms of culture, globalization itself is neither positive nor negative: It may be either of them depending on our viewpoint.

分析：Communication、transport 、international community、globalization、worldwide、transnational、world 可以视作一类单词。通过这一类词可以判断出：文章主题是全球化问题。

确定段落主题是准确理解原文从而保证翻译的准确性的必要条件，此外借助对主题的把握，还可以对“生词”以及多义词进行“合理”猜测。

做到从整体着眼理解之后、下一步就是从细节着手翻译。

下面将主要讲解长难句子的翻译方法。

第一步：划清句子结构。

英语的句子结构可以简单概括为六大成分：主+谓+宾= 主干；定、状、补=修饰

英语的句子分为：简单句、并列句和复合句。

所谓简单句指的是只包含一个主谓结构，句子各个成分都只由单词或短语表示的句子。

We should scorn difficulties strategically but pay full attention to them tactically.

我们应该在战略上藐视困难，在战术上重视困难。

所谓并列句指的是一个包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构的句子。并列句通常包含and, or, but, so, while,for等并列连词。

We love peace but we are not afraid of war. 我们热爱和平，但是并不惧怕战争。

复合句是翻译中的难点，因为它包含两个或更多的主谓结构。记住：在复合句中只有一个主谓结构是句子的“真”主谓结构，其它的一个或多个主谓结构在句中充当这个“真”主谓结构的某一成分，如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等。

准确地抽出句子的主干，并分析清句中的修饰语，是在长难句翻译中化繁为简的关键。

前面我们讲过，要想理解整个段落和逐句准确翻译，必须做到能够敏锐地把握关键词，在对整个段落的理解中，我们把握的是某个或某类高频名词。而在翻译单句、对每个句子的结构进行分析的时候，我们则要敏锐地找出以下两类词。

一是谓语动词；目的是通过谓语动词确定主语、宾语。

动词的功能有两种，即谓语功能和非谓语功能。执行谓语功能的动词称作谓语动词，有“人称、单复数、时态、语态”的变化；非谓语动词包括动词的分词（现在doing/过去done）、动名词（doing）、不定式（to do）形式，在句中充当定语、状语、补语、同位语等成分。

非谓语动词的特征：

◆如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。

Studying English is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。（studying 后跟宾语）

◆非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。

Working under such a condition is terrible. 在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。

It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time.

在这么短的时间内掌握英语对他而言太难了。（him 作不定式的逻辑主语）

◆非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。

I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.

对不起让你久等了。（to have kept...是不定式的完成形式）

Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful.

从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。（Seen from...是分词的被动形式；注意seen与the city之间的逻辑关系）

◆非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。

Our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。（coming 起名词作用）

There are two big swimming pools here.

这儿有两个大型游泳池。(swimming 起形容词作用)

二是“节点词”；作为句子结构的节点，尤其是在长、难句中，节点词可以帮我们相对容易地划分句子结构。

这些“节点”单词包括：

1、介词：如on, in, with, at, of, to等介词常常引导介词短语作修饰语。

（划分原则：介词前后为一个整体，相当于一个名词。）

例：

One of the chief concerns of wildlife management is the protection and improvement of the natural habitat so

that animals have enough food and water to survive.

One of the chief concerns of wildlife management：人们对野生动物管理的关注点之一

the protection and improvement of the natural habitat：对自然栖息地的保护和改善

2、连词

连词分为：并列连词和从属连词

并列连词如and, or, but, yet, for等，连接并列句；

从属连词如：when, as, since, until, before, after, where, because, since, thought, although, so that, such...... that ......等等，连接状语从．句；

这些词可以帮助我们把长句子在合理的地方断开，变成2个或多个短句，便于理清结构，进行翻译。

例：（One of the chief concerns of wildlife management）is （the protection and improvement of the natural habitat）so that animals have enough food and water to survive.

例：

The world is now linked（to such an extent）（that a local happening cannot take place without impacting on the International community.）（22个单词）

1)主干是：The world is now linked ：如今，整个世界被连接在一起

2)to （such ）an extent ：该短语的意思是“到了……程度”

3)到了什么样的程度呢？由that引导出：a local happening cannot take place without impacting on the

International community.

注意在that引导的从句中仍然包含自己的主干：a local happening cannot take place ：局部事件不可能发生

4)without引出后面的条件：impacting on the International community.

直译：a local happening cannot take place without impacting on the International community.就是：不影响国际社会局部事件就不可能发生。

5)让句子通顺，符合汉语表达习惯，就成了：

如今，世界相互间的关联非常紧密，以至于局部事件的发生必定会对国际社会有所影响。

如今，世界相互间的联系紧密到了这样的程度，以至于局部事件的发生必定会对国际社会有所影响。

例：

One of the chief concerns of wildlife management is the protection and improvement of the natural habitat so that animals have enough food and water to survive.（27个单词）

这显然是一个长句子。根据上面所讲的，我们找到了“so that”这个连词，那么它作为句子的“节点”，就把整个长句子分成了两句话：

1)One （of …）concerns（of …）is the protection and improvement of the natural habitat.

2)animals have enough food and water to survive.

这样翻译起来，就不会觉得句子繁琐无从下手了。并且根据汉语的习惯，我们完全可以把这句话翻译成两个短句：

a)人们对野生动物管理的关注点之一是如何保护和改善它们的自然栖息地。

b)动物们有足够的食物和水以供其生存。

从逻辑上分析，b显然是a的目的和结果。

参考译文：

人们对野生动物管理的关注点之一是如何保护和改善它们的自然栖息地，以便这些栖息地能够为野生动物提供足以供其生存的食物和水。

3、关系词：

关系词分为关系代词和关系副词

关系代词包括：who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever等；

关系副词包括：when（在……什么时候）, where（在……哪儿）, how（通过……手段）, why（因为……原因）等。

作用：

◆关系代词可以连接定语从句，该从句相当于一个形容词，用于修饰主语或宾语。

◆关系副词可以连接状语从句，该从句相当于一个副词短语，用于修饰谓语动词。

◆另外关系代词、关系副词都可以连接名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于一个名词词组，在句

子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语。

例：1997年考研真题

This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is sim ply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it.

分析：斜体部分为which引导的名词性从句，作为the view的同位语，说明the view的内容。这句话可以分解成：

a)This view holds that （torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood）；

b)This view may seem bravely “logical”.

c)In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it.

翻译成：这种认为“从道德上来讲，折磨一只猴子跟砍柴是一样”的观点。

参考译文1：这种“认为从道德上来讲，折磨一只猴子跟砍柴是一样”的观点可能显得既大胆又有逻辑，实际上却是再肤浅不过：其混乱的中心思想正好说明它不攻自破。

我们可以调整译文中句子的结构，让它显得不是那么长：

参考译文2：这种观点认为：从道德上来讲，折磨一只猴子跟砍柴是一样的，这种想法可能显得既大胆又有逻辑，实际上却是再肤浅不过：其混乱的中心思想正好说明它不攻自破/是对它本身的反驳。

练习01.

They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born.

四、不定式to：不定式常常构成不定式短语，作定语或者状语。

引导目的状语的时候，可以翻译成：“以”“以便于”“为了”“其目的是”

例：

Animals need cover to hide from their natural enemies and to raise their young safely.

练习02.

Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.

五、分词：

分词包括现在分词和过去分词两种。都可以构成分词短语作定语、状语等修饰语。

过去分词有可能包含的语法含义：过去时、被动

现在分词有可能包含的语法含义：进行时、主动

在英译汉分析句子时需要把握的几项原则：

◆任何一个不存在并列结构句子中都只能有一个“真”主谓结构，再有其它动词出现的话，一定是

在从句里或者是to不定式中，或是现在分词、过去分词的形式，一定是从属成分。

◆从句也是句，亦是“主、谓（宾）”齐全。

◆定语（从句，of短语）翻译成汉语后置于所修饰词的前面。

例：Those（who love the fine arts）feel that（these responses are very valuable), （for they expand our awareness of the great richness of life itself）.

分析：

1)这个句子中的动词有：love、feel、are、expand；

2)这个句子是一个复合句，不存在并列结构，因此主句的“真”谓语只有一个；

3)Who 引导的定语从句，主谓应齐全，如果谓语是及物动词，须有宾语；

Those who love the fine arts. 那些热爱美术的人们

Feel ( 主干句中的“真”动词) 感觉到

That 引导宾语从句，主谓齐全

these responses are very valuable, 这些反应弥足珍贵

For 引导一个原因状语从句，主谓宾齐全

they expand our awareness of the great richness of life itself.

因为这些感觉能够使我们对生活本身的丰富多彩有更多的认识。

练习03.

（选自1999年考研真题阅读）

While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.

练习04.

This intuition that looks matter little may be another instance of our denying real influences upon us，for there is now a file drawer full of research studies indicating that appearance is a powerful determinant of initial attraction.

句子分析

This intuition [ that （looks matter little）] may be another instance（of our denying real influences upon us），for there is now a file drawer full of research studies indicating that（appearance is a powerful determinant of initial attraction））.

This intuition [ that （looks matter little）] 这种认为外貌并不重要的直觉行为

another instance（of our denying real influences upon us），我们否认对我们真正有影响的事物的又一个例子

注意：for there is now a file drawer full of research studies indicating that （appearance is a powerful determinant of initial attraction））.

直译：因为这里有表明了外表是否是最初引人注意的重要决定因素的大量的研究调查结果。

此句的直译显然不符合汉语语言习惯，因此要对其汉语结构进行相应调整：

“因为有大量调查研究的结果表明，外表是最初是否引人注意的重要决定因素。”

练习05.

In America, plans by the government to allow government agencies and intelligence services easy access to telephone conversations and electronic mail have caused considerable concern.

句子分析：

plans by the government ：由政府做出的

to allow government agencies and intelligence services easy Access to telephone conversations and electronic mail

这是由to引导出的不定式短语，用来解释plans的内容：

题目的主干内容简化为：In America, plans have caused considerable concern.

2．英译汉翻译中“表达性”的实现

目标：

◆不歪曲或者削弱原句各个成分之间的逻辑联系；

◆符合汉语的思维与表达习惯；

原则：

◆破：打“碎”原有英语句子的顺序；

◆立：对单句进行重组。

实现“表达性”目的的具体技巧：

（一）词汇转换

英汉词语在表达方式上差异较大，翻译时往往需要在词的数量上进行增减，或者对词性进行转换。

1）增词法

增词法是指在翻译时根据意义上、修辞上或句法上的需要，在原文的基础上增加一些必要的单词、词组、分句或完整句，以便更加忠实、通顺的表达原文思想内容，使得译文在语法和语言形式上符合译文语言习惯。

a. 增加动词

We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability.

参考译文：我们所关心的是全面发展学生的各种能力，不仅仅是发展智力。

b. 增加助词

At last my dream come true. 参考译文：我的梦想终于实现了。

c. 增加表时态的词

It’s time to determine whether candidates have such aptitudes and characteristics.

参考译文：现在是确定候选人是否具有这样的能力和特征问题的时候了。

d. 增加解释词语

This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best.

参考译文：尽管有种种不周全之处，这个计划仍被认为是最佳计划之一。

e. 增加表语态的词

Most of those who did not move offered only passive resistance, but some fighting broke out.

参考译文：那些没有动的人们大部分都只是消极抵抗，但还是发生了一些冲突。

f. 增加概括词或名词

While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times.

参考译文：虽然两组做的猜测都比随机猜测的准确度高，但每组中都有近一半的参加者做出了两次或更多的错误选择。

2)．减词法

英译汉时，由于英汉两种语言的差异，不仅有时需要增补词语，有时还需要省略一些词语。英语中的冠词、代词、连词、介词以及名词的复数变化，在不影响原句意义表达时经常可以省略不译，这样可以使译文更加简单明了。

a.名词复数形式的忽略

在汉语中，名词没有复数形式。英译汉时，在一般情况下，如果不强调事物（尤其是无生命的事物）数量很多，通常忽略不译复数形式。需要体现时，可以添加“这些”等表达方式。

例如：Summer is the best season for trees.

参考译文：对树木来说夏天是最佳季节。

b.系动词的省略

英语中必须由动词担当谓语，而在汉语中形容词、介词等都可以当谓语。这样，一些说明主语状态、情况的系动词通常可以省略不译。例如：

As already discussed, the disease, if present at all, is usually a rather steady and continuous process.

参考译文：如上所述，一旦此病发作，其病程通常顽固而持久。

c. 动词的省略

有些动词的意思在汉语中不用说出，句子的表达更符合汉语习惯。例如：

Stainless steel possesses good hardness and high strength.

参考译文：不锈钢硬度大，强度高。

3)．词性转换法

英语和汉语的词类大部分重合。但是在英语中可以充当某个句子成分的词类相对较少，例如：英语中充当主语的只有名词、代词或相当于名词的动名词或不定式，充当谓语的只有动词；而汉语中，名词、动词、形容词都可以做主语、谓语、宾语以及表语。因此，在翻译时，要灵活处理，不一定拘泥于原句所用的词性，根据译文的需要可以进行一些词性的适当转换。

a.名词转换为动词

汉语句子中，动词使用较多，而英语句子中只有一个谓语动词。英语中由动词派生出的抽象名词往往译成汉语时转译为动词。例如：

There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling.

参考译文：学生家长普遍认为学校对教单词拼写不再感兴趣了。

b.形容词转换为动词

He was popular among young people. 参考译文：他在年轻人中很受欢迎。

c.动词转换为名词

We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of the illness were quite aware of its potential outcome.

参考译文：给我们留下极深印象的是：即便那些没有被告知其病情的病人对其疾病的潜在后果也非常清楚。

d.副词转换为动词

The light was on, the TV was playing, but nobody was in.

参考译文：灯开着，电视放着节目，但没人在家。

（二）正反译与反正译

通常翻译时，英语原文是肯定句或否定句，译为汉语时也采取相应的形式即可。但有时，如果一味的按照原文的肯定形式或否定形式来翻译，会出现表达不通顺，或不符合汉语习惯的情况。这时，就需要在原文和译文之间进行反面表达（否定形式）与正面表达（肯定形式），的转换。以保证在不改变原文意思的情况下，使语句更加通顺流畅。

1）．正反译

所谓正反译是指原文通过正面（肯定形式）表达的词或句子，译文以反面（否定形式）来表达。

a.动词及短语，例如：

As a result, many people avoided the very attempts that are the source of true happiness.

参考译文：结果，很多人没有尝试，而这些尝试正是幸福的源泉。

b.有些形容词的比较级和最高级可表示否定意义，例如：

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