实用英语词汇学课后练习答案 张华

1.Explain briefly the two methods of the study of lexicology.

There are two main approaches which are used to study English lexicology. One is a synchronic approach and the other is a diachronie approach. A synchronic approach shows that words can be studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place, while a diachronic approach indicates that words can be considered historically, with emphases on the origin and changes in form and meaning.

2.What is a word?

Word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper. The definition of a word will cover the following points:

a) a minimal free form of a language

b) a sound unity

c) a unit of meaning

d) a form that can function alone in a sentence

3.What is vocabulary?

All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary. V ocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language.

4.Explain briefly transparent words and opaque words.

How the majority of words were formed cannot be explained. These words are

called opaque words, such as whose axe, book, table, and work .Only a minority

of words can be explained . They are words whose meaning is determined is from the meaning of their components. Such as cuckoo, ping-pong, motherland, and blackbird.

5.How do you account for the role of native words in English in relation to loan-words?

Words can be divided into native words and loan words according to their origin. Native words are Anglo-Saxon words still retained in Modern English, while loan words are word taken from different foreign languages. Native words cannot compare with loan-words in number, but have a more important role in the language.

4. Why do we say “English is a heavy borrower?”

English owes 80% of its vocabulary to other languages. That is to say English has borrowed 80 percent of its vocabulary from other languages. In fact, the English vocabulary contains words from all the major languages of the world. No other language of the world has borrowed so heavily. Therefore, the name “heavy borrower”best describes the characteristic of the English vocabulary.

5.Enumerate the major modes of modern vocabulary development.

Modern Enlish vocabulary develops through three channels:creation,semantic

change, and borroeing.

(1)Creation refers to the formation of new words by using existing materials,

namely roots, affixes, and other elements.

(2)Semantic change means an old form, which takes on a new meaning to meet the new ,such as mouse and web.

(3)Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particulary in earlier times.Borrowed words constitute mere ly six to seven percent of all new words.

21．Both initialism and acronyms are ...explain them with example.

Initialism is a word formed initial letters and pronounced letter by letter while acronym is a word fromed from initial letters bu t pronounced as a normal sord. BBC,GMT,WHO,ISBN,FBI are all initialisms and SARS,ROM,UNESCO are acronyms.

Why Should a Chinese Student of English S tudy English Lexicology

Lexicology is an important part which we should not neglect it. Otherwise, our English is not English because we cannot write it down or spell it. Don't you think it is iridous if we put the lexicology aside? Take my experience for example, then you can realize that how essential the lexicology is.

During my senior lifetime, I just studied the dumb English, I never recite the new words, even pay much attention to the lexicology, in my opinion, lexicology is empty and above me a lot. What I care about is the right answers for reading.Gradually, i found i was wrong,I had lost the functional thing like the building without the basically construction. As the time goes by, my English lever keeps falling down, eventually got it that it is time to focus on the lexicology. Generally speaking, the Chinese students of English are poor in the English firstly, so, that means we must pay great attention on it.

6.Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family?

The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.

22.How Word-formation Has Benefited Me in English Vocabulary Learning?

The importance of vocabulary in English learning. V ocabulary is the foundation of all languages skills and is the rather afflicting part that English learners may come across in the first place. The situation of the vocabulary learning and the approaches to improve. The rules of word-formation are terribly powerful to form new words, it pretty necessary and helpful for us to have a good command of word-formation in order to help students with both the understanding and memorizing of English vocabulary. Why Should a Student of English Lexicology Study Sense Relations?

V ocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and meaning. Comparatively speaking, the meaning is even more unstable than the form. Almost every word we use today has a slightly different meaning from the one it had a century ago; and a century ago it had a slightly different meaning from the one it had a century before that.

How Do Y ou Account for the Semantic Change in Living Language?

Semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a word. Every word has a variety of senses and connotations which can be added, removed, or altered over time, often to the extent that words of one time period mean quite different things to the same words as spoken in a previous time. Moreover, two words derived from the same original may develop in very distinct ways: cognates across languages often look very similar but mean entirely different things.

Semantic change is not to be confused with etymology, another field in diachronic linguistics; etymology is the scientific study of word origin, while semantic change deals with the development of sense. In fact, semantic change is one of the factors that need to be taken under consideration, in order to evaluate a proposed etymology.

State the roles of “context”(陈述语境的作用)

Context means the total environment in which the word appears; when we speak of context, however, we most often mean the sentence context, or discourse or text because they are where a word normally acquires its meaning. Without context, there is no way to determine the very sense of the word that the speaker intends to convey; while with context, there is generally no danger of misinterpretation, for meaning lives in context and context defines

Why Is the Study of Dictionary Necessary in Lexicology?

First ,it will help his personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power . second ,it will give him a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable him to organize ,classify and store words more effectively .third, it will gradually raise his awareness of meaning and usages of words ,and enable him to use words more accurately and appropriately. fourth, it will improve his skills of using reference books and raise his problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study .and at last ,it will improve his receptive and productive skills in language processing as will as language production.

18 Why is the study of the dictionary necessary in lexicology?

a dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning, usage, rules of grammar, and in some, their etymology. It is closely related to lexicology, which deals with the same problems; the form, meaning, usage and origins of vocabulary units. Therefore, their similarities form the reason to study dictionaries.

why is etymology helpful in vocabulary learning

Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time. By an extension, the term "etymology (of a word)" means the origin of a particular word. For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during earlier periods of their history and when they entered the languages in question. Etymologists also apply the methods of comparative linguistics to reconstruct information about languages that are too old for any direct information to be available.

大学英语三课后习题翻译及答案

Unit 1 From her accent I guess she’s from the Northeast. 从她的口音我猜她是来自东北地区的。 It was very clever of her to turn his argument against himself. 她很聪明，使他对自己的论点 I found a couple of shoes under the bed but they don’t make a pair. 我在床下发现了一双鞋，但他们不做一双 4. Dr. Bright always takes his time as he examines his patients and treats them with extreme care. Bright博士总是把他的时间用于他检查他的病人，并把他们的极端护理 5. British companies are trying to avoid the fate their American counterparts have already suffered. 英国公司正试图避免他们的美国同行已经遭受的命运。 6. Wilfred’s remarks confirmed me in my opinion that he was an honorable young man. 威尔弗雷德的话证实了我在我看来，他是一个光荣的年轻人 7. The key witness for the prosecution was offered police protection after she received death threats. 检察机关的主要证人在收到死亡威胁后提供了警方的保护 8. I thought that was the end of the matter but subsequent events proved me wrong. 我认为这是事情的结束，但随后的事件证明我错了。 9. Having practiced for so long, the New York baseball team stands a chance winning the World Series this year. 经过这么长时间的练习，纽约棒球队赢得了今年的世界系列赛的机会。 10. At the trial , Bob’s teacher, who was called as a character witness, said he was a quiet boy who had never been in trouble before. 在审讯中，鲍伯的老师，被称为证人，说他是个安静的男孩以前从未惹过麻烦。 Unit 2 11. We’ve just had a very fruitful meeting with the management and we’re now much more hopeful about the pay rise. 我们刚刚与管理层有了一个非常富有成效的会议，我们现在对加薪的希望更大了 12. The book I’m reading explains the evolution of plant and animal life on earth. 我读的这本书解释了地球上动植物的进化

英语词汇学教程(练习答案)(1)解析

《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.

高职高专实用英语第二册英语翻译

1.荷兰人在饭馆吃饭时真的会各自付账吗？ Do Dutch people really go Dutch at a restaurant? 2.另一方面来说，诚实的人会赢得别人的尊敬。 On the other hand, an honest man win other’s respect. 3.无论我说了什么，都请不要生我的气。 Whatever I say, please don’t be mad at me. 4.真是难以置信，这样简单的主意以前竟没有人想到。 It is incredible that no one had ever thought of such a simple idea before. 5.她的心情一会儿高兴，一会儿绝望。 Her mood alternate between happiness and despair. 6.我们必须相信我们所做的事情，即使别人不相信。 We must believe in what we do, even when others don’t. 7.在大城市里，在寒冷的冬季，许多老年人死于污染的空气。 During the cold winters in big cities, many old people die from the polluted air. 8.我过去习惯早起，并且在早餐前散步一小时。 I used to get up early, and take a walk for one hour before breakfast. 9.要在不到一周的时间内完成这项工作，时间困难的事情。 It is hard to finish this work in less than one week. 10.到这部戏剧的结尾部分，很多观众都被深深感动了。 A lot of audiences were deeply affected at the end of the drama. 11.他以前比现在上门出诊多得多。 He used to make many more house calls than he does now. 12.我们在阅兵场上肩并肩地排成一行。 We lined up on the parade ground shoulder to shoulder. 13.不管他在不在对我们的工作不会有影响。 Whether he is here or not will make no difference to our work. 14.关于这件事的说法实在令人难以置信。 That is a tall story about this event. 15.我们尽了最大的努力以确保仪式正常进行。 We have tried our best to keep the ceremony on the rails. 16.他在会议一开始就讲了几个笑话，让大家放松了一些。 He started the meeting with a couple of jokes to make us relax. 17.虽然生了一场大病，但他会赶上大家的。 He would catch up with the rest of us, although he had been ill seriously. 18.一旦人们看到有些东西确实有效，就更有可能接受它。 One people have seen that something really works, they are more likely to accept it. 19.除了法语外，他还得学日语。 In addition to French, he has to learn Japanese. 20.这影片如此感人以至我们禁不住流下泪来。 This movie is so impressive that we can’t help crying. 21.把这么多书分类整理要花很多的时间。 It takes plenty of time to sort so many books. 22.这次地震带来了相当大的灾难，同样也带来了经历和力量。 The earthquake brought considerable misfortunes and it also brought experience and strength. 23.大多数人对心理健康问题几乎一无所知。 Most people know little about the mental health problem. 24.他们容忍了儿子的行为。 They have put up with their son’s behavior. 25.他长期以来致力于高科技的研究和开发。 He has been devoted to the research and the development of high tech all the time. 26.今晚中央电视台将播出一部名为“同一个世界，同一个梦想”的纪录片。Tonight CCTV will air a documentary named “One word, one dream.” 27.这些课程吸引了各行各业的人。 These courses attract people from all walks of life. 28.他们正在研究如何在地震中更好的逃生。 They are studying better ways to survive in earthquake. 29.这种做法不符合我们的政策。 Such act would be in disaccord with our policy. 30.他称她为他最好的一半。 He refers to her as his better half. 31.我们所能做的就是培养自己去全力对付它，而不是去躲避它。 What we can do is to train ourselves to deal with it, not to avoid it. 32.他们设计将疾病控制在小范围内。 They manage to limit the disease within a small area. 33.我既没有钱也没有时间去旅行。 I have neither money nor time for travelling. 34.此外，购买新车也是主要消费之一。 In addition, purchasing a new car is also a major spending. 35.他的课业很好。 He is getting on well with his school work. 36.没有人确切地知道当初人们是如何学会保存食物的。 No one knows for sure how people first learned to preserve food. 37.她没有领会他话中的幽默。 She didn’t pick up on the humor in his words. 38.这是对我们共同度过的那些美好时光的留念。 This is a reminder of the good time we spent together. 39.每个国家、每个民族都有自己的历史文化传统。 Every country and every nation has its own historical and cultural traditions. 40.几年以后，那些山也将被树木覆盖。 In a few years’ time, those maintain will also be covered with forest. 41.光明的未来往往建立在对过去遗忘的基础之上。 The bright future will always be on the base of a forgotten past. 42.我们在父母家优美的环境中放松了一下午。 We spent the afternoon relaxing in the beautiful surroundings of my parent’s home. 43.我需要一把剪刀把这篇报纸文章剪下来。 I need a scissors to cue off the article of newspaper. 44.这是到目前为止我们所收到的最大一项捐赠。 This is the biggest donation we have received up to now. 45.我们对做这么多作业感到厌倦。 We are tired of doing so much homework. 46.拼写问题可能也和书写不整洁有关。 Spelling problems can be related to the untidy writings.

21世纪大学实用英语综合教程课文翻译及课后习题答案

21世纪大学实用英语综合教程（第三册）答案1~8 Unit 1 5. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. curious 2. affects 3. emergency 4. locked 5. Relatively 6. complaining 7. protested 8. react 9. mood 10. unique 11. consciousness 12. surgery 6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. the bottom line 2. thanks to 3. reflect on 4. had lost touch 5. went through 6. followed around 7. looking on 8. woke up 9. take action 10. after all 10. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Each time my brother complained about the difficulty of his work, I asked him to look on the bright side. 2. The police reacted immediately when report came that two kids had been held up at gunpoint in a nearby building. 3. When I pointed out the mistakes in her calculation, instead of correcting them as soon as possible, Mary protested that it was not her fault. 4. Tom was curious about the joke I told my colleagues, but he didn’t get it. 5. Thanks to his positive attitude, Jack took action and saved his own life before he lost consciousness in the emergency room. 6. When I reflect on what I have achieved in the past, I have to say that success comes from hard work. That’s the bottom line. Unit 2 5. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. intense 2. concept 3. committed 4. deserve 5. selfish 6. compromise 7. matters 8. opponent 9. influence 10. effort 11. shortcuts 12. evidence 6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below. Change the forms where necessary. 1. work at 2. According to 3. run through 4. in sight 5. live with 6. a variety of 7. When it comes to 8. live up to 10. Translate the following sentences into English.

英语词汇学及答案

英语词汇学 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers .Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ] A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ] A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ] A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ] A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ] A. clear grammar codes B. language notes

实用英语-美发专业英语翻译

实用英语-美发专业英语翻译洗头：shampoo /：hair shampoo 烫发：permanent 剪发：cut/hair cutting 染发：color/hair coloring 吹风(发)：blow/blowdrying 护发：treatment/hair treatment 修指甲：manicure 修脚甲：pedicure 洗澡：take a bath 打烊：It's is close'd 便宜：cheap 不劳点：P.S 赶快：hurry up /quickly 小费：tip 结帐：pay the bill 较贵：expensive 完成：finished 劳水：set 折扣：discount

钱：money 整发做花：hair setting 发型设计：hair design 手指卷法：pin curl 化妆：make up 按摩：massage 全套服务：full service 快速服务：quick service 免费服务：free service 指甲保养：nail care 产品(product)&工具(instrument)头发：hair 冷烫液： cold wave/ perm 洗发精：shampoo 护发霜：hair care/conditioner 发胶：gel 定型液：hair spary 染发剂：hair color 发雕：lotion 正常(一般)：normal 受损：danger

卷发：curl 乾燥：dry 湿的：wet 润丝：rinse 平梳：comb 镜子：mirror 吹风机：hair dryer 毛巾：towel 剪刀：scissors 发夹：hair pick 帽子：cap 削刀：razor 模特儿：model 发叉：hair pin 冷烫卷：perm rod 冷烫纸：perm paper 橡皮筋：rubber band 工作车：setting cart 洗发槽：shampoo sink 发刷：brush 圆梳：round brush

(完整版)英语词汇学英语词汇学习题3及答案

试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor

新编实用英语综合教程(第二版)课后翻译习题解

Unit 1 5. 1.她一家商店一家商店的看，最后以她能付出的价格买了她所需要的东西。She shopped around till she got what she wanted at a price she could afford. 2.除了向我要东西，他从不跟我说话。 He never speaks to me other than to ask for something. 3.你永远应该以搞好你的工作为目的。 You should always aim at doing your job well. 4.几个星期来她一直呆在家中照顾有病的父亲。 She has been tied to the house for weeks looking after her invalid father. 5.修建这条路是为了缓解交通拥挤。 The route was designed to relieve traffic congestion. 6.社会是由形形色色的人组成的。有些人很好，有些人很坏，也有些人介乎两者之间。 Society is made up of a wide variety of people; some are good, others (are) bad, and still others (are) in between. Unit 2 5 1.这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你如何解释？ How do you account for the fact that you've been late every day this week? 2.政府已经承诺改善落后地区人民的生活条件。 The government has committed itself to improving the life conditions of the people living in the underdeveloped areas. 3.据最新报道，这次火车交通事故造成多名乘客死亡。 According to the latest report, the train accident resulted in the death of several passengers. 4.多呼吸新鲜空气有助于身体健康。 Plenty of fresh air contributes to good health. 5.他试图竞争学校学生会主席，但是没有成功。 He attempted to compete for the position of chairman of the Students' Union,

定计划-简单实用英语翻译

定计划-简单实用英语翻译 451. What do you plan to do tomorrow? 明天你打算做什么？ 452. I doubt that I'll do anything tomorrow. 明天我恐怕什么也不做。 453. Please excuse me for a little while. I want to do something. 对不起，请稍等一会儿，我要办点事。 454. I imagine I'll do some work instead of going to the movies. 我想干点活，不去看电影了。 455. Will it be convenient for you to explain your plans to him? 你把你的计划向他讲一下，方便吗？ 456. There's nothing to do because tomorrow is a holiday. 明天是假日所以没事可做。 457. What's your brother planning to do tomorrow? 你的兄弟明天打算做什么？ 458. He can't decide what to do. 他决定不了要干什么。 459. It's difficult to make a decision without knowing all the facts.

不了解全部事实，很难作决定。 460. We're trying to plan our future. 我们正点想法替将来作打算。 461. That's a good idea. 那是个好主意。 462. I'm hoping to spend a few days in the mountains. 我希望在山区住几天。 463. Would you consider going north this summer? 今年夏天你考虑到北方去吗？ 464. If there's a chance you'll go, I'd like to go with you. 如果你有机会去，我想和你一起去。 465. After you think it over, please let me know what you decide. 等你想好了，请把你的决定告诉我。

英语词汇学教程参考答案

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UNIT1 Oxford University牛津大学 Oxford University is the oldest university in Britain and one of the world's most famous institutions of higher learning. Oxford University was established during the 1100's. It is located in Oxford, England, about 80 kilometers northwest of London. 牛津大学是英国最古老的大学，也是世界最著名的高等学府。牛津大学始建于12世纪。它位于英格兰的牛津，在伦敦西北约80公里处。 The university has over 16,300 students (1999-2000), almost a quarter of these students are from overseas and more than 130 nationalities are represented. It consists of 35 colleges, plus five private halls established by various religious groups. Three of the five private halls are for men only. Of the colleges, St. Hilda's and Somerville are for women, and the rest are for men and women. 牛津大学有16,300多名学生（1999－2000），其中留学生占将近四分之一。他们来自130多个国家。牛津大学有35个学院，还有5个由不同宗教团体建立的私人学院。5个私人学院中，有3个只招男生。学院中，圣希尔达和萨默维尔学院只收女生，其他均为男女兼收。At Oxford, each college is a corporate body distinct from the university and is governed by its own head and fellows. Most fellows are college instructors called tutors, and the rest are university professors and lecturers. Each college manages its own buildings and property, elects its own fellows, and selects and admits its own undergraduate students. The university provides some libraries, laboratories, and other facilities, but the colleges take primary responsibility for the teaching and well-being of their students. 牛津的每个学院都是独立于大学的实体，由该学院的院长和管委会成员负责管理。部分管委会成员都称为导师的学院教师，其余的是大学教授和讲师。每个学院管理自己的房产和资产，遴选自己的管委会，选择和招收自己的本科生。大学提供某些图书馆、实验室和其他设施，但教学和学生生活主要由各学院负责。 Each student at Oxford is assigned to a tutor, who supervises the student's program of study, primarily through tutorials. Tutorials are weekly meetings of one or two students with their tutor. Students may see other tutors for specialized instruction. They may also attend lectures given by university teachers. Students choose which lectures to attend on the basis of their own special interests and on the advice of their tutors. 牛津大学给每个学生指定一个导师，他主要通过辅导课监督学生的学习。导师每周和1到2名学生见面一次，学生如需专业指导，还可以去约见其他的导师，也可选听大学老师讲授的课程。学生选听什么课程是根据自己的兴趣和导师的建议而定的。 The university, not the individual colleges, grants degrees. The first degree in the arts or sciences is the Bachelor of Arts with honors. Oxford also grants higher degrees, diplomas, and certificates in a wide variety of subjects. 学位由大学授予，而不是各个学院。最低文科或理科学位是优等文学学士。牛津还在其他众多学科领域授予最高的学位，颁发文凭和证书。 The Rhodes scholarship program enables students from the United States, Canada, and many other nations to study at Oxford for a minimum of two years. The British government grants Marshall scholarships to citizens of the United States for study at Oxford and other universities that are located in Britain.