研究方法

1.客观观察法：Observation is guided more or less by the observer's expectations or desires, since each observer, armed with different knowledge and experience, has his own purpose by observing. However, observation, especially in the fields of science or conducted by those who view things without prejudice, could be relatively objective.
2.参与观察法：Participant observation is a minimal methodology in geography. Its credo is to keep as close to the spatial phenomenon as is possible and it is thereby quite distinct from methodologies that emphasize distance and objectivity. Participant observation involves observing and participating.What is it Participant observation is perhaps the easiest method in the world to use since it is ubiquitous and we can all already do it. From the moment we are born we are in various ways observing the world around us and trying to participate in it.
3.内省反思法：Introspection is the self-observation and reporting of conscious inner thoughts, desires and sensations. It is a conscious mental and usually purposive process relying on thinking, reasoning, and examining one's own thoughts, feelings, and, in more spiritual cases, one's soul.
4.追溯回顾法：Retrospective recall refers to memory for people, words, and events encountered or experienced in the past. It includes all other types of memory including episodic, semantic and non-declarative. It can be either implicit or explicit. In contrast, prospective memory involves remembering something or remembering to do something after a delay, such as buying groceries on the way home from work. However, it is very closely linked to retrospective memory, since certain aspects of retrospective recall are required for prospective memory.
5.社会网络法：Social network analysis views social relationships in terms of network theory consisting of nodes and ties (also called edges, links, or connections). Nodes are the individual actors within the networks, and ties are the relationships between the actors. The resulting graph-based structures are often very complex. There can be many kinds of ties between the nodes. Research in a number of academic fields has shown that social networks operate on many levels, from families up to the level of nations, and play a critical role in determining the way problems are solved, organizations are run, and the degree to which individuals succeed in achieving their goals.
6.自我报告法：A self-report method is a type of survey, questionnaire, or poll in which respondents read the question and select a response by themselves without researcher interference. A self report is any method which involves asking a participant about their feelings, attitudes, beliefs and so on. Examples of self reports are questionnaires and interviews but note that self reports are often used as a way of gaining participants responses in observational studies and experiments.
7.访谈调查法：An interview is a conversati

on between two people (the interviewer and the interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee.
8.个案分析法：A case study is a research method common in social science. It is based on an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event. Case studies may be descriptive or explanatory. The latter type is used to explore causation in order to find underlying principles. They may be prospective, in which criteria are established and cases fitting the criteria are included as they become available, or retrospective, in which criteria are established for selecting cases from historical records for inclusion in the study.
Rather than using samples and following a rigid protocol (strict set of rules) to examine limited number of variables, case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal (over a long period of time) examination of a single instance or event: a case. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in future research. Case studies lend themselves to both generating and testing hypotheses.
9.问卷调查法：A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Although they are often designed for statistical analysis of the responses, this is not always the case. The questionnaire was invented by Sir Francis Galton.
Questionnaires have advantages over some other types of surveys in that they are cheap, do not require as much effort from the questioner as verbal or telephone surveys, and often have standardized answers that make it simple to compile data. However, such standardized answers may frustrate users. Questionnaires are also sharply limited by the fact that respondents must be able to read the questions and respond to them. Thus, for some demographic groups conducting a survey by questionnaire may not be practical.
10.有声思维法：Think-aloud protocol (or think-aloud protocols, or TAP) is a method used to gather data in usability testing in product design and development, in psychology and a range of social sciences (e.g., reading, writing and translation process research). The think-aloud method was introduced in the usability field by Clayton Lewis [1] while he was at IBM, and is explained in Task-Centered User Interface Design: A Practical Introduction by C. Lewis and J. Rieman.The method was developed based on the techniques of protocol analysis by Ericsson and Simon.
Think aloud protocols involve participants thinking aloud as they are performing a set of specified tasks. Users are asked to say whatever they are looking at, thinking, doing, and feeling, as they go about their task. This enables observers to see

first-hand the process of task completion (rather than only its final product). Observers at such a test are asked to objectively take notes of everything that users say, without attempting to interpret their actions and words. Test sessions are often audio and video taped so that developers can go back and refer to what participants did, and how they reacted. The purpose of this method is to make explicit what is implicitly present in subjects who are able to perform a specific task.
11.综合调查法：Comprehensive Analysis refers to the interdisciplinary field of securities and investment analysis involving fundamental analysis, technical analysis, and derivative analysis. The goal of Comprehensive Analysis is to identify the point at which each discipline agrees with the other, and forms an optimal point that investors can target in order to generate income and cash flow, or, trade the equities and options markets. Known as the optimal investment point , or, the optimal investment opportunity, comprehensive analysis incorporates traditional investment analysis methods and theories with computer science, set theory, probability, statistics, artificial intelligence and logic. Though the process of identifying the optimal point can be performed manually, the vast amounts of data required are best accomplished by algorithmic-based technologies. By analyzing techniques common to fundamental, technical, and derivative analysis, an algorithm can identify entry and exist points within the equities and derivative markets that most investors seeking income and growth find favorable. This comprehensive approach leaves nothing on the table. By analyzing all possible data, it eliminates the classic argument between fundamental, technical, and derivative analysts as to which method is best.
12.系统研究法：The systems approach integrates the analytic and the synthetic method, encompassing both holism and reductionism. It was first proposed under the name of "General System Theory" by the biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy. von Bertalanffy noted that all systems studied by physicists are closed: they do not interact with the outside world. When a physicist makes a model of the solar system, of an atom, or of a pendulum, he or she assumes that all masses, particles, forces that affect the system are included in the model. It is as if the rest of the universe does not exist. This makes it possible to calculate future states with perfect accuracy, since all necessary information is known.
13.追踪调查法：In firearms, a follow-up shot is the shot(s) fired subsequently after the first shot. Follow-up accuracy is the accuracy of the follow-up shots, which is usually determined by the recoil and handling of the firearm.
14.实证法：An empirical theory of perception is a kind of explanation for how percepts arise. These theories hold that sensory systems incorporate information about the statistical properties of the natural world into their design

and relate incoming stimuli to this information, rather than analyzing sensory stimulation into its components or features.
15.统计法：Statistical survey is a method used to collect in a systematic way, information from a sample of individuals. Although most people are familiar with public opinion surveys that are reported in the press, most surveys are not public opinion polls (such as political polling), but are used for scientific purposes. Surveys provide important information for all kinds of research fields, e.g., marketing research, psychology, health professionals and sociology. A survey may focus on different topics such as preferences (e.g., for a presidential candidate) , behavior (smoking and drinking behavior), or factual information(e.g., income), depending on its purpose. Since survey research is always based on a sample of the population, the success of the research is dependent on the representativeness of the population of concern (see also sampling (statistics)).
调查法

调查法是科学研究中最常用的方法之一。它是有目的、有计划、有系统地搜集有关研究对象现实状况或历史状况的材料的方法。调查方法是科学研究中常用的基本研究方法，它综合运用历史法、观察法等方法以及谈话、问卷、个案研究、测验等科学方式，对教育现象进行有计划的、周密的和系统的了解，并对调查搜集到的大量资料进行分析、综合、比较、归纳，从而为人们提供规律性的知识。


调查法中最常用的是问卷调查法，它是以书面提出问题的方式搜集资料的一种研究方法，即调查者就调查项目编制成表式，分发或邮寄给有关人员，请示填写答案，然后回收整理、统计和研究。

观察法

观察法是指研究者根据一定的研究目的、研究提纲或观察表，用自己的感官和辅助工具去直接观察被研究对象，从而获得资料的一种方法。科学的观察具有目的性和计划性、系统性和可重复性。在科学实验和调查研究中，观察法具有如下几个方面的作用：①扩大人们的感性认识。②启发人们的思维。③导致新的发现。


实验法

实验法是通过主支变革、控制研究对象来发现与确认事物间的因果联系的一种科研方法。其主要特点是：第一、主动变革性。观察与调查都是在不干预研究对象的前提下去认识研究对象，发现其中的问题。而实验却要求主动操纵实验条件，人为地改变对象的存在方式、变化过程，使它服从于科学认识的需要。第二、控制性。科学实验要求根据研究的需要，借助各种方法技术，减少或消除各种可能影响科学的无关因素的干扰，在简化、纯化的状态下认识研究对象。第三，因果性。实验以发现、确认事物之间的因果联系的有效工具和必要途径。

文献研究

法

文献研究法是根据一定的研究目的或课题，通过调查文献来获得资料，从而全面地、正确地了解掌握所要研究问题的一种方法。文献研究法被子广泛用于各种学科研究中。其作用有：①能了解有关问题的历史和现状，帮助确定研究课题。②能形成关于研究对象的一般印象，有助于观察和访问。③能得到现实资料的比较资料。④有助于了解事物的全貌。

实证研究法

实证研究法是科学实践研究的一种特殊形式。其依据现有的科学理论和实践的需要，提出设计，利用科学仪器和设备，在自然条件下，通过有目的有步骤地操纵，根据观察、记录、测定与此相伴随的现象的变化来确定条件与现象之间的因果关系的活动。主要目的在于说明各种自变量与某一个因变量的关系。

定量分析法

在科学研究中，通过定量分析法可以使人们对研究对象的认识进一步精确化，以便更加科学地揭示规律，把握本质，理清关系，预测事物的发展趋势。

定性分析法

定性分析法就是对研究对象进行“质”的方面的分析。具体地说是运用归纳和演绎、分析与综合以及抽象与概括等方法，对获得的各种材料进行思维加工，从而能去粗取精、去伪存真、由此及彼、由表及里，达到认识事物本质、揭示内在规律。

跨学科研究法

运用多学科的理论、方法和成果从整体上对某一课题进行综合研究的方法，也称“交叉研究法”。科学发展运动的规律表明，科学在高度分化中又高度综合，形成一个统一的整体。据有关专家统计，现在世界上有2000多种学科，而学科分化的趋势还在加剧，但同时各学科间的联系愈来愈紧密，在语言、方法和某些概念方面，有日益统一化的趋势。

个案研究法

个案研究法是认定研究对象中的某一特定对象，加以调查分析，弄清其特点及其形成过程的一种研究方法。个案研究有三种基本类型：(1)个人调查，即对组织中的某一个人进行调查研究；(2)团体调查，即对某个组织或团体进行调查研究；(3)问题调查，即对某个现象或问题进行调查研究。

功能分析法

功能分析法是社会科学用来分析社会现象的一种方法，是社会调查常用的分析方法之一。它通过说明社会现象怎样满足一个社会系统的需要（即具有怎样的功能）来解释社会现象。

数量研究法

数量研究法也称“统计分析法”和“定量分析法”，指通过对研究对象的规模、速度、范围、程度等数量关系的分析研究，认识和揭示事物间的相互关系、变化规律和发展趋势，借以达到对事物的正确解释和预测的一种研究方法。

模拟法（模型方法）

模拟法是

先依照原型的主要特征，创设一个相似的模型，然后通过模型来间接研究原型的一种形容方法。根据模型和原型之间的相似关系，模拟法可分为物理模拟和数学模拟两种。

探索性研究法

探索性研究法是高层次的科学研究活动。它是用已知的信息，探索、创造新知识，产生出新颖而独特的成果或产品。

信息研究方法

信息研究方法是利用信息来研究系统功能的一种科学研究方法。美国数学、通讯工程师、生理学家维纳认为，客观世界有一种普遍的联系，即信息联系。当前，正处在“信息革命”的新时代，有大量的信息资源，可以开发利用。信息方法就是根据信息论、系统论、控制论的原理，通过对信息的收集、传递、加工和整理获得知识，并应用于实践，以实现新的目标。信息方法是一种新的科研方法，它以信息来研究系统功能，揭示事物的更深一层次的规律，帮助人们提高和掌握运用规律的能力。

经验总结法

经验总结法是通过对实践活动中的具体情况，进行归纳与分析，使之系统化、理论化，上升为经验的一种方法。总结推广先进经验是人类历史上长期运用的较为行之有效的领导方法之一。

描述性研究法

描述性研究法是一种简单的研究方法，它将已有的现象、规律和理论通过自己的理解和验证，给予叙述并解释出来。它是对各种理论的一般叙述，更多的是解释别人的论证，但在科学研究中是必不可少的。它能定向地提出问题，揭示弊端，描述现象，介绍经验，它有利于普及工作，它的实例很多，有带揭示性的多种情况的调查；有对实际问题的说明；也有对某些现状的看法等。

数学方法

数学方法就是在撇开研究对象的其他一切特性的情况下，用数学工具对研究对象进行一系列量的处理，从而作出正确的说明和判断，得到以数字形式表述的成果。科学研究的对象是质和量的统一体，它们的质和量是紧密联系,质变和量变是互相制约的。要达到真正的科学认识，不仅要研究质的规定性，还必须重视对它们的量进行考察和分析，以便更准确地认识研究对象的本质特性。数学方法主要有统计处理和模糊数学分析方法。

思维方法

思维方法是人们正确进行思维和准确表达思想的重要工具，在科学研究中最常用的科学思维方法包括归纳演绎、类比推理、抽象概括、思辩想象、分析综合等，它对于一切科学研究都具有普遍的指导意义。

系统科学方法

20世纪，系统论、控制论、信息论等横向科学的迅猛发展，为发展综合思维方式提供了有力的手段，使科学研究方法不断地完善。而以系统论方法、控制论

方法和信息论方法为代表的系统科学方法，又为人类的科学认识提供了强有力的主观手段。它不仅突破了传统方法的局限性，而且深刻地改变了科学方法论的体系。这些新的方法，既可以作为经验方法，作为获得感性材料的方法来使用，也可以作为理论方法，作为分析感性材料上升到理性认识的方法来使用，而且作为后者的作用比前者更加明显。它们适用于科学认识的各个阶段，因此，我们称其为系统科学方法。