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大学英语四六级考试听力应对策略

大学英语四六级考试听力应对策略
大学英语四六级考试听力应对策略

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一、四级考试对听力能力的要求

《大学英语课程教学基本要求》对学生英语听力能力的一般要求(即四级水平)可以量化为:能听懂英语授课、能听懂日常英语谈话和一般性题材讲座、能基本听懂英语慢速节目,语速130词每分钟,并能运用基本听力技巧帮助理解中心思想和信息要点,准确率不低于70%。

二、四级听力考试的演变过程

从87年到2006年,听力测试一直是四级考试中的第一项内容, 传统的听力测试形式为部分两部分, 对话理解和短文理解。对话部分一般包括10 个对话,涉及到英美生活的不同侧面和英语表达的不同意念和功能。短文部分一般有三个段落,总计10个问题,分别涉及到考生对短文中重要信息或是重要细节的把握和理解。过去几年里,四级听力测试的形式在不断翻新变化,增加了听写填空和复合式听写。改革以前仍然以对话理解和短文理解为测试的常见形式,复合式听写和短文理解交替考查。四级听力测试中的时间规定为20分钟,实际上从试听声音到录音结束一般为16分钟。

2006年12月,新四级考试在全国范围内新鲜出炉,变化最大的就是听力部分。从考试大纲到样题、乃至已经用过的真题听力,内行不难发现:对话部分保留了8个传统形式的短对话,增加了2组长对话,每组6—10 个话轮,两组共7个问题,每题有四个选项。短文听力仍然为三个段落,段落长度在200—240词左右,总共10个问题;复合式听写要听三遍,补全8个单词,根据意思写出三个句子,文章长读为240到280个单词。

三、新四级听力考试的题型分析

八个短对话理解的题型一般有时间,地点,职业,关系,活动,态度,观点或者看法,直接含义,间接暗示等。

两组长对话的理解题型一般随话轮的交替而追问事件的先后次序、事件的因果关系、事件的逻辑对比和对照等关系,以及对话一方的行为和打算等。

短文理解一般由三篇题材熟悉,内容难度适当,话题比较流行,字数在250字左右的小品文或者小故事组成。每篇文章之后有2—3个问题,问题往往涉及到考生对短文中重要细节,中心思想,作者态度,特殊词汇的理解。考生在短文理解中的难点在于信息量大,很难记住听到的信息。再加上选项设计模棱两可,就更增加了排除的难度。

复合式听写包括两个部分,第一部分前八个空格要求考生根据磁带内容准确地填出空格所缺词汇,一般为每空一个单词。第二部分后三个空格要求考生听完后根据自己的理解写出文章中所缺少的信息。考生可以根据正确理解,用自己的话语,也可以用听到的原文。复合式听写的短文长度一般为250词左右,全文朗读三遍,第二遍速度较慢,中间有停顿。整个考试时间为15 分钟。

四、新四级听力的应对策略

(1)关于短对话听力的应对策略:

八个短对话按照真题分析可以归纳为如下场景:涉及校园场景(宿舍、教室、实验室、图书馆等高频词汇)、天气场景(天气变化、温度变化、降水、降雪、风沙等灾害性天气)、医院场景(问诊、问候、问药、问价、问方向、)、面试场景(个

人爱好、兴趣、教育背景、工作经历、对应聘职位的了解和期盼、对工资待遇和上班时间的特殊要求等)、租房场景(租金、押金以及数额、支付方式、房客应遵循的规则、对房屋设施等的介绍)、娱乐场景(影院、剧院、舞厅、球场、游泳等娱乐设施)、餐馆场景(定座、点菜、结账、小费、投诉等场景词汇)、选课场景(选修课程、必修课程、课程难度、教授要求、同学推荐、参考书目)、作业场景(教师与学生、学生与学生、课程作业、课程论文、学期论文、期中测试、单元小节等)、图书馆场景(借书、还书、丢书、续借、查询、罚单等高频词汇)。英语交际通常使用一种模式化的语言,在固定的场景中其词汇和表达也相对比较固定,平时注意积累场景高频词汇和习惯表达,考生只要在复习时重点突出,强化训练,就可以在四级听力短对话部分做到未听半知的状态。

短对话听力测试突破的第二个途径就是分析选项,因为客观题目的选项设计一般都有其内在的逻辑关系,有些相互印证,有些截然对立,还有些毫不相关,但是至少可以帮助考生提示关键词汇和表达,所以抢时间阅读选项就非常重要。笔者过去的辅导经历大致经历了四个阶段:逐步从最初阶段的“直接听到的是答案”(最简单)过渡到“直接听到的往往不是答案”(迷惑干扰)再到“四个选项提到仨”(未提及选项)到现在的“各路英雄全都有”(必须听完问题)。虽然短对话的选项设计更加复杂,但是笔者认为辅导中绝大多数情况下还是遵循“同义词替换”的原则。比较经典的例子就是:如果对话中出现了taxi driver, 选项中的正确答案一般不会包含这个词汇,而是用同义的cabdriver 替换。

(2)两组长对话是个新生事物,对学生短时记忆和快速提取信息的能力提出了更为严峻的挑战。长对话分值为7%,难度上增加不大,但是话轮的频繁更替使部分考生不太适应。建议学生训练时要抓紧时间审题、读选项、做笔记,否则考试中很难适应。从出题类型分析,长对话的问题主要集中在:原因追问(在英语中表达原因的句型非常普遍,但是比较实用而考试又常见的有介词thanks to/due to/because of/owing to、连词as/since/because/for、介词短语on the ground that/for fear that/seeing that等)、建议句型(how about/what about/ what will you say?)、反问句式(why not? Why don’t…? isn’t it…? )、语意转折(however/although/nevertheless), 固定表达(It’s not my cup of tea, I have little to do with, it’s beyond my knowledge, it’s up to you etc)。

(3)短文听力一般由三个自然段构成,体裁涉及范围变化不大,而且重复率较高。基本上以议论文、说明文和记叙文三大体裁为听力素材的基本内容。听力理解的短文每段一般有三到四个问题,问题往往涉及议论文的论点、分论点、典型论据以及结论和作者态度方面等;而说明文则就所说明的对象、它的典型特征、主要步骤和关键细节等提问;记叙文则以考察事情的起因、经过和结果等要素为提问的核心内容。短文听力理解和短文阅读理解的不同之处就在于口头信息转瞬消失,所以考生必须(a)充分利用问题后面的选项提示,大胆预测短文的内容。(b)及时做好听力笔记,摘要记录关键信息。(c)抓住问题的含义,进行正确推导。(d)利用题目之间的选项关系进行适度地类推和印证,从而得出正确答案。短文听力对考生的语言感知能力、逻辑思维能力、短时记忆能力都是一个挑战。考生只有在多读、多听的基础上才能提高短文理解的准确率。

(4)复合式听写的短文长度一般为250字左右, 全文通读三遍, 要求考生在第一遍后能够了解材料的主要内容和关键信息。第二遍要求考生根据听到的内容将短文中缺少的词汇填空, 第二遍朗读速度较慢。第三遍阅读速度最快,要求考生检查听写的内容。听写填空对于四级考生来讲,主要难度在于词汇的掌握和理

解,尤其是测试中常见的高频词汇。

“复合式听写要读三遍”是其它短文听力所不具备的优势,而且单词听写总有我们捡漏的办法,所以这一部应当是“大有可为”的英雄用武之地,可惜的是以往的考试中间,许多学生由于大意或者粗心,而把该得的分都丢了。单词听写的范围集中在(1)历年真题中出现过的高频词汇,比如artificially(人工地), emotionally(情绪化地),occasionally (偶尔地)等。(2)英语单词发音和拼写不一致的单词,比如sergeant (中士) rhyme (韵律) schedule (时间表) campaign (战役、运动) gauge (规尺)等。(3) 英语单词中含有不发音的字母,比如island (岛屿) exhibition (展览) government (政府) isle (群岛) climb (攀爬) ironing (熨烫)等。

复合式听写的句子填空的步骤:完整地听、简要地记、仔细地核。句子填空的关键技巧是句子重构,原句照搬是很难的。句子重构可以通过关键词提炼和难词替换来完成。句子听写是听力最难的部分,考生同时可以根据上下文的信息来推测大意,然后再结合听到的内容进行意义上的句子重构。

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