大学英语(三)middot问题答疑材料
大学英语（三）·问题答疑材料
马静
一、定冠词与不定冠词
冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article），另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（Zero Article）。
（一）不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。
1) 表示"一个"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。
A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
2) 代表一类人或物
A knife is a tool for cutting with.
Mr. Smith is an engineer.
定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那（这）个"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
（二）定冠词的用法:
1）特指双方都明白的人或物：
Take the medicine.把药吃了。
2）上文提到过的人或事：
He bought a house.I've been to the house.
他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
3）指世上独一物二的事物：
the sun，the sky，the moon，the earth
4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元;
the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。
5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面：
Where do you live?I live on the second floor.你住在哪？我住在二层。
That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。
6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体：
They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)
They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)
7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前：
She caught me by the arm..她抓住了我的手臂。
8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：
the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国
the United States美国
9）用在表示乐器的名词之前：She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。
10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：
the Greens格林一家人(或格林夫妇)
11) 用在惯用语中：
in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday,the next morning等等。二、虚拟语气的用法：
（一）: 最基本的虚拟语气句型:
1. 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。If places were alike, there would be little need for geographers.如果各个地方都一样，就不需要地理学家了。
2. 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had＋过去分词，主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词。If he had known your address yesterday,he would have telephoned you.
3. 虚拟将来时是表示对将来实现的可能性很小的或不确定的假设。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should/could/ might +动词原形。If he were to leave today, he would get there by Friday
4. 省略if 采用倒装语序的条件句。有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if省去，而将
had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。If he had worked harder, he would have got through the exams.==>Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.If he were to leave today, he would get there by Friday.==>Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.If I were in your place, I wouldn?t do that.==>Were I in your place, I wouldn?t do that.
5. 有时虚拟条件句并没用if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语(otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。如：We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. Without you help, I wouldn?t h ave achieved so much. But for （“要不是......”的意思）your help, I would not have succeeded.
（二）: 虚拟语气在从句中用should的情况:
1. 在表示建议,要求,命令,想法的动词后的从句里, 用should + 动词原形, should 可以省略. 如advise, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, grant, indicate, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, stipulate, suggest, urge, vote.常考到的是: suggest, advise, demand, require, propose, insist, order, request.
His doctor suggested that he (should) take short leave of absence.
The author proposed that TV (should) be turned off at least one hour every day.
2. 在表示建议,要求,命令,想法的名词后的从句里, 用should + 动词原形, should可以省略. 如advice, decision, agreement, command, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation etc.
I t was Bill?s suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.
His suggestion was that everyone (should) have a map.
He gave us a suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.
3. 在It is/was +形容词后的that 从句中用should的结构, should 可以省略. 这类形容词常见的有: advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(绝对必要), impossible, improper, important, natural, necessary, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc.
It…s natural that she (should) do so.
It is essential that we (should) tell her the news.
4. 在lest 和for fear that(以免),in case(以防)从句中用should, should 可以省略.
She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates.
Have your gun ready in case we should need it.
（三）: wish 后的that 从句中:
1. 表示现在或将来的愿望,从句中过去式.
I wish I knew his address.
I wish I were young.
2. 表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望, 从句用过去完成式或would, could, might + have + 过去分词.
I wish you had written to him.
I wish I could have slept longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
3. 如果将wish改成wished, 其后that 从句中动词的形式不变.
4. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stop asking silly questions.
（四）: 在It?s about/ high/ fir st(second, third etc)time 后的that 从句中,用过去式.表示“该是做什么的时候了”
It is about time you were in bed.
It is high time we left.
It is the first time I came here.
（五）: 在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon 后的that从句中,用过去式或过去完成式,表示“宁愿做什么”
I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
（六）: 在if only（“如果....就好了”的意思）感叹句中,谓语动词与wish宾语从句的虚拟形式相同.
If only he didn?t drive so fast! (现在)
If only she had asked someone?s advice.(过去)
If only the rain would stop.(将来)
（七）: 在as if / as though 从句中,表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑,用过去式;表示过去想象中的动作或情况, 用过去完成式
He speaks as if he were on the spot.
She spoke to me as if I were deaf.
This device operated as though it had been repaired.
注: 1. 在as if / as though 句中, 如果有可能成为事实, 用陈述语气.
He looks as if he is going to be ill.
2. 在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气.
She insists that she is right.
She insisted that I should finish the work at once.
三、非谓语动词与谓语动词
非谓语动词主要包括不定式&动名词&分词（现在分词和过去分词），.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分
它有三种形式：不定式，分词（现在分词、过去分词），动名词
1．非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：
（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
（2）都可以被状语修饰：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）
He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）
We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）
Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）
（4）都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）
The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）
We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）
We being League member, the work was well done. （现在分词的逻辑主语）
2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：
（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。
（4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制。
四、比较级和最高级的构成和用法
①单音节形容词以及少数以er, ow结尾的形容词和副词加“er”,“est”。例
如:great,greater,greatest;fast,faster,fastest;clever,cleverer,cleverest;narrow,narrower,narrowest
②以e结尾的单音节形容词和副词,以及少数以ble,ple结尾的双音节形容词和副词后,加“r”,“st”。例如:large, larger, largest; able, abler, ablest; simple, simpler, simplest
③以一个辅音字母结尾的单音节形容词,其前的元音字母发短元音时,该辅音字母要双写,然后加“er”,“est”。例如:hot, hotter, hottest; big, bigger, biggest
④以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词和少数不是形容词加ly构成的副词,要将y改为i,再加“er”,“est”。例如:easy, easier, easiest; early, earlier, earliest
⑤一般双音节词、多音节形容词和副词在原级前加more或most。例如:beautiful, more beautiful ,most beautiful; carefully, more carefully, most carefully
⑥少数单音节形容词如real, glad, fond, tired, pleased等也加more和most构成比较级和最高级。例如:tired, more tired; most tired, pleased, more pleased, most pleased。
形容词与副词的比较等级
1. 原级比较（肯定形式as…as…和否定形式not as / so…as…）
Chinese is not so difficult as Latin.
注：在形容词原级比较结构的句子中，可以加上数量词作状语，表示倍数或分数关系。
We?ve produced twice / three times as much cotton this year as we did last year.
This lake is half / one-third as big as that one.
2. 比较级（…than…或more…than…）
(a) 构成方法：单音节词和少数双音节词（主要是以y结尾的词）前加-er，多数双音节词和全部多音节词前加more。当然，还有些不规则变化的词，如far, old, little, late, good / well, bad / badly / ill, many / much等。
(b) 用法（其基本结构为…than / more…than…）
(1) 当同一个动词用于than前后时，一般用一个助动词代替第二个动词。
Now we speak more English than we did last term.
(2) 比较级前可加表示程度的状语（如much, many, far, a lot, a great deal, a little, a bit等），也可加数量词表示倍数、分数和百分数。
They have much more knowledge / many more books than me.
Cotton output was 2 percent higher than in the previous year.
The price of our product is one fourth cheaper than the market price.
(3) 使用比较级时要注意避免比较级的重叠、比较级对象的重叠、不合逻辑的比较和搭配错误。
* It is less colder today than yesterday.（应改为less cold或colder）
* Mary is more beautiful than any girl in the class.（应改为any other girl）
* The climate of Japan is milder than Canada.（应改为that of Canada）
* This book is the same like that one.（应改为as）
(4) 句型“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越…越…”之意。
The harder you work, the more you will learn.
(5) 注意区别more…than…（比…更…，与其说…不如说…）/more than（超过，多于）, no more…than…（和…一样不…）/no more than （仅仅）, not…more than…（不如）/not more than（不超过）.
五、动词时态
1．一般情况下，动词时态可根据句中表示时间的状语而定。（具体情况见教材）
2．固定句型中的时态情况：
(1) 时间或条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。Please give the book to Jack when/if he comes here tomorrow.
注：有时will可用于条件状语从句中，但不是表示将来，而是表示意愿。
We?ll ask someone else if you won?t come. （注意翻译）
(2) 虚拟条件状语从句中的时态问题详见下面的“虚拟语气”部分。
(3) since引导的时间状语从句中，主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。
Great changes have taken place in my hometown since I left.
注：如果主句是表示一段时间的话，既可用现在完成时，也可用一般现在时。
It is /has been 10 years since I left my hometown.
(4) 动作动词 come, go, leave等可用现在进行时代替一般将来时。
I?m leaving for Shanghai tomorrow. (当然也可用will leave)
(5)since liberation, for two days, so far, until now, up to now, in recent years, in/for/over/during the past/ last/recent ten years等作状语，谓语动词用现在完成时。We have seen each other three times in the past two months.
(6) 在句型“It /this is the first/second time (that)…”中常用现在完成时；在句型“It/that was the first/second time (that)…”中常用过去完成时。It is the third time (that) I have visited Japan.
That was the first time (that) he had spoken to me.
(7 由by构成的时间状语常跟完成时相呼应。若表示将来，则用将来完成时；若表示过去，则用过去完成时。
We?ll have learned 3,000 English words by the end of this term.
By the end of last year, he had worked for ten years.
注：由up to构成的时间状语跟by的用法相似，若表示现在，则用现在完成时，如up to now；若表示过去，则用过去完成时，如up to then。
(8) 在句型“hardly…when…”和“no sooner…than…”中主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
He had hardly reached home when it began to rain.
No sooner had he arrived than the meeting began.
3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别
（1）在与表示一段时间的状语(如since, for)连用时，谓语动词既可用现在完成时，也可用现在完成进行时，只是后者更强调动作的延续性。
It has rained/has been raining for 3 days.
(2)在不用时间状语时，现在完成时表示动作已结束，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行。
I have prepared for the final exam. （已准备好）
I have been preparing for the final exam. （还在准备）
(3) 现在完成进行时只用于动作动词，若是状态动词只能用现在完成时。
（状态动词表示感觉、情感、看法、存在、认识、愿望、所有关系等，如feel, love, exist, be , know, want, belong等）
They have known each other since childhood.
(4) how long（多久，多长时间）常跟现在完成进行时相呼应。
How long have you been listening to music?
4. 时态的呼应
时态的呼应常出现在宾语从句中主句谓语动词为过去时的时候。其规则是从句的谓语动词由一般现在时变成一般过去时，一般过去时或现在完成时变成过去完成时，一般将来时变成过去将来时，现在进行时变成过去进行时。
He said he liked his new teacher very much.
The girl knew that he had forgotten his promise.
The secretary told me that the manager would come soon.
Thomas said he was holding a meeting.
注：表示客观真理或从句中有表示过去的时间状语时，不遵守时态呼应原则。
六、被动语态
1. 不及物动词和连系动词没有被动语态。
In the past decade, great changes have taken place in our city.
2. 短语动词若是及物的，则也可用被动语态，但不要忘掉其小品词。The poor boy was laughed at by his classmates.
3. 带双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能将其中一个宾语改为主语。此外，当原主动句中直接宾语变成主语时，原间接宾语前加不加介词都可以，因为原主动句有两种表达方式。
I gave my friend a book on his birthday. = I gave a book to my friend on his birthday.
My friend was given a book on his birthday. （常用）
A book was given (to) my friend on his birthday.
附：（a）give sb. sth.= give sth to sb.
类似的动词还有award, bring, lend, offer, pass, leave, show, teach, lend, rent, pay, hand, recommend, read, write, tell, send, sell,
return等。其中最后6个动词也可转换为由介词for引导的短语，但意义不同。试比较：Please write a letter to me. (请写封信给我) =Please write me a letter.
Please write a letter for me.（请代我写封信）
(b) buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb.
类似的动词还有 get, save, order, fond, spare, sing等。
4. 英语中有些动词常用主动结构表示被动含义，如write（写起来），wash（洗起来），sell（卖起来），cut（切起来），drive（骑起来，开起来），cook（煮）等。
The pen writes smoothly.
The noodles are still cooking.
5. 使役动词make, have, let以及感官动词see, hear, notice, feel, observe, listen to, look at, watch等在主动句中后面跟不定式作宾补要去掉to，但当变成被动句时要加上to。（当然，have和let表示“使役”时，一般无被动语态）
I saw the girl cross the street.
The girl was seen to cross the street.
七、独立主格
（一）独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
（二）独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。
（三）前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
（四）注意：引申：With的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise
八、基数词和序数词
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
1、基数词
1）基数词写法和读法：345three hundred and forty-five；
2）基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：
a. 与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用，如scores of people 指许多人；
b.在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里；
如：They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到达了。
c. 表示"几十岁"；
d. 表示"年代"，用in +the +数词复数；
e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如：3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.
2、序数词
序数词的缩写形式：first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st
3数词的用法
1）倍数表示法
a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as
I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。
b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length…) of…
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。
c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.
今年粮食产量增加了4倍。
2）分数表示法
构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：1/3 one-third ；
3/37 three and three-sevenths.
4基数词的用法:
从句子成分上分析,基数词在句中可用作主语,宾语, 定语,表语等。
Four of them went to the factory.
他们四个人去了工厂。(主语)
I want two. 我要两个。（宾语）
There are thirty classrooms in our school.
我们学校有三十个教室。（定语）
My classmate is eighteen.
我的同学十八岁。（表语）
九、名词性从句
1. 主语从句
(1) 常见的以it作形式主语的that-从句及其句型转换。
It is said / believed / thought / reported / estimated / supposed that…
It is believed that he will come here tomorrow.
He is believed to come here tomorrow.
It is reported that the criminal has died in the car accident.
The criminal is reported to have died in the car accident.
(2) 如果主语从句是一个疑问句，必需要用it作形式主语的结构。
Has it been decided where we will hold the meeting?
Is it true that he will take the risk?
2. 宾语从句
(1) 宾语从句中常可省去引导词that，但只是指可省去第一个that，若有几个并列的宾语从句，则后面几个的that不可省去。
They thought (that) the house was too expensive and that they would look for another cheap one.
2) 如果宾语从句后跟有补语，常用it作形式宾语，而将从句放到补语之后。
She has made it cleat that she has nothing to do with him.
We think it necessary that we should learn a foreign language.
(3) that引导的宾语从句一般不可直接用作介词宾语，而要在that前加上形式宾语it。但wh-从句可直接用作介词宾语。
I?m counting on it that you will come.
You can depend on it that I will keep my words.
It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation.
注：that引导的宾语从句可用作介词in，except和but的宾语，但多看作固定用法,it that（因为），except that（除了…）,but that （要不是…）.
I like the city in that I have many friends here.
He is a good student except that he is occasionally careless.
He would have helped us but that he was short of money.
(4) 当主句谓语动词为think, suppose, believe, assume, expect, guess , imagine等表示“认为”、“猜想”的动词时，其后的宾语从句如果带有否定意义，则否定前移。
I don?t think (that) you two have met before.
I don?t suppose (that) anyone will object to the plan.
注：此类动词若主语为第一人称，变反意疑问句时，应该反问宾语从句中的谓语动词，而其它带宾语从句的动词变反意疑问句时，则反问主句谓语动词。
I don?t believe she known the matter, does she?
He said she was not a good player, didn?t he?
(5) 在由doubt和doubtful引导的宾语从句中，若主句为肯定句，则宾语从句的连接词用whether或if；若主句为否定句或疑问句，则宾语从句的连接词用that.
I?m doubtful whether / if he had left the country.
We don?t doubt that he will succeed.
Do you doubt that he will come?
注：doubt作为名词，用法也一样。
There is no doubt that…
Is there any doubt that…?
There is some doubt whether/if…
(6) 宾语从句的连接词whether和if常可互换，但whether多与or not连用。另外，介词后的宾语从句只能用whether引导。
He asked me whether / if my brother was at home.
He asked his mother whether she would return soon or not.
It?s a question of whether we should go.
3. 表语从句
(1) 表语从句的连接词that等不能省去。
The fact is that he din?t notices the car until too late.
(2) 主语是reason的表语从句要用引导，不要误用because引导
The reason for his absence /(why) he was absent is that he was ill.
4. 同位语从句
由that引导同位语从句与定语从句的区别：前者的that为连接词，在从句中不作任何句子成分，没有词义；而后者的that为关系词，在从句中充当一定的成分（主语或宾语），含有代替所修饰或限制词语的意义。
They were shocked at the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
They were shocked at the news that was announced on the radio.
十、定语从句
1. 引导定语从句的关系词及其作用（见下页列表）
关系代词who 代替人，作从句的主语或宾语
whom 代替人，作从句的宾语
which 代替物，作从句的主语、宾语，可引导限制性、非限制性从句
that 代替人、物，作从句的主语、宾语，只能引导限制性从句
whose 代替人、物，作定语
as 代替物，常与the same, such连用，引导限制性定语从句；单独使用引导非限制性从句，作主语、宾语或宾补
关系副词when 先行词是表示时间的词，作时间状语
where 先行词是表示地点的词，作地点状语
why 先行词是reason, 作原因状语
as 先行词是作状语的词组，作方式状语
2. 先行词为表示方式的the way时，应用that或in which引导，或全部省去。
This is not the way (that / in which) we did it last time.
3. which和as 引导的非限定性定语从句还都可指代整个主句，其主要区别在于：
(a) which引导的非限定性定语从句不能位于句首，而as引导的非限定性定语从句位置很灵活，可在句首、句未或句中。
(b) as在其引导的非限定性定语从句中充当主语时，其谓语动词通常是be或其它连系动词汇以及被动语态。此时，如果从
句不在句首，as和which可互换。若是其它谓语动词，则用which。
(c) as引导的非限定性定语从句常有归纳概括之义，常译作“这…”；
而引导的非限定性定语从句常含有“正如…”之义。
As was usual at the weekend, the club was almost empty.
Her performance was wonderful, as we had expected.
She was absent, which /as is often the case.
As was expected, he performed the task with success.
She has remarried, which delighted us.
4. 当介词of与关系代词所构成的介词短语在定语从句中作定语时，of不可移到句未，但不作定语时，可移到前面，也可
放在后面。
We found a house, of which the roof / the roof of which / whose roof had been damaged.
I?ve read the poem of which she is speaking / which she is speaking of.
十一、状语从句
1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词
(1) 表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when, while, as, whenever
(2) 表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after
(3) 表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till
(4) 表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly,
instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等。
(5) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次)，each time(每次)
(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)
2. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词
这类连词主要有if, unless, as [so] long as, in case 等。
3. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词
主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。
4. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词
主要的有so that, so…that, such…that等。
5. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词
主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that) 等。
6. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词
主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等
7. 引导方式状语从句的从属连词
主要的有as, like, as if, as though, the way等。
8. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词
主要的有where, wherever, everywhere等。
9. 引导比较状语从句的从属连词
主要的有than和as…as
注：when，while，as引导时间状语从句的区别
一）、when可以和延续性动词连用，也可以和短暂性动词连用；而while和as只能和延续性动词连用。
① Why do you want a new job when you?ve got su ch a good one already？（get为短暂性动词）你已经找到如此好的工作，为何还想再找新的？
②Sorry，I was out when you called me．（call为短暂性动词）对不起，你打电话时我刚好外出了。
③Strike while the iron is hot．（is为延续性动词，表示一种持续的状态）趁热打铁。
④ The students took notes as they listened．（listen为延续性动词）学生们边听课边做笔记。
二）、when从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生；while和as从句的谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。
1．从句动作在主句动作前发生，只用when。
①When he had finished his homework，he took a short rest．（finished先发生）当他完成作业后，他休息了一会儿。
②When I got to the airport，the guests had left．（got to后发生）当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。
2．从句动作和主句动作同时发生，且从句动作为延续性动词时，when，while，as都可使用。
3．①When ／While ／As we were dancing，a stranger came in．（dance为延续性动词）当我们跳舞时，一位陌生人走了进来。
②When ／While ／As she was making a phone call，I was writing a letter．（make为延续性动词）当她在打电话时，我正在写信。3．当主句、从句动作同时进行，从句动作的时间概念淡化，而主要表示主句动作发生的背景或条件时，只能用as。这时，as 常表示“随着……”；“一边……，一边……”之意。
① As the time went on，the weather got worse．（as表示“随着……”之意）
② The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases．随着高度的增加，大气越来越稀薄。
③As years go by，China is getting stronger and richer．随着时间一年一年过去，中国变得越来越富强了。
④The little girls sang as they went．小姑娘们一边走，一边唱。
⑤The sad mother sat on the roadside，shouting as she was crying．伤心的妈妈坐在路边，边哭边叫。
4．在将来时从句中，常用when，且从句须用一般时代替将来时。
①You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it．在我读完这本书后，你可以借阅。
②When the manager comes here for a visit next week，Ill talk with him about this．下周，经理来这参观时，我会和他谈谈此事。三）、when用于表示“一……就……”的句型中（指过去的事情）。
sb．had hardly（＝scarcely）done sth．when．．．＝Hardly ／Scarcely had sb．done sth．when．．．
I had hardly ／scarcely closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door．＝Hardly ／Scarcely had I closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door．我刚一闭上眼，就有人在敲门了。
十二、强调句“It be …that”句型
其结构为：It is/ was +被强调部分+that+句中其它部分（动词be的时态取决于that从句中的时态）
1．当被强调部分指人时，若在原句中作主语还可用who，作宾语还可用whom。当被强调部分指明构成时，还可用which。尽管如此，最好还是使用that.
It is the young man that / who the girl is in love with.
It was Newton that / who discovered the law.
It was that knife that / which killed the man.
2. 强调原因状语从句时，只能用because, 不能用since, as for等
It was because her mother was ill that she didn?t go with us.
3. 强调“not…until…”结构时，要用It is / was not until…that…I won?t leave here until you come back.
It is not until you come back that I will leave here.
4. 要特别注意强调句的疑问形式，必须能识别出来。
Was it last Saturday that you went to Shanghai？（千万别误用when）
注：判断是否是强调句的一个最简单的方法就是把It is/was....that 去掉，重新排列下句子，如果句子仍是完整的，那么它就是强调句。若是意义不完整或句子不完整，就不是。
十二、关于口语
口语可以从以下几个方面进行练习：
1. 首先就是发音要标准，把音标把握扎实，多模仿
2. 要有大量的阅读和听力做基础。在读和听的过程中，积累了词汇，掌握了句型，熟悉了用英语表达思想的方式，最重要的是培养了语感。
3. 大声朗读英语对话和文章，朗读各种句型的例句和口语中最常用的句子，背诵文章及演讲
4.与会英语的人练口语，当然，最好与以英语为母语的人练口语。
5 说英语还要有胆量。如果你能在说不太出口，或是说不好的情况下，大胆地说。说上一段时间后，突然有一天你会自如、清楚地表达自己的思想。有了大胆说的精神，你才能闯过口语的难关。
另外：
关于怎样记忆单词。如何提高口语。如何提高听力，如何提高英语水平，同学们可以参考一下咱们的论坛。
学习英语贵在坚持、持久的不懈努力才能取得最后的成功。希望同学们加油，进步！
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马上就要进行大学英语四六级口语考试了，很多同学问到该怎样备考，其实口语考试真的不难，当然要考很好的成绩（A，A-）也不是那么容易，经过一个月的有针对性的练习，是完全可以在自己已有的水平上提高一个档次的。不过需要记住的是，口语是需要进行练习的，只有通过大量的训练，才能切实提高语言水平！ 现在把我以前上辅导课时准备的一些相关的材料陆续发上来，希望对将要考试的同学有帮助。 首先，掌握必要的语言功能，其中，最重要的是 1.“友好往来”中的介绍： 1) Ladies and gentlemen. First of all, allow me to introduce myself. My name is Wang Tao. I'm from Hunan Medical University. My major is plastic surgery. 2) Good morning, everyone. May I take the liberty to introduce myself? I'm Fang Min. I'm an English major from Hunan University. 3) Hello, everybody. I'd like to introduce myself first. 4) Allow me to introduce myself. I'm Peter Johnson from the United States. 5) It's an honor to be here. Please allow me to introduce myself. 6) It’s my great honor to introduc e myself here. 7) It's indeed my pleasure to be here. I would like to introduce myself. 2.“相互交流”中的开始交谈，继续交谈，改变话题，停止交谈： Initiating a conversation 开始交谈 1) Oh, Mr. Wang, there's something I'd like to talk to you about.
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●Twenty Minutes’ Reading on P18-21 ●Translate the following passage into Chinese Trading error dims Everbright's prospects The record 523 million yuan ($85 million) fine may seem big, but Everbright Securities Co's troubles are far from over. The company is facing claims estimated at 2.7 billion yuan by investors alleged to have been misled by the company's deliberate withholding of information about its 7.2 billion yuan trading mistake. But lawyers said potential claimants may need more information from the China Securities Regulatory Commission investigation to pin Everbright down. According to the Securities Law of China, the principal should shoulder responsibility if insider trading incurs any losses. But Liu Mingjun, director of the capital market department of Beijing Celue Law Firm, told Xinhua News Agency that there is a lack of detailed interpretation and regulations in the Securities Law. In the United States, investors who can prove they suffered a loss as a result of insider trading would bring a civil claim against the broker responsible for it, said Gene Buttrill, capital markets practice partner at the global law firm Jones Day. So far, the commission has only handed down the penalty with a note saying that investors who felt cheated can seek redress through litigation. It has not disclosed details of its investigation that showed how Everbright stonewalled the stock exchange on Aug 16, allowing itself time to engage in insider trading to cover its potential losses. Following Everbright's former president Xu Haoming's resignation on Aug 22, Yang Chizhong, assistant executive, and Mei Jian, secretary of the board of directors, resigned on Saturday. Xu and Yang, together with Shen Shiguang, general manager of the accounting department, and Yang Jianbo, general manager of the strategic department, were fined by the commission and banned from any work involving the stock exchange. Buttrill of Jones Day said insider trading cases in the US carry both criminal and civil penalties. "For serious cases, jail sentences are often appropriate," he added. The share price of Everbright Securities plummeted 8.54 percent to close at 9.21 yuan on Monday, while the benchmark Shanghai Composite Index
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大学英语口语测试试题 1.Shopping 1)Do you enjoy shopping? Why or why not? I seldom go shopping. It takes too much time. I like to go shopping very much. It is so interesting. 2) What do you usually buy when you go shopping? I only shop for daily necessities, such as toothbrush, toothpaste, toilet paper, cleansing cream, soap, shampoo, washing powder… I like music/books so sometimes I go to campus bookstores to look for my favorite CDs/the recent bestsellers. 3) Where do you usually go shopping, supermarkets or department stores? Downtown or in campus stores ? I usually do my shopping at large supermarkets/campus stores/shops nearby since they often have good buys/it saves time. I enjoy shopping at supermarkets. I love to see shelf on shelf stacked with all kinds of delicious /nice things. Supermarkets are so convenient. You can get almost everything you want in a big supermarket. I hate shopping in a supermarket. It’s always so crowded/the quality of goods is questionable/not so good/ not guaranteed. I like going shopping in big department stores downtown because I think they offer a better service. 4)When you buy a dress or a coat, which do you give first priority to: color, price, quality, style or brand name? I think price/color/style/quality is the most important. I love to buy clothes that are in fashion but they are mostly too expensive for me. I love buying things when they are on sale and I often manage to get a good deal. 5) Do you enjoy bargaining? Are you good at it? I love sales/enjoy bargaining/am good at bargaining with street peddlers. I always/never ask for a discount. 2. Sports 1) Do you like sports? What is your favorite sport? I like swimming/jogging/fishing/tennis, etc. My favorite sport is basket/volleyball/football, etc. 2)Do you like jogging? Why or why not? Jogging is considered a healthy sport for both the young and the old/for people of all ages. Many people begin jogging because they believe it is a very good form of exercise/can make their hearts stronger / can help them lose weight. Jogging against the cold wind is also a test of one’s will power. 3)Why do people need to play sports? Playing sports can help us to relax. Sitting in a chair all day has made me very lazy. I can get my figure back if I play a sport. I can meet some new friends when I play sports.
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1.Traveling alone Please talk about traveling alone according to the following hints 1) Describing traveling alone 2) Advantages of traveling alone 3) How to prepare for a solo travel Nowadays,traveling alone is not uncommon, most people love traveling alone becaus e of the feeling on their roads.Traveling alone can open you up to unique personal ex perience in new place. If you love freedom,Traveling alone is your best choice.When you are traveling alone, your time and budget（预 算） are your own! It's all up to you how much time to spend someplace, what your daily modes（方 式） of travelwill be！ And it's easier to make friends with the locals. Solo travel can be a great opportunity for reflection and moving at an individual pace. Traveling by y ourself, you only have to please yourself. But you should prepare for your solo travel ,too.Without a thoughtful preparation,your traveling won’t be so successfully. You ha ve to prepare all your need before setting off.Like medicine,ID card,passport,camera and so on.A solo travel means you may be lonely and bored,so bring some interesting magizines to make your travel more funny. And the last,do what you want! Teacher’s Questions: 1)Would you like to travel in a group or alone? (Why or Why not?) Yes.Because it’s an unusual experience for me to learn how to be more independent,and I also enj oy the unconstraint. 2) What places are your ideal destinations if you are traveling solo? Why do you t hink so? HaiNan island.Because the scenery there is very charming and I can eat bananas and coconut as many as I can. 2. Staying Healthy The following are ways some people try to stay healthy. Please offer your comments. 1) Regular exercise 2) Balanced diet 3) Good living habit Health is the most precious（珍贵 的） wealth we have,so it is important to take good care of our health,here are some advice to help you to stay healthy. There is an old saying says:An apple a day keep doctor away.A balance diet is import
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T opic one S tudying Abroad 1.Do you want to go abroad to study further? Why or why not ? Not .The cost of living in other countries is quite expensi v e S tudying abroad can be di f ficult Suffer cultural shock – the cultural differences make you hard to get into the community take some time to adjust to a new w ay of living lack of language ability, di f ficulty in studying 2.If you intend to study abroad, which country do you prefer? And why? Here are the advanced science and technology ,Not only have the good language environment, but also can improve the ability of learning E nglish 3.If you study abroad, which major of project would you prefer to choose? Why? I w ant to major in P sychology, First I very interested in psychology, Second P eople's life stress on psychology have great demand, the last thing I w ant to be a psychologist after occupation 4.What are the advantages of studying abroad? We can know di f ferent culture from there..di f ferent peoples,traditions,di f ferent cuisines etc., If we study in abroad means, we can easily know abt the life,how world seeing us and we're seeing the world.. More important,we get nice discipline from abroad countries. 5.Do you think there are any shortcomings of studying abroad? Heavy financial burden to the family Cost of living in other country is quite expensive Tuition fees is quite high 6.Can you imagine the various difficulties you will encounter when you are studying abroad ? We may encounter some di f ficulties when w e study in foreign country. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a313715570.html,nguage barriers, cannot interact with local people well 2.Culture shock (unfamiliar culture and social customs, which may result in conflict.) 3. Live alone / need to take care of yoursel f / need to deal w ith all housework 4. Work for living (balance the time spend in life, w ork and study) 7.When you complete your studies abroad, would you choose to come back or stay overseas? Why? Maybe I will come back, because in China there are more chances, and I love my hometown, I want to take care of my parents come back: family reason (look after parents) / personal reason (miss hometown, love hometown, have better
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以下为爱麟霖/(Curlylin)倾情奉献，需要的朋友可以参考一下 7. Friendship (Listening and Speaking Course, Unit 3; Integrated Course, Unit 2) 1) Do you have many friends? What kind of people do you want to make friends with? Why? Yes. I’d like to make friends with loyal people. In my opinion,a friend is a person who can share his/hers happiness with you, who can lend you a shoulder when you cry,who can give you a hand when you are in trouble without asking for anything in return. In a word,a friend in need is a friend indeed, I think a loyal people can do the things which were mentioned above for his/hers true friend. So I prefer to make friends with loyal people, and I also believe I am a loyal people who you can make friends with. 2) How do you make friends? Please comment on “a friend you buy isn’t worth the price”. First,I’d like to talk to him to find out whether we have the same interest with each other. If the answer is YES,then we have the foundation to develop a friendship. The next days, all we need to do is to treat each other by heart and soul. 3) How valuable is friendship in a person’s life? How can we keep friendship alive? As for me, I regard friendship as a very important part in my life.Just imagine a life,there’s no one to be your friend. What life could be if you had no friend to talk to , no friend to comfore you and cheer you up when you were having a hard time,no friend to lend you a hand when you needed help …… Life without friends is unthinkable ... We have to do hard work to build up and sustain our friendship. First, let your friends know that you really care about them.It’s important to give some cues to your friends. Be sure your friend knows that she is cared about.Second,try to be with your friends when they are in trouble when they need you. Keeping friendship alive is not only to say some sweet words,but need some real action. 4) What does friendship mean to you? What kind of friends do you think are true friends? It's a fantastic experience in whole of my life. Friendship to me is what water to fish.I can't live without a real friend. 2问见（1） 5) How can we get along well with other people? To begin with, we need to be honest with others and always say what we mean. Lies will surely make people stay far away from us in the long run. After all,honesty is the best policy. Second, we have to be humble enough. If we are proud in public, we can hardly win other's respect, not to mention "friendship" . Finally, we must not be selfish. We should learn how to show concern for others. As long as we abide[?'ba?d] by what is mentioned above, we will find it easy to get along well with others.
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关键词 1.Beauty Everyone admires beauty. Everyone has his own standard about beauty. Nowadays some people tend to think that they own beauty if they have a good looking. They are not satisfied with their appearance. They spend much money taking a kind of operation. I don't think beauty can be man-made. If so, everybody can get beauty. As a result, there is no beauty at all. The appearance is given by our parents and is unique in the world. Everyone should value it. I would rather view nature as the standard of beauty. Just accept ourselves, and create the beautiful life belonging to us. Many heroes don't have beautiful surface. However, their beautiful images often come to our minds. Their beauty comes from their contributions to the society. Don't be eager to judge whether a person is beautiful or not, without a thorough understanding of him. A beautiful person is not the one with a good looking, but with a kind heart. Good looking is pleasant while spiritual (精神) beauty is more important. As an old saying goes, "Virtue is fairer than beauty. "If you have a kind heart, you own real beauty. 2.Contest ●beauty contest I think beauty contest does more harm than good. To start with ,it may lead players lack of confidence even to have a plastic 's more , It may mislead their value winner in the competition could get a lot of things, like money, fame, social awareness and so on. Then,it may cause the female pay too much attention to appearance, They may spending more time and money on fashion, cosmetics, hair styling and even cosmetic surgery . But ignore the inner beauty ,the true beauty. Finally, beauty contests are usually carried out within a period of time，we can not judge a person's beauty and ugliness, and good or bad in this limited time. So I think beauty contest does more harm than good. 3.Appearance ●In what ways can people improve their appearance? Some people just want to improve their looks in small ways. They may go on a diet to maintain a good figure, they make up to improve their appearance, put a facial mask or skin smoother on their faces during the night, have their teeth straightened, or have their nails polished. Some others have a face-lift to change their nose or chin, make their single-fold eyelids double folded, and have their skin tightened to smooth out wrinkles and crow’s feet. Some even inject botox(瘦脸针) to remove wrinkles. More drastically, some people may have liposuction to remove ,in my opinion the best way to improve appearance is trying to learn to be more elegant and to be more Knowledgeable. ●Why do some people want to improve their appearance? A love of beauty is part of human nature. People like to see beautiful scenery, flowers, and animals. It is not strange that they also want to look at good-looking humans and improve the way they look themselves. With improved features, one may find a better job, attract a more desirable spouse, and gain faster occupations attach great importance to appearance. Most actors, anchorpersons, and fashion models can be recognized by their is sometimes argued that by looking good, one tends to feel self-confident. With confidence, success is more likely to follow in any undertaking. 4.plastic surgery ●What disadvantages are there in plastic surgery? We should not attempt to change our physical appearance by cosmetic means. Such changes may bring unexpected
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Do you think “we all have a responsibility to be safe”? There is no denying that safety plays an important part in our daily life. Recently our school has carried out a program aiming at increasing our safety awareness. I consider this as indeed a good practice, which will remind us that safety should always come first in our daily life, whether when we stay at school or outside it. For example, when we are doing sports, we should attach great importance to safety and avoid being hurt. Besides, we should follow the traffic rules when we are going to school or when we are on our way back home. I firmly believe that we should develop a good sense of safety and do everything safely. What measures have been taken to prevent driving infractions like drunk driving and speeding in China? Driving infractions cases have been increasing and have caused numerous deaths. A more severe punishment should be given to those who drive after they have drunk, especially to those who are drunk and have caused serious injuries or deaths while driving.In order to crack downdriving infractions, the government should introduce a more severe law. Besides, more measures should be taken to cultivate the drivers’ awareness of traffic laws and respect others’ lives as well as their own when they are driving on the road, which I think should be the key to decrease drunken driving cases. Can you tell us how to escape a fire, esp. when you are in a high-rise building? As we know, no one knows for sure when a fire will happen, so it is extremely necessary to make preparations before a fire starts. To beginwith, checking the fire escape in advance and make sure that you can find it when lights have failed.What’s more, taking care not to be overcome by smoke, which containing monoxide gas, can kill you quickly. At last, cover your mouth with a wet towel or a wet cloth, and avoid getting into the smoke. In short, if you make preparations before and take precautions during the fire, chances are that you will survive in case of a fire if it really breaks out some day. What are the things you have to defend yourself so that you can have a peaceful and wonderful life?