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Lesson 4 Student Handout

Lesson 4 Student Handout
Lesson 4 Student Handout

Lesson 4 Student Handout

Objectives:

?Get to know Exposition genre, its purpose, stages and structures.

?Learn how to analyze and write an Exposition genre in accordance to the register (tenor, field, mode) of the text.

?Get to know and learn to useone of the most important features of EAP-- Nominalization/Use of nouns and noun groups.

Read the following essay. Explain the stages of this exposition. Write it on the left side of each paragraph.

1. Analyze the structure of argument essays

The following texts will be used on class. Make sure you read them several times to understand every idea and be clear about the stages of text unfolding.

1.1 Essay 1:

Family responsibility: A dangerous policy

1. Certain politicians often say they want "small government" and "individual responsibility" - in other words, they feel that people should be responsible for themselves and not rely on the government to solve their problems. Applying this idea to family policies can have significant negative consequences. It will lead to a variety of social problems, not only for the elderly themselves, but also for their families who would have to look after them.

2. The elderly themselves have a lot to lose through small-government policies. If no support services are provided, they may have to move in with their adult children. Not only will this make them feel uncomfortable about being a burden to their families, but they may also have to move away from their homes, friends and communities. In many cases, adult children have had to move to another area for work reasons, thus the grandparents may have to move a considerable distance. Relationships that may have developed over a lifetime would then be lost. Such circumstances can lead to serious problems such as depression, as well as a loss of a sense of independence.

3. Families with children would also be disadvantages by a reduction in government services for the elderly. Spending time to look after elderly family members will have an adverse effect on the family's free time, their lifestyle and possibly even their work. Further, families with children will face even greater difficulties if governments withdraw subsidized child care in the name of "small government". Firstly, without affordable child care, at least one parent would find it hard to go to work. In some cases, the grandparent may be able to help look after the children, but if the grandparent has moved in because he or she is finding it difficult to look after themselves, this may not be possible. Secondly, the resultant loss of income will lead to loss of opportunities for the whole family, including the children.

4. In conclusion, government support is clearly essential to ensure that families have opportunities and maintain an appropriate standard of living. It would be an unfortunate situation if having young children or elderly relatives caused a financial burden. That situation is clearly best avoided. Thus, government subsidies for social services that benefit the young, elderly and others not able to look after themselves, should be preserved.

1.2 Essay 2:

Big government: Too much tax

1. For the last hundred years or more, there has been a trend in many countries towards governments spending more money in ways designed not just to run the country, but to improve the lives of particular groups of people. These kinds of policies cause a number of problems that are detrimental to society as a whole. This essay will demonstrate some of these problems: it will show firstly that such "big government" policies cause an unfair tax burden on all people, not just those who benefit, and secondly that it removes incentives to work hard.

2. It is important that the taxation system is fair and equitable. This means not only that people should all pay the same amount of tax, but also that they should benefit to the same extent from what the government's tax revenue is spent on. For some items of government expenditure, such as defense of the country, this isn't difficult: everyone benefits to the same extent. However, other areas are far more problematic. If child care is subsidized, for example, that means that people without children are paying for something that only benefits those who choose to have children. Similarly, subsidized services to assist the elderly would be paid for by people who don't use them. This is clearly unfair, and also means that tax becomes higher than it would be without the subsidies.

3. It is very important for the economy that people have a strong incentive to work hard. If life is too easy and people can be comfortable without hard work, then the economy will suffer. For example, if people are able to send their children to child care at little or no cost, why would they work hard to earn extra money? It's true that child care can free up a parent's time so that they can work and thereby contribute to the economy, but for fairness, these services should be provided by private organizations. Similarly, if people know that the government will look after them in their old age, they would have no incentive to work hard during their lives to ensure that they have adequate savings and investments to last them through the later years of their lives.

4. To sum up, a fair approach to providing incentives to work hard will benefit society. Government subsidies to particular groups of people are unfair to people who are not members of those groups, and will also damage the incentives to work hard, leading to problems with the country's economy. It is important, therefore, that governments avoid such subsidies wherever possible.

1.3 How to write a good thesis statement?

1) A good thesis states the writer’s clearly defined opinion on some subject

2) A good thesis asserts one main idea

3) A good thesis has something worthwhile to say

4) A good essay is limited to fit the assignment

5) A good thesis is clearly stated in specific terms

6) A good thesis is easily recognized as the main idea

Exercise: If you were asked to write a thesis statement expressing your position on the national law that designates twenty-one as the legal minimum age to purchase or consume alcohol, which of the following thesis statement(s) would you choose and why?

1)Many people have different opinions on whether people under twenty-one should be permitted to

drink alcohol, and I agree with some of them.

2)The question of whether we need a national law governing the minimum age to drink alcohol is a

controversial issue in many states.

3)I want to give my opinion on the national law that sets twenty-one as the legal age to drink alcohol

and the reasons I feel this way.

4)To reduce the number of highway fatalities, our country need to enforce the national law that

designates twenty-one as the legal minimum age to purchase and consume alcohol.

5)The legal minimum age for purchasing alcohol should be eighteen rather than twenty-one.

2. Nouns and nominalization in EAP

Register involves the particular situation of a social activity with its particular participants (where, with whom, about what, how). Register occurs in all discourse and must be appropriate. For example, if you write a letter to a company complaining about a service or product, you will use a different register from writing an essay about a political or environmental issue. And, if you write a letter home to family that is a different register than if you write an email to one of your university lecturers. Register occurs in both speaking and writing and depends upon:

where you are, with whom you are speaking or writing and the power you have or don't have, and, the type of communication: writing- emails/letters/essays/ lists/books; speaking- conversation/presenting an oral presentation/speech making/making a request. In writing, a lot of nouns and noun groups are used, whereas in speaking a lot of verbs and verb groups are used.

3. In-class Practice

Exercise 1

Compare the two articles (for example, how many verbs and nouns in each text, which is the longest

Exercise 2

Can you change the nouns or noun groups into verbs or verbal groups without changing the meaning of

the text?

Advertising and Children: Good or Bad?

There has been a dramatic increase in the number of overweight children in recent years, leading to many health problems that usually affect older people. To improve the health of children, it is important to find out the reasons for this increase. Many factors have been put forward, but it is becoming more and more clear that one of the most important is the increased consumption of junk food by children. For example, recent research has shown that it was junk food consumption, not a reduction in exercise, that has led to an increase in childhood obesity in at least one country. There are many arguments against this from the food companies, of course, but in this essay it will be shown that there is more and more evidence that a reduction in the exposure of children to junk food advertising will mean an improvement in their health later in life.

第四章课后练习答案 生产函数

第四章 生产函数 1.下面是一张一种可变生产要素的短期生产函数的产量表: (1) 在表中填空。 (2) 该生产函数是否表现出边际报酬递减?如果是,是从第几单位的可变要素投入量开 始的? 可变要素的数量 可变要素的总产量 可变要素的平均产量 可变要素的边际产量 1 2 2 10 3 2 4 4 12 5 60 6 6 7 70 8 0 9 63 解答:(1) 可变要素的数量 可变要素的总产量 可变要素的平均产量 可变要素的边际产量 1 2 2 0 2 12 6 10 3 24 8 12 4 48 12 24 5 60 12 12 6 66 11 6 7 70 10 4 8 70 35/4 0 9 63 7 -7 (2)该生产函数表现出边际报酬递减。是从第5个单位的可变要素投入量开始,此时,平均 产量开始大于边际产量。 2.用图说明短期生产函数Q =f(L ,k )的TP L 曲线,AP L 曲线和MP L 曲线的特征及其相互之间的关系。 (1)总产量线TP ,边际产量线MP 和平均产量线AP 都是先呈上升趋势,达到本身的最大值以后,再呈下降趋势。参考第4题图。 (2) 首先,总产量与边际产量的关系: ① MP=TP ′(L, K),TP= ∫MP 。 ②MP 等于TP 对应点的斜率,边际产量线是总产量线上各点的斜率值曲线。斜率值最大的一点,即边际产量线拐点。 ③MP =0时, TP 最大;边际产量线与横轴相交。MP >0 时, TP 递增; MP <0 时, TP 递减。 其次,平均产量与边际产量关系。 2 1 ()()()TP TP L TP AP L MP AP L L L '-''===-

新概念英语第2册课文word版

Lesson 1 A private conversation 私人谈话 Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. 'I can't hear a word!' I said angrily. ' It's none of your business,' the young man said rudely. 'This is a private conversation!'. Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch? 早餐还是午餐? It was Sunday. I never get up early on Sundays. I sometimes stay in bed until lunch time. Last Sunday I got up very late. I looked out of the window. It was dark outside. 'What a day!' I thought. 'It's raining again.' Just then, the telephone rang. It was my aunt Lucy.' I've just arrived by train,' she said. 'I'm coming to see you.' 'But I'm still having breakfast,' I said. 'What are you doing ?' she asked. ' I'm having breakfast,' I repeated.

新概念英语第二册lesson1-48期末测试卷.

新概念英语第二册lesson1-48期末测试卷 笔试部分(七大题,100分) 一、单项选择题。(15分) ( )1、The writer could not bear it .He could not _______it. A. carry B. suffer C. stand D. lift ( )2. He doesn’t get up early on Sundays. He gets up_____. A. late B . lately C. slowly D. hardly ( )3. Taiwan is _______the south of China. A. to B. in C. at D. into ( )4. His father hasn’t seen him ______January. A .for B. since C. from D. by ( )5. __________,I cooked this ________you show me. A. On the way, by the way B. In the way, on the way C .By the way, in the way D. By the way, in the way ( )6.Mr. Scott has a garage in Silbury. His _______garage is in Pinhurst. A. another B. other C .else D. different ( )7.I knocked _______ early yesterday and went to a football match. A. over B. off C. at D. out ( )8. Someone had filled the parcel with stones and sand. It was ______stones and sand. A. full with B. full of C. fill with D. full in ( )9.Joe’s garden is _______.Joe is _______in gardening. A interesting, interested B. interested, interesting C. interest, interesting D. interested, interest ( ) 10.Tom wins every time . He always______ Bill Firth. A. beats B. wins C. gains D. earns ( )11.Lucy was ______excited______ say anything when she heard the good news. A. so , to B. too, to C. so, that D. such, that ( )12.It’s hardly rained for ten months in the area,______? A. Didn’t it B .isn’t it C. hasn’t it D .has it ( )13.While I _______a novel, someone ______at the door. A. read, was knocking B. read, knocked C. was reading, knocked D. was reading, was knocking ( )14._______his great success, he still lives in countryside with his mother. A. Although B. In spite of C. Though D. Because ( )15.She tells me ______my pictures are good or not. A. whether B. that C. if D. unless 二、用所给词的正确形式填空。(10分) 16.There is an _____________________basket in the corner of the room. 17.Passengers should ___________________half an hour before the plane takes off. 18.Lily’s performance was __________________,so she won the first price. 19.The doctor put his hand on the patient’s________________________. 20.Yesterday the big fire _____________________several hours. 21.------I will fly to Beijing .------What’s your _________________number? 22.-----Would you like _______________with me?----I’d love to. 23.Many ________________gave their money to these poor children.

《猫》课堂阅读练习

班级:姓名:学号:得分: 二、作者主要写哪只猫,为什么?又为何不直接写而一开始写了第1、2只猫? 三、作者一家人不喜欢第3只流浪猫。为什么又要收留它呢? 四、文章的开局有什么特点? 五、文章的结局又有什么特点? 六、请分别摘录描写第1、2、3只猫的语句各一句,并作分析。 ① 分析: ② 分析: ③ 分析: 七、体会下面语句的情感,并分析。 1、自此,我家好久不养猫。 2、自此,我家永不养猫。 3、我对于它的亡失,比以前的两只猫的亡失,更难过得多。 4、语句“想到它的无抵抗的逃避,益使我感到我的暴怒,我的虐待,都是针,刺我的良心的针!”使用了什么手法,作者要表达什么意思?

八、我为什么会认为是养的第三只猫咬死了鸟?如果是以前第1、2只猫咬了鸟,你认为作者会是什么态度? 九、语句“那只花白猫对于这一对黄鸟,似乎 ..也特别注意,常常跳在桌上,对鸟 笼凝望着。它躺在露台板上晒太阳,态度很安详,嘴里好象 ..还在吃着什么。”中 加点的“似乎 ..”能不能去掉,为什么? ..、好象 十、你学了文章之后有什么想法? 七下郑振铎的《猫》课堂阅读练习(参考答案) 二、第3只猫,揭示文章中心,写第1、2只猫是为了突出第3只猫,与它对比. 三、对弱小生命的关爱。 四、开门见山,照应结尾,奠定基调。 五、点明中心,照应开头。 六、略 七、1、对失去美好事物的伤心。 2、因主观臆断至猫死掉,而内心后悔内疚。 3、因为是我的主观臆断而死,不能挽回,而更加内疚后悔。 4、比喻,突出我明白真相后,知道猫因我的主观臆断而死,不能挽回,而更加内疚后悔。 八、因为以“毛凝望鸟笼”为依据,责怪刘嫂会多一点,而稍微责怪猫,但会原谅。 九、表示猜测,因为这而判定猫吃了鸟,突出我的主观臆断。 十、对美好事物的珍惜,对弱小生命的关爱。不能主观臆断而因根据事实来判定。

四年级语文课外阅读训练题目及答案

小学语文阅读题解题技巧与方法 一、平心静气审题,切忌粗心。 在解答阅读题时,千万不要慌,要静下心来,按照由易到难,由浅入深的思维方式,先从容易的入手,逐渐的打开思路。粗心是学习的大忌,对于语文的阅读理解也不例外。在审题的时候,要像对待数学试题中的数字一样,认真看清每一个字、词、句、甚至每一个标点,要看清题目的要求,分析问题的提问要点。粗心的同学往往会与正确答案失之交臂。例如要求在正确的句子后面打“√”,有的同学在正确的句子后面打“√”后,又多此一举地在错误的句子后打上了“×”。类似的情况,在考试时常常能见到,粗心是一部分同学在该题项中失分的一个重要原因。 因此在做题的时候要仔细认真。 二、熟读全文,整体把握。 一般来说,做题时,我们要先把文章读一遍,有了初步的了解后再开始做题。如果没看懂,还要再读,直到弄懂为止。当然,读第二遍前,可以浏览一下后面问了哪些问题,因为后面的问题中有时会隐匿着文章的主要观点、中心意思及写作思路、行文线索,对我们理解文章很有帮助。因此,我们要教会学生从尽可能多的信息中揣度出文章大概主旨是什么,了解作者的主要写作意图,从而整体把握全文,做到对解题心中有数。 要向学生强调,只要反复阅读、强化感知,才能深刻领悟和准确把握。倘若急于求成,忽视对原文的阅读,只“水过地皮湿”般泛泛而读,不求甚解,草草了事。就会导致对原文一知半解甚至形成错误的认识。在此基础上进行理解,得出的结论,岂不成了“空中楼阁”? 三、确定区域,深入思考。 在文章有了整体感知后,我们可以先看题目涉及到文中哪些段落或区域,和哪些语句有关。确定某一答题区域后,再深入思考,仔细弄懂这一段每一句的意思,进而理清段落之间的关系,了解行文思路。有了这一习惯就有可能形成较强分析综合能力。阅读时反复琢磨题干,圈画与之相关的内容,答题时就不需要再从头至尾搜寻,可节省不少宝贵时间。 1、对于选择题 选择正确选项方法有三:直选法、排除法、类推法。 直选法,即直接选出正确答案。这种方法适合于一目了然的题目。答案是自己一下子能确定的。 排除法,通过排除不合要求的选项,将正确的答案显露出来。 类推法,通过合理推断迅速排除某些选项,或根据已知情况推断未知情况,迅速确定答案。 2、对于一些问答题、概括段落大意等题目 准确解答这类题目的最重要最有效的方法是在原文中找答案。大多数题目在文章里是能够"抠"出答案的。当然,找出的语句不一定能够直接使用,这就需要根据题目要求进行加工处理,或摘取词语或压缩主干或抽取要点或重新组织,这就能准确解答。 3、对有关字、词、句的语境意义以及作用之类的题目 (1)字不离词。在理解词语中某个字的意思的时候,必须把它放到这个词语中去考察,即字不离词,这样才能准确的理解这个字的意思。 (2)词不离句。在综合阅读题中,常常要求理解词语在上下文中的含义和作用。这就应根据具体的语言环境即句子本身去推断它的意思,也就是词不离句。至于某个词在句中的表达作用,更要根据具体的语言环境去理解,而不能离开句子作单独解释。

管理会计课后习题学习指导书习题答案第四章

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