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USP无菌检测法

USP无菌检测法
USP无菌检测法

MEDIA

Prepare media for the tests as described below, or dehydrated formulations may be used provided that, when reconstituted as directed by the manufacturer or distributor, they meet the requirements of the Growth Promotion Test of Aerobes, Anaerobes, and Fungi. Media are sterilized using a validated process.

The following culture media have been found to be suitable for the test for sterility. Fluid Thioglycollate Medium is primarily intended for the culture

of anaerobic bacteria. However, it will also detect aerobic bacteria. Soybean–Casein Digest Medium is suitable for the culture of both fungi and aerobic bacteria.

Fluid Thioglycollate Medium

L-Cystine 0.5 g

Sodium Chloride 2.5 g

Dextrose (C6H12O6·H2O) 5.5/5.0 g

Agar, granulated (moisture content not

exceeding 15%) 0.75 g

Yeast Extract (water-soluble) 5.0 g

Pancreatic Digest of Casein 15.0 g

Sodium Thioglycollate 0.5 g

or Thioglycolic Acid 0.3 mL

Resazurin Sodium Solution (1 in 1000),

freshly prepared 1.0 mL

Purified Water 1000 mL

Mix the L-cystine, sodium chloride, dextrose, yeast extract, and pancreatic digest of casein with the purified water, and heat until solution

is effected. Dissolve the sodium thioglycollate or thioglycolic acid in the solution and, if necessary, add 1 N sodium hydroxide so that, after sterilization, the solution will have a pH of 7.1 ± 0.2. If filtration is necessary, heat the solution again without boiling, and filter while hot

through moistened filter paper. Add the resazurin sodium solution, mix, and place the medium in suitable vessels that provide a ratio of surface to depth

of medium such that not more than the upper half of the medium has undergone a color change indicative of oxygen uptake at the end of the incubation period. Sterilize using a validated process. If the medium is stored, store at

a temperature between 2 and 25 in a sterile, airtight container. If more than

the upper one-third of the medium has acquired a pink color, the medium may be restored once by heating the containers in a water-bath or in free-flowing steam until the pink color disappears and by cooling quickly, taking care to prevent the introduction of nonsterile air into the container.

Fluid Thioglycollate Medium is to be incubated at 32.5 ± 2.5.

Alternative Thioglycollate Medium

Prepare a mixture having the same composition as that of the Fluid Thioglycollate Medium, but omitting the agar and the resazurin sodium solution, sterilize as directed above, and allow to cool prior to use. The pH

after sterilization is 7.1 ± 0.2. Incubate under anaerobic conditions for the duration of the incubation period.

Alternative Fluid Thioglycollate Medium is to be incubated at 32.5 ± 2.5.

Soybean–Casein Digest Medium(TSB)

Pancreatic Digest of Casein 17.0 g

Papaic Digest of Soybean Meal 3.0 g

Sodium Chloride 5.0 g

Dibasic Potassium Phosphate 2.5 g

Dextrose (C6H12O6·H2O) 2.5/2.3 g

Purified Water 1000 mL

Dissolve the solids in the Purified Water, heating slightly to effect a solution. Cool the solution to room temperature, and adjust the pH with 1 N sodium hydroxide so that, after sterilization, it will have a pH of 7.3 ±

0.2. Filter, if necessary to clarify, dispense into suitable containers, and

sterilize using a validated procedure. Store at a temperature between 2 and 25

in a sterile well-closed container, unless it is intended for immediate use.

Soybean–Casein Digest Medium is to be incubated at 22.5 ± 2.5.

Media for Penicillins or Cephalosporins

Where sterility test media are to be used in the Direct Inoculation of

the Culture Medium method under Test for Sterility of the Product to be Examined, modify the preparation of Fluid Thioglycollate Medium and the Soybean–Casein Digest Medium as follows. To the containers of each medium, transfer aseptically a quantity of b-lactamase sufficient to inactivate the amount of antibiotic in the specimen under test. Determine the quantity of b- lactamase required to inactivate the antibiotic by using a b-lactamase

preparation that has been assayed previously for its penicillin- or cephalosporin-inactivating power. [NOTE—Supplemented b-lactamase media can also be used in the membrane filtration test.]

Alternatively (in an area completely separate from that used for sterility testing), confirm that an appropriate amount of b-lactamase is incorporated

into the medium, following either method under Validation Test, using less

than 100 colony-forming units (cfu) of Staphylococcus aureus (see Table 1) as the challenge. Typical microbial growth of the inoculated culture must be observed as a confirmation that the b-lactamase concentration is appropriate.

Table 1. Strains of the Test Microorganisms Suitable for Use in the Growth

Promotion Test and the Validation Test

Aerobic bacteria

Staphylococcus aureus1 ATCC 6538, CIP 4.83, NCTC 10788, NCIMB 9518

Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, CIP 52.62, NCIMB 8054

Pseudomonas aeruginosa2 ATCC 9027, NCIMB 8626, CIP 82.118

Anaerobic bacterium

Clostridium sporogenes3 ATCC 19404, CIP 79.3, NCTC 532 or ATCC 11437

Fungi

Candida albicans A TCC 10231, IP 48.72, NCPF 3179

Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404, IP 1431.83, IMI 149007

1 、An alternative to Staphylococcus aureus is Bacillus subtilis (ATCC

6633).

2 、An alternative microorganism is Micrococcus luteus (Kocuria rhizophila),

ATCC 9341.

3 、An alternative to Clostridium sporogenes, when a nonspore-forming

microorganism is desired, is Bacetroides vulgatus (A TCC 8482).

[NOTE—Seed-lot culture maintenance techniques (seed-lot systems) are used so

that the viable microorganisms used for inoculation are not more than five

passages removed from the original master seed lot.]

Suitability Tests

The media used comply with the following tests, carried out before, or in

parallel, with the test on the product to be examined.

STERILITY

Confirm the sterility of each sterilized batch of medium by incubating a

portion of the media at the specified incubation temperature for 14 days. No

growth of microorganisms occurs.

GROWTH PROMOTION TEST OF AEROBES, ANAEROBES, AND FUNGI Test each lot of of ready-prepared medium and each batch of medium prepared

either from dehydrated medium or from ingredients 1 . Suitable strains of

microorganisms are indicated in Table 1.

Inoculate portions of Fluid Thioglycollate Medium with a small number (not

more than 100 cfu) of the following microorganisms, using a separate portion

of medium for each of the following species of microorganism: Clostridium

sporogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Inoculate

portions of Alternative Fluid Thioglycollate Medium with a small number (not

more than 100 cfu) of Clostridium sporogenes. Inoculate portions of Soybean–

Casein Digest Medium with a small number (not more than 100 cfu) of the

following microorganisms, using a separate portion of medium for each of the

following species of microorganism: Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, and

Candida albicans. Incubate for not more than 3 days in the case of bacteria

and not more than 5 days in the case of fungi.

The media are suitable if a clearly visible growth of the microorganisms

occurs.

STORAGE

If prepared media are stored in unsealed containers, they can be used for 1 month, provided that they are tested for growth promotion within 2 weeks of

the time of use and that color indicator requirements are met. If stored in

tight containers, the media can be used for 1 year, provided that they are

tested for growth promotion within 3 months of the time of use and that the

color indicator requirements are met.

DILUTING AND RINSING FLUIDS FOR MEMBRANE FILTRATION

Fluid A

PREPARATION

Dissolve 1 g of peptic digest of animal tissue in water to make 1 L, filter

or centrifuge to clarify, if necessary, and adjust to a pH of 7.1 ± 0.2.

Dispense into containers, and sterilize using a validated process. PREPARATION FOR PENICILLINS OR CEPHALOSPORINS

Aseptically add to the above Preparation, if necessary, a quantity of

sterile b-lactamase sufficient to inactivate any residual antibiotic activity

on the membranes after the solution of the test specimen has been filtered

(see Media for Penicillins or Cephalosporins).

Fluid D

To each L of Fluid A add 1 mL of polysorbate 80, adjust to a pH of 7.1 ±

0.2, dispense into containers, and sterilize using a validated process. Use

this fluid for articles containing lecithin or oil, or for devices labeled as

“sterile pathway.”

Fluid K

Dissolve 5.0 g of peptic digest of animal tissue, 3.0 g of beef extract,

and 10.0 g of polysorbate 80 in water to make 1 L. Adjust the pH to obtain,

after sterilization, a pH of 6.9 ± 0.2. Dispense into containers, and

sterilize using a validated process.

V ALIDATION TEST

Carry out a test as described below under Test for Sterility of the Product

to be Examined using exactly the same methods, except for the following modifications.

Membrane Filtration

After transferring the content of the container or containers to be tested

(not more than 100 cfu) to the final portion of sterile diluent used to rinse

the filter.

Direct Inoculation

After transferring the contents of the container or containers to be

tested (for catgut and other surgical sutures for veterinary use: strands) to

the culture medium, add an inoculum of a small number of viable microorganisms (not more than 100 cfu) to the medium.

In both cases use the same microorganisms as those described above under Growth Promotion Test of Aerobes, Anaerobes, and Fungi. Perform a growth

promotion test as a positive control. Incubate all the containers containing

medium for not more than 5 days.

If clearly visible growth of microorganisms is obtained after the

incubation, visually comparable to that in the control vessel without product,

either the product possesses no antimicrobial activity under the conditions

of the test or such activity has been satisfactorily eliminated. The test for

sterility may then be carried out without further modification.

If clearly visible growth is not obtained in the presence of the product to

be tested, visually comparable to that in the control vessels without

product, the product possesses antimicrobial activity that has not been satisfactorily eliminated under the conditions of the test. Modify the

conditions in order to eliminate the antimicrobial activity, and repeat the

validation test.

This validation is performed (a) when the test for sterility has to be

carried out on a new product; and (b) whenever there is a change in the experimental conditions of the test. The validation may be performed simultaneously with the Test for Sterility of the Product to be Examined.

TEST FOR STERILITY OF THE PRODUCT TO BE EXAMINED

Number of Articles to Be Tested

Unless otherwise specified elsewhere in this chapter or in the individual monograph, test the number of articles specified in Table 3. If the contents

of each article are of sufficient quantity (see Table 2), they may be divided

so that equal appropriate portions are added to each of the specified media. [NOTE—Perform sterility testing employing two or more of the specified media.] If each article does not contain sufficient quantities for each

medium, use twice the number of articles indicated in Table 3.

Table 2. Minimum Quantity to be Used for Each Medium

Quantity per Container Minimum Quantity to be Used (unless otherwise justified and authorized)

Liquids (other than anitbiotics)

Less than 1 mL The whole contents of each container

1–40 mL Half the contents of each container, but not less than 1 mL

Greater than 40 mL, and not greater than 100 mL 20 mL

Greater than 100 mL 10% of the contents of the container, but not less

than 20 mL

Antibiotic liquids 1 mL

Other preparations soluble in water or in isopropyl myristate The whole contents of each container to provide not less than 200 mg

Insoluble preparations, creams, and ointments to be suspended or emulsified Use the contents of each container to provide not less than 200 mg

Solids

Less than 50 mg:The whole contents of each container 50 mg or more, but less than 300 mg Half the contents of each container, but not less than 50 mg 300 mg–5 g 150 mg ,Greater than 5 g 500 mg

Devices

Catgut and other surgical sutures for veterinary use 3 sections of a

strand (each 30-cm long)

Surgical dressing/cotton/gauze (in packages) 100 mg per package

Sutures and other individually packaged single-use material The whole device

Other medical devices The whole device, cut into pieces or disassembled

Table 3. Minimum Number of Articles to be Tested in Relation to the Number of Articles in the Batch

Number of Items in the Batch Minimum Number of Items to be Tested for Each Medium (unless otherwise justified and authorized)*

Parenteral preparations

Not more than 100 containers 10% or 4 containers, whichever is the greater More than 100 but not more than 500 containers 10 containers

More than 500 containers 2% or 20 containers, whichever is less

For large-volume parenterals 2% or 10 containers, whichever is less

Antibiotic solids

Pharmacy bulk packages (<5 g) 20 containers

Pharmacy bulk packages (35 g) 6 containers

Bulks and blends See Bulk solid products

Ophthalmic and other noninjectable preparations

Not more than 200 containers 5% or 2 containers, whichever is the greater More than 200 containers 10 containers

If the product is presented in the form of single-dose containers, apply the scheme shown above for preparations for parenteral use.

Devices

Catgut and other surgical sutures for veterinary use 2 or5packages,whichever is the greater,up to a maximum total of 20 packages .Not more than 100 articles 10% or 4 articles, whichever is greater .More than 100, but not more than 500 articles 10 articles .More than 500 articles 2% or 20 articles, whichever is less

Bulk solid products

Up to 4 containers Each container

More than 4 containers, but not more than 50 containers 20% or 4

containers, whichever is greater

More than 50 containers 2% or 10 containers, whichever is greater

If the contents of one container are enough to inoculate the two media,

this column gives the number of containers needed for both the media together.

The test may be carried out using the technique of Membrane Filtration or by Direct Inoculation of the Culture Medium with the product to be examined. Appropriate negative controls are included. The technique of membrane filtration is used whenever the nature of the product permits; that is, for filterable aqueous preparations, for alcoholic or oily preparations, and for preparations miscible with, or soluble in, aqueous or oily solvents, provided these solvents do not have an antimicrobial effect in the conditions of the test.

Membrane Filtration

Use membrane filters having a nominal pore size not greater than 0.45 μm whose effectiveness to retain microorganisms has been established. Cellulose nitrate filters, for example, are used for aqueous, oily, and weakly alcoholic solutions; and cellulose acetate filters, for example, are used for strongly alcoholic solutions. Specially adapted filters may be needed for certain products (e.g., for antibiotics).

The technique described below assumes that membranes about 50 mm in diameter will be used. If filters of a different diameter are used, the

volumes of the dilutions and the washings should be adjusted accordingly. The filtration apparatus and membrane are sterilized by appropriate means. The apparatus is designed so that the solution to be examined can be introduced and filtered under aseptic conditions: it permits the aseptic removal of the membrane for transfer to the medium, or it is suitable for carrying out the incubation after adding the medium to the apparatus itself.

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

If appropriate, transfer a small quantity of a suitable, sterile diluent

such as Fluid A (see Diluting and Rinsing Fluids for Membrane Filtration) onto the membrane in the apparatus and filter. The diluent may contain suitable neutralizing substances and/or appropriate inactivating substances,

for example, in the case of antibiotics.

Transfer the contents of the container or containers to be tested to the membrane or membranes, if necessary, after diluting to the volume used in the Validation Test with the chosen sterile diluent, but using not less than the quantities of the product to be examined prescribed in Tables 2 and 3. Filter immediately. If the product has antimicrobial properties, wash the membrane not less than three times by filtering through it each time the volume of the chosen sterile diluent used in the Validation Test. Do not exceed a washing cycle of 5 times 200 mL, even if during validation it has been demonstrated

that such a cycle does not fully eliminate the antimicrobial activity.

Transfer the whole membrane to the culture medium or cut it aseptically into two equal parts, and transfer one half to each of two suitable media. Use the same volume of each medium as in the Validation Test. Alternatively, transfer the medium onto the membrane in the apparatus. Incubate the media for not less than 14 days.

SOLUBLE SOLIDS (other than antibiotics) Use for each medium not less than the quantity prescribed in Tables 2 and 3 of the product dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as Fluid A (Diluting and Rinsing Fluids for Membrane Filtration), and proceed with the test as described above for Aqueous Solutions using a membrane appropriate to the chosen solvent.

OILS AND OIL Y SOLUTIONS

Use for each medium not less than the quantity of the product prescribed in Tables 2 and 3. Oils and oily solutions of sufficiently low viscosity may be filtered without dilution through a dry membrane. Viscous oils may be diluted as necessary with a suitable sterile diluent such as isopropyl myristate shown not to have antimicrobial activity in the conditions of the test. Allow the

oil to penetrate the membrane by its own weight, and then filter, applying the pressure or suction gradually. Wash the membrane at least three times by filtering through it each time about 100 mL of a suitable sterile solution

such as Fluid A (see Diluting and Rinsing Fluids for Membrane Filtration) containing a suitable emulsifying agent at a concentration shown to be appropriate in the validation of the test, for example polysorbate 80 at a concentration of 10 g per L (Fluid K). Transfer the membrane or membranes to the culture medium or media, or vice versa, as described above for Aqueous Solutions, and incubate at the same temperatures and for the same times.

OINTMENTS AND CREAMS

Use for each medium not less than the quantities of the product prescribed in Tables 2 and 3. Ointments in a fatty base and emulsions of the water-in-oil type may be diluted to 1% in isopropyl myristate as described above, by heating, if necessary, to not more than 40. In exceptional cases it may be necessary to heat to not more than 44. Filter as rapidly as possible, and proceed as described above for Oils and Oily Solutions.

PREFILLED SYRINGES

For prefilled syringes without attached sterile needles, expel the contents

of each syringe into one or two separate membrane filter funnels or into separate pooling vessels prior to transfer. If a separate sterile needle is attached, directly expel the syringe contents as indicated above, and proceed

as directed for Aqueous Solutions. Test the sterility of the needle, using

Direct Inoculation under Validation Test.

SOLIDS FOR INJECTION OTHER THAN ANTIBIOTICS Constitute the test articles as directed on the label, and proceed as

directed for Aqueous Solutions or Oils and Oily Solutions, whichever applies. [NOTE—If necessary, excess diluent can be added to aid in the constitution and filtration of the constituted test article.]

ANTIBIOTIC SOLIDS FOR INJECTION Pharmacy Bulk Packages, < 5 g— From each of 20 containers, aseptically transfer about 300 mg of solids, into a sterile 500-mL conical flask, dissolve

in about 200 mL of Fluid A (see Diluting and Rinsing Fluids for Membrane Filtration), and mix; or constitute, as directed in the labeling, each of 20 containers and transfer a quantity of liquid or suspension, equivalent to

about 300 mg of solids, into a sterile 500-mL conical flask, dissolve in about 200 mL of Fluid A, and mix. Proceed as directed for Aqueous Solutions or Oils and Oily Solutions, whichever applies.

Pharmacy Bulk Packages, 35 g— From each of 6 containers, aseptically transfer about 1 g of solids into a sterile 500-mL conical flask, dissolve in about 200 mL of Fluid A, and mix; or constitute, as directed in the labeling, each of 6 containers and transfer a quantity of liquid, equivalent to about 1

g of solids, into a sterile 500-mL conical flask, dissolve in about 200 mL of Fluid A, and mix. Proceed as directed for Aqueous Solutions.

ANTIBIOTIC SOLIDS, BULKS, AND BLENDS Aseptically remove a sufficient quantity of solids from the appropriate amount of containers (see Table 2), mix to obtain a composite, equivalent to about 6 g of solids, and transfer to a sterile 500-mL conical flask. Dissolve

in about 200 mL of Fluid A, and mix. Proceed as directed for Aqueous Solutions.

STERILE AEROSOL PRODUCTS For fluid products in pressurized aerosol form, freeze the containers in an alcohol-dry ice mixture at least at –20 for about 1 hour. If feasible, allow

the propellant to escape before aseptically opening the container, and

transfer the contents to a sterile pooling vessel. Add 100 mL of Fluid D to

the pooling vessel, and mix gently. Proceed as directed for Aqueous Solutions

or Oils and Oily Solutions, whichever applies.

DEVICES WITH PA THW AYS LABELED STERILE Aseptically pass not less than 10 pathway volumes of Fluid D through each device tested. Collect the fluids in an appropriate sterile vessel, and

proceed as directed for Aqueous Solutions or Oils and Oily Solutions, whichever applies.

In the case of sterile, empty syringes, draw sterile diluent into the

barrel through the sterile needle, if attached, or through a sterile needle attached for the purpose of the test, and express the contents into a sterile pooling vessel. Proceed as directed above.

Direct Inoculation of the Culture Medium

Transfer the quantity of the preparation to be examined prescribed in Tables 2 and 3 directly into the culture medium so that the volume of the product is not more than 10% of the volume of the medium, unless otherwise prescribed.

If the product to be examined has antimicrobial activity, carry out the

test after neutralizing this with a suitable neutralizing substance or by

dilution in a sufficient quantity of culture medium. When it is necessary to

use a large volume of the product, it may be preferable to use a concentrated

culture medium prepared in such a way that it takes into account the

subsequent dilution. Where appropriate, the concentrated medium may be added

directly to the product in its container.

OIL Y LIQUIDS

Use media to which have been added a suitable emulsifying agent at a

concentration shown to be appropriate in the validation of the test, for

example polysorbate 80 at a concentration of 10 g per liter.

OINTMENTS AND CREAMS

Prepare by diluting to about 1 in 10 by emulsifying with the chosen

emulsifying agent in a suitable sterile diluent such as Fluid A (see Diluting

and Rinsing Fluids for Membrane Filtration). Transfer the diluted product to a

medium not containing an emulsifying agent.

Incubate the inoculated media for not less than 14 days. Observe the

cultures several times during the incubation period. Shake cultures containing

oily products gently each day. However, when thioglycollate medium or other

similar medium is used for the detection of anaerobic microorganisms, keep

shaking or mixing to a minimum in order to maintain anaerobic conditions.

CATGUT AND OTHER SURGICAL SUTURES FOR VETERINARIAN USE

Use for each medium not less than the quantities of the product prescribed in

Tables 2 and 3. Open the sealed package using aseptic precautions, and remove

three sections of the strand for each culture medium. Carry out the test on

three sections, each 30-cm long, which have been cut off from the beginning,

the center, and the end of the strand. Use whole strands from freshly opened

cassette packs. Transfer each section of the strand to the selected medium.

Use sufficient medium to cover adequately the material to be tested (20 mL to 150 mL).

SOLIDS

Transfer a quantity of the product in the form of a dry solid (or prepare

a suspension of the product by adding sterile diluent to the immediate

container), corresponding to not less than the quantity indicated in Tables 2

and 3. Transfer the material so obtained to 200 mL of Fluid Thioglycollate

Medium, and mix. Similarly, transfer the same quantity to 200 mL of Soybean–

Casein Digest Medium, and mix. Proceed as directed above.

PURIFIED COTTON, GAUZE, SURGICAL DRESSINGS, AND RELATED ARTICLES From each package of cotton, rolled gauze bandage, or large surgical

dressings being tested, aseptically remove two or more portions of 100- to 500-

mg each from the innermost part of the sample. From individually packaged,

single-use materials, aseptically remove the entire article. Immerse the

portions or article in each medium, and proceed as directed above.

STERILE DEVICES

Articles can be immersed intact or disassembled. To ensure that device

pathways are also in contact with the media, immerse the appropriate number of

units per medium in a volume of medium sufficient to immerse the device

completely, and proceed as directed above. For extremely large devices,

immerse those portions of the device that are to come into contact with the

patient in a volume of medium sufficient to achieve complete immersion of

those portions.

For catheters where the inside lumen and outside are required to be sterile,

either cut them into pieces such that the medium is in contact with the entire

lumen or fill the lumen with medium, and then immerse the intact unit.

OBSERV A TION AND INTERPRETA TION OF RESULTS At intervals during the incubation period and at its conclusion, examine

the media for macroscopic evidence of microbial growth. If the material being

tested renders the medium turbid so that the presence or absence of microbial

growth cannot be readily determined by visual examination, 14 days after the

beginning of incubation transfer portions (each not less than 1 mL) of the

medium to fresh vessels of the same medium, and then incubate the original and

transfer vessels for not less than 4 days.

If no evidence of microbial growth is found, the product to be examined

complies with the test for sterility. If evidence of microbial growth is

found, the product to be examined does not comply with the test for sterility,

unless it can be clearly demonstrated that the test was invalid for causes

unrelated to the product to be examined. The test may be considered invalid

only if one or more of the following conditions are fulfilled:

The data of the microbiological monitoring of the sterility testing facility

show a fault.

A review of the testing procedure used during the test in question reveals

a fault.

Microbial growth is found in the negative controls.

After determination of the identity of the microorganisms isolated from the

test, the growth of this species (or these species) may be ascribed

unequivocally to faults with respect to the material and or the technique used

in conducting the sterility test procedure.

If the test is declared to be invalid, it is repeated with the same number

of units as in the original test. If no evidence of microbial growth is found

in the repeat test, the product examined complies with the test for sterility.

If microbial growth is found in the repeat test, the product examined does

not comply with the test for sterility.

APPLICATION OF THE TEST TO PARENTERAL PREPARA TIONS, OPHTHALMIC, AND OTHER

NONINJECTABLE PREPARA TIONS REQUIRED TO COMPL Y WITH THE TEST FOR STERILITY

When using the technique of membrane filtration, use, whenever possible,

the whole contents of the container, but not less than the quantities

indicated in Tables 2 and 3, diluting where necessary to about 100 mL with a suitable sterile solution, such as Fluid A (see Diluting and Rinsing Fluids

for Membrane Filtration).

When using the technique of direct inoculation of media, use the quantities shown in Tables 2 and 3, unless otherwise justified and authorized. The tests for bacterial and fungal sterility are carried out on the same sample of the product to be examined. When the volume or the quantity in a single container is insufficient to carry out the tests, the contents of two or more containers are used to inoculate the different media.

In appropriate cases, periodic testing of the different batches prepared from the same lot of dehydrated medium is acceptable.

通则0821重金属检查法

0821重金属检查法 本法所指的重金属系指在实验条件下能与硫代乙酰胺或硫化钠作用显色的金属杂质。 标准铅溶液的制备称取硝酸铅0.1599g,置1000ml量瓶中,加硝酸5ml 与水50ml溶解后,用水稀释至刻度,摇匀,作为贮备液。 精密量取贮备液10ml,置100ml量瓶中,加水稀释至刻度,摇匀,即得(每1ml相当于10μg的Pb)。本液仅供当日使用。 配制与贮存用的玻璃容器均不得含铅。 第一法 除另有规定外,取25ml纳氏比色管三支,甲管中加标准铅溶液一定量与醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5)2ml后,加水或各品种项下规定的溶剂稀释成25ml,乙管中加入按各品种项下规定的方法制成的供试品溶液25ml;丙管中加入与乙管相同重量的供试品,加配制供试品溶液的溶剂适量使溶解,再加与甲管相同量的标准铅溶液与醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5)2ml后,用溶剂稀释成25ml;若供试液带颜色,可在甲管中滴加少量的稀焦糖溶液或其他无干扰的有色溶液,使之与乙管、丙管一致;再在甲、乙、丙三管中分别加硫代乙酰胺试液各2ml,摇匀,放置2分钟,同置白纸上,自上向下透视,当丙管中显出的颜色不浅于甲管时,乙管中显示的颜色与甲管比较,不得更深。如丙管中显示出的颜色浅于甲管,应取样按第二法重新检查。 如在甲管中滴加稀焦糖溶液或其他无干扰的有色溶液,仍不能使颜色一致时,应取样按第二法检查。 供试品如含高铁盐影响重金属检查时,可在甲、乙、丙三管中分别加入相同量的维生素C0.5~1.0g,再照上述方法检查。 配制供试品溶液时,如使用的盐酸超过1 ml,氨试液超过2ml,或加入其他试剂进行处理者,除另有规定外,甲管溶液应取同样同量的试剂置瓷皿中蒸干后,加醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5)2ml与水15ml,微热溶解后,移置纳氏比色管中,加标准铅溶液一定量,再用水或各品种项下规定的溶剂稀释成25ml。 第二法 除另有规定外,当需改用第二法检查时,取各品种项下定量的供试品,按炽灼残渣检查法(通则0841)进行炽灼处理,然后取遗留的残渣;或直接取炽灼残渣项下遗留的残渣;如供试品为溶液,则取各品种项下规定量的溶液,蒸

常见的微生物检测方法

常见的微生物检测 方法

摘要:微生物的检测,无论在理论研究还是在生产实践中都具有重要的意义,本文分生长量测定法,微生物计数法,生理指标法和商业化快速微生物检测简要介绍了利用微生物重量,体积,大小,生理代谢物等指标的二十余种常见的检测方法,简要介绍了这些方法的原理,应用范围和优缺点。 概述: 一个微生物细胞在合适的外界条件下,不断的吸收营养物质,并按自己的代谢方式进行新陈代谢。如果同化作用的速度超过了异化作用,则其原生质的总量(重量,体积,大小)就不断增加,于是出现了个体的生长现象。如果这是一种平衡生长,即各细胞组分是按恰当的比例增长时,则达到一定程度后就会发生繁殖,从而引起个体数目的增加,这时,原有的个体已经发展成一个群体。随着群体中各个个体的进一步生长,就引起了这一群体的生长,这可从其体积、重量、密度或浓度作指标来衡量。微生物的生长不同于其它生物的生长,微生物的个体生长在科研上有一定困难,一般情况下也没有实际意义。微生物是以量取胜的,因此,微生物的生长一般指群体的扩增。微生物的生长繁殖是其在内外各种环境因素相互作用下的综合反映。因此生长繁殖情况就可作为研究各种生理生化和遗传等问题的重要指标,同

时,微生物在生产实践上的各种应用或是对致病,霉腐微生物的防治都和她们的生长抑制紧密相关。因此有必要介绍一下微生物生长情况的检测方法。既然生长意味着原生质含量的增加,因此测定的方法也都直接或间接的以次为根据,而测定繁殖则都要建立在计数这一基础上。微生物生长的衡量,能够从其重量,体积,密度,浓度,做指标来进行衡量。 生长量测定法 体积测量法:又称测菌丝浓度法。 经过测定一定体积培养液中所含菌丝的量来反映微生物的生长状况。方法是,取一定量的待测培养液(如10毫升)放在有刻度的离心管中,设定一定的离心时间(如5分钟)和转速(如5000 rpm),离心后,倒出上清夜,测出上清夜体积为v,则菌丝浓度为(10-v)/10。菌丝浓度测定法是大规模工业发酵生产上微生物生长的一个重要监测指标。这种方法比较粗放,简便,快速,但需要设定一致的处理条件,否则偏差很大,由于离心沉淀物中夹杂有一些固体营养物,结果会有一定偏差。 称干重法:

重金属检查法(USP和EP)

231 重金属检查法 本试验系在规定的试验条件下,金属离子与硫化物离子反应显色,通过与制备的标准铅溶液目视比较测定, 以确证供试品中重金属杂质含量不超过各论项下规定的限度(以供试品中铅的百分比表示,以重量计) 。【见分光 光度法和光散射项下测定法目视比较法 <851> 】【注意:对本试验有反应的典型物质有铅、汞、铋、砷、锑、锡、 镉、银、铜和钼等】 除各论另有规定外,按第一法测定重金属。第一法适用于在规定试验条件下,能产生澄清、无色溶液的物质。 第二法适用于在第一法规定试验条件下不能产生澄清、无色溶液的物质,或者适用于由于性质复杂, 化物离子与金属离子形成沉淀的物质,或者是不易挥发的和易挥发的油类物质。第三法为湿消化法,仅用于第一 法、第二法都不适合的情况。 特殊试剂 硝酸铅贮备液制备:取硝酸铅 159.8mg , 溶于 100ml 水中,加 1ml 硝酸,用水稀释至 1000ml 。制备和贮存 本溶液的玻璃容器应不含可溶性铅。 标准铅溶液制备:使用当天,取硝酸铅贮备液 10.0ml , 用水稀释至 100.0ml 。每 1mL 的标准铅溶液含相当 于 10μg 的铅。按每克供试品取 100μL 标准铅溶液制备的对照溶液, 相当于供试品含百万分之一的铅。 方法Ⅰ pH3.5 醋酸盐缓冲液的制备: 取醋酸铵 25.0g 溶于 25mL 水中, 加 6N 盐酸液 38.0mL , 必要时, 用 6N 氢氧化铵液或 6N 盐 酸液调节 pH 至 3.5 , 用水稀释至 100mL , 混匀。 取标准铅溶液 2.0mL (相当于 20 μg 铅)于50mL 比色管中, 加水稀释至 25mL , 以 pH 计或精密 pH 试纸作为外 指示剂,用 1N 醋酸液或 6N 氢氧化铵液调节 pH 至 3.0~4.0 , 用水稀释至 40mL , 混匀。 取各论项下规定的供试品溶液 25mL 于 50mL 比色管中, 或用各论项下规定用 量的酸溶液样品, 用水稀释至 25mL ,供试品以 g 计,按下式计算: 2.0/ (1000L ) 式中 L 是重金属限度( % )。以 pH 计或是精密 pH 试纸作为外指示剂,用 1N 醋酸液或 6N 氢氧化铵液调 节 pH 至 3.0~4.0 , 用水稀释至 40mL , 混匀。 取供试品溶液制备项下的溶液 25mL 于 50mL 比色管中, 加标准铅溶液 2.0mL ,以 pH 计或是精密 pH 试纸 作为外指示剂,用 1N 醋酸液或 6N 氢氧化 铵液调节 pH 至 3.0~4.0 , 用水稀释至 40mL , 混匀。 在上述三试管中,分别加入 pH3.5 的醋酸盐缓冲液 2mL , 然后再加硫代乙酰 胺-甘油试液 1.2mL ,用水稀 释至 50mL , 混匀,放置 2 分钟, 在白色平面 自上向下观察:供试品溶液产生的颜色与标准 品溶液产生的颜色相比,不得更 深。对照溶液产生的颜色比标准溶液深或相当。 [注意: 如果 对照溶液的颜色比 标准溶液浅,用方法 II 代替方法 I 测定供试品 ]。 易干扰硫 标准溶液制备: 供试品溶液制备: 对照溶液制备 检查法:

食品中有害微生物快速检测方法概述

(一)、概述 食用被微生物污染的食品而导致的疾病,称作食源性疾病。导致这类疾病的微生物叫食源性致病菌。随着人们居住和卫生条件的不断改善,以及抗生素的滥用,人类对病菌的抵抗能力却在不断下降,食源性疾病一直呈上升的趋势。因此,对食品中致病菌的监测和检验也就越显示其重要性,常规的检验大多依靠培养目标微生物的方法来确定食品是否受到此微生物的污染,这些方法需要一定的培养时间,少则2~3天,多至数周,才能确定。而现行有效的一些快速检测方法不仅可以大大缩短检测时间提高微生物检出率并可用于微生物计数、早期诊断、鉴定等方面,以做到快速、简便、准确。快速方法包括了微生物学、分子化学、生物化学、生物物理学、免疫学和血清学等领域。 (二)、常见、常用的快速、简便的检测微生物数量的方法如下: 1、活细胞计数的改进方法 (1)、旋转平皿计数方法 (2)、疏水性栅格滤膜法(HGMF)或等格法(isogrid method) (3)、血膜系统(Pertrifilm) (4)、酶底物技术(ColiComplete) (5)、直接外荧光滤过技术(DEFT) (6)、“即用胶”系统(SimPlate) 2、用于估计微生物数量的新方法 (1)、阻抗法 (2)、A TP生物发光技术 3、其他方法 (1)、微量量热法 (2)、接触酶测定仪 (3)、放射测定法 (三)、食品中沙门氏菌的快速筛检方法 1、沙门氏菌显色培养基法 2、免疫学方法 3、分子生物学方法 4、自动传导法 (四)、大肠杆菌O157:H7快速检测方法 大肠杆菌O157:H7肠出血性大肠杆菌的主要血清型,自1982年在美国被分离并命名以来,陆续发现本菌与轻度腹泻、溶血性尿毒综合症、出血性肠炎、婴儿猝死综合症等多种人类病症密切相关,是食源性疾病的一种重要致病菌。E.coli O157:H7属于肠杆菌科埃希氏菌属,为革兰氏阴性杆菌,有鞭毛。近年来作为食品卫生及流行病学的研究热点,E.coli O157:H7的分离和鉴定方法已取得了较大进展。利用其生化特征、免疫原性建立的方法以及现代分子生物学技术的应用,可以从多方面对E.coli O157:H7进行检测。 1、E.coli O157:H7鉴别培养基及显色培养基 2、免疫学检测方法 3、分子生物学方法 (五)、金黄色葡萄球菌的快速检测方法 金黄色葡萄球菌为革兰氏阳性球菌,呈普通串状排列无芽孢,无鞭毛,不能运动。该菌在自然界中分布广泛,如空气、水、土壤、饲料和一些物品上,是最常见的化脓性球菌之一,食品受其污染的机会很多。金黄色葡萄球菌食物中毒是其肠毒引起的,目前已确认的肠毒素至少有A,B,C1,C2,C3,D,E和F8个型。由金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素引发的中毒爆发事件,近年来

重金属检查法

重金属检查法 1.目的:建立重金属检查(药典中第一、二法)的标准规程。 2.范围:QC化验室。 3.责任:QC化验员。 4.内容: 4.1简述: pH值是3.0-3.5,选用醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5)2ml调节pH 较好,显色剂硫代乙酰胺试液用量经实验也以2ml为佳,显色时间一般为2分钟。以10-20μgPb与显色剂所产生的颜色为最佳目视比色范围。在规定实验条件下,与硫代乙酰胺试液在弱酸条件下产生的硫化氢呈色的金属离子有银、铅、汞、铜、镉、铋、锑、锡、砷、锌、钴与镍等。 4.2仪器与用具:纳氏比色管,应注意选择各管之间的平行 性,玻璃色泽一致,内径、刻度、标线高度一致。比色管洗涤时避免划伤内壁。 4.3试药和试液: ℃干燥至恒重的硝酸铅0.160g,置1000m1量瓶中,加硝酸5ml与水50ml溶解后,用水稀释至刻度,摇匀,作为贮备液。临用前,精密量取贮液10m1置100ml量瓶中,加

水稀释至刻度,摇匀,即得(每1ml相当于10μg的pb)。 4.4操作方法: pH3.5)2ml,加水或该药品项下规定的溶剂稀释成25ml。 μm)滤过,然后甲管中加入标准铅溶液一定量,水或该药品项下规定的溶剂使成25ml,再在乙管中加硫代乙酰胺试液2ml,甲管中加水2ml,照上述方法比较,即得。pH3.5)2ml与水15ml溶解以后,移置甲管中,加标准铅溶液一定量,再加水稀释成25ml。 ℃灼烧的炽灼残渣项下遗留的残渣,加硝酸0.5ml蒸干,至氧化氮蒸汽除尽后,放冷,加盐酸2ml,置水浴上蒸干后加水15m1,滴加氨试液至酚酞指示液显中性,再加醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5)2m1,微热溶解后,移至乙管中,加水稀释成25m1。 -1.0ml,使恰湿润,用低温加热至硫酸除尽后,加硝酸0.5ml,蒸干,至氧化氮蒸气除尽后,放冷,在500-600℃“…放冷,加盐酸2m1...”起,至加水稀释成25ml。 4.5注意事项: pH3.5)时,要用PH计调节,硫代乙酰胺试液加入量以2ml 时呈色最深;硫代乙酰胺试液显色剂的最佳显色时间为2分钟,第一、第二法均为放置2分钟。 μg的Pb)为宜。小于1ml或大于3m1,呈色太浅或太深均

USP重金属检查法剖析

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—————————— 文件类别:技术标准 1/3 1.目的:建立重金属检查法(一部)检验标准操作规程,并按规程进行检验,保 证检验操作规范化。 2.依据: 2.1.《中华人民共和国药典》2010年版一部。 3.范围:适用于所有用重金属检查法(一部)测定的供试品。 4.责任:检验员、质量控制科主任、质量管理部经理对本规程负责。 5.正文: 5.1.简述。 5.1.1. 本法所指的重金属系指在规定实验条件下能与硫代乙酰胺或硫化钠作用 显色的金属杂质。 5.2.标准铅溶液的制备。 5.2.1. 称取硝酸铅0.1599g,置1000ml量瓶中,加硝酸5ml与水50ml溶解后,用 水稀释至刻度,摇匀,作为贮备液。 5.2.2. 精密量取贮备液10ml,置100ml量瓶中,加水稀释至刻度,摇匀,即得(每 1ml相当于10μg的Pb)。本液仅供当日使用。 5.2.3.配制与贮存用的玻璃容器均不得含铅。 5.3.第一法。 5.3.1. 除另有规定外,取25ml纳氏比色管三支,甲管中加标准铅溶液一定量与 醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5)2ml后,加水或各品种项下规定的溶剂稀释成25ml,乙管中加入按各品种项下规定的方法制成的供试品溶液25ml;丙管中加入与乙管相同量的供试品,加配制供试品溶液的溶剂适量使溶解,再加与甲管相同量的标准铅溶液与醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5)2ml后,用溶剂稀释成25ml;若供试品溶液带颜

色,可在甲管中滴加少量的稀焦糖溶液或其他无干扰的有色溶液,使之与乙管、丙管一致;再在甲、乙、丙三管中分别加硫代乙酰胺试液各2ml,摇匀,放置2分钟,同置白纸上,自上向下透视,当丙管中显出的颜色不浅于甲管时,乙管中显出的颜色与甲管比较,不得更深。如丙管中显出的颜色浅于甲管,应取样按第二法重新检查。 5.3.2.如在甲管中滴加稀焦糖溶液或其他无干扰的有色溶液,仍不能使颜色一致时,应取样按第二法检查。 5.3.3. 供试品如含高铁盐影响重金属检查时,可取甲、乙、丙三管中加入相同量的维生素C 0.5~1.0g,再照上述方法检查。 5.3.4.配制供试品溶液时,如使用的盐酸超过1ml,氨试液超过2ml,或加入其他试剂进行处理者,除另有规定外,甲管溶液应取同样同量的试剂置瓷皿中蒸干后,加醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5)2ml与水15ml,微热溶解后,移置纳氏比色管中,加标准铅溶液一定量,再用水或各品种项下规定的溶剂稀释成25ml。 5.4. 第二法。 5.4.1. 除另有规定外,当须改用第二法检查时,取各品种项下规定量的供试品,按炽灼残渣检查法(附录Ⅸ J)进行炽灼处理,然后取遗留的残渣;或直接取炽灼残渣项下遗留的残渣;如供试品为溶液,则取各品种项下规定量的溶液,蒸发至干,再按上述方法处理后取遗留的残渣,加硝酸0.5ml,蒸干,至氧化氮蒸气除尽后(或取供试品一定量,缓缓炽灼至完全炭化,放冷,加硫酸0.5~1ml,使恰湿润,用低温加热至硫酸除尽后,加硝酸0.5ml,蒸干,至氧化氮蒸气除尽后,放冷,在500~600℃炽灼使完全灰化)放冷,加盐酸2ml,置水浴上蒸干后加水15ml,滴加氨试液至对酚酞指示液显微粉红色,再加醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5)2ml,微热溶液后,移置纳氏比色管中,加水稀释成25ml,作为甲管;另取配制供试品溶液的试剂,置瓷皿中蒸干后,加醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5)2ml 与水15ml,微热溶液后,移置纳氏比色管中,加标准铅溶液一定量,再用水稀释成25ml,作为乙管;再在甲、乙两管中分别加硫代乙酰胺试液各2ml,摇匀,放置2分钟,同置白纸上,自上向下透视,乙管中显出的颜色与甲管比较,不得更深。 5.5.第三法。 5.5.1. 除另有规定外,取供试品适量,加氢氧化钠试液5ml与水20ml溶解后,

重金属检查法

重金属检查法 重金属系指在实验条件下能与硫代乙酰胺或硫代钠作用显色的金属杂质。生产中遇到铅的机会较多,且铅又易在体内积蓄中毒,所以检查时以铅为代表。重金属影响药物的稳定性及安全性。【中国药典95版】附录中规定了四种方法: 1、Pb2++ H2S→PbS↓+2H+(硫代乙酰胺法):适用于溶于水、稀酸和乙醇的药物,为最常用的方法。原理:硫代乙酰胺在弱酸性条件下水解,产生硫化氢,与重金属离子生成黄色到棕黑色的硫化物混悬液,与一定量标准铅溶液经同法处理后所呈颜色比较。适宜比色的范围为10-20μgPb/35ml,pH值对呈色影响较大。医学教育网搜集整理 2、(有机破坏后检查法):适用于含芳环、杂环以及不溶于水、稀酸及乙醇的有机药物。重金属可与芳环、杂环形成较牢固的价健,可先炽灼破坏,使重金属游离,再按第一法检查。采用硫酸为有机破坏剂,温度在500~600℃使完全灰化。所得残渣加硝酸进一步破坏,蒸干。加盐酸转化为易溶于水的氯化物,与对照试验比较。 3、(硫化钠法):适用于溶于碱而不溶于稀酸或在稀酸中即生成沉淀的药物。以硫化钠为显色剂,Pb2+与S2-作用生成PbS微粒混悬液,与一定量标准铅溶液经同法处理后所呈颜色比较。硫化钠对玻璃有一定腐蚀性,应临用新制。 4、微孔滤膜法:适用于含2~5μg重金属杂质及有色供试液的检查。重金属限量低时,用纳氏比色管难以观察,用微孔滤膜滤过,重金属硫化物沉集于滤膜形成色斑,与标准铅斑比较,可提高检查灵敏度。 【通用名称】重金属检查法 【其他名称】重金属检查法附录Ⅸ E. 重金属检查法重金属系指在实验条件下能与硫代乙酰胺或硫化钠作用显色的金属杂质。标准铅溶液的制备称取硝酸铅0.160g,置1000ml量瓶中,加硝酸5ml与水50ml溶解后,用水稀释至刻度,摇匀,作为贮备液。临用前,精密

微生物快速检测方法及应用进展

微生物快速检测方法及应用进展【关键词】微生物快速检测 随着人们生活水平不断提高,各种安全问题越来越受到人们的重视,微生物的污染问题也相应地备受关注。在食品和环境等各个方面都有微生物污染的可能,一旦污染,微生物将大量繁殖而导致食源性疾病或环境污染甚至医院内感染。特别是近年来随着环境污染的加剧和生态平衡的不断破坏,导致感染的致病菌的种类越来越多,病原微生物对人类的威胁越来越大。传统的检验方法,主要包括形态检查和生化方法,其准确性、灵敏性均较高,但涉及的实验较多、操作烦琐、需要时间较长、准备和收尾工作繁重,而且要有大量人员参与[1,2]。所以,迫切需要准确、省时、省力和省成本的快速检验方法。本文对微生物快速检测方法的进展情况及实际应用进行综述,以利于预防食源性疾病及公共卫生突发事件的发生。 1 即用型纸片法 3M公司的perrifilmTMPlate系列微生物测试片,可分别检测菌落总数、大肠菌群计数、霉菌和酵母计数[3]。由RCP Scientific Inc 公司开发上市的Regdigel系列,除上述项目外还有检测乳杆菌、沙门氏菌、葡萄球菌的产品[4],这两个系列的产品与传统检测方法之间的相关性非常好。如用大肠菌群快检纸片检测餐具的表面,操作简便、快速、省料,特异性和敏感性与发酵法符合率高,已经被列为国标方法。使用时应正确掌握操作技术和判断标准,从而达到理想的检测效果[5]。美国3M公司生产的PF(Petrifilm)试纸还加入了染色

剂、显色剂,增强了菌落的目视效果,而且避免了热琼脂法不适宜受损细菌恢复的缺陷。霉菌快速检验纸片,应用于食品检验中的霉菌具有操作简便,仅需36℃培养,不需要低温设备;快速,仅需2 d就可观察结果,比现在的国家标准检验方法缩短3~5 d,大大提高了工作效率。纸片法与国标法在霉菌检出率上差异无统计学意义,且菌落典型,易判定。纸片荧光法利用细菌产生某些代谢酶或代谢产物的特点而建立的一种酶—底物反应法。只需检测食品中大肠菌群、大肠杆菌的有关酶的活性,将荧光产物在365 nm紫外光下观察即可。同时纸片可高压灭菌处理,4℃保存,简化了实验准备、操作和判断[6]。但由于它们价格昂贵,限制了在基层单位的实际应用。 2 生物化学技术 2.1 PCR技术 PCR技术采用体外酶促反应合成特异性DNA片段,再通过扩增产物来识别细菌。由于PCR灵敏度高,理论上可以检出一个细菌的拷贝基因,因此在细菌的检测中只需短时间增菌甚至不增菌,即可通过PCR进行筛选,节约了大量时间,但PCR技术也存在一些缺点:食物成分、增菌培养基成分和其他微生物DNA对Taq酶具有抑制作用,可能导致检验结果假阴性;操作过程要求严格,微量的外源性DNA进入PCR后可以引起无限放大产生假阳性结果,扩增过程中有一定的装配误差,会对结果产生影响。由于以上原因,PCR技术对操作者的自身素质要求很高,对于基层单位而言难以做到。短时间内也不会有经济效益和社会效益,因此影响了这项技术在基层的应用。 2.2 基因探针技术基因探针技术利用具有同源性序列的核酸单

重金属检查法操作规程

重金属检查法操作规程 一、目的:建立一个重金属检查操作规程。 二、适用范围:适用于褪黑素原料药品及工艺用水重金属限度检查。 三、责任者:质检中心全体人员 四、正文: 1.原理 重金属杂质是指在药典规定的实验条件下能与硫代乙酰胺或硫化钠作用显色的金属杂质,与一定量的标准铅溶液在同样操作条件下所显颜色比较,检查供试品中重金属限量。 H+ pb2++s2- pbs 2.仪器与用具 2.1比色管﹙50ml﹚ 应注意选择各管之间的平行性,玻璃色泽一致,内径、刻度线高度一致,比色管洗涤时避免划伤内壁。 2.2过滤器 2.3移液管﹙1ml、2ml、5ml﹚ 2.4容量瓶﹙1000ml、100ml ﹚

3.试液与试药 重金属检查法操作规程 3.1标准铅溶液的制备 称取硝酸铅0.160g,置1000ml量瓶中,加硝酸5ml与水50ml溶解后,用水稀释至刻度,摇匀,作为贮备液。临用前,精密量取贮备液10ml,置100ml 量瓶中,加水稀释至刻度,摇匀,即得﹙每1ml相当于10ug的pb﹚。 3.2硫代乙酰胺试液 取硫代乙酰胺4g,加水使溶解成100ml,置冰箱中保存。临用前取混合液﹙由1mol∕L氢氧化钠溶液15ml、水5.0ml及甘油20ml组成﹚5.0ml,加上述硫代乙酰胺溶液1.0ml,置水浴上加热20秒钟,冷却,立即使用。 3.3醋酸盐缓冲液﹙PH3.5﹚ 取醋酸铵25g,加水25ml溶解后,加7mol∕L,盐酸溶液38ml,用2 mol∕L 盐酸溶液或5mol∕L氨溶液准确调节PH值至3.5﹙电位法指示﹚,用水稀释至100ml,即得。 3.4盐酸或稀盐酸 3.5氨试液 取浓氨溶液400ml,加水使成1000ml即得。 3.6硝酸 4.操作方法 本公司主要使用下列两种方法。 4.1第一法 4.1.1除另有规定外,取50ml比色管两支,编号为甲、乙。 4.1.2甲管中加标准铅溶液一定量与醋酸盐缓冲液﹙PH3.5﹚2ml后,加水或各药品项下规定的溶剂稀释成25ml; 4.1.3乙管中加入各药品项下规定的方法制成的供试液25ml; 4.1.4若供试液带颜色,可在甲管中滴加少量的稀焦糖溶液或其他无干扰的有色溶液,使之与乙管一致;

重金属检查法

目的:建立重金属检查法的标准操作程序,规范重金属检查法的操作。 范围:适用于重金属的检查。 职责:检验室主任、检验员。 规程: 1. 简述 1.1 重金属是指规定实验条件下能与显色剂作用的金属盐类杂质,中国药典2000年版二部附录ⅧH采用硫代乙酰胺试液或硫化钠试液作显色剂,以铅(Pb)的限量表示。 1.2 由于实验条件不同,分为4种检查方法:第一法适用于供试品不经有机破坏,在酸性溶液中显色的重金属限量检查;第二法适用于供试品需灼烧破坏,取炽灼残渣项下遗留的残渣,经处理后在酸性溶液中显色的重金属限量检查;第三法用来检查能溶于碱而而不溶于稀酸(或在稀酸中即生成沉淀)的药品中的重金属;第四法用微孔滤漠过滤,使重金属硫化物沉淀富集成色斑,用于有色溶液或重金属限量较低的品种。 1.3 四种方法显示的结果均为微量重金属的硫化物微粒均匀混悬在溶液中所呈现的颜色,采用滤膜法可获得当“色斑”;如果重金属离子浓度大,加入显色剂后放置时间长,就会有硫化物聚集下沉。 1.4 重金属硫化物生成的最佳pH值是3.0~3.5,选用醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5) 2.0ml调节pH 较好,显色剂硫代乙酰胺试液用量经实验也以2.0ml为佳,显色时间一般为2分钟。以10~20μg的Pb与显色剂所产生的颜色为最佳目视比色范围。在规定实验条件下,与硫代乙酰胺试液在弱酸条件下产生的硫化氢呈色的金属有银、铅、汞、铜、镉、铋、锑、锡、砷、锌、钴与镍等。 1.5 由于在药品生产过程中遇到铅的机会较多,且铅易积蓄中毒,故以铅作为重金属的代表,用硝酸铅配制标准铅溶液。 2.仪器与用具 2.1 纳氏比色管应选玻璃质量较好、无色(尤其管底、配对、刻度标线高度一致的纳氏比 1

重金属检查法

中药限量检测——重金属检查法 2015年版《药典》四部通则0821 本法所指的重金属系指在规定实验条件下能与硫代乙酰胺或硫化钠作用显色的金属杂质。 标准铅溶液的制备称取硝酸铅0.1599g,置1000ml量瓶中,加硝酸5ml 与水50ml溶解后,用水稀释至刻度,摇匀,作为贮备液。 精密量取贮备液10ml,置100ml量瓶中,加水稀释至刻度,摇匀,即得(每1ml相当于10μg的Pb)。本液仅供当日使用。 配制与贮存用的玻璃容器均不得含铅。 第一法 除另有规定外,取25ml纳氏比色管三支,甲管中加标准铅溶液一定量与醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5)2ml后,加水或各品种项下规定的溶剂稀释成25ml,乙管中加入按各品种项下规定的方法制成的供试品溶液25ml,丙管中加入与乙管相同重量的供试品,加配制供试品溶液的溶剂适量使溶解,再加与甲管相同量的标准铅溶液与醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5)2ml后,用溶剂稀释成25ml;若供试品溶液带颜色,可在甲管中滴加少量的稀焦糖溶液或其他无干扰的有色溶液,使之与乙管、丙管一致;再在甲、乙、丙三管中分别加硫代乙酰胺试液各2ml,摇匀,放置2分钟,同置白纸上,自上向下透视,当丙管中显出的颜色不浅于甲管时,乙管中显示的颜色与甲管比较,不得更深。如丙管中显出的颜色浅于甲管,应取样按第二法重新检查。 如在甲管中滴加稀焦糖溶液或其他无干扰的有色溶液,仍不能使颜色一致时,应取样按第二法检查。 供试品如含高铁盐影响重金属检查时,可在甲、乙、丙三管中分别加入相同量的维生素C 0.5~1.0g,再照上述方法检查。

配制供试品溶液时,如使用的盐酸超过1ml,氨试液超过2ml,或加入其他试剂进行处理者,除另有规定外,甲管溶液应取同样同量的试剂置瓷皿中蒸干后,加醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5)2ml与水15ml,微热溶解后,移置纳氏比色管中,加标准铅溶液一定量,再用水或各品种项下规定的溶剂稀释成25ml。 第二法 除另有规定外,当需改用第二法检查时,取各品种项下规定量的供试品,按炽灼残渣检查法(通则0841)进行炽灼处理,然后取遗留的残渣;或直接取炽灼残渣项下遗留的残渣;如供试品为溶液,则取各品种项下规定量的溶液,蒸发至干,再按上述方法处理后取遗留的残渣;加硝酸0.5ml,蒸干,至氧化氮蒸气除尽后(或取供试品一定量,缓缓炽灼至完全炭化,放冷,加硫酸0.5~1ml,使恰湿润,用低温加热至硫酸除尽后,加硝酸0.5ml,蒸干,至氧化氮蒸气除尽后,放冷,在500~600℃炽灼使完全灰化),放冷,加盐酸2ml,置水浴上蒸干后加水15ml,滴加氨试液至对酚酞指示液显微粉红色,再加醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5)2ml,微热溶解后,移置纳氏比色管中,加水稀释成25ml,作为乙管;另取配制供试品溶液的试剂,置瓷皿中蒸干后,加醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5)2ml 与水15ml,微热溶解后,移置纳氏比色管中,加标准铅溶液一定量,再用水稀释成25ml,作为甲管;再在甲、乙两管中分别加硫代乙酰胺试液各2ml,摇匀,放置2分钟,同置白纸上,自上向下透视,乙管中显出的颜色与甲管比较,不得更深。 第三法 除另有规定外,取供试品适量,加氢氧化钠试液5ml与水20ml溶解后,置纳氏比色管中,加硫化钠试液5滴,摇匀,与一定量的标准铅溶液同样处理后的颜色比较,不得更深。

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土壤微生物快速检测方法 基本的定义,所需仪器(基本的仪器),检测所需时间,数据详细程度(得到什么样的数据),成本,与现有的平台的差距,是否具有可行性! 列表对比: 一、土壤微生物检测方法 1、气相色谱法 微生物细胞的气相色谱分析是研究微生物分类的有效方法之一。其原理是将微生物细胞经过水解,甲醇分解,提取,以及硅烷化,甲基化等衍生化处理后,使之分离尽可能多的化学组分供气相色谱进样分析。不同微生物所得到的色谱图中,通常大多数的峰是有共性的,只有少数的峰具有特征性,可被用来进行微生物鉴定。大量分析检测各种常见细菌、酵母菌、霉菌和其它微生物的组成成分,并建立微生物组分标准色谱图文库,储存在计算机中,然后将待鉴定微生物的组分色谱图与标准图谱相比较,可迅速鉴定其种类。 目前,基于气相色谱最常用的检测方法为磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法。这种方法不仅可以检测土壤中生物多样性,还可以检测到它的变化。而且还可以根据峰值判断具体的是哪一种微生物。 2、PCR技术 PCR技术在环境微生物的检测方面已得到越来越广泛的应用,利用PCR技术检测土壤中的转基因细菌,后来用于检测土壤中不可培养的微生物,跟踪环境中的特定细菌或DNA,揭示土壤生态系统的基因多

样性等。利用PCR技术来检测环境中的微生物,关键的问题是环境样品中DNA的抽提和纯化。来自环境的样品含有非常复杂的成分,有些对PCR有抑制作用的杂质会一直伴随DNA的抽提过程而难以除去,而且DNA还可以被黏土等吸附而降低产量。从土壤或沉积物中提取DNA的现有方法可以分为2类,一是在土壤中直接裂解微生物体,再提取DNA。另一类是先将微生物菌体与土壤颗粒分开,再提取DNA。目前土壤中DNA样品的纯化有密度梯度离心法、凝胶过滤法和琼脂糖凝胶电泳纯化法等。 二、色谱法和PCR法比对 色谱法PCR法 所需仪器气相色谱仪或质谱 仪、检测器、色谱柱、PCR仪、电泳仪、凝胶成像系统(配备电脑) 仪器价钱16-23万(Agilent)10万左右 其它前期萃取所需的小瓶 价钱贵,并且一般为 一次性。后期测序,需测序公司代理,一个序列约25元。

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