Heat transfer——A review of 2003 litearture
Review
Heat transfer—A review of 2003literature
R.J.Goldstein *,W.E.Ibele,S.V.Patankar,T.W.Simon,T.H.Kuehn,P.J.Strykowski,
K.K.Tamma,J.V.R.Heberlein,J.H.Davidson,J.Bischof,F.A.Kulacki,
U.Kortshagen,S.Garrick,V.Srinivasan
Heat Transfer Laboratory,Department of Mechanical Engineering,University of Minnesota,Minneapolis,MN,USA
Received 19October 2005Available online 10January 2006
Abstract
The present paper is intended to encompass the English language heat transfer papers published in 2003,including some translations of foreign language papers.This survey,although extensive cannot include every paper;some selection is necessary.Many papers reviewed herein relate to the science of heat transfer,including numerical,analytical and experimental works.Others relate to applica-tions where heat transfer plays a major role not only in man-made devices,but in natural systems as well.The papers are grouped into categories and then into sub-?elds within these categories.We restrict ourselves to papers published in reviewed archival journals.Besides reviewing the journal articles in the body of this paper,we also mention important conferences and meetings on heat transfer and related ?elds,major awards presented in 2003,and books on heat transfer published during the year.ó2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.
Keywords:Conduction;Boundary layers;Internal ?ows;Porous media;Heat transfer;Experimental methods;Natural convection;Rotating ?ows;Mass transfer;Bio-heat transfer;Melting;Freezing;Boiling;Condensation;Radiative heat transfer;Numerical methods;Transport properties;Heat exchangers;Solar energy;Thermal plasmas
Contents 1.Introduction ........................................................................4542.Conduction heat transfer ................................................................4553.Boundary layers and external flows .........................................................4564.Channel flows .......................................................................4585.Separated flows ......................................................................4606.
Heat transfer in porous media.............................................................4616.1.Property determination.............................................................4616.2.Effective conductivity in combined radiation and conduction in high porosity,high temperature .............4626.3.External flow and heat transfer .......................................................4626.4.Packed beds ....................................................................4626.5.Coupled heat and mass transfer .......................................................4647.
Experimental methods..................................................................4657.1.Heat transfer measurements..........................................................4657.2.Temperature measurement..............................................
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0017-9310/$-see front matter ó2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.11.001
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address:rjg@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a0686659.html, (R.J.Goldstein).
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a0686659.html,/locate/ijhmt
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 49(2006)
451–534
452R.J.Goldstein et al./International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer49(2006)451–534
7.3.Velocity measurement (465)
7.4.Miscellaneous (466)
8.Natural convection-internal flows (466)
8.1.Highlights (466)
8.2.Fundamental studies (466)
8.3.Thermocapillary flows (466)
8.4.Enclosure heat transfer (466)
8.5.Cylindrical containers (467)
8.6.Horizontal cylinders and annuli (467)
8.7.Thermal plumes (467)
8.8.Mixed convection (467)
8.9.Miscellaneous (467)
9.Natural convection-external flows (467)
9.1.Vertical plate (467)
9.2.Horizontal and inclined plates (467)
9.3.Channels (467)
9.4.Fins (468)
9.5.Cylinders and cones (468)
9.6.Plumes (468)
9.7.Mixed convection (468)
9.8.Miscellaneous (468)
10.Rotating flows (468)
10.1.Rotating disks (468)
10.2.Rotating channels (469)
10.3.Enclosures (469)
10.4.Cylinders,spheres,and bodies of revolution (469)
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a0686659.html,bined heat and mass transfer (469)
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a0686659.html,ser ablation (469)
11.2.Film cooling (470)
11.3.Submerged jets (470)
12.Bioheat transfer (470)
12.1.Thermoregulation (470)
12.2.Thermal therapy (471)
12.3.Cryobiology (471)
12.4.Bioheat general (471)
13.Change of phase-boiling (471)
13.1.Droplet and film evaporation (471)
13.2.Bubble characteristics and boiling incipience (473)
13.3.Pool boiling (474)
13.4.Film boiling (475)
13.5.Flow boiling (475)
13.6.Two-phase thermohydrodynamic phenomena (477)
14.Change of phase-condensation (477)
14.1.Modeling and analysis (477)
14.2.Global geometry (478)
14.3.Surface effects (478)
14.4.EHD (478)
14.5.Mixtures (478)
15.Change of phase-melting and freezing (478)
15.1.Melting and freezing of sphere,cylinders,and slabs (478)
15.2.Stefan problems,analytical solutions/special solutions (479)
15.3.Ice formation/melting (479)
15.4.Melting and melt flows (479)
15.5.Powders,films,emulsions,polymers,and particles in a melt (479)
15.6.Glass technology (479)
15.7.Welding (479)
15.8.Enclosures (480)
15.9.Energy storage—PCM (480)
15.10.Casting,moulding and extrusion (480)
15.11.Mushy zone—dendritic growth and segregation (480)
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15.12.Solidification (480)
15.13.Crystal growth (481)
15.14.Droplets,spray,and splat cooling (481)
15.15.Oceanic,geological,and astronomical phase change (481)
16.Radiation (481)
16.1.Radiative transfer calculations and influence of the geometry (482)
16.2.Radiation and combustion (482)
16.3.Participating media (482)
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a0686659.html,bined heat transfer (483)
16.5.Microscale radiative transfer (483)
16.6.Experimental methods and systems (483)
17.Numerical methods (483)
17.1.Heat conduction(direct problems) (483)
17.2.Heat conduction(inverse problems) (483)
17.3.Phase change (484)
17.4.Convection and diffusion (484)
17.5.Fluid flow (484)
17.6.Other studies (484)
18.Properties (484)
18.1.Thermal conductivity,diffusivity,and effusivity (484)
18.2.Diffusion (485)
18.3.Heat capacity/specific heat (485)
18.4.Viscosity (485)
19.Heat transfer applications—heat exchangers and thermosyphons (485)
19.1.Heat exchangers (485)
19.2.Heat transfer enhancement (486)
19.3.Fouling (486)
19.4.Thermosyphons(heat-pipes) (487)
20.Heat transfer applications:general (487)
20.1.Nuclear reactors (487)
20.2.Buildings (487)
20.3.Geophysics (487)
20.4.Electronic packaging (488)
20.5.Manufacturing and processing (488)
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a0686659.html,ling (488)
20.5.2.Casting (488)
20.5.3.Welding (488)
20.6.Food processing (488)
20.7.Miscellaneous (489)
21.Solar energy (489)
21.1.Radiation (489)
21.1.1.Low temperature applications (489)
21.2.Flat-plate and low-concentrating collectors (489)
21.3.Water heating (490)
21.4.Cooling and refrigeration (490)
21.5.Storage (490)
21.6.Water treatment (490)
21.7.Solar desalination and solar ponds (491)
21.8.Solar agricultural applications and solar cooking (491)
21.9.Buildings (491)
21.9.1.High temperature applications (491)
21.10.Extraterrestrial systems (492)
22.Plasma heat transfer and magnetohydrodynamics (492)
22.1.Plasma characterization and electrode effects (492)
22.2.Plasma torch and jet characterization and plasma–particle interaction (492)
22.3.Transferred arc characterization for electric arc furnace and welding simulation (493)
22.4.Magnetohydrodynamics (493)
References (493)
1.Introduction
This is the?rst year in which the Heat Transfer Review has not had the active participation of Ernst R.J.Eckert. We wish to recognize Professor Eckert’s contributions not only to the heat transfer literature but to founding, maintaining and contributing to the Review for50years. His?rst Heat Transfer Review appeared in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry in1954;this cov-ered the heat transfer literature published in1953.That ?rst year was a solo e?ort.Over the years he added faculty active in the Heat Transfer Laboratory at the University of Minnesota as co-authors.Shortly after the start of the International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer in1960the Heat Transfer Review moved to this Journal where it has remained ever since.The Review grew from112papers in 1954to the present1700papers.Until a dozen years or so ago,Dr.Eckert was the manager and chief organizer of the Review.After he gave up the reins of organization, he continued active participation as an author,even going over some pages of the Review shortly before his death in2004,a few scant months short of his100th birthday. Dr.Eckert has been an inspiration to his Review co-authors.We mourn his passing,but are thankful for the many years we could work with him.Because the level of activity and the importance of heat transfer to engineering and science continues to grow,we plan to continue o?ering the Review,perhaps with a modi?ed format in future editions.
In the current year,considerable e?ort has been devoted to research in traditional applications such as chemical processing,general manufacturing,energy devices,includ-ing general power systems,heat exchangers,and high per-formance gas turbines.In addition,a signi?cant number of papers address topics that are at the frontiers of both fun-damental research and important emerging applications, such as nanoscale structures,microchannel?ows,bio-heat transfer,and a number of natural phenomena ranging from upwelling currents in the oceans to heat transport in stellar atmospheres.
The present review is intended to encompass the Eng-lish language heat transfer papers published in2003, including some translations of foreign language papers. The survey,although extensive cannot include every paper;some selection is necessary.Many papers reviewed herein relate to the science of heat transfer,including numerical,analytical and experimental works.Others relate to applications where heat transfer plays a major role not only man-made devices,but natural systems as well.The papers are grouped into categories and then into sub-?elds within these categories.We restrict our-selves to papers published in reviewed archival jour-nals.
Besides reviewing the journal articles in the body of this paper,we also mention important conferences and meet-ings on heat transfer and related?elds,major awards pre-sented in2003,and books on heat transfer published during the year.
The6th ASME–JSME Thermal Engineering Joint Con-ference(AJTEC2003)was held on March16–20,2003in Honolulu,USA.The11th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering(ICONE)held in Tokyo,Japan on 20–23April had sessions on thermo-hydraulics which dis-cussed single and two-phase heat transfer,and core melting accidents.The5th International Conference on Boiling Heat Transfer was held on4–8May at Montego Bay, Jamaica.Topics discussed included experimental methods in boiling,bubble formation and dynamics,and boiling enhancement.The Third Mediterranean Combustion Sym-posium organized by the International Center for Heat and Mass Transfer(ICHMT)in Marrakech,Morocco on8–13 June included sessions on?ame structure and dynamics, optical diagnostics and radiative heat transfer,and turbu-lence modeling in reacting?ows.The ASME Turbo Expo sponsored by the ASME International Gas Turbine Insti-tute was held in Atlanta,USA on16–19June.Sessions cov-ered?lm cooling,boundary layer transition,and vane internal and external heat transfer.The36th AIAA Ther-mophysics conference was held in Orlando,USA on21–23June.The15th Symposium on Thermophysical Proper-ties was organized jointly by NIST and the Heat Transfer Division of the ASME at Golden,USA on22–27June. The meeting discussed properties of fuels,phase equilibria, inverse problems in thermophysics,properties of thin?lms, and photothermal and photoacoustic techniques.The2nd International Conference on Heat Transfer,Fluid Mechan-ics and Thermodynamics was held on23–26June at Victo-ria Falls,Zambia.The Annual Meeting of the American Society of Heating,Refrigeration and Airconditioning Equipment(ASHRAE)on28June to2nd July,Kansas City,USA,included sessions on radiant cooling and heat-ing,and on developments in turbine inlet air cooling.The National Heat Transfer conference was held on21–23July in Las Vegas,USA.Topics covered included aerospace heat transfer,?re and combustion,bio-heat transfer,and multi-phase?ows.An International Symposium on Transient Convective Heat and Mass Transfer in Single and Two-Phase Flows was held in Cesme,Turkey on17–22August. Sessions covered conjugate heat transfer,instability,and porous media.A symposium on Turbulence,Heat and Mass Transfer was organized by the ICHMT on17–23 October at Antalya,Turkey.Topics covered included Direct Numerical Simulation and Large Eddy Simulation, closure problems for Reynolds-averaged modeling,and new experimental techniques for turbulent?ows.The Inter-national Gas Turbine Congress held in Tokyo,Japan,on2–7November discussed,among other topics,fuel cells,heat transfer in microturbines,internal cooling and heat transfer in boundary layer transition.The International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition(IMECE)2003was held in Washington,DC,USA on21–23November.The Heat Transfer Division of the ASME organized sessions
454R.J.Goldstein et al./International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer49(2006)451–534
on heat transfer in gas turbines,electronic equipment,bio-technology,and environmental heat transfer.
Awards presented in the year2003include the following: the Heat Transfer Memorial Awards were presented to Dimos Poulikakos(Science),Michael Yovanovich(Art) and James Welty(General).The2002Max Jakob award, given jointly by ASME and AIChE,was conferred on Dr.Yogesh Jaluria for his research in several diverse areas including natural convection heat transfer,thermal pro-cessing of materials and computational heat transfer.
Books published on heat transfer in the year2003 include:
Radiative Heat Transfer,2nd ed.
Michael Modest
McGraw-Hill,New York
Heat Transfer Handbook
A.Bejan,A.D.Kraus
Wiley–Interscience
Intermediate Heat Transfer
K.-F.Vincent Wong
Marcel Dekker
Advances in Heat Transfer,vol.37
J.P.Hartnett,Y.I.Cho,G.A.Greene(Eds.)
Academic Press
A Heat Transfer Textbook,3rd ed.
John Lienhard IV
Phlogiston Press
Computational Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer,2nd ed.
K.Muralidhar,T.Sundararajan
Alpha Science International
Heat and Fluid Flow in Microscale and Nanoscale Structures
M.Faghri(Ed.)
WIT Press
Cryogenic Heat Transfer
R.F.Barron
Taylor&Francis
Fluidized Bed Combustion
S.Oka,E.J.Anthony
Marcel Dekker
Turbomachinery
R.S.Gorla,A.Khan
Marcel Dekker
Low Temperature and Cryogenic Refrigeration
S.Kakac,H.F.Smirnov,M.R.Avelino(Eds.)
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Numerical Simulation of Reactive Flows in Hot Aquifers
C.Clauser
Springer-Verlag
Computational Methods in Multiphase Flows
A.A.Mammoli,M.Rahman, C.A.Brebbia,M.G.
Satish(Eds.)
WIT Press
Thermal Conversion of Solid Fuels
B.Peters,E.Blum,
C.A.Brebbia,C.I.Adderley,M.
Lamvik(Eds.)
WIT Press
2.Conduction heat transfer
In the category of heat conduction,a wide variety of subtopics appear this year to include:contact conduc-tion/contact heat transfer;microscale/nanoscale heat transport and wave propagation;heat conduction in com-plex geometries;analytical and numerical methods for the solution of various heat transport mechanisms related to conduction heat transfer;experimental and/or comparative studies;thermal stresses;and miscellaneous studies that deal with a variety of applications in conduction.
Contact conduction and contact resistance.Several stud-ies appear in this subtopic dealing with various aspects of contact conduction and contact resistance.An analytic model accounting for thermal resistance due to multiple moving contact that are circular appears in[1].Thermal resistance e?ects due to applications involving workpiece–die interface for forging[2],multi-constrictions contact and simpli?ed models[3],application to particle ladden polymeric interface materials[4],consideration of con-forming rough surfaces with grease-?lled interstitial gaps [5]are some of the studies which appeared in this year. Other aspects include the signi?cance of surface contact e?ects for multiphase heat transfer[6],heat exchange coef-?cient function in thermoelastic contact[7],in?uence of ?atness and waviness of rough surfaces[8],measurements of contact parameters[9]for spot welding.review of ther-mal conductance models for joints[10],and studies with numerical analysis of heat?ow[11],and e?ects of over-loading and unloading[12].
Microscale/nanoscale heat transport and wave propaga-tion.This subject matter continues to receive widespread attention and involves analytic models,numerical simula-tions and experimental aspects.Studies involving the notion of hyperbolic heat conduction and relevant e?ects such as overshooting phenomena,thermal losses,reverse time modeling,spectral methods for numerical studies appear in[13–16].Those dealing with wave propagation aspects and short pulse laser heating e?ects appear in
R.J.Goldstein et al./International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer49(2006)451–534455
[17–25].Additional papers dealing with studies of compar-ative models[26],heat transfer in multilayer structure[27], bilayer composite sphere due to sudden temperature change[28],and phonon heat conduction in micro-and nano-core-shell structure[29]appear in this subcategory.
Heat conduction in complex geometries.Heat transfer aspects due to conduction in complex geometries such as transient thermal load in multilayer structure[30],steady-state conduction in multilayer bodies[31],annular?ns [32],e?ect of gap size and spacing[33],composite slabs[34],and optimization of transverse thermal conduc-tivities[35]in unidirectional composites appear in this subcategory.
Analytical and numerical methods.Analytic models and close form solutions for unsteady heat conduction in two-dimensional slabs[36],inverse solution of one-dimensional and two-dimensional heat conduction[37,38]appear in this subcategory.Those dealing with simulations and numerical techniques using any one of a number of approaches,such as transfer functions,?nite elements,meshless methods, genetic algorithms,etc.,appear in[39–47].
Experimental and/or comparative studies.The studies in this subcategory include an experimental thermal contact conductance of a bead-blasted SS304at light loads[48], bi-metallic heat switch for space applications[49],determi-nation of neurocontrol of a heat conduction systems[50], measurements of thermal contact conductance[51], and thermal contact resistance of aluminum honeycombs [52].
Thermal stresses.Thermal stresses induced due to e?ect of microscopic heat conduction model[53],and thermo-elastic waves in a helix with parabolic and hyperbolic heat conduction[54]appear in this review year.
Miscellaneous applications.A wide variety of studies dealing with heat conduction for various problems and applications appear in[55–62].
3.Boundary layers and external?ows
Papers on boundary layers and external?ows for2003 have been categorized as follows:?ows in?uenced exter-nally,?ows with special geometric e?ects,compressible and high-speed?ows,analysis and modeling techniques, unsteady?ow e?ects,?ows with?lm and interfacial e?ects,?ows with special?uid types or property e?ects and?ows with combustion and other reactions.
External e?ects.Experimental results which document the e?ects of streamline curvature and streamwise acceler-ation are presented[63].The e?ects on laminar,transitional and turbulent boundary layer?ows with curvature and acceleration are documented.Variations of as large as 35%are recorded.Documentation of the e?ects of turbu-lence in the freestream on boundary layer heat transfer continues to be an active topic.An experimental investiga-tion of grid-generated turbulence was presented[64].Heat transfer is enhanced by velocity?uctuations attributed to changes in the boundary layer velocity pro?le.Experiments are conducted to study the e?ects of turbulence length scale on boundary layer heat transfer[65].Various ratios of free-stream length scale to boundary layer momentum thickness were created.Increases of Stanton number of as large as 46%were recorded.A study by the same authors analyzes and correlates these results,deriving a new two-region model for Stanton number[66].The e?ects of freestream turbulence level on heat transfer to an endwall of a gas tur-bine cascade are evaluated[67].Turbulence levels from 0.7%to14%are studied.A paper from the same lab doc-uments the characteristics of turbulence as generated by gas turbine combustors of di?erent types[68].The combus-tors ranges from a catalytic type to a low-NO x type.The e?ects of a single vortex on boundary layer heat transfer are analyzed using the von Karman integral equation [69].Momentum,heat transfer and the analogy factor are described by phenomenological decomposition.Chaotic advection,or Lagrangian turbulence,and its enhancement of laminar boundary layer heat transfer are studied[70]. The?uid particle trajectories that are chaotic due to boundary displacement or change in geometry are consid-ered in explaining the enhancement.The e?ects of surface heating and cooling on airfoil aerodynamic e?ciency are documented[71].Lift is increased by upper surface cooling and lower surface heating.The e?ects of surface suction and blowing on a boundary layer are analyzed[72]. Parameters to the problem are the Prandtl number and the accelerated?ow wedge angle.The e?ects of surface vibration of a channel wall on wall heat transfer rates are analyzed with perturbation methods[73].Acoustic streaming is established and a system of steady vortices which is responsible for heat transfer enhancement devel-ops in the gap.The e?ects of an imposed magnetic?eld on a micropolar?uid are computed[74].E?ects of various parameters on velocity and temperature?elds and heat transfer coe?cients and skin friction coe?cients are evaluated.
Geometric e?ects.Direct Numerical Simulation(DNS) of a stagnation region?ow is presented[75].Noted is the signi?cant e?ect of large-scale eddies on enhancement of wall heat transfer.A three-dimensional DNS of turbulent separated?ow over a blunt?at plate[76]shows that the reattached?ow region exhibits a hairpin-like structure. Cases with di?erent plate thicknesses and Reynolds num-bers show that the reattachment length is about?ve plate thickness and that the Nusselt number is strongly depen-dent upon Reynolds number.An extension of the Spal-art–Allmaras turbulence model for surface roughness is presented[77].Di?culties in modeling with the equivalent sand grain roughness are noted.The e?ect of a droplet of one liquid on the turbulent?ow of another liquid is visual-ized[78].Low temperature?uid is pushed into the bu?er region of the boundary layer by the wallward?ow along the cap of the droplet.The outward?ow in the droplet wake causes lift up of hot?uid adjacent to the wall.The two?ows enhance heat transfer.A similarity solution is applied to?ow with a streamwise pressure gradient over
456R.J.Goldstein et al./International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer49(2006)451–534
a stretching surface[79].The analysis shows the conditions under which unique solutions exist.A numerical study shows the e?ects of a corner?llet and of?ow inlet swirl on heat transfer and aerodynamic losses in a gas turbine cascade[80].The study shows the e?ects of the interactions of secondary?ows with the main?ow.Heat transfer from turbine blade tips is experimentally investigated[81]. Shown is a comparison between?at tips and squealer tips. From the same la
b are studies of the e?ects of turbulence level and chord Reynolds number[82]and relative motion of the shroud[83]on tip heat transfer.Liquid crystal thermometry is applied to a tip heat transfer study[84]. Heat transfer coe?cients on the tip are higher than those on the shroud or blade surface.Measurements from the same lab show heat transfer rates for plane tips compared to rates for squealer tips[85].The squealer tips provide lower heat transfer coe?cients on the tip and near tip regions.
Compressibility and high-speed?ow e?https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a0686659.html,rge Eddy Simulation(LES)is applied to transonic turbulent?ow over a bump[86].A perceived poor modeling performance for this type of?ow may have been due to the rapid rise and decay of turbulence levels in the separated shear layer immediately under the shock wave.Skin friction measure-ments are reported for a hypersonic boundary layer[87].A new skin friction gauge is employed.Prediction with the Spalding and Chi method for skin friction and a Reynolds analogy factor near unity are shown to give suitable heat transfer rates to the wall.The compressible?ow equations are solved for a boundary layer[88].It is shown that skin friction coe?cients are bracketed by the von Karman com-pressible?uid formula and the von Karman incompressible ?uid formula.Shock shapes in hypersonic air?ow over a sharp cone are computed[89].The two-temperature model matches measured results for?ow without chemical reac-tion or vibrational excitations.However,when vibrational excitation appears,the shock layer thickness is underesti-mated by the two-temperature model.A solution of the Boltzmann equation is proposed for cases in which the dis-tribution function depends on both slow and fast time scales and coordinate scales[90].Additional terms account-ing for relaxation e?ects are included.An improved model for shock tube analysis is proposed[91].The improvement comes from a modern friction model.Numerical simula-tions of laminar shock/shock interactions are studied [92].Issues related to boundary conditions,grid conver-gence and time unsteadiness of the computations are addressed.The e?ects of vibrational non-equilibrium in hypersonic double-cone experiments are computed[93]. The simulations show that vibrational modes of the nitro-gen gas freeze near the nozzle throat resulting in elevated vibrational temperatures in the test.The interactions of a moving shock wave with a two-phase(gas and particles)?ow are predicted[94].Applications of the results are explosions at coal mines or grain elevators.Simulations of afterbody heating of a ballistic reentry to earth are pre-sented[95].Mechanisms which explain for the conservative results of the simulations for afterbody heating are discussed.
Analysis and modeling.An improvement to the analysis of katabatic?ows is proposed[96].The new model is pro-posed for estimations of surface?ux to inclined stable meteorological boundary layers.A nonlinear near-wall tur-bulence model is proposed[97].It includes an improved explicit heat?ux model which captures the e?ects of?ow deformations.Numerical experiments using DNS and Lagrangian scalar tracking(LST)are employed to analyze the dispersion of a passive contaminant from a wall by tur-bulence[98].Turbulent di?usivity and turbulent Prandtl number a the plume that results from a line source are cal-culated.A stochastic model for dispersion and deposition of particles in a turbulent?eld is explored[99].Physical understanding of the concentration distribution and rate of deposition is of particular interest.A prediction of tur-bulent heat transfer with surface blowing with a nonlinear algebraic heat?ux model is explored[100].The reduction of wall shear stress and the change in wall heat?ux agree with data.Modeling of transition from laminar to turbu-lent boundary layer?ow is tested with two intermittency models[101].Results are compared with measurements in a linear turbine cascade.Spreading angles of turbulent wedges induced by surface roughness in a heated boundary layer are visualized[102].The results suggest that the span-wise growth of the turbulent region is smaller in a thermal boundary layer than in its momentum counterpart.This may explain the inconsistency of transition zone lengths reported in the literature.The use of point source solutions to compute cooling of electronic components on a conduct-ing plate is discussed[103].New correlations are presented.
A two-?ux model is applied for the analysis combined radi-ative transfer and forced convection in a laminar boundary layer on a?at plate[104].The‘‘method of columns’’is applied to transform the resulting equation into an ordin-ary di?erential equation system for solution.
Unsteady e?ects.An experimental and numerical study is conducted on the in?uence of incoming wakes,including their calming e?ects,on transitional boundary layers on surfaces of turbine airfoils[105].Results are used to describe the pressure loss coe?cient and heat transfer around the airfoil surface.Numerical evaluation of heat transfer over an unsteady stretching surface with internal heat generation is presented[106].Results are presented for various values of the unsteadiness parameter,the Pra-ndtl number and the heat source parameter.Numerical results are presented for mixed radiative and convection ?ow of a micropolar?uid past a moving,semi-in?nite,por-ous plate[107].Comparisons are made with a similar?ow of a Newtonian?uid.An approximation is used to describe radiative heat transfer in the limit of optically thick?uids.
Films and interfacial e?ects.Experiments are made to study vapor absorption by LiBr aqueous solutions in verti-cal smooth tubes[108].Breakdown of the liquid?lm into rivulets is shown to lead to deterioration of heat and mass transfer at low?lm Reynolds numbers.The e?ects of a
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microscale surface treatment on heat and mass transfer in a falling?lm H2O/LiBr absorber is experimentally evaluated [109].A new method of wettability measurement is applied. Hydrodynamics and heat transfer in a bubbly?ow within a turbulent boundary are modeled[110].A good comparison to experimental data is noted.Interfacial transport outside of spheroidal bubbles or solids is numerically evaluated [111].Drag coe?cients and local and mean Sherwood and Nusselt numbers are computed.The e?ects of surfac-tants on passive scalar transport in a fully developed turbu-lent?ow are computed[112].As surface elasticity is increased,turbulent?uctuations are damped and mean surface temperature is changed.The e?ects of thermocapil-lary forces in a liquid?lm on an unsteady stretching surface are computed[113].The thermocapillary forces drag the liquid?lm in the same direction as the stretching sheet. Nusselt numbers at the sheet increase with thermocapillary strength for?uids of Prandtl number less than10.Heat transfer rates between air and a falling laminar?lm on an isothermal inclined surface are computed[114].An apparent viscosity for the ostwaldian liquid is de?ned. DNS is applied to compute turbulent heat transfer across a mobile,sheared,gas–liquid interface[115].A new scaling law for a normalized heat transfer coe?cient is derived. Results of numerical simulations of an oscillatory falling liquid?lm are applied to investigate the interfacial wave behavior and heat transfer[116].Heat transfer is enhanced by small vortices between the solitary and capillary waves in addition to enhancement from?ow recirculation in the solitary wave.
E?ects of?uid type or?uid properties.An analysis is made for steady?ow of a non-Newtonian?uid past an in?-nite,porous,?at plate with suction or blowing[117].It is shown that a steady solution for velocity distribution exists only for a pseudoplastic?uid for which the power law index is within a certain range.Both skin friction and heat ?ux at the plate are shown to be independent of the power law index.Heat transfer in a power law?uid?lm over an unsteady stretching sheet is numerically evaluated[118]. For small Prandtl numbers,the surface heat?ux increases with a decrease in the power law index.Particle deposition from two-dimensional,turbulent,gas?ows are predicted [119].Thermophoresis e?ects in non-isothermal?ows are represented.Non-isothermal turbulent?ows laden with particles which exchange heat with the surrounding?uid are simulated[120].Statistical properties of the particle phase over a Lagrangian trajectory are computed from the velocities and temperatures of a large number of parti-cles along the trajectory.Temperature statistics in particle-laden,turbulent homogeneous shear?ows are computed [121].Transport mechanisms are discussed by examining the budgets of the temperature variances and turbulent heat?uxes for both phases.The physical situation of two-phase,non-isothermal,turbulent?uid?ows laden with non-evaporating spherical particles is analyzed using a closed kinetic equation[122].Results are compared with DNS results.The e?ects of shear work at solid boundaries in small-scale gaseous?ows where slip is present are dis-cussed[123].The e?ects of the shear work on convective heat transfer are illustrated with a particular solution. The theory for steady-state thermodynamics of shearing linear viscoelastic?uids is presented[124].The viscoelastic work is divided into elastic(reversible)and viscous(irre-versible)parts.
Flows with reactions.A numerical study of the e?ects of methane combustion on heat and mass transfer in a bound-ary layer is presented[125].Combustion leads to more intense displacement of the?ow away from the wall which decreases heat and di?usion?uxes.This may lead to lami-narization or delay of transition.Solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations are obtained to determine burning rate Nusselt numbers for a?at plate of reacting material (PMMA)[126].Rates computed with steady-state pyrolysis compare well with measured values,except near the leading edge where the heat feedback is high and the steady-state pyrolysis assumption cannot be made.The e?ects of stretch on?ame wall interaction are experimentally evaluated [127].Evolution of stretch rate versus time shows that a quenching stretch rate can be reached and locally the?ame is extinguished for a near-stoichiometric reaction.The e?ects of vortex restructuring on heat transfer in an inverted?ame are evaluated[128].The vortex structure increases the critical Reynolds number at which the?ow becomes https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a0686659.html,putational results are presented for gas and particle?ows in?ame spraying[129].The particle velocities and temperatures predicted by the simu-lations compared well with experimental results.Experi-mental results are presented for gas absorption into a ‘‘string-of-beads’’liquid?ow with chemical reaction in car-bon dioxide separation[130].The string of beads?ow is a distinct on-wire,liquid?ow pattern consisting of annular thin liquid?lms sheathing a wire and teardrop-shaped liquid beads alternately aligned on the wire at regular inter-vals.Di?usion and kinetic e?ects in spherical expanding ?ows of argon–helium mixtures in the supersonic regime, but at low Knudsen numbers,are studied using a direct simulation Monte Carlo technique[131].In the supersonic region,‘‘freezing’’of the parallel species temperature has been found in all cases.This freezing comes?rst for the heavier molecule of argon.
4.Channel?ows
Straight-walled ducts.Channels having at least one pri-marily straight wall begin this section of the review.Exper-imental data were presented for the heat transfer associated with the cooling of gaseous carbon dioxide in a horizontal tube[132].Convection in a horizontal rectangular duct was examined analytically and numerically considering variable ?uid properties[133].A full Reynolds stress model was used to predict turbulent heat?uxes;various models were compared[134].A two-equation turbulence model was employed to model turbulent heat transfer in ducts[135]. The validity of local thermal equilibrium was studied
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numerically in conjugated forced-convection channel?ow [136].Fully developed mixed convection is investigated analytically in a vertical channel[137].Low Reynolds num-ber mixed convection was also studied in vertical tubes with uniform wall heat?ux[138].Conjugated heat transfer in thick walled pipes was treated by a?nite di?erence approach applying convective boundary conditions[139]. The turbulent?ow of gases with varying physical proper-ties was computed incorporating the tangential stress pro?le[140].Property variations were also studied using large-eddy simulation with constant heat?ux[141].Turbu-lent planar Couette?ow was investigated at low Reynolds numbers using DNS[142].The choked(continuum and slip)gas?ow through narrow channels was studied exper-imentally[143].The lattice Boltzmann method was used to study forced convective heat transfer in plane channels [144].The role of an electric?eld on heat transfer enhance-ment was investigated numerically[145].A?rst and second law analysis was conducted to examine mixed convection in a channel?ow with a transverse hydromagnetic e?ect [146].Constant heat?ux conditions were studied in lami-nar?ow of a latent functionally thermal?uid[147].Fluid ?ow and convective heat transfer were studied for a?uid having suspended nanoparticles[148].Turbulent mixed convection was investigated experimentally using air?ow over an inclined?at channel[149].Wall heat sources were studied using a Lagrangian stochastic simulation[150].The second law characteristics of laminar circular and planar channel?ows were studied[151].The laminar forced con-vective heat transfer was examined numerically near critical conditions[152].The extended Graetz problem was consid-ered by laminar Hartmann’s?ow with uniform wall heat ?ux[153];the Graetz problem was also examined with piecewise constant wall heat?ux inside concentric annuli [154].The thermal entrance region of plane Poiseuille?ow heated uniformly from below was studied;the onset of con-vective instability was also examined[155].A new entropy generation mechanism was used for thermal optimization of channel?ows with discrete heating sections[156].The e?ect of Froude number on surface waves and heat transfer was studied in inclined open channel?ow[157].A direct numerical simulation was performed to study turbulent convection in a concentric annuli[158].
Microchannel heat transfer.Microfabrication techniques now allow for a myriad of geometrical possibilities.In this section,studies conducted to understand the heat transfer characteristics in these small channels will be summarized.
A review of the technology and development of the thermal aspects of microchannels in applied microelectronics and other high heat?ux applications was provided[159].The two-phase?ow and heat transfer behavior was studied in parallel microchannels[160].The lattice Boltzmann model was used to investigate electrokinetic microchannel?ow [161].Constant wall heat?ux was imposed on an electro-osmotically generated channel?ow[162];pressure driven e?ects were also considered[163].An experimental study was conducted to understand the heat transfer characteris-tics associated with falling?lm absorption on microscale hatched tubes[164];the thin-?lm region of a microchannel was also studied[165].The impact of various surface conditions was examined experimentally in silicon micro-channels[166].Computational methods were used to understand the role of compressibility on gas?ows in microchannels[167];a numerical approach was also used to study the laminar?ow and heat transfer of gas in rect-angular microchannels with constant wall heat?ux[168]. Scale e?ects were reviewed and their physical signi?cance discussed in single-phase microchannel?ow[169,170]. Monte Carlo,Navier–Stokes and Burnett equations were used to predict the?ow and heat transfer in micro-Couette ?ow[171];the Monte Carlo method was also used to understand the non-ideal gas?ow in micro-and nanochan-nels[172]and the e?ect of surface roughness on nitrogen ?ow[173].Gas?ows were also modeled through micro-channels and nanopores[174].Electrokinetic e?ects were considered in a microchannel with a T-junction[175].In perhaps the most complex geometry seen,a micromixer in a twisted microchannel was simulated[176].Finally,a theoretical analysis was undertaken to understand the heat transfer in a microchannel of electrokinetic?ow under asymmetric boundary conditions[177].
Irregular geometries.In this subsection we summarize papers in the literature covering a variety of irregular geometries,though generally con?ned to channels.One paper proposed a strategy for designing convective?ows with maximal heat transfer rates using a body?tting approach[178].A numerical study was conducted to understand the heat transfer characteristics for?ow through parallel boards with heat generating blocks[179]. Heat transfer enhancement was studied by employing a convex-patterned surface[180].Oval tubes and vortex gen-erators were used in a channel to improve their thermal performance[181].Transient temperature measurements were made to evaluate mixed convection longitudinal vor-tex?ow driven by a heated circular plate in a duct[182]. Strip-type inserts were placed in small tubes for heat trans-fer enhancement[183],as well as a built-in heated square cylinder in a channel[184].An oblique discrete rib mounted in a square duct was analyzed numerically[185]. The heat transfer between blockages with holes was inves-tigated[186].A spherical dimple was used to create vortex ?ow in a narrow turbulent channel?ow[187]and study the e?ect of dimple depth[188].A numerical approach was taken to understand the conjugate heat transfer associated with a concentric annuli with a moving inner rod[189].The e?ect of mixing vane shape on heat transfer was examined in a subchannel of a fuel assembly[190].The heat transfer in an air duct with an inclined heating surface was investi-gated experimentally[191].Thermal-?uid characteristics were studied in fully developed circular tubes of turbulent ?ow with six di?erent surface concavities[192].A number of studies were conducted to understand the?uid?ow and heat transfer inside periodically varying or wavy tubes [193–197].
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Finned and pro?led ducts.Fins,pro?ling,protuberances, tape-elements and general surface roughening are used to enhance heat transfer in ducts.The application of angled ribbed turbulators was studied using infrared thermography [198].Experimental results were presented for a dimpled sur-face positioned in a channel[199].Experiments were con-ducted to study the heat transfer from a tube with elliptic pin?ns[200];pin?ns were also used in a channel to examine variable property Nusselt numbers[201].Liquid crystal heat transfer measurements were employed to understand the heat transfer behavior in a rectangular channel with solid and slit ribs[202].Angled crossed-rib turbulators were used for heat transfer augmentation in a channel;data and?ow visualization results were presented[203].Winglets were introduced into a rectangular duct to increase heat transfer rates;the winglets were found to perform better than tradi-tional transverse disturbances[204].Surface-mounted cross-ribs were positioned in a turbulent channel?ow for air cooling[205].A numerical approach was taken to under-stand the behavior of periodically located vortex generators in a laminar and transitional plane channel?ow[206].A novel method is presented to predict the heat transfer inside tubes with twisted tape inserts[207];numerical predictions of laminar and turbulent heat transfer in a square duct with twisted tape inserts was also found in the literature[208]. Various turbulence models were used to predict the heat transfer from an array of heated modules[209].The impact of45-degree rib turbulators on the Nusselt number for var-iable properties was studied;temperature ratio e?ects were also investigated[210].The role of roughness in small diam-eter tubes was examined at low Reynolds numbers[211].A combined experimental and computational study was undertaken to understand the heat transfer in straight cool-ing passages with inclined ribs on opposite walls[212].Strip-type inserts were used in a horizontal circular tube for heat transfer augmentation[213].The combination of ribbed tubes and a wire coil insert was considered in an experimen-tal investigation;Reynolds numbers from3000to30,000 were examined[214,215].An experimental study looked at the impact of varying numbers of ribbed walls in rectangular channels[216].A corrugated inner tube forming an annulus was studied experimentally in water at Reynolds numbers between1700and13,000[217].Local Nusselt numbers were provided in a study of heat transfer in rectangular channels with45-degree crossed-rib turbulators[218].The e?ect of the secondary?ow created by ribs on heat transfer was exam-ined experimentally[219].A numerical study was conducted to evaluate the role of V-shaped ribs in square ducts [220,221].
Ducts with periodic and unsteady motion.Transient motion,unsteady,and periodic duct?ows/thermal e?ects will be considered next;?ows with strong secondary and/ or swirling motion are also contained in this subsection. Oscillatory?ow in open-ended tubes was studied;the e?ec-tive thermal conductivity was presented[221].Periodically varying thermal loading was studied in thin?lms using?ex-ible complex seals[222].The periodic resonance condition in a Rijke tube was investigated;the nonlinearity of the heat transfer process on the limit-cycle behavior was stud-ied[223].A numerical study considered the reciprocat-ing forced convection in two-dimensional channels[224]. The pulsatile turbulent?ow in a sudden expansion was addressed in a numerical investigation;the impact of pulsa-tion on the Nusselt number was signi?cant[225].Nusselt–Graetz number correlations were produced for heat trans-fer in channels having sinusoidally varying cross-sections [226].Oscillating vortex generators were used for heat transfer augmentation in channel?ow;a Lagrangian–Eule-rian kinematic method was adopted[227].Oscillations were produced in a heated channel using a cylinder; numerical results showed substantial increases in the heat transfer rate[228].Secondary motion can be readily estab-lished in channels through bends,elbows,or coiling; several studies looked at the heat transfer behavior accom-panying this motion.Thermal radiation and turbulent con-vection were considered in a curved pipe with uniform wall temperature[229].The unsteady e?ects created by a sharp 180-degree bend were studied numerically[230].A non-iso-tropic algebraic stress turbulence model was used to exam-ine the thermal-?uid behavior of a curved open channel [231].The heat transfer associated with turbulent?ow in a U-bend was investigated using the generalized gradient di?usion hypothesis[232].Numerical simulation was used to understand the convective heat transfer in externally heated curved rectangular ducts[233].Swirl was directly imposed in a few studies of convective heat transfer [234–236].
Multiphase and non-Newtonian?ows in channels.A viscoplastic material was used in the thermal entrance region of a concentric annulus;the equations were solved via a?nite volume method[237].A power-law?uid was introduced into a parallel plate channel with one moving plate;laminar heat transfer was documented[238].A power-law?uid was also studied in the thermal entrance region of a circular pipe using the integral boundary layer technique[239].The unsteady motion of a Green–Rivlin ?uid was investigated in straight tubes of arbitrary cross-section[240].Asymptotic Nusselt numbers were evaluated for various axial distributions of wall heat?ux for Bing-ham plastics in circular ducts[241].A?nite element method was used to study the behavior of a power-law ?uid in a right triangular duct[242].The Graetz problem was reexamined for a viscoelastic?uid obeying the Phan–Thien and Tanner constitutive equations[243].Experi-ments were conducted to evaluate the temperature rise in a non-Newtonian?uid in oscillatory pipe?ow[244].A combined numerical and experimental study considered the Joule heating and heat transfer in poly(dimethylsilox-ane)micro?uidic systems[245].
5.Separated?ows
This section deals with papers addressing heat transfer characteristics in?ows experiencing separation,either by
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rapid changes in geometry or strong adverse pressure gra-dient.This section also includes the thermal behavior of ?ow past blu?objects,jets,and reattachment.The mixed convection associated with?ow past a heated blunt obsta-cle was examined numerically[246].A numerical simula-tion was also employed to understand the laminar?ow and heat transfer in tube bundles[247].Local heat transfer measurements were made around a wall-mounted cube held at45°to the approaching turbulent?ow[248].The separation dynamics for?ow over a circular cylinder were studied;focus was placed on how heating the cylinder impacted the separation process[249].The heat transfer rate was found to depend strongly on viscous dissipation for the non-uniform slot injection into water boundary lay-ers over cylinders and spheres[250].The role of free stream turbulence on the heat transfer in separated?ows was stud-ied experimentally[251].A numerical study examined the laminar?ow and heat transfer past square bars arranged side by side[252].Computational methods were used to investigate the conjugate heat transfer from small cylin-ders,similar to hot wires,when located near walls[253]; very small heated cylinders were also studied to understand vortex dynamics and thermal transport[254].Mixed con-vection was studied as it develops behind a vertical isother-mal cylinder located in water at low temperatures[255]. Heat transfer was measured downstream of a backward-facing step in very high-speed?ow(superorbital?ow) [256].The laminar?ow and heat transfer was studied for accelerated?ow conditions past an elliptic cylinder[257]. The impact of forced injection from a laminar boundary layer on a blunt body was examined[258].The heat trans-fer of?ow past a cylinder with permeable versus solid?ns was investigated;various numbers of?ns and?n heights were considered[259].A slot jet was used to cool a heated circular cylinder;mean and local Nusselt numbers were measured versus Reynolds number[260].Heat and mass transfer measurements were measured and compared for ?ow past a rectangular cylinder[261].A?nite di?erence method was employed to understand the unsteady?ow and heat transfer from a vertical cylinder having tempera-ture oscillations[262].Heat transfer characteristics were computed for an incompressible power-law?uid;both shear thickening and shear thinning?uids were considered [263];a power-law?uid was also used in a numerical study of?ow past a square cylinder in a plane channel[264].The role of an imposed magnetic?eld was analyzed on a mov-ing vertical cylinder with constant heat?ux[265].Nusselt numbers were obtained for gas?ow over a wire surface when a powerful acoustic?eld was imposed on the?ow [266].Total temperature measurements were used to quan-tify the energy transport caused by vortex motion in a free jet in a process called energy separation[267].Heat transfer coe?cients were obtained for conditions associated with airfoil icing[268].The heat transfer characteristics during separation and reattachment were studied in turbine blade cascade con?gurations[269].Unsteady separation and reattachment and the corresponding heat transfer were also investigated for?ow over a rectangular plate experiencing an oscillating inlet velocity[270].
6.Heat transfer in porous media
Several reviews and re-evaluations of modeling para-digms for saturated and unsaturated porous media have appeared during the past year.A uni?ed streamline and heat and mass line method for the visualization of two-dimensional heat and mass transfer in anisotropic media shows promise for convective di?usion problems of the type encountered in porous media[271].The method of asymptotes was applied to the Rayleigh–Be′nard problem to demonstrate the location of a state at which global resis-tance of heat transport is minimized[272].A comprehen-sive review nonlinear convection showed that not all predictions are experimentally validated[273].
Representation of a random porous medium with a uni-versal dimension is shown to lead to signi?cant errors in calculating total drag and heat transfer[274],and basic terminology describing Darcy’s law has been critically reviewed[275].The permeability of unsaturated media has been determined via a fractal model of the pore struc-ture[276].
Two-equation modeling of the heat conduction problem is the focus of numerical work that compares results to a numerical solution at the microscopic level[277].A simpli-?cation of the mass balance equation is shown to reduce computational cost for numerical prediction of multi-dimensional convective heat and mass transfer[278].Mod-eling of heat transfer in unsaturated?ow in dual scale ?brous media where?ber bundles and?ow channels coex-ist shows a marked deviation from that predicted by single scale modeling[279].The mass transfer jump at the inter-face between a porous medium and?uid has been reformu-lated based on a non-local boundary region form of the volume averaged mass transfer equation[280].
6.1.Property determination
Determining the e?ective thermal conductivity and total di?usivity of saturated and unsaturated porous media are the focus to goodly number of studies,which underlies the centrality of the property in both theoretical work and interpretation of experimental data.Temperature dis-tributions in heated packed beds of spheres are used with solution of the inverse problem for transient heat transfer, and with a step change in the boundary heat?ux,the e?ec-tive conductivity may reach a value several times higher than at steady state[281].Linear packing theory,a unit cell model,and particle size distribution functions are used to determine the e?ective conductivity for beds of polydis-pered particles,with good agreement with measurements [282].A related study assumes non-equilibrium between the phases,applied local volume averaging,and a charac-teristic temperature distribution to yield a de?nition of an e?ective and coupled thermal conductivity tensor[283].
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Bounds on e?ective conductivity of paced beds of rough spheres have been evaluated numerically using a unit cell structure and then compared with experiments[284].Local e?ective di?usivity of a hydrophilic?brous medium has been determined via a network model for species di?usion as a function of local porosity and local saturation[285]. Thermal dispersion associated with non-isothermal?lling of a?brous medium is modeled with a series solution for dispersion,which was veri?ed by comparing model results with the steady-state analytical solution[286].
6.2.E?ective conductivity in combined radiation and conduction in high porosity,high temperature
Fibrous insulation was measured from300to1300K for a range of pressures and densities,and good agreement is obtained with a numerical model employing a two?ux approximation and anisotropic scattering[287].Combined mode conductivity is used with Fricke’s equation to deter-mine the radiative thermal conductivity at450K in non-woven fabric materials[288].The e?ective radiative conductivity for packed beds is developed in the form of a correlation between the wall Nusselt number and e?ective radial thermal conductivity[289].
The e?ective conductivity of porous ceramics in which gas emission takes place has been quanti?ed via experi-ments and a pore-scale mechanism is proposed[290].Mea-surements of the e?ective bulk conductivity of a recently developed porous carbon foam have been reported[291].
6.3.External?ow and heat transfer
The linear instability of vortex?ow in mixed convection next to a?at surface in uniform and variable permeability media has been characterized via a compact non-dimen-sional group involving the local Rayleigh and Peclet num-bers[292].Vortex instability of natural convection over a horizontal?at place in a high porosity medium is analyzed with form drag and viscous di?usion e?ects considered [293].Gravity jitter on free convection on a vertical plate is shown to have its greatest e?ect near the leading edge[294].
The stress jump interface condition for?ow over a por-ous layer has been examined numerically including the in?uence of medium properties and the Forchheimer cor-rection term[295].Numerical and experimental work for ?ow over a porous cylindrical annulus leads to scaling rules in terms of key dynamical and geometrical parameters [296].Experiments have been carried out for convection from aluminum-foam heat sinks in forced convection cross-?ow to determine overall thermal performance[297].
Similarity solutions have been developed for a buoyant plume above a line source show how anisotropy in the medium can a?ect?ow and heat transfer[298].Free con-vection on a horizontal surface via similarity is predicted for Newtonian and non-Newtonian?uids[299],and an explicit solution is also developed[300].Viscous dissipation e?ects for power-law?uids are also treated via similarity for both the horizontal and vertical plate[301].Similarity and approximate solutions are reported for free,mixed and forced convection on a horizontal surface with a range of temperature and wall blowing parameters[302,303].The two-equation approach has been applied to the Cheng–Minkowycz problem,and it is shown how the absence of thermal equilibrium can modify leading edge?ow and heat transfer[304].The vertical plate problem is also analyzed for an embedding medium with heat sources and nonlinear density temperature variation[305].
Numerical and asymptotic techniques have identi?ed the thermally long,intermediate,and short length limits for conjugate heat transfer from a vertical strip in an unbounded medium[306].Conjugate free convection from a vertical?n has been analyzed for the e?ects of two-dimensionality and the shortcomings of the classical insu-lated tip boundary condition[307].Similarity solutions for?ow of a micropolar?uid past a?at surface with vari-able temperature were developed in terms of microrotation parameter,inertia coe?cient,permeability and coupling parameter[308].
Mixed convection with surface mass?ux and variable heat?ux on a vertical plate and cylinder in non-Darcy media has been analyzed to predict a variety of parameter interactions that determine trends in Nusselt numbers and temperature distributions[106,309].
Forced convection over a plate with prescribed temper-ature is solved with and altered asymptotic boundary con-dition far away form the place and formally shown to transform into a transient conduction problem[302]. Forced convection from a heated cylinder at high Peclet number has been analyzed numerically via a two-equation formulation,and it is found that the surface heat transfer rate for the?uid is always greater than that for the matrix [310].
Condensation in forced convection to produce porous coatings in a thin porous layer on a vertical surface has been analyzed in terms of the Darcy–Brinkman–Forchhei-mer formulation in the porous medium and the standard boundary layer approximations in the condensate[311]. Film condensation on a?nite?at surface embedded in a porous medium has been predicted via a boundary layer formulation when the vapor phase is dry and saturated [312].
6.4.Packed beds
Entropy generation in MHD mixed convection with radiative interaction in porous channel?ow is solved ana-lytically for the optically thin gas approximation[313]. Magnetic?uid jets in saturated media are investigated using Taylor’s theory,and a multi-scale solution reveals parameters for stable and unstable?ow[314].Radiative heat transfer in coarse?brous media,modeled as an array of mono-dispersed random cylinders,produces upper and lower bounds for existing transport data in terms of cylin-der geometry and radiative properties[315].
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Viscosity variations and permeability are shown analyti-cally to exert a strongly coupled e?ect on forced convection in heterogeneous?xed beds[316].A three-dimensional numerical solution for transport in a?xed bed at the large particle limit reveals a di?usion dominated wall sub-layer that is one-fourth of the particle diameter and a second sub-layer on all particles in contact with the wall[317].A parallel study using a commercial CFD code predicts heat and mass transfer coe?cients in good agreement with exist-ing data[318].Measured wall-to-?uid mass transfer coe?-cients for low?ow and a large tube-to-particle diameter ratio are shown to approach a non-zero limit as Reynolds number approaches zero[319].Mass transfer in the free convection limit for cylinders embedded in a?xed bed based on measurement provided additional design guidance for low?ow applications with tube banks[320].Turbulent?ow and heat transfer in a channel with a staggered array of por-ous ba?es serves as a transition case for the packed bed and channel?ow with solid ba?es[321].
A single heat and mass transfer correlation for trickle beds in terms of a Peclet number has been developed from existing data and validated[322].High heat?ux applica-tions,such as occur in porous metal walls of fusion reac-tors,have also begun to receive theoretical attention with the aim being an optimization of the heat transfer rate [323].A related study deals with the transient thermal response of a moving porous bed with gas through?ow [324].
Measurements of velocity and shear stress over and within a?xed bed reveal a region of strong momentum exchange at the interface,a penetration of turbulence into the porous region,and an overall discharge capacity that depends on?ow regime[325].Simulation of turbulent?ow in fully packed beds shows that medium topology is a key determinant of turbulence quantities and?ow when the transport equations are volume averaged[326,327].Peri-staltic transport in gravity driven channel?ow has been analyzed via a perturbation expansion in terms of wave number to relate pressure rise to?ow rate[328].
Wall heat and mass transfer rates in circulating?uidized beds were numerically modeled in two and three dimen-sions with good comparison to existing data for suspension to wall heat transfer[329–331].Particle imaging in a three-phase,two-dimensional?uidized bed show the positive e?ect of increased particle collision frequency and the neg-ative e?ect of solid hold up on heat transfer rate[332]. Direct simulation of wall region particle?ow time was car-ried out for a sample size on the order of half-a-million par-ticles to produce estimates of residence time,contact frequency,and contact distance[333].Experiments on heat transfer to the standpipe of a circulating?uid bed boiler reveal a dilute and dense particle zone,each with a distinct heat transfer character[334],as well as the relation between local heat transfer coe?cients and?uidization velocities [335,336].
The stability of?ow to small disturbances in a porous channel has been modeled by analogy to the Hartmann problem in MHD.Circular duct?ow is found to be stable for all Reynolds numbers but parallel channel?ow exhibits a critical Reynolds number[337].Rotating porous layers, such as encountered in alloy solidi?cation exhibit both sta-tionery and oscillatory modes of instability[338].Oscilla-tory instability is also observed for shallow saturated layers when temperature and solute gradients are present [339].
Linear stability analysis for the annulus with a heat gen-erating?uid likewise produces critical Rayleigh numbers parameterized by the radius ratio[340].Similar problems are deduced for the anisotropic?at layer with a density maximum[341],non-uniform thermal gradients[342],a temperature dependent viscosity[343],and a viscosity dependent on magnetization[344].The linear stability of the bottom-heated layer with convective boundary condi-tions is expressed in terms Rayleigh–Biot number relations [345].An extension of this problem to case where local thermal equilibrium is absent is parameterized in terms of the interfacial heat transfer coe?cient[346].For porous layer?lled with a visco-elastic?uid,linear and nonlinear stability criteria have been calculated,as well as supercrit-ical bifurcations in the heat transfer coe?cient[347].
A Karman–Pohlhausan analysis of forced convection from a plate with a thin porous surface layer shows how an increase of heat transfer coe?cient is obtained that is independent of Darcy number[348].Computation time for?ow and heat transfer through narrow,?ber-?lled por-ous channels can be signi?cantly reduced via a one-dimen-sional approximate temperature pro?le[349].Thermally developing forced convection in planar and circular duct ?ows has been analyzed using the classical Graetz method-ology[350,351].A temperature dependent viscosity in fully developed forced convection in a parallel plate channel can produce either an increase or decrease in heat transfer coef-?cient depending on cooling and heating at the wall [352,353].Buoyancy e?ects on forced?ow with internal heat generation and rotation in a vertical annulus show that the primary parameter that characterizes the convec-tive heat transfer regime is the Richardson number[354].
Gross anisotropy in the solid matrix,such as?ssures and drilled holes,in channel?ow can lead to a reduction in Nusselt number but with a corresponding reduction in friction factor[355].Pin?n heat sinks in an open channel ?ow have been successfully modeled as an anisotropic porous medium with thermal non-equilibrium,and a heat transfer correlation is proposed[356].Turbulence e?ects on forced convection in a composite porous and open channel are modeled via an algebraic model to account for the interface momentum transport[357,358].Heat transfer with transpiration through porous-walls under high heat?ux is found dependent on the volumetric heat transfer coe?cient,the e?ective wall conductivity,and the wall region?ow[359].Injection of an immiscible?uid into a saturated anisotropic domain exhibits a range?nger-ing characteristics when modeled in terms of the compo-nent?uid pressures and temperatures,capillary e?ects,
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and matrix anisotropy[360].A related study simulates the movement of each component,and mass?uxes are calcu-lated by an entropy balance[361].
Normal shock propagation and re?ection through incompressible porous material have been modeled via a weighted average?ux method,and a comparison with shock tube experiments leads to a phenomenological model[362].
Free convection in a bottom heated square cavity with cooled side and top walls is analyzed as an extension of the Darcy–Be′nard problem for a range of Darcy number, including pure?uid limit[363].Non-Darcy and non-New-tonian e?ects and side wall heating are numerically analyzed via the boundary element method for shear thin-ning and thickening?uids[364].Thermal non-equilibrium and non-Darcy e?ects for the square domain with a heat generating solid phase produce heat transfer results at var-iance with the assumption of local thermal equilibrium and the simple Darcy formulation[365,366].
Periodic boundary temperatures for the?at layer are shown to produce a minimum and maximum Nusselt num-ber for free convection at speci?c phase di?erences[367]. For the vertical?at duct,walls with periodic temperatures produce an extremum in thermal convection at a unique wave number[368],but when the walls are physically wavy, decreases in Nusselt number due to secondary?ows are observed[369,370].The e?ects of boundary shape on free convection in layer-type systems have been investigated in a numerical study for a generalized doomed upper surface [371].
Free convection across a vertically partitioned porous-?uid enclosure when vertically averaged is shown to depend on the conductance of the partition with a speci?c case in good agreement with experiments[372].Transient buoyant?ow in an open-ended vertical channel partially ?lled with a porous medium has been analyzed to reveal the role of inertia on overall?ow[373].
Doubly di?usive convection in a vertical enclosure with porous layers on the vertical walls has been numerically predicted for a range of?ow conditions and wall anisot-ropy,and an optimum Nusselt number is found[374]. Soret e?ects in a shallow layer are to be equally well pre-dicted by a parallel?ow model when compared to a numer-ical solution,and multiple steady-state?ows are found possible under a vertical stabilizing temperature gradient [375].Thermosolutal convection in a vertical concentric cavity partially?lled with a porous medium is shown to depend strongly on the coupling between Prandtl and Lewis numbers,and the partially?lled cavity is shown to o?er advantages in overall transport in comparison the completely?lled cavity[376].
6.5.Coupled heat and mass transfer
The lattice Boltzmann method has been applied to three-dimensional domains for a binary immiscible mixture with particular focus on the boundary conditions for the particle distribution function[377].Heat and mass transfer boundary conditions at a porous–?uid interface are a par-ticular focus of an analytical study of proton exchange membrane fuel cells[378].An e?ective continuum model has been developed to describe nucleation and growth of the gas phase from a supersaturated liquid in a porous medium driven by heat transfer up to the initiation of bulk gas?ow[379].
The drying of weakly disordered capillary porous media with heat transfer has been developed using the pore net-work concept,and surface tension gradients are shown to be a signi?cant factor in determining?ow regimes[380]. The rehydration of capillary materials also has received attention via modeling and experiments on the e?ects of anisotropy[381].
Simultaneous heat and moisture transfer in textile mate-rials with or without condensation and sorption has been investigated via analytical modeling involving capillary forces and coupled conduction and thermal radiation [382–384].A related study determines the e?ects of pore size distribution and?ber diameter on the overall transfer rates[385].Prediction of drying times for planar domains and irregular objects has been approached via numerical and analytical means,including inverse methods[386–389].Experimental validation is reported as well.
The use of thermal forcing for drying of soils and clays has been modeled taking into account multiple e?ects, including porosity,capillary pressure,mechanical deforma-tion,and a nonlinear constitutive relation[390]Experi-ments involving an embedded tenisometer have been reported as well[391].Related work on the propagation of thermal waves is also reported[392].
Mass transfer in laminar viscoelastic?ow with n th-order reaction over a stretching sheet as the source of reactants is modeled with a similarity solution that employs an exact solution for the velocity?eld[393].
Buoyancy driven heat transfer and mass transfer have been modeled with wedge?ow solutions and also analyzed for thermal dispersion e?ects to predict Sherwood and Nusselt numbers[394,395].Inverse methods have been applied to determine the concentration dependent heat source in a porous medium with buoyant convective mass di?usion over a fairly large range of Rayleigh number [396].An a posteriori prediction of?ame front location in an inert porous radiant burner has been made via a numerical model that includes a detailed kinetics model, the gray medium assumption,and an empirical interface heat transfer coe?cient[397].
Combined heat and mass transfer in natural convection from a vertical plate in a non-Darcy medium is modeled via the fully coupled nonlinear similarity equations,and an explicit analytic solution is obtained[300].A numerical study is reported on thermally induced turbulent free con-vection for Darcy?ow with a comparison to geophysical ?eld test data for the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repos-itory[398].
Free convection in the stagnation region of an exother-mic catalytic surface is found to exhibit di?erent solutions
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for small and large time for?rst-order reaction kinetics [399].For reactive porous media,rigorously coupling the Boltzmann equation in the gas phase,heat conduction in the solid phase and interface condition leads to a system of equation where the e?ective di?usion tensors and solid phase geometry emerge as subsidiary problems[400].Metal reinforced porous catalysts for domestic heating systems have characterized with respect to their?uid,thermal, and mass transport characteristics,and a prototype design has been developed for a domestic applications[401].
Experiments on freeze drying with radiation e?ects showed that the low conductivity of the dried layer controls the overall process without any signi?cant mass transfer resistance[402].Freezing of soils is modeled with the aim of detecting boundary temperatures that determine the for-mation of ice lenses[403].The reverse process,melting of permafrost,is shown to involve free convection,which results in a gravity dominated shape in the melt zone[404]. The manufacture of metal matrix composites has been suc-cessfully modeled numerically as a phase change process with?uid injection into a porous mold[405].The solidi?ca-tion of magma?ows from volcanic eruption is approached with a temperature dependent permeability and the release of latent heat as a result of the degassing process[406].
7.Experimental methods
Researchers continue to develop measurement tech-niques important to heat transfer studies.These include those related to measurement of heat transfer,temperature, and of relevant?ow characteristics as well as miscellaneous activities such as improvement of calorimetry.Some recent works present relatively novel techniques;others are re?ne-ment of past techniques with application to speci?c studies in which the methods are of particular relevance.
7.1.Heat transfer measurements
Several studies consider various types of infrared imag-ing and liquid crystals for measuring heat transfer.Still other studies are concerned with measurements in calorim-eters.Infrared techniques to measure heat transfer with application to sea/surface interface transport have been described[407].Use of a thermal transient with infrared imagery enables measurement of the heat transfer within a cooled metallic turbine blade[408].An improved tech-nique has been developed for transient heat transfer mea-surements using thermochromic liquid crystals[409,410]. Another transient liquid crystal technique can establish turbine hear transfer characteristics in the presence of?lm cooling[411].A paper[412]describes innovations in holo-graphic interferometric measurement of heat transfer. Laser spot heating of luminescent paint on an insulated model provides measurement of the local heat transfer [413,414].An analytical solution,[415]indicates an optimal method for determining the heat transfer from an experi-mental cooling curve obtained during high-pressure pro-cessing.A novel transient liquid crystal technique[416] using a three-test strategy gives good results when measur-ing heat transfer coe?cients.
The accuracy of?ow microcalorimeters can be analyzed using transfer functions[417].Calibration of a heat conduc-tion calorimeter permits measurement of energy produced in mixing of two liquids[418].A prototype reaction calorimeter uses an integrated infrared attenuated re?ection probe for studying fast reactions[419].An experimental analysis of a conduction calorimeter[420]indicates excellent reproduc-ibility.Numerical simulation shows the two-dimensional heat?ow in a membrane-based microcalorimeter[421]. 7.2.Temperature measurement
An analysis indicates the e?ect of thermal conduction along the wires of a surface-mounted thermo-couple [422].The transient response of thermisters can be approx-imated as a?rst-order system[423].Hot wire anemometers used as fast response resistance thermometers provide simultaneous measurement of temperature and velocity [424].The dissipation rate of the temperature variance in a jet has been measured with cold wire anemometry [425].The use of a scanning thermal wave microscope [426]provides sub-micrometer resolution along a surface for a temperature-sensing chip.The real-time laser-based thermal re?ectance from a heated liquid droplet impinging on a substrate can be used to determine the surface temper-ature[427].A surface micromachining process can be used to fabricate a heated microchannel integrated with an array of pressure and temperature thermometers for precision measurement of temperature along the surface[428].Anal-ysis of a thin thermocouple used to measure air tempera-ture in a radiosonde[429]shows the importance of di?usion at high altitude as well as the in?uence of radia-tion.Transient thin?lm heat?ux probes have been used to determine temperature in a short duration Mach6?ow [430].An infrared technique can be used to determine the surface temperature of a heated capillary tube[431].The use of an optical?ber with a sensing tip covered by metallic coating provides an e?ective black body for measuring temperature in a high temperature environment[432].A novel?ber-optic Bragg grating sensor has been suggested for measuring local static and?uctuating temperatures on the surface of a heated circular cylinder in cross-?ow [433].When considering the use of phosphors for measur-ing temperatures in the hot section of a gas turbine,care must be taken because of the measurement’s sensitivity to oxygen partial pressure[434].
7.3.Velocity measurement
A numerical study indicates the transient thermal response of a hot wire anemometer for di?erent types of input function[435].Di?erent hot wire geometries are con-sidered in studying the means for optimizing measurements of instantaneous turbulent energy dissipation[436].A
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numerical investigation[437]indicates the e?ect of a solid boundary on velocity measurements in a boundary layer.
A multisensor array[438]can be used to map the?ow struc-ture in a disturbed boundary layer.A wedge-shaped hot?lm probe permits measurement of?ow properties,including kinetic energy of turbulence in a pipe?ow carrying di?erent types and shapes of particles[439].Change in the structure supporting a hot wire anemometer strongly a?ects the in?u-ence of vibrations on measurements[440].The geometry in a hot wire system used for measuring wall shear stress sensor can signi?cantly a?ect the sensor’s performance[441].
7.4.Miscellaneous
Schlieren and shadowgraph systems in conjunction with a short pulse infrared laser and high-speed camera appara-tus indicate the characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide?ow[442].A contact probe permits characteriza-tion of thermal conductivity with nanoscale spatial resolu-tion[443].Steady and unsteady gas?ows are measured using an isothermal chamber through which the gas?ows [444].An ellipsoidal radiometer can separate radiation heat transfer from convection heat transfer in?re tests[445].A transient system is used to measure the spectral directional emissivity of solid materials at high temperature[446].An ultrasound technique has been suggested for measuring the interfacial heat transfer for aluminum alloy casting in a mold[447].
8.Natural convection-internal?ows
8.1.Highlights
The majority of the published investigations employ numerical methods to obtain solutions to natural convec-tion?ows and heat transfer in classical con?gurations with various modi?cations to geometry,?uid properties and boundary conditions.Work is also being reported on the in?uence of multiple driving forces,?uid conditions and small particles that contain phase-change materials.
8.2.Fundamental studies
The in?uence of a combined magnetic driving force and buoyant natural convection has been studied in a cubic enclosure[448,449],a cylindrical container[450]and a shal-low cylinder with Rayleigh–Be′nard?ow[451].A critical evaluation of the Boussinesq assumption applied to gases was made[452].Simulations of?ows containing particles focussed on sedimentation[453]and the heat transfer enhancement caused by the addition of nanoparticles [454]and the use of a phase-change-material slurry[455].
8.3.Thermocapillary?ows
Studies of thermocapillary?ows include an experimen-tal investigation of?ows in liquid bridges for high Prandtl number?uids[456]and an analysis of the instability pro-duced by thermocapillary motion for viscous two-layer ?ows[457].Marangoni convection has been simulated for a cavity[458],a silicon melt[459]and a horizontal layer where the threshold for Hopf bifurcation was determined [460].
8.4.Enclosure heat transfer
Heat transfer in a vertical square or rectangular cavities continues to receive considerable interest with most of the work being numerical rather than experimental.The e?ect of thermoacoustic wave motion was studied[461]as was the e?ect of changing the gas pressure[462].Kim et al. [463]obtained numerical solutions for transient natural convection in a square enclosure containing a simple power-law non-Newtonian?uid.Transient solutions were obtained after a sudden imposition of a gravitational vec-tor[464]and with a periodic wall temperature boundary condition[465].Several studies were performed to deter-mine?ow patterns[466],?ow instability[467,468]and low level turbulence[469].
Variations on the vertical rectangular con?guration were investigated including inclined cavities where none of the turbulent models employed were able to adequately predict the transition from laminar to turbulent?ow in the boundary layers[470].Aspect ratio,inclination and the e?ects of internal heat generation were studied in the lam-inar?ow regime within rectangular enclosures[471]. Numerical solutions were obtained for the convection within an enclosure with various dome con?gurations com-prising the top[472].Circular and elliptical dome shapes resulted in higher heat transfer.The?ow in a hemispherical enclosure was determined with uniform internal heating and isothermal walls[473].Several papers were published that considered discrete heat sources on the?oor of an enclosure[474,475]and distributed within the enclosure [476–478].Other geometrical con?gurations considered include an enclosure with wavy walls[193,479],partially divided[480]and unobstructed[481]trapezoidal cavities, partially divided square cavities[482]and square cavities with triangular inserts in the corners[483].
Rayleigh–Be′nard convection in horizontal layers has been studied experimentally where a laser-induced?uores-cence method was used to provide quantitative spatially correlated temperature data in turbulent?ow[484].A the-oretical study was performed to determine the e?ect of cou-pled natural convection and radiation when a radiatively participating medium is utilized[485].The results showed that the presence of the radiative source generally increased the?ow critical values.Evaporation from a thin liquid layer was found to provide a separate mechanism than Rayleigh–Be′nard convection and Marangoni–Be′nard con-vection[486].Other studies include an investigation into the temporal?uctuations in heat?ux[487],the e?ects of using a microemulsion slurry[488],the use of supercritical helium mixtures[489]and a modeling approach for Ray-
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leigh–Be′nard convection in a weakly turbulent state with free upper and lower surfaces[490].Heat transfer correla-tions were obtained for horizontal layers of immiscible?u-ids that might occur in post-accident reactors[491].An experimental study was performed to simulate the two-?uid convection that occurs between the earth’s core and the mantle[492].Several studies were conducted to quan-tify experimental errors introduced into laboratory scale investigations of Rayleigh–Be′nard phenomena.The e?ect of the thermal coupling between a conducting base and the?uid was quanti?ed[493].The e?ects of the side walls on?nite-sized enclosures was also investigated[494–496].
8.5.Cylindrical containers
Experimental and numerical studies were made of the transient?ow and heat transfer within cylindrical hot water storage tanks[497,498].Transient cooling of the upper sur-face was simulated for air and insulin containing cylinders [499].Solutions using direct numerical simulations were obtained to study the e?ects of viscous boundary layers and mean?ow structure within a thin cylindrical shell [500].The?ow and heat transfer within inclined cylinders were measured[501].Convection coupled with thermal radiation was investigated experimentally for a vertical annulus with constant heat?ux on the inner cylinder[502].
8.6.Horizontal cylinders and annuli
Turbulent natural convection was studied numerically for Rayleigh numbers up to1010in horizontal annuli to simulate the conditions found in gas insulated high voltage power cables[503].Dual solutions were obtained for?ow within a horizontal annulus with a constant heat?ux pre-scribed on the inner cylinder[504].Numerical results were presented for natural convection from a horizontal cylinder in a square enclosure[505]and in a horizontal annulus con-taining two immiscible liquids[506].
8.7.Thermal plumes
The impingement of a two-dimensional buoyant plume on a heated upper wall was studied numerically[507].Flow regimes were observed in a laboratory setting using corn syrup and moving belts to simulate convection in the earth’s mantle with moving plates above[508].The plume from a line heat source was studied as it rose into a strati-?ed region to determine the e?ect of smoke rise in a strat-i?ed atrium[509].
8.8.Mixed convection
The interaction between jet in?ow at the bottom and ?ow out the top of a cavity with internal heat generation was studied numerically[510].The e?ects of various turbu-lence models[511]and input uncertainties[512]were deter-mined for ventilated enclosures.8.9.Miscellaneous
Double di?usive processes were studied in a rectangular cavity containing a binary liquid mixture[513]and in an open cylinder?lled with moist granular product[514]. The in?uence of buoyancy on wild?re behavior was inves-tigated using the?re data set from the USDA Forest Ser-vice’s Fire Science Laboratory[515].A numerical study was conducted to determine the development of duct?ows in fuel cells on buoyancy-driven secondary?ow and mass transfer[516].
9.Natural convection-external?ows
9.1.Vertical plate
The vertical semi-in?nite?at plate continues to receive attention with variations in surface thermal and roughness conditions,?uid properties and combined heat and mass transfer.Transient?ows and heat transfer were studied for a step change in surface heat?ux[517]and a surface with uniform heat?ux and surface roughness elements [518].Laminar free convection was modeled from a plate with uniform heat?ux immersed in a?uid with tempera-ture dependent properties[519,520]and an isothermal plate immersed in thermally strati?ed water[521].The develop-ment of longitudinal vortices was investigated near the transition to turbulent?ow[522].Other studies include a direct numerical simulation of viscous dissipation e?ects [523]and numerical solutions presented for heat transfer from a porous plate[524]and for combined heat and mass transfer[525].
9.2.Horizontal and inclined plates
Experimental measurements[526]and numerical solu-tions[527]have been obtained for heat transfer from hor-izontal plates of?nite width.Experiments and numerical solutions were also presented for natural convection above a wavy heated plate[528,529].Investigation of?ow transi-tion above a uniformly heated inclined plate[530]indicated that transverse and longitudinal roll perturbations were both important.Flow and heat transfer near an impulsively started inclined plate were studied[531].The interactions between a bubble and the free convection?ow from an inclined heated plate were determined using optical meth-ods[532].
9.3.Channels
Simulations of heat transfer in vertical channels have been performed for a protruding heated module[533]and for?ush-mounted heaters[534,535].Heat transfer from an array of vertical parallel plates was studied to determine the optimum con?guration for heat transfer rate per unit volume[536].A vertical adiabatic extension above an asym-metrically heated channel was found to improve the heat
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transfer rate for some con?gurations but not for all[537]. The e?ects of a particulate suspension within a vertical chan-nel were investigated including internal heat generation or absorption[538,539].Thermally strati?ed boundary layers were successfully achieved in a wind tunnel[540].The authors observed gravity waves in the middle and upper por-tions of all stable boundary layers.The?ow in deep trenches was studied as the buoyant?ow may limit the ion transport from an electrolyte bath above to the plating surface at the bottom[541].Internal natural convection was found to dominate the initial?uid?ow in HE II channels after the sudden application of heating on one end[542].Inclined channels that were studied include a channel heated from the bottom with superimposed radiation[543]and a shallow open cavity with insulated side walls[544].
9.4.Fins
Fin e?ciency calculated using an assumed uniform con-vective heat transfer coe?cient was shown to di?er signi?-cantly from the values determined using a locally varying natural convective heat transfer coe?cient that depends on the local surface temperature[545].Natural convection heat transfer from a short rectangular?n array above a heated base was studied including the e?ects of?n length, height and spacing[546].Heat transfer from a horizontal cylinder with high conductivity[547,548]and low conduc-tivity[549]?ns showed the e?ect of both?n geometry and ?n conductivity on the overall results.
9.5.Cylinders and cones
Natural convection about a suddenly heated horizontal wire was observed using speckle pattern interferometry [550].The thermal inertia of a wire was found to play an important role in the initial transient heating when immersed in liquid nitrogen[551].Investigations of natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal cylinder included the e?ects of the nearby surfaces[552],micropolar ?uids[553],and conjugate conduction within the cylinder and the external natural convection?ow[554].Numerical solutions for transient heat transfer from a suddenly heated elliptical cylinder were presented[555]that covered the range of minor–major axis length ratio from0.05to 0.998.Local heat transfer coe?cients have been deter-mined along a vertical cylinder with a power-law wall tem-perature distribution[556].Experimental measurements and asymptotic series solutions were reported for heat transfer from horizontal and inclined cones[557].
9.6.Plumes
The self-preserving properties of round buoyant turbu-lent plumes were observed in still?uids[558]and in a uni-form cross-?ow[559]using a water channel,a CCD camera and tracer https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a0686659.html,rge-eddy simulation of CO2-containing plumes in the ocean were modeled[560]to study the feasi-bility of carbon sequestration in seawater.Several versions of the k–e turbulence model were examined to determine the best method to model recently published experimental data on buoyant plumes[561].
9.7.Mixed convection
The Froude number for which the heat transfer from cylinders,plates and spheres deviates by5%or more from the free convection value was determined[562].Theoretical studies were reported for mixed convection from vertical [563,564]and inclined[565]plates and from a moving ver-tical cylinder surrounded by a porous medium[566].Mixed convection was studied as applied to the e?ect of ground heating on a cloud[567]and the use of radiant cooling pan-els in a building[568].A summary of research applied to horizontal channels heated from below was presented with recommendations given for future work[569].Mixed con-vection was addressed as applied to the cooling of circuit boards[570]and heat transfer from MEMS devices[571]. Vortex rolls were observed above a heated,horizontal rotating disk with an air jet impinging from above[572]. Mixed convection from open cavities was studied numeri-cally[573,574].A direct numerical technique was used to study aiding and opposing?ow adjacent to a vertical heated cylinder in turbulent?ow[575].Several studies were reported for mixed convection in vertical tubes[576]and vertical[577–581]and inclined[582]channels.Other con-?gurations included the?ow within horizontal tubes[583] and channels[584–586].
9.8.Miscellaneous
An experimental and theoretical study of natural con-vection heat transfer from cuboids was reported[587]. The natural convection induced by the absorption of laser [588]and UV[589]radiation was addressed.Other studies considered the in?uence of an aerosol contained in the?uid [590],the suppression of convection by a strong magnetic ?eld[591],a use of dielectrophoretic force[592]and the entropy generated from a natural convection?ow[593].
10.Rotating?ows
10.1.Rotating disks
Interest in transport to rotating disks and from rotating ?uids to a stationary surface has recently grown owing to the continual development of high density disk drives for data storage,high performance clutches,and the use of?lm ?ows for chemical processing wherein a rotating electrode is present.Theoretical work involved the use of similarity models for laminar convection[594],study of large ampli-tude wave formation[595]and numerical study of non-Newtonian?uid?ow[596].For permeable disks,theoretical
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and numerical studies of boundary layers,oscillating?ow and rotating?ow revealed the key parameters for the Nus-selt number and skin friction coe?cient and also for the occurrence of resonance[597–599].
Heat transfer between coaxial disk systems was investi-gated experimentally and theoretically to determine the local and overall heat transfer coe?cients and the e?ects of rota-tional Reynolds number and spacing[600–602].A numerical model for chemical vapor deposition in a rotating disk reactor resulted in the development of an experimentally validated global condensation parameter that controls the characteristics of particle population in the gap[603].Exper-imental on the characterization of thin liquid?lms[604] showed the overall morphology of wave formation and the radial movement of the hydraulic jump,both dependent on a Reynolds number based on?ow inlet gap height. 10.2.Rotating channels
Flow and heat transfer in rotating pipes and rectangular channels was the subject of mostly numerical study.The combined e?ects of rotation,curvature,torsion,and chan-nel shape on Nusselt number and?ow structure were the overall focus of the research.Analytical work that extends the Dean equations to rotating helical pipe?ow focused on ?ow structure for a limited range of the Coriolis parameter [605],and heat transfer with the complicating factor of di?erential heating that creates signi?cant buoyancy in a curved pipe was examined numerically[606,607].Measure-ments with LDV successfully determined rotational e?ects on?ow structure in smooth ducts connected by a180-degree bend[608].
Heat transfer in a rotating channel system with through ?ow and impingement was numerically determined[609–611].Various closure models were employed for three-dimensional turbulent?ows[232],and the direct numerical simulation method was used for turbulent spanwise rotat-ing channel?ows[612].For ribbed and dimpled channels, an extensive set of measurements were reported for a dou-ble pass channel to reveal?ow structure and local heat transfer coe?cients[613–619].Experimental methods included LDV,naphthalene sublimation,liquid crystal thermography,imbedded heat?ux and temperature sen-sors[620]and,and optical methods[621].These studies were complemented by numerical work involving the aver-aged turbulent?eld equations[622]and large-eddy simula-tion methods[623].
10.3.Enclosures
Measurements of the?ow structure and convective heat transfer using infrared thermography and LDV were reported for the air-gap of a rotor-stator system resulting in a correlation between the Nusselt and Reynolds num-bers[624].The?ow?eld in an annular rotating?ame holder was also measured using LDV such that a novel characterization for a stable?ame is proposed[625].Exper-iments on highly supercritical thermal convection in a hemispherical shell revealed the power law dependence of the Nusselt on the Rayleigh number,overall?ow structure, and the scaling of motion to represent geostrophic?ow [626].Rotating annular?ows were the subject of numerical and analytical studies that revealed the details of the?ow ?eld and that thermodynamics of the?ows and heat trans-fer processes[627,628].
Modes of convection,stability of?ow,and combined convection with thermal radiation began to receive atten-tion in connection with geo-and astrophysical systems. Super?uidity in star interiors,transient cooling and shrink-age of the earth’s core,and the development of Rossby waves in rapidly rotating neutron stars were particular focal areas[629–631].
10.4.Cylinders,spheres,and bodies of revolution
Geophysical?ow and heat transfer were investigated as a transient three-dimensional problem for a rotating sphere with surface?owing and at small Reynolds number to reveal three wake regimes and a relation of the heat trans-fer to that for evaporating droplets[632].
Simulation studies continued on crystal growth tech-niques as found in Czochralski furnaces of various con?g-urations and operational modes to reveal the details of the ?ow?eld[633,634].Both experimental and numerical work was reported on convection in crystal growth in phosphoric acid solutions with a rotating crystal of axial symmetry [635].Details of the?ow?elds for the Brigdman and Stock-barger methods were calculated to development parameters on dopant or impurity levels[636–638].
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a0686659.html,bined heat and mass transfer
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a0686659.html,ser ablation
Researchers modeled the ablation of gold?lms in vac-uum via an ultra-short(sub-picosecond)laser pulse[639]. The computed electron and lattice temperatures agreed well with experimentally obtained data.Researchers also developed a model(including chemical kinetics)for the expansion of a plasma,resulting from laser ablation of tita-nium metallic targets[640].A one-dimensional,two-step model was developed to account for the di?erence between electron temperature and lattice temperature in the laser processing of metal targets[641].A model for supercritical ablation was proposed in which the vapor density is limited by transparency[642].The accuracy of the model is depen-dent on material and temperature and results suggest that at higher temperatures,the proposed supercritical ablation mechanism performs better when breakdown in the gas-phase is taken into account.Researchers also developed a k–e-based approach to model the heating of titanium and nitrogen di?usion in solids[643].
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11.2.Film cooling
Researchers studied the e?ects of free-stream turbulence on the?lm cooling of a?at plate[644].Three blowing rates were utilized in?ow con?guration in which a uniform den-sity jets issued from three holes located three diameters apart.The?lm cooling characteristics of a single round hole issuing into cross-?ows was studied under di?erent blowing ratios and Reynolds numbers[645–647].Research-ers also investigated the number of holes,orientation angle, and the shape of holes[648–650].The e?ects of tabs and ribs on downstream heat-transfer/cooling were also consid-ered[651–653].Computational methods were used to study hypersonic laminar?lm cooling[654].Additionally,large-eddy simulation was used to investigate the?lm-cooling of a turbine blade[655].The approach is superior to tradi-tional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations in the sense that both the anisotropy and large-scale dynamics are captured.The e?ects of chemical reactions near the walls were investigated[656].The blowing ratio and Damkohler number were varied to capture the e?ect of heating on the wall.Infrared thermography was used to study aero-ther-mal conditions in di?erent combustion zones and how they were a?ected by multi-hole plate geometry[657].Research-ers also studied the heat transfer and?lm cooling e?ective-ness on the squealer tip of a gas turbine engine[658]. 11.3.Submerged jets
The heat transfer characteristics of an annular turbulent impinging jet with a con?ned wall was studied[659].Other studies include a laminar jet impinging with a con?ned wall,including buoyancy[660],swirling jets[661,662],tur-bulent jets impinging on a circular disk[663,664],jets impinging on inclined surfaces[665–667],jets impinging on rectangular tabs[668],the impingement of under-expanded jets[669],pulsating jets[670],and synthetic jets for the cooling of electronics[671].Researchers considered the use of submerged jets for the synthesis of materials via chemical vapor deposition[672],and the cooling of an air-foil leading edge[673].The gas dynamics of supersonic jet impingement was also studied[674],as well as the heat and mass transfer characteristics in an impingement cooling system under cross-?ow[675].A number of computational studies were also performed.These included the use of k–e models,linear and nonlinear,to predict?ow and heat transfer characteristics[676,677],simulation of microscale jets[678],heated,pulsed jets[679],chemical vapor deposi-tion processes[680],the impingement of planar jets via large-eddy simulation[681],and the use of a Reynolds stress turbulence model for simulating jet impingement onto a single hole[682].Chemical reactions were also investigated.Researchers considered a row of butane/air ?ames impinging on a?at plate[683,684].Additionally,a new probe technique for the measurement of species con-centration in binary gas mixtures was developed[685]as well as the heat transfer due to the impingement of a recip-rocating jet-array on a piston for the cooling of heavy-duty diesel engines[686].
12.Bioheat transfer
The present review is only a small portion of the overall literature in this area.This represents work predominantly in engineering journals with occasional basic science and biomedical journals included.This is a very dynamic and cross disciplinary area of research,and thus,this review should be taken as more of an overview,particularly from an engineering point of view,rather than an exhaustive list of all work in this area for this year.Subsections include work in thermoregulation(thermal comfort and physiol-ogy),thermal therapies and cryobiology.
12.1.Thermoregulation
Work in thermoregulation was comprised of several subareas including:Biomedical or clinical applications of warming or cooling,and physiological assessments of ther-moregulation.In the biomedical/clinical area reports focused on comparison of forced-air warming systems with lower body blankets in manikins[687]as well as a random-ized trial for heat transfer using upper body blankets in volunteers[688].Other translational model systems were used to study the e?ects of peripheral and central warming on body temperature during canine laparotomy[689]and endovascular cooling and rewarming for induction and reversal of hypothermia in pigs[690].
Physiological assessments of thermoregulation reported heat transfer to and from human beings with and without clothing,i.e.thermal comfort,as well as heat transfer within human tissues including blood?ow changes.In the thermal comfort area several reports studied the varia-tion of clothing thermal insulation during sweating[691] and during thermoregulation and exercise[692].Thermal comfort modeling work included an integrated human-clothing system for estimating the e?ect of walking on clothing insulation[693];and a model of the?ow and heat transfer around a seated human body by computational ?uid dynamics[694].Other thermoregulatory work at the level of heat transfer and blood?ow within tissues reported barore?ex control of pulse interval changes during heat stress in humans[695]and muscle temperature transients before,during,and after exercise[696].Further work included investigation of the role of porous media in mod-eling?ow and heat transfer in biological tissues[697];the e?ect of blood?ow on thermal equilibration and venous rewarming[698];a model of species heat and mass transfer in a human upper airway model[699]and a computational thermodynamics analysis of vaporizing droplets in the human upper airways[700].
Thermoregulatory physiological studies were also car-ried out in reptiles to assess seasonal thermoregulation in the American alligator(Alligator mississippiensis)[701], and the e?ect of heat transfer mode on heart rate responses
470R.J.Goldstein et al./International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer49(2006)451–534
12.管理评审控制程序(参考模板)
管理评审控制程序 1 目的 为确保质量管理体系持续的适宜性、充分性和有效性，依据GB/T19001-20**标准编制本程序。 2 范围 适合于本公司对质量管理体系运行现状及质量方针和目标的综合效果的管理评审。 3 职责 3，1公司总经理主持管理评审会议。 3．2质量负责人负责组织管理评审会议。 3．3综合管理部负责检查和跟踪有关纠正和预防措施，并随时向总经理或质量负责人报告。 4 工作程序 4．1管理评审会议每年至少进行一次，但遇到下列情形，应进行不定期评审：a）社会环境、市场需求发生重大变化时； b）质量方针和质量目标需要调整时； c）组织结构需要调整时； d）销售模式、流程、方法发生改变时； e）连续出现重大质量事故或顾客投诉时。 4.2管理评审准备： 4.2.1综合管理部制定“管理评审计划”，其内容包括评审的内容、时间、涉及范围、参加部门及人员。 4.2.2“管理评审计划”经质量负责人审核，总经理批准后，由综合管理部通知有关与会部门及人员，各部门提前准备书面汇报资料。 4．3管理评审的基本内容： 4.3.1质量管理体系的适宜性评审： a)综合管理部负责自我评价组织人员培训考核、变动情况，负责法律、法规、标准的变化的评价；负责供方控制的评价； b)管理层负责市场、顾客的变化情况的评价；
c)技术开发部负责产品符合性评价评价，负责销售过程质量控制的评价。 4．3．2质量管理体系的充分性评审： a)管理层负责市场调查结果与顾客潜在的和未来的需求和期望的评价。负责市场、顾客的变化情况的评价，负责销售过程控制及质量策划结果的评价。 b)质量负责人负责评价质量管理体系各过程的运行状况。 c)质量负责人负责评价质量方针和质量目标是否符合市场和顾客潜在的和未来的需求和期望。 4．3．3质量管理体系的有效性评审： a)综合管理部负责内、外部质量审核结果的评价；负责不合格的纠正和预防措施的实施情况及效果的评价；负责人力资源培训、考核与控制；供方过程业绩控制、过程异常等的纠正和预防措施的实施、效果的评价。 b)管理层负责顾客投诉、顾客满意程度测量结果的评价。 c)质量负责人负责质量目标完成情况的评价； d)各部门负责本部质量管理体系运行情况的报告。 4．4管理评审会议 4．4．1质量负责人根据会议内容编写管理评审原始会议记录。 4．4．2与会人员需在会议记录上签字。 4.5评审报告： 4．5．1质量负责人根据管理评审原始记录编写书面报告“管理评审报告”，经总经理批准后发至有关部门。管理评审报告包括评审时间、主持人、会议地点、参加人员、评审项目、评审结果等内容。 4．5．2综合管理部保存管理评审会议原始记录及管理评审报告。 4．6管理评审需采取的相关措施： a)质量管理体系及其过程的改进； b)与顾客要求有关的产品的改进； c)资源需求； d)对现有质量管理体系（包括质量方针和质量目标）的评价结论； e)对现有产品符合要求的评价。
管理评审控制程序文件
管理评审控制程序 文件编号： 版本：A0 编制： 日期： 审核： 日期： 批准： 日期： 深圳市xxx科技有限公司 版本历史
1 目的
对本公司质量管理体系进行评审，确保体系持续的适宜性、充分性和有效性。 2 范围 适用于本公司质量管理体系的评审工作，包括方针和目标的评审。 3 术语与定义 管理评审：最高管理者为评价管理体系的适宜性、充分性和有效性所进行的活动。 4职责 总经理：负责主持管理评审活动。 管理者代表：负责向总经理报告质量管理体系运行情况，提出改进的建议，编写相应的评审报告，负责纠正措施和预防措施实施后的跟踪和验证工作。 行政部：负责管理评审计划的编制和组织工作，收集并提供管理评审所需的资料。 各相关部门：负责准备并提供与本部门工作有关的评审所需的资料，并负责评审中提出的纠正预防和改进措施的实施工作。 5作业内容 管理评审计划 5.1.1年度管理评审计划 管理评审每年至少进行一次，可结合内审后的结果进行，也可根据需要安排，但时间间隔不许超过12个月；一般安排在内审实施后1个月内。 5.1.2适时管理评审计划 1）在下列情况下，由总经理提出，适时制定计划，进行相应的管理评审。 a)当本组织机构、产品、资源等发生重大改变与调整时； b)当发生重大质量事故或相关方连续投诉时； c)当法律、法规、标准及其它要求发生变更时； d)当总经理认为有必要时，如认证前的管理评审。 2）行政部负责编制适时管理评审计划，经管理者代表审核后，提交总经理批准。适时管理评审计划的内容参照年度管理评审计划，但评审的内容一般针对上述 5.1.2---1）中某一具体事项。
管理评审控制程序最新版
1.目的 评审质量管理体系和HACCP管理体系的适宜性、充分性和有效性，达到持续不断地改进和完善质量管理体系和HACCP管理体系，确保本公司质量、安全方针和目标的实现，满足顾客要求。 2.适用范围 适用于本公司质量管理体系和HACCP管理体系的评价。 3.发文范围 总经办 奶源部 采购部 生产车间 设备部 品控部 化验室 仓储部 销售部 行政部 4.职责 4.1 总经理批准管理评审计划，主持管理评审会议，审批管理评审报告。 4.2 管理者代表审核管理评审计划，协调管理评审活动的实施，向总经理报告管理体系的运行状况，审核 管理评审报告。 4.3管理者代表组织对评审后各项决议的实施进行检查、监督和验证。 4.4品控部协助管理者代表准备管理评审所需的信息资料，编制管理评审计划。 4.5 各部门第一负责人及相关人员参加管理评审，提供与管理评审输入要求有关的相关资料，并根据评审 报告的要求制定实施本部门的改进措施。 5.内容 5.1 管理的计划与准备： 5.1.1管理评审每年至少进行一次，两次之间间隔不得超过12个月。品控部在管理评审之前(应提前10天) 制定管理评审计划。管理评审计划的主要内容包括： 1)评审时间：管理评审的时间应在第三方审核之前，年度的管理评审时间应依据第三方审核的计划制定。 2)评审目的： 3)评审的范围及评审重点：
4)参加评审部门： 5)评审依据： 6)评审内容： a.内部质量管理体系和HACCP体系审核报告、第三方机构监督审核报告； b.产品质量、卫生安全分析； c.不合格报告及纠正预防措施执行情况； d.公司的反馈信息和要求； e.质量方针、质量目标贯彻实施情况； f.组织机构、职责分配是否恰当及能否发挥作用； g.质量管理体系和HACCP体系的补充调整； 5.1.2管理评审 5.1.3管理者代表审核管理评审计划，总经理批准。 5.1.4管理者代表根据总经理的批示协调评审活动，品控部具体安排。 5.1.5各部门根据各自所承担的职责并按评审计划做好提供相关资料，作为管理评审的输入。 5.1.6当发生下列情况，经总经理批准，可以增加频次： a.质量方针、目标发生重大变化时； b.组织机构发生调整时； c.发生重大质量事故、食品安全问题或严重的顾客投诉； d.第三方审核发现重大不符合时； e.法律、法规、标准及其他要求发生变化； f.总经理认为必要时。 5.2 惯例评审会议： 5.2.1总经理主持召开评审会议，相关部门负责人及有关人员提交议题及报告本部门质量管理体系和 HACCP体系运行情况，对存在的不合格项提出纠正和预防措施，确定责任人和整改时间。5.2.2评审结束时，总经理对所评审的内容应做出评审意见，形成有关改进决策或指令，作为管理评审的 输出，责令有关部门执行。 5.3 管理评审输出 应包括以下有关措施： 体系及过程的改进，包括对质量方针、质量目标、组织机构、过程控制等方面评价； 与顾客要求有关的产品的改进，对现有产品符合要求的评价，包括是否需要进行产品、过程审核的要求；资源要求。
2Radiative heat transfer between nanostructurespdf
Radiative heat transfer between nanostructures A.I.Volokitin1,2and B.N.J.Persson1 1Institut fu¨r Festko¨rperforschung,Forschungszentrum Ju¨lich,D-52425,Germany 2Samara State Technical University,443010Samara,Russia ?Received14July2000;revised manuscript received25September2000;published16April2001? We use a general theory of the?uctuating electromagnetic?eld and a generalized Kirchhoff’s law?Ref.8? to calculate the heat transfer between macroscopic and nanoscale bodies of arbitrary shape,dispersive,and absorptive dielectric properties.We study the heat transfer between:?a?two parallel semi-in?nite bodies,?b?a semi-in?nite body and a spherical body,and?c?two spherical bodies.We consider the dependence of the heat transfer on the temperature T,the shape and the separation d,and discuss the role of nonlocal and retardation effects.We?nd that for low-resistivity material the heat transfer is dominated by retardation effects even for the very short separations. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.63.205404PACS number?s?:65.80.?n I.INTRODUCTION It is well known that for bodies separated by d?d W ?c?/k B T the radiative heat transfer between them is de- scribed by the Stefan-Bolzman law: J? ?2k B4 60?3c2 ?T14?T24?,?1? where T1and T2are the temperatures of solid1and2,re-spectively.In this limiting case the heat transfer is connected with traveling electromagnetic waves radiated by the bodies, and does not depend on the separation d.For d?d W,the heat transfer increases by many order of magnitude,which can be explained by the existence of evanescent electromag-netic?eld that decay exponentially into the vacuum.At the present time there is an increasing number of investigations of heat transfer due to evanescent waves in connection with scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning thermal mi-croscopy?STM?under ultrahigh vacuum conditions.1–4STM can be used for local heating of the surface,resulting in local desorption or decomposition of molecular species,and this offers further possibilities for the STM to control local chem-istry on a surface. A general formalism for evaluating the heat transfer be-tween macroscopic bodies was proposed some years ago by Polder and Van Hove.1Their theory is based on the general theory of the?uctuating electromagnetic?eld developed by Rytov5and applied by Lifshitz6for studying the conservative part,and by Volokitin and Persson7for studying the dissipa-tive part of the van der Waals interaction.The formalism of Polder and Van Hove can be signi?cantly simpli?ed using a generalized Kirchhoff’s law.2,8In this approach,the calcula-tion of the correlation functions for the?uctuating electro-magnetic?eld is reduced to?nding the electromagnetic?eld created by a point dipole outside the bodies.The formalism of Polder and Van Hove requires the determination of the electromagnetic?eld for all space and for all position of a point dipole,and requires the integration of the product of the component of the electric and magnetic?eld over the volumes of two bodies.In the present paper we use a simpler formalism,which is originally due to Levin and Rytov.8This formalism requires only the evaluation of a surface integral over one of the bodies and is simpli?ed further in the non-retarded limit?small distances between bodies?,where the calculation of the heat transfer is reduced to the problem of ?nding the electrostatic potential due to a point charge.We apply the formalism to the calculation of the heat transfer between:?a?two semi-in?nite bodies,?b?a semi-in?nite body and a spherical particle,and?c?two spherical particles. Problem?a?was considered by Polder and Van Hove,1 Levin,Polevoy,and Rytov,2and more recently by Pendry.3 In comparison with other treatments,we study in detail the nonlocal and retardation effects.A striking result we?nd is that for low-resistivity metals retardation effects become cru-cial and in fact dominate the heat transfer between bodies. The problem?b?was recently studied by Pendry in a differ-ent formalism.3We shall point out the differences between our results and those obtained by Pendry,wherever appropri-ate. II.FORMALISM Following Polder and Van Hove,1to calculate the?uctu-ating electromagnetic?eld we use the general theory of Ry-tov?see Refs.5,8?.This method is based on the introduction of a?uctuating current density in the Maxwell equations ?just as,for example,the introduction of a‘‘random’’force in the theory of Brownian motion of a particle?.For a mono- chromatic?eld?time factor exp(?i?t)?in a dielectric,non-magnetic medium,these equations are “?E?i?c B,?2? “?H??i?c D?4?c j f,?3? where,according to Rytov,we have introduced a?uctuating current density j f associated with thermal and quantum?uc-tuations.E,D,H,and B are the electric and the electric-displacement?eld,and the magnetic and the magnetic-induction?elds,respectively.For non-magnetic media B ?H and D??E,where?is the dielectric constant of the PHYSICAL REVIEW B,VOLUME63,205404
QC080000：2017管理评审控制程序文件(含流程图)
1目的 确保公司质量管理体系（含HSPM）的适宜性、充分性和有效性，确保公司质量方针和质量目标适应公司自身发展的需要，并实现质量方针和质量目标，寻求改进机会不断完善质量管理体系（含HSPM）。 2适用范围 适用于对公司质量管理体系（含HSPM）的定期评审，必要时可以对HSPM单独进行评审。 3职责 3．1品管部负责制订《管理评审计划》和《管理评审报告》。 3．2管理者代表审核《管理评审计划》及《管理评审报告》。 3．3总经理主持管理评审会议，批准《管理评审计划》及《管理评审报告》。 3．4品管部负责管理评审的组织安排和相关记录的保存，组织相关人员对管理评审中提出的纠正和预防措施的实施情况进行跟踪和验证。 3．5各部门负责按《管理评审计划》准备并提供本部门相关的管理评审资料的输入，制定并实施与本部门相关的各项改进措施。 4控制程序 4．1管理评审的频次 4．1．1公司每年至少进行一次管理评审。 4．1．2当公司的质量管理体系发生重大变化，产品结构发生重大调整或市场环境发生变化时，由总经理决定是否需要增加管理评审。 4．2评审人员 4．2．1由总经理负责组织管理评审，品管部做好与管理评审有关的各项准备工作。4．2．2管理评审通常由总经理、副总经理、质量管理代表和各部门及品管部负责人参加。 4．2．3必要时，由总经理决定是否需要增加参与管理评审的人员。 4．3管理评审计划 4．3．1品管部制定《管理评审计划》经质量管理代表审核，总经理批准。 4．3．2在实施管理评审的前1周，由品管部将《管理评审计划》发给参加管理评审会议的相关人员。 4．4管理评审的输入 管理评审的输入包括： a)审核结果：包括内部审核、顾客审核和第三方审核； b)顾客反馈：包括顾客满意的测量结果、与顾客沟通的结果、顾客投诉的结
管理评审控制程序最新版本
管理评审控制程序 1.目的： 确保质量管理体系运行的适宜性、充分性和有效性，并与公司的战略方向保持一致? 2.适用范围: 适用于本公司最高管理者对质量管理体系（ISO9001）系统、方针和目标、经营计划的实施情况的评审? 3.定义: 无 4.职责分配: 4.1总经理主持管理评审会议，批准管理评审计划和管理评审报告? 4.2管理者代表或其授权人负责组织编写管理评审计划，并组织管理评审所需要的材料，负责将管 理评审会议的记录并对最高管理者在管理评审过程中提出的要求和问题点的整改和效果确认? 4.3各部门负责人总结本部门在体系运行中的绩效，并在管理评审会议上向管理评审会议报告?
6.流程图: 7.程序内容: 7.1编制管理评审计划 7.1.1管理评审频次 一般情况下，公司于每年的1月份就上一年的工作进行年终总结（管理评审）。在下列情况下，由公司总经理提出，适时进行阶段总结（管理评审）： 1）当公司的组织结构、产品结构发生重大调整、市场环境条件发生重大变化时； 2）当公司发生重大质量事故、顾客有重大投诉时 3）当总经理认为必要时 7.1.2在实施管理评审的前2周，管理者代表编制管理评审计划，内容包括：评审目的、评审内 容、评审人员、评审方法、时间安排、评审输入的准备等。 7.1.3管理评审计划经总经理批准后下发给参加管理评审的有关人员。 7.2管理评审的输入 7.2.1 管理评审的准备 参加管理评审的人员在收到管理评审计划后，在1周内按以下准备管理评审输入报告：
7.2.2评审输入资料的提交 7.2.2.1各职能部门/人员应于收到管理评审计划后的一周内将管理评审输入报告提交给管理 者代表。管理者代表在此基础上，准备全面的质量管理体系运行情况总结报告。 7.2.2.2各职能部门/人员应在管理评审实施前1周，将其管理评审输入报告发送给所有参加管 理评审的人员。 7.3召开管理评审会 7.3.1 按管理评审计划中确定的时间召开管理评审会。管理评审会由总经理主持，管理者代表负责 会议的准备工作，做好会议签到和会议记录并予以保持。 7.3.2 管理评审的内容。参加管理评审会议的人员，结合各部门提交的管理评审输入报告，就以下
Abaqus 热传递Heat Transfer
ENGI 7706/7934: Finite Element Analysis Abaqus CAE Tutorial 4: Heat Transfer ___________________________________________________________ Problem Description The thin plate (7035) shown below is exposed to a temperature of 25 degree. When the temperature reaches 150 degree, the plate will have expansion. A fixed boundary condition of the top plate will cause changes in stress field. The thermal expansion coefficient is . Plot the stress filed at 150 degree. r = 7.5 10
ABAQUS Analysis Steps 1. Start Abaqus and choose to create a new model database 2. In the model tree double click on the “Parts” node (or right click on “parts” and select Create) 3. In the Create Part dialog box name the part and a. Select “2D Planar” b. Select “Deformable” c. Select “Shell” d. Set approximate size = 100 e. Click “Continue…” 4. Create the geometry shown below (not discussed here)
内部审核、管理评审全流程盘点
内部审核、管理评审全流程盘点 内部审核流程 一、内部审核的策划与准备 1. 编制年度审核计划 每年年初，质量负责人组织编制年度审核计划，审核方式分为管理体系全过程审核及管理体系要素审核，管理体系全过程审核每年至少安排一次，制定的年度计划应覆盖管理体系涉及全要素和所有部门。 当出现以下特殊情况时应增加审核频次：a. 管理体系有重大变更或机构和职能发生重大变更时；b. 内部监督员发现某质量要素存在严重不符合项；c. 出现质量事故，或客户对某一环节连续申诉、投诉；d. 认证认可机构安排现场评审或监督评审前；年度审核计划经审批后，组织实施。 2.审核前准备 ①成立内审组:质量负责人依据管理体系审核年度计划的审核内容和审核对象组建内审组，内审组成员应经培训考核合格，取得内审员资格证书，且内审员与被审核部门无直接责任关系。质量负责人召开内审组组员会议，任命内审组组长和宣读内审员守则，并依据内审年度计划提出本次评审目的、范围内容和要求。 ②内审实施计划的制定：内审组长制定内审实施计划，要依据本机构的职能分配表编制各受审核部门的审查内容，由质量负责人审批后实施。实施计划应在正式审核前一周由内审组长发至各有关部门和人员。 ③审核组预备会：内审实施计划经质量负责人批准后，审核组长召开审核组预备会议，研究有关体系文件并应决定是否需要补充文件，明确分工和要求，确保每位内审员都清楚了解审核任务，全部完成审核前的准备工作。 ④编制检查表：审核前，内审员应根据分工编制检查表，内审检查表编制的好坏直接影响内审实施的质量，因此在整个内审中至关重要。内审检查表中审核内容要依据受审部门的职能编制，要突出审核区域的主要职能；采取的审核方式和方法（查、问、听、看）要恰当；审核时需要抽样的数量要合理。要选择典型关键质量问题作为重点进行编制（如上次审核的有关信息、管理上的薄弱环节、客户的反馈、发生过的质量问题等）。所有内审员的检查表合在一起应覆盖管理体系的全部职能，包括本实验室和客户的一些特殊要求。检查表使用一段时间后应形成相对稳定的内容，作为标准检查表，为以后内审提供参考。 二、内审的实施 1. 通知审核 内审至少提前一周通知受审部门具体的审核日期、安排和要求，可采取文件或口头两种形式。必要时受审方应准备基本情况介绍，审核实施计划应得到受审方确认。 3.首次会议 4.现场审核前由内审组组长召开并主持首次会议，由质量负责人、受审核部门负责人、内审组全体成员及相关人员参加，与会人员须签到。首次会议内容包括： 向受审核方负责人介绍内审组成成员及分工；说明审核目的、范围、依据和所采取的方法和程序；宣读审核实施计划及解释实施计划中不明确的内容；内审组与受审核部门取得正式联系。 3.现场审核 （1）现场审核应遵循的原则①以客观事实为依据的原则。客观事实以证据为基础，可陈述、
质量管理体系文件：管理评审控制程序
ISO9001:2000质量管理体系 程序文件 管理评审控制程序 CDJJ-QP-03 编制：版号： A0 审核：编制日期：xx年xx月xx日 批准：生效日期：xx年xx月xx日 1目的 对公司质量管理体系进行评审，确保质量管理体系持续的适宜性、充分性、有效性。 2范围 适用于质量管理体系的评审工作，包括质量方针和目标的评审。 3权责 3.1总经理负责主持管理评审活动。 3.2管理者代表负责评审的准备、组织。 3.3各相关部门负责准备并提供与本部门有关的评审所需的资料，并负责评审中提出的纠正预防和改进措施的实施。 3.4办公室负责管理评审会议记录及相关记录的管理。 3.5管理评审报告中改进和预防措施由质管部进行验证。 4名词及定义（无） 5作业内容 5.1管理评审的计划 一般情况下，管理评审每年进行一次，于12月份对该年度的质量管理体系运行情况进行评审。 管理者代表于每年10月份编制年度管理评审计划，提交总经理批准。 年度管理评审计划的内容包括： a）评审目的； b）评审范围；
c）评审依据； d）评审内容； e）评审时间安排。 5.1.2 适时“管理评审计划” 在下列情况下，由总经理提出，适时制定计划，适时进行相应的管理评审： a)当公司的组织机构、产品结构、资源发生重大改变与调整时； b)当公司发生重大质量事故或重大顾客投诉时； c)当相关的法规、法律、标准及其他要求发生变更时； d)当总经理认为有必要时，如认证前的管理评审等。 管理者代表编制适时管理评审计划，提交总经理核准后实施。适时管理评审计划的内容参照年度管理评审计划，但评审内容一般针对 5.2 管理评审内容 5.2.1 内、外部质量体系审核的结果。 5.2.2 顾客反馈 5.2.3 过程业绩及产品符合分析。 5.2.4 预防及纠正措施的状况。 5.2.5 前次管理评审的追踪措施 5.2.6 会影响质量管理体系的变化事件（包括质量方针、目标）。 5.2.7 对改进的建议 5.2.8 同行标杆企业的比较分析。 5.3 管理评审准备 5.3.1 由管理者代表提前一周发出“管理评审会议通知”，通知上必须注明： 会议时间、会议地点、参加人员、评审内容，评审资料准备要求等。 5.3.2 各部门主管接到“管理评审会议通知”后根据评审内容及时准备本部 门的书面会议资料以及发言稿，以便届时会议之需，必要时须自行复 印适当份数以便分发给与会人员。 5.4 管理评审的进行 5.4.1 管理评审由总经理主持，当总经理缺席时可由管理者代表为代理人， 但《管理评审报告》仍须总经理审核。 5.4.2 参加会议的人员对“管理评审通知”中的内容进行逐项评审。 5.4.3 管理评审会议由办公室负责会议记录，并填写《会议记录》经过整理后汇集打印成管理评审报告。 5.5 管理评审输出
管理评审控制程序
管理评审控制程序 医疗投资有限公司文件编号 XXX-QP5.6-2016 版本号B/0 文件名称管理评审控制程序页数 3 1目的确保公司质量管理体系的运行情况适宜性、充分性和有效性，有利于公司质量方针和目标的实现。 2范围本公司质量管理体系运行的全面相关事宜均纳入审查范围。 3权责 3.1总经理主持管理评审活动，批准管理评审计划和管理评审报告。 3.2管理者代表负责向总经理报告质量管理体系运行情况，提出改进建议，审核管理评审计划和管理评审报告，批准纠正/预防措施的实施。 3.3质量部负责管理评审计划的制定、提交体系运行报告、收集并提供管理评审所需的资料，编制整理管理评审报告，负责对评审后的纠正/预防措施进行跟踪和验证。 3.4各部门负责提交本部门的管理评审输入资料，并负责实施执行管理评审中提出的相关的纠正/预防措施。 4 程序要求 4.1管理评审计划 4.1.1每年至少进行一次管理评审，二次间隔期不超过12个月，结合内审后的结论进行，也可根据需要安排。 4.1.2质量部编制《管理评审计划》，报告管理者代表审核，总经理批准。计划主要内容包括： a)评审时间； b)评审目的； c)评审范围及评审重点； d)参加评审部门（人
员）； e)评审依据； f)各部门评审内容、准备工作要求。 4.1.3当出现下列情况之一时可增加管理评审频次或提前进行管理评审： a)公司组织机构、服务范围、资源配置发生重大变化时； b)发生重大服务质量事故或客户关于质量有严重投诉或投诉连续发生时； c)当法律、法规、标准及其他要求有变化时； d)市场需求发生重大变化时； e)即将进行第二、三方审核或法律、法规规定的审核时； f)质量体系审核中发现严重不合格时或质量管理体系文件发生重大修改或补充时； g）其它情况总经理认为需要时。 4.2管理评审输入管理评审输入应包括与以下方面有关的当前的业绩和改进的机会： a)体系审核结果，包括第二方、第三方质量管理体系审核的结果； b)顾客的反馈，包括满意程度的测量结果及与顾客沟通的结果等； c)过程的业绩及符合性，包括过程、销售的产品、服务测量和监控的结果； d)改进、预防和纠正措施的状况，包括对内部审核和日常发现的不合格项采取的纠正和预防措施的实施及其有效性的验证结果记录； e)上次管理评审跟踪措施的实施及有效性记录；可能影响质量管理体系的各种变化等 f) 质量管理体系运行状况，包括质量方针和质量目标的适宜性和有效性； g) 各部门质量目标的完成情况； h) 重大服务质量事故的处理或改进的建议； i) 新的或修订的法律法规要求。
ISO3485管理评审控制程序(含表格)
管理评审控制程序 （YY/T0287-2017 idt ISO13485-2016） 1.目的 为确保公司符合《医疗器械生产质量管理规范》IS0 13485：2016《医疗器械质量管理体系用于法规的要求》YY/T0287-2017 idt ISO13485：2016《医疗器械质量管理体系用于法规的要求》管理体系持续的适宜性、充分性和有效性而进行管理评审，制定本程序。 2.范围 本程序适用于对公司质量、环境管理体系的运行状况以及对实现质量方针和质量目标的适合程度进行综合评价。 3.参考资料 内部审核控制程序 纠正/预防措施控制程序 文件控制程序 GB/T19001-2016 idt ISO9001-2015质量管理体系要求 YY/T0287-2017idt ISO13485-2016医疗器械质量管理体系用于法规的要求 YY/T0316-2016医疗器械风险管理对医疗器械的应用 医疗器械生产质量管理规范(总局公告2014年第64号)（2015年3月1日起施行） 医疗器械生产质量管理规范附录无菌医疗器械（2015年第101号）（2015年10月1日起实施）
医疗器械生产质量管理规范无菌医疗器械现场检查指导原则（食药监械监〔2015〕218号附件2）（2015年9月25日发布实施） 4.职责 4.1质量、环境管理体系的管理评审通过“管理评审会议”进行。会议代表由下列职能部门负责人组成：总经理、采购部、销售部、人事部、质检部等有关部门/人员。 公司总经理负责主持“管理评审会议”。 管理者代表应将会议议程提前通知与会人员。 4.2参加会议的代表应对本部门的工作进行总结并作好充分准备，以事实和数据对质量、环境管理体系进行客观评价，使管理评审会议达到其目的。 4.3管理评审会议应形成会议纪要，由人事部负责保存。 5.工作程序 5.1管理评审计划 5.1.1每年至少进行一次管理评审，其间隔不超过12个月；可结合内审后的结果进行，也可根据需要安排。 5.1.2如果管理体系因社会环境、公司内部的组织结构、质量方针等重大变化或出现特殊情况，总经理可随时召开非定期的管理评审会议。 5.1.3管理者代表于每次管理评审前半个月编制计划。计划主要内容应包括： a.评审目的。 b.评审内容。 c.评审时间。 d.评审范围及评审重点。
管理评审控制程序
管理评审控制程序 1. 目的： 确保质量管理体系运行的适宜性、充分性和有效性，并与公司的战略方向保持一致? 2. 适用范围: 适用于本公司最高管理者对质量管理体系（ISO9001）系统、方针和目标、经营计划的实施情况的评审? 3. 定义: 无 4. 职责分配: 4.1总经理主持管理评审会议，批准管理评审计划和管理评审报告? 4.2管理者代表或其授权人负责组织编写管理评审计划，并组织管理评审所需要的材料，负责将管 理评审会议的记录并对最高管理者在管理评审过程中提出的要求和问题点的整改和效果确认? 4.3各部门负责人总结本部门在体系运行中的绩效，并在管理评审会议上向管理评审会议报告? 5. 过程分析乌龟图 6. 流程图: 管理评审过程 ●编制管理评审计划 ●编制管理评审输入报告 ●召开管评会议 ●编制管评报告 ●管评输出中的决定和措施的落实 ●以往管理评审所采取措施的实施情况 ●与质量管理体系相关的内外部因素的变化 ●有关质量管理体系绩效和有效性的信息 ●资源的充分性 ●应对风险和机遇所采取措施的有效性 ●改进的机会 ● 办公设备 ● 网络、会议室 ●总经理：主持管理评审 ●管理者代表：管理评审的组织 ●管理评审报告 ●管理评审输出中的决定和措施的按时完成率 ●管理评审控制程序 用什么资源 （设备、材料等）？ 谁来做？ 输入 输出 用何程序、方法？ 用何指标衡量？
流程图责任部门相关表单 管理者代表各部门 总经理 管理者代表 品质部管理评审计划 管理评审输入报告会议记录表 管理评审报告 纠正措施报告单 7.程序内容: 7.1编制管理评审计划 7.1.1管理评审频次 一般情况下，公司于每年的1月份就上一年的工作进行年终总结（管理评审）。在下列情况下，由公司总经理提出，适时进行阶段总结（管理评审）： 1）当公司的组织结构、产品结构发生重大调整、市场环境条件发生重大变化时； 2）当公司发生重大质量事故、顾客有重大投诉时 3）当总经理认为必要时 7.1.2在实施管理评审的前2周，管理者代表编制管理评审计划，内容包括：评审目的、评审内 容、评审人员、评审方法、时间安排、评审输入的准备等。 7.1.3管理评审计划经总经理批准后下发给参加管理评审的有关人员。 7.2管理评审的输入 7.2.1 管理评审的准备 参加管理评审的人员在收到管理评审计划后，在1周内按以下准备管理评审输入报告： 序号文件和资料内容主要责任部门/责任人 1 以往管理评审所采取措施的实施情况管理者代表 2 与质量管理体系相关的内外部因素的变化管理者代表 3 公司的质量方针、各部门目标实施情况管理者代表 4 质量管理体的系适宜性、充分性、有效性，以及与组织战略方 向的一致性总体评价 管理者代表召开管理评审会议 编制管理评审报告 （管理评审输出） 管理评审输出中决定 和措施的落实 编制管理评审输入报告 编制管理评审计划
Heat Transfer热传作业2解答
PROBLEM 1.22 KNOWN: Hot vertical plate suspended in cool, still air. Change in plate temperature with time at the instant when the plate temperature is 245°C. FIND: Convection heat transfer coefficient for this condition. SCHEMATIC: ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Plate is isothermal, (2) Negligible radiation exchange with surroundings, (3) Negligible heat lost through suspension wires. ANALYSIS: As shown in the cooling curve above, the plate temperature decreases with time. The condition of interest is for time t o . For a control surface about the plate, the conservation of energy requirement is ()out st in s s p E - E = E dT 2hA T T Mc dt ∞??=&&& where A s is the surface area of one side of the plate. Solving for h, find ()p s s Mc -dT h = 2A T - T dt ∞?? ???? ()()224.25 kg × 2770 J/kg K h = × 0.028 K/s = 4.7 W/m K 2 × 0.4 × 0.4m 245 - 25K ?? < COMMENTS: (1) Assuming the plate is very highly polished with emissivity of 0.08, determine whether radiation exchange with the surroundings at 25°C is negligible compared to convection. (2) We will later consider the criterion for determining whether the isothermal plate assumption is reasonable. If the thermal conductivity of the present plate were high (such as aluminum or copper), the criterion would be satisfied. -0.022 K/s -0.028 K/s = 245 °C Plate, 0.3×0.3 m M = 4.25 kg c p = 2770 J/kg·K Plate, 0.4x0.4 m
12.管理评审控制程序
1.目的 通过管理评审，定期对公司的质量管理体系进行有效的评审，确保持续有效地满足标准要求。 2.范围 本程序适用于公司管理评审。 3.职责 3.1公司总经理负责主持管理评审会议，并对评审结果做出决定性意见； 3.2管理者代表负责向总经理报告质量管理体系的运行情况，组织编制管理评审报告，检查落实管理评审意见； 3.3工程部负责管理评审的组织准备工作，收集管理评审所需的资料，编制管理评审报告，组织实施和验证评审中提出的纠正和预防措施； 3.4各部门负责准备并提供所分管的评审所需资料，实施有关的纠正和预防措施。 4.控制程序 4.1公司每年（间隔不超过12个月）组织进行一次管理评审，由公司领导和各部门经理参加。在公司发生重大的质量事故、经营状况发生重大变化、公司组织结构发生重大改变以及外部审核等特殊情况时，由公司总经理决定，增加管理评审的频次。 4.2管理评审会议准备工作 4.2.1公司总经理决定会议的召开时间，由管理者代表负责安排有关部门，进行会议资料的准备工作： a.工程部负责准备并提供年度内部及第二、三方质量体系审核和重大不合格品的 处理情况、采取纠正和预防措施情况的汇总分析； b.策划营销中心负责准备并提供顾客意见调查分析报告和对顾客投诉处理情况的汇总分析； c.工程部负责准备并提供工程施工质量控制情况； d.财务与资产经营部负责准备并提供年度公司经济活动分析报告； e.管理者代表负责准备并提供质量体系运行情况报告； f.以往管理评审跟踪措施的实施情况；
g.质量管理体系变更机会的识别； h.改进的建议。 422工程部负责收集整理有关的评审资料，经管理者代表审阅后，于评审会一周前，连同评审会通知发至参会人员。 4.3管理评审会议 4.3.1管理评审会议由公司总经理主持召开。 4.3.2管理者代表汇报质量体系的运行情况和分析意见。 4.3.3根据各部门提供的评审资料，对以下几个方面进行评审： a.质量体系审核的结果； b.顾客反馈； c.过程的业绩和产品的符合性； d.预防和纠正措施的状况； e.以往管理评审的跟踪措施； f.可能影响质量管理体系的变更； g.改进的建议。 4.3.4公司总经理对评审会议进行总结，并确定质量管理体系的改进意见和措施。 4.3.5工程部负责管理评审会议的记录并保存。 4.4管理评审报告 4.4.1工程部根据评审结果和会议记录，起草管理评审报告。 4.4.2管理评审报告的主要内容包括： a.质量体系运行的总体情况； b.实施质量体系审核和纠正预防措施的情况； c.公司的经营状况； d.顾客意见及处理情况的汇总分析； e.公司质量管理体系具体的体系改进、产品改进和资源配置改进的需求及措施，以及这些措施实施和验证的要求； f.管理评审的结论；
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