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AHRI 550-590 2011

2011 Standard for

Performance Rating Of Water-Chilling and

Heat Pump Water-Heating Packages Using the Vapor Compression Cycle

IMPORTANT

SAFETY DISCLAIMER

AHRI does not set safety standards and does not certify or guarantee the safety of any products, components or systems designed, tested, rated, installed or operated in accordance with this standard/guideline. It is strongly recommended that products be designed, constructed, assembled, installed and operated in accordance with nationally recognized safety standards and code requirements appropriate for products covered by this standard/guideline.

AHRI uses its best efforts to develop standards/guidelines employing state-of-the-art and accepted industry practices.

AHRI does not certify or guarantee that any tests conducted under its standards/guidelines will be non-hazardous or free from risk.

AHRI CERTIFICATION PROGRAM PROVISIONS

The scope of the Certification Program is defined below. This scope is current as of the publication date of the standard. Revisions to the scope of the certification program can be found on AHRI website https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a14148522.html,. The scope of the Certification Program should not be confused with the scope of the standard as the standard covers products that are not covered by a certification program.

Included in Certification Program:

50 Hz a and 60 Hz Air-Cooled Chiller (ACCL) Product Inclusions

?Chillers between 0 and 200 tons R b manufactured prior to July 2011

?Chillers between 0 and 400 tons R b manufactured between July 2011 and July 2013

?Chillers between 0 and 600 tons R b manufactured after July 2013

?Units selected for use within the range of Application Rating Conditions as per AHRI Standard 550/590 (I-P)

?Hermetic or open type, electric motor driven

?Up to 600 volts

?All compressor types

?Units intended for use with glycol or other secondary coolant for freeze protection with a leaving chilled fluid temperature above 32.0°F are certified when tested with water at Standard Rating Conditions

Note a:50 Hz products selectively certified as per Section 1.4 of the Air-Cooled Water Chilling Packages

Using Vapor Compression Cycle Operations Manual

Note b: The cooling capacity in tons R at full-load AHRI Standard Rating Conditions per Table 1 of AHRI

Standard 550/590 (I-P).

60 Hz Water-Cooled Chiller (WCCL) Product Inclusions

?All compressor types;

?Chillers rated between 0 and 2,500 tons R c manufactured prior to January 2012

?Chillers rated between 0 and 3,000 tons R c manufactured after January 2012

?Hermetic or open type electric motor driven

?Units selected for use within the r a nge of Application Rating Conditions as per AHRI Standard 550/590 (I-P)

?Voltages up to 11,000 volts

?Voltages up to 15,000 volts after June 15, 2011

?Positive Displacement Units intended for use with glycol or other secondary coolant for freeze protection with a leaving chilled fluid temperature above 32.0°F are certified when tested with water at Standard

Rating Conditions

Note c: Rated capacity, tons R, for Positive Displacement chillers is the net cooling capacity at full-load

AHRI Standard Rating Conditions per Table 1 of AHRI Standard 550/590 (I-P). Rated capacity, tons R, for

centrifugal chillers is the net cooling capacity at full-load AHRI Application Rating Conditions within the

range permitted in Table 2 of AHRI Standard 550/590 (I-P).

50 Hz WCCL Product Inclusions

?Centrifugal & screw compressor chillers

?Chillers rated between 200 and 2500 tons R d

?Hermetic & open type, electric motor driven

?Units selected for use within the range of Application Rating Conditions as per AHRI Standard 550/590 (I-P) ?Voltages up to 11,000 volts

?Voltages up to 15,000 volts manufactured after June 15, 2011

?Positive Displacement Units intended for use with glycol or other secondary coolant for freeze protection with a leaving chilled fluid temperature above 32°F are certified when tested with water at Standard Rating Conditions

Note d: Rated capacity, tons R, for Positive Displacement chillers is the net cooling capacity at full-load AHRI Standard Rating Conditions per Table 1 of AHRI Standard 550/590. Rated capacity, tons R, for centrifugal chillers is the Net Refrigerating Capacity at full-load Application Rating Conditions within the range permitted in Table 2 of AHRI Standard 550/590 (I-P).

Excluded from the Certification Program:

50 Hz and 60 Hz ACCL Product Exclusions

?Condenserless chillers

?Evaporatively cooled chillers

?Chillers above 200 tons R manufactured prior to July 2011

?Chillers above 400 tons R manufactured prior to July 2013

?Chillers above 600 tons R

?Chillers with voltages above 600 volts

?Glycol and other secondary coolants are excluded when leaving chiller fluid temperature is below 32.0°F ?Custom units as defined in the section specific Operations Manual

?Field trial units as defined in the section specific Operations Manual

?Heat recovery & heat pump ratings are not certified, however manufacturers may elect to certify these chillers in the cooling mode and with the heat recovery option turned off

?Units for use outside of Application Rating Conditions

?Chillers that are not electrically driven, or that use open type compressors not supplied with motors by the manufacturer

?50 Hz Air-Cooled units that the manufacturer elects not to certify

60 Hz WCCL Product Exclusions

?Condenserless chillers

?Evaporatively cooled chillers

?Chillers above 2500 tons R manufactured prior to January 2012

?Chillers above 3000 tons R

?Chillers with voltages above 11,000 volts prior to June 15, 2011

?Chillers with voltages above 15,000 volts

?Chillers that are not electrically driven

?Chillers with motors not supplied with the unit by the manufacturer

?Glycol and other secondary coolants are excluded when leaving chiller fluid temperature is below 32.0°F ?Custom units as defined in the section specific Operations Manual

?Field trial units as defined in the section specific Operations Manual

?Units for use outside of Application Rating Conditions

?Heat recovery & heat pump ratings are not certified; however, manufacturers may elect to certify these chillers in the cooling mode and with the heat recovery option turned off

Registered United States Patent and Trademark Office

50 Hz WCCL Product Exclusions

? Condenserless chillers

? Evaporatively cooled chillers

? Reciprocating and scroll Water-Chilling Packages ? Chillers below 200 tons R

? Chillers above 2,500 tons R manufactured prior to January 2012 ? Chillers above 3,000 tons R

? Chillers with voltages above 11,000 volts prior to June 15, 2011 ? Chillers with voltages above 15,000 volts ? Chillers that are not electrically driven

? Chillers with motors not supplied with the unit by the manufacturer

? Glycol and other secondary coolants are excluded when leaving chiller fluid temperature is below 32.0°F ? Custom units as defined in the section specific Operations Manual ? Field trial units as defined in the section specific Operations Manual ? Units for use outside of Application Rating Conditions

? Heat recovery & heat pump ratings are not certified, however manufacturers may elect to certify these

chillers in the cooling mode and with the heat recovery option turned off

Certified Ratings

The Water-Cooled and Air-Cooled Certification Program ratings verified by test are:

Operating Conditions Water-Cooled Air-Cooled

Standard Rating Conditions 1

Full Load ? Capacity 3

? Energy Efficiency ? Water Pressure Drop ? Capacity 3

? Energy Efficiency ? Water Pressure Drop Part Load ? IPLV 4 Energy Efficiency ? IPLV 4 Energy Efficiency Application Rating Conditions 2

Full Load ? Capacity 3

? Energy Efficiency ? Water Pressure Drop ? Capacity 3

? Energy Efficiency ? Water Pressure Drop Part Load

NPLV 5 Energy Efficiency

Not Applicable

Notes:

1. Standard Rating Conditions per AHRI Standard 550/590 Section 5.2

2. Application Rating Conditions per AHRI Standard 550/590 Section 5.3

3. Certified Capacity is the net Refrigerating Capacity per AHRI Standard 550/590 Section 3.3

4. Integrated Part-Load Value (IPLV) per AHRI Standard 550/590 Section

5.4 5. Non-Standard Part-Load Value (NPLV) per AHRI Standard 550/590 Section 5.4

With the following units of measure:

? Net Capacity, tons R

? Energy Efficiency, as applicable:

– Power Input per Capacity, kW/ton R ; or

– Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER), Btu/(W ?h); or – Coefficient of Performance (COP), watts/watt

? Evaporator and/or condenser Water Pressure Drop, ft H 2O

Note:

This standard supersedes AHRI Standard 550/590-2003 and is effective 1 January 2012

For SI ratings, see ANSI/AHRI Standard 551/591 (SI)-2011.

The requirements of Appendix G shall be effective on 1 January 2013 and optional prior to that date.

Accompanying this standard is an Excel Spreadsheet for the Computation of the Pressure Drop Adjustment Factors

(https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a14148522.html,/search+standards.aspx ).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE Section 1. Purpose (1)

Section 2. Scope (1)

Section 3. Definitions (1)

Section 4. Test Requirements (4)

Section 5. Rating Requirements (4)

Section 6. Minimum Data Requirements for Published Ratings (22)

Section 7. Conversions and Calculations (27)

Section 8. Marking and Nameplate Data (27)

Section 9. Conformance Conditions (28)

TABLES

Table 1. Standard Rating Conditions (6)

Table 2. Application Rating Conditions (8)

Table 3. Part-Load Conditions for Rating (10)

Table 4. Chiller Performance – IPLV (13)

Table 5. Chiller Performance – NPLV (14)

Table 6. Chiller Performance – Interpolated Data (14)

Table 7. Actual and Adjusted Performance for Example 4 (16)

Table 8. Performance Data for Example 5 (17)

Table 9. Actual and Adjusted Performance for Example 6 (18)

Table 10. Definition of Tolerances (19)

Table 11. Published Values (25)

Table 12. Conversion Factors (27)

FIGURES

Figure 1. Part Load Condenser Temperature for IPLV Test Points (12)

Figure 2. Rating Point Interpolation (15)

Figure 3. Allowable Tolerance (Tol1) Curves for Full and Part Load Points (20)

Figure 4. IPLV and NPLV Tolerance (Tol2) Curve (20)

APPENDICES

Appendix A. References – Normative (29)

Appendix B. References – Informative (30)

Appendix C. Method of Testing Water-Chilling and Water-Heating Packages Using the

Vapor Compression Cycle – Normative (31)

Appendix D. Derivation of Integrated Part-Load Value (IPLV) – Informative (45)

Appendix E. Chiller Condenser Entering Air Temperature Measurement – Normative (53)

Appendix F. Barometric Pressure Adjustment – Normative (59)

Appendix G. Water Side Pressure Drop Correction Procedure – Normative (61)

Appendix H. Heating Capacity Test Procedure – Normative (63)

TABLES FOR APPENDICES

Table C1. Accuracy Requirements for Test Instrumentation (34)

Table D1. Group 1 Air-Cooled IPLV Data and Calculation (50)

Table D2. Group 1 Water-Cooled IPLV Data and Calculation (51)

Table D3. Group 1 – 4 IPLV Summary (52)

Table E1. Temperature Measurement Requirements (53)

Table E2. Criteria for Air Distribution and Control of Air Temperature (54)

Table F1. Terms (60)

Table F2. Correction Factor (CF) Coefficients (60)

Table G1. K Factors for Elbow Arrangements (62)

Table H1. Test Tolerances (67)

FIGURES FOR APPENDICES

Figure D1. Ton R-Hour Distribution Categories (47)

Figure D2. Bin Groupings – Ton R-Hours (48)

Figure D3. Group 1 Ton R-Hour Distribution Categories (48)

Figure D4. Group 2 Ton R-Hour Distribution Categories (49)

Figure E1. Typical Air Sampling Tree (55)

Figure E2. Aspirating Psychrometer (56)

Figure E3. Determination of Measurement Rectangles and Required

Number of Air Sampler Trees (57)

Figure E4. Typical Test Setup Configurations (58)

Figure G1. Calibration Term for Included Angle for Expansion/Contraction Fittings (62)

7 PERFORMANCE RATING OF WATER-CHILLING AND HEAT PUMP WATER-HEATING PACKAGES USING THE VAPOR

COMPRESSION CYCLE

Section 1. Purpose

1.1Purpose. The purpose of this standard is to establish for Water-Chilling and Water-Heating Packages using the vapor compression cycle: definitions; test requirements; rating requirements; minimum data requirements for Published Ratings; marking and nameplate data; and conformance conditions.

1.1.1Intent. This standard is intended for the guidance of the industry, including manufacturers, engineers,

installers, efficiency regulators, contractors and users.

1.1.2Review and Amendment. This standard is subject to review and amendment as technology advances.

Section 2. Scope

2.1 Scope. This standard applies to factory-made vapor compression refrigeration Water-Chilling and Water-Heating Packages including one or more hermetic or open drive compressors. These Water-Chilling and Water-Heating Packages include:

?Water-Cooled, Air-Cooled, or Evaporatively-Cooled Condensers

?Water-Cooled heat reclaim condensers

?Air-to-water heat pump

?Water-to-water heat pumps with a capacity greater or equal to 135,000 Btu/h. Water-to-water heat pumps with a capacity less than 135,000 Btu/h are covered by the latest edition of AHRI Standard 320

Note that this standard covers products that may not currently be covered under a certification program.

Section 3. Definitions

All terms in this document follow the standard industry definitions in the current edition of ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration unless otherwise defined in this section.

3.1Auxiliary Power. Power provided to devices that are not integral to the operation of the vapor compression cycle such as, but not limited to: oil pumps, refrigerant pumps, control power, fans and heaters.

3.2Bubble Point. Refrigerant liquid saturation temperature at a specified pressure.

3.3Capacity. A measurable physical quantity that characterizes the water side heat flow rate, Btu/h or tons R. Capacity is defined as the mass flow rate of the water multiplied by the difference in enthalpy of water entering and leaving the heat exchanger, Btu/h or tons R. For this standard, the enthalpy change is approximated as the sensible heat transfer using specific heat and temperature difference, and in some calculations also the energy associated with water-side pressure losses.

3.3.1Gross Heating Capacity. The capacity of the Water Cooled Condenser as measured by the heat transfer from

the refrigerant in the condenser. This value includes both the sensible heat transfer and the pressure drop effects of the water flow through the condenser. This value is used to calculate the test heat balance. (Refer to Equations C12a and C12b).

3.3.2Gross Refrigerating Capacity. The capacity of the water-cooled evaporator as measured by the heat transfer

to the refrigerant in the evaporator. This value includes both the sensible heat transfer and the pressure drop effects of the water flow through the evaporator. This value is used to calculate the test heat balance. (Refer to Equation C11).

3.3.3Net Heating Capacity. The capacity of the heating condenser available for useful heating of the thermal load

external to the Water-Heating Package and is calculated using only the sensible heat transfer. (Refer to Equations 7a and 7b).

3.3.4Net Refrigerating Capacity. The capacity of the evaporator available for cooling of the thermal load external

to the Water-Chilling Package and is calculated using only the sensible heat transfer. (Refer to Equation 6).

3.4Compressor Saturated Discharge Temperature. For single component and azeotrope refrigerants, it is the saturated temperature corresponding to the refrigerant pressure at the compressor discharge. For zeotropic refrigerants, it is the arithmetic average of the Dew Point and Bubble Point temperatures corresponding to refrigerant pressure at the compressor discharge. It is usually taken at or immediately downstream of the compressor discharge service valve (in either case on the downstream side of the valve seat), where discharge valves are used.

3.5Condenser. A refrigeration system component which condenses refrigerant vapor. Desuperheating and sub-cooling of the refrigerant may occur as well.

3.5.1Air-Cooled Condenser. A component which condenses refrigerant vapor by rejecting heat to air mechanically

circulated over its heat transfer surface causing a rise in the air temperature.

3.5.2Evaporatively-Cooled Condenser. A component which condenses refrigerant vapor by rejecting heat to a

water and air mixture mechanically circulated over its heat transfer surface, causing evaporation of the water and an increase in the enthalpy of the air.

3.5.3Water-Cooled Condenser. A component which utilizes refrigerant-to-water heat transfer means, causing the

refrigerant to condense and the water to be heated.

3.5.4Water-Cooled Heat Reclaim Condenser. A component which utilizes refrigerant-to-water heat transfer

means, causing the refrigerant to condense and the water to be heated. This Condenser may be a separate condenser, the same as, or a portion of the Water-Cooled Condenser.

3.6Dew Point. Refrigerant vapor saturation temperature at a specified pressure.

3.7Energy Efficiency.

3.7.1 Cooling Energy Efficiency.

3.7.1.1Cooling Coefficient of Performance (COP R). A ratio of the Net Refrigerating Capacity in watts to

the power input values in watts at any given set of Rating Conditions expressed in watts/watt. (Refer to

Equation 1)

3.7.1.2Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER). A ratio of the Net Refrigerating Capacity in Btu/h to the power

input value in watts at any given set of Rating Conditions expressed in Btu/(h · W). (Refer to Equation 2)

3.7.1.3 Power Input per Capacity. A ratio of the power input, W INPUT, supplied to the unit in kilowatts

[kW], to the Net Refrigerating Capacity at any given set of Rating Conditions, expressed in kilowatts per

ton R of Refrigeration [kW/ton R]. (Refer to Equation 3)

3.7.2Heating Energy Efficiency.

3.7.2.1Heating Coefficient of Performance (COP H). A ratio of the Net Heating Capacity in watts to the

power input values in watts at any given set of Rating Conditions expressed in watts/watt. (Refer to

Equation 4).

3.7.2.2Heat Reclaim Coefficient of Performance (COP HR). COP HR applies to units that are operating in a

manner that uses either all or only a portion of heat generated during chiller operation, q hrc, to heat the

occupied space, while the remaining heat, q cd, if any, is rejected to the outdoor ambient. COP HR takes into

account the beneficial cooling capacity, q ev, as well as the Heat Recovery capacity, q hrc (Refer to Equation 5). 2

7 3.8Fouling Factor. The thermal resistance due to fouling accumulated on the water side or air side heat transfer surface.

3.8.1 Fouling Factor Allowance (FFA). Provision for anticipated water side or air side fouling during use

expressed in h?ft2?oF/Btu.

3.9Liquid Refrigerant Temperature. The temperature of the refrigerant liquid leaving the condenser but prior to the expansion device.

3.10Part-Load Value (PLV). A single number figure of merit expressing part-load efficiency for equipment on the basis of weighted operation at various partial load capacities for the equipment. (Refer to Appendix D for information regarding the use of IPLV and NPLV.)

3.10.1Integrated Part-Load Value (IPLV). A single number part-load efficiency figure of merit calculated per the

method described in this standard at Standard Rating Conditions.

3.10.2Non-Standard Part-Load Value (NPLV). A single number part-load efficiency figure of merit calculated per

the method described in this standard referenced to conditions other than IPLV conditions. (i.e. For units with Water-Cooled Condensers that are not designed to operate at Standard Rating Conditions.)

3.11Percent Load (%Load). The part-load net capacity divided by the full-load rated net capacity at the full-load rating conditions, stated in decimal format. (e.g.100% = 1.0).

3.12Published Ratings. A statement of the assigned values of those performance characteristics, under stated Rating Conditions, by which a unit may be chosen to fit its application. These values apply to all units of like nominal size and type (identification) produced by the same manufacturer. The term Published Rating includes the rating of all performance characteristics shown on the unit or published in specifications, advertising or other literature controlled by the manufacturer, at stated Rating Conditions.

3.12.1 Application Rating. A rating based on tests performed at Application Rating Conditions (other than Standard

Rating Conditions).

3.12.2Standard Rating. A rating based on tests performed at Standard Rating Conditions.

3.13Rating Conditions. Any set of operating conditions under which a single level of performance results and which causes only that level of performance to occur.

3.13.1Standard Rating Conditions. Rating Conditions used as the basis of comparison for performance characteristics.

3.14“Shall” or “Should”. “Shall” or “should” shall be interpreted as follows:

3.1

4.1Shall. Where “shall” or “shall not” is used for a provision specified, that provision is mandatory if compliance

with the standard is claimed.

3.1

4.2Should, “Should” is used to indicate provisions which are not mandatory but which are desirable as good

practice.

3.15Total Power Input. Power input of all components of the unit.

3.16Total Heat Rejection. Heat rejected through the condenser including heat utilized for heat recovery (q cd+q hrc).

3.17Water-Chilling or Water-Heating Package. A factory-made and prefabricated assembly (not necessarily shipped as one package) of one or more compressors, condensers and evaporators, with interconnections and accessories designed for the purpose of cooling or heating water. It is a machine specifically designed to make use of a vapor compression refrigeration cycle to remove heat from water and reject the heat to a cooling medium, usually air or water. The refrigerant condenser may or may not be an integral part of the package.

3.17.1Heat Reclaim Water-Chilling Package. A factory-made package, designed for the purpose of chilling water

and containing a condenser for reclaiming heat. Where such equipment is provided in more than one assembly, the separate assemblies are to be designed to be used together, and the requirements of rating outlined in this standard are based upon the use of matched assemblies. It is a package specifically designed to make use of the refrigerant cycle to remove heat from the water source and to reject the heat to another fluid for heating use. Any excess heat may be rejected to another medium, usually air or water.

3.17.2Heat Pump Water-Chilling Package. A factory-made package, designed for the purpose of heating water.

Where such equipment is provided in more than one assembly, the separate assemblies are to be designed to be used together, and the requirements of rating outlined in this standard are based upon the use of matched assemblies. It is a package specifically designed to make use of the refrigerant cycle to remove heat from an air or water source and to reject the heat to water for heating use. This unit can include valves to allow for reverse-cycle (cooling) operation.

3.17.3 Modular Chiller Package. A modular chiller is a package that is made up of multiple water-chilling units that

can function individually or as a single unit.

3.18Water Pressure Drop. A measured value of the reduction in water pressure associated with the flow through a water- type heat exchanger. This value is expressed as a rating in ft H2O.

Section 4. Test Requirements

4.1Test Requirements. Ratings shall be established at the Rating Conditions specified in Section

5. Ratings shall be verified by tests conducted in accordance with the test method and procedures described in Appendix C.

Section 5. Rating Requirements

5.1Standard Rating Metrics.

5.1.1Cooling Energy Efficiency. The general forms of the Cooling Energy Efficiency terms are listed as equations

1 through 3. These terms are calculated at both design point and at part load conditions. They also may be

modified by adjustments for barometric pressure as shown in Appendix F or by a part load degradation factor

as detailed in Equation 15.

5.1.1.1The Cooling Coefficient of Performance (COP R) [W/W] shall be calculated as follows:

COP R=q ev K1?W INPUT 1 Where:

K1 = 3.41214, Btu/W?6T14T h

q ev= Net Refrigerating Capacity, Btu/h

W INPUT= Total Power Input, W

5.1.1.2 The Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) [Btu/W·h] shall be calculated as follows:

EER=q ev INPUT 2

5.1.1.3 The Power Input per Capacity [kW/ton R] shall be calculated as follows:

Power Input Per Capacity=K2?W INPUT ev 3 Where:

K2 = 12000, Btu/ton R?14T h

5.1.2Heating Energy Efficiency

5.1.2.1 The Heating Coefficient of Performance (COP H) [W/W] shall be calculated as follows:

COP H=q cd K1?W INPUT 4 Where:

q cd= Net Heating Capacity, Btu/h

5.1.2.2The Heat Reclaim Coefficient of Performance (COP HR) [W/W] shall be calculated as follows:

COP HR=q ev + q hrc

K1?W INPUT 5 Where:

q hrc= Heat generated during chiller operation, Btu/h

5.1.3Net Refrigerating Capacity. The Net Refrigerating Capacity, [Btu/h], for the evaporator shall use the water

temperatures, water flow rate and water properties at the evaporator entering and leaving conditions and be

calculated as follows:

q ev=m w?c p?(t e? t l) 6 Where:

c p= Specific heat at the average of entering an

d leaving water temperatures, Btu/lbm,°F

m w= Mass flow rate, lbm/h

t e= Entering water temperature, °F

t l= Leaving water temperature, °F

5.1.4Net Heating Capacity. The Net Heating Capacity, [Btu/h], for either a standard or heat recovery condenser

shall use the water temperatures, water flow rate, and water properties at the entering and leaving conditions

and be calculated as follows:

q cd=m w?c p?(t l? t e) 7a

q hrc=m w?c p?(t l? t e) 7b

5.1.5Water Pressure Drop. For the Water Pressure Drop calculations, refer to Appendices C and G.

5.2Standard Ratings and Conditions. Standard Ratings for all Water-Chilling Packages shall be established at the Standard Rating Conditions. These packages shall be rated for cooling, heat reclaim, or heating performance at conditions specified in Table 1. Standard Ratings shall include a water-side Fouling Factor Allowance as specified in the notes section of Table 1. Modular Chiller Packages consisting of multiple units and rated as a single package must be tested as rated.

5.3Application Rating Conditions. Application Ratings should include the range of Rating Conditions listed in Table 2 or be within the operating limits of the equipment. For guidance to the industry, designing to large Fouling Factors significantly impacts the performance of the chiller. It is best to maintain heat transfer surfaces by cleaning or maintaining proper water treatment to avoid highly fouled conditions and the associated efficiency loss. From a test perspective, highly fouled conditions are simulated with clean tubes by testing at decreased evaporator water temperatures and increased condenser water temperatures. High Fouling Factors can increase or decrease these temperatures to conditions outside test loop or equipment capabilities. For this test standard the application range for the water side fouling shall be between clean (0.000) and 0.001000 h·ft2·°F/Btu. Fouling factors above these values are outside of the scope of this standard and shall be noted as such.

Table 2. Application Rating Conditions

Evaporator Condenser

Cooling

Water Cooled Water Cooled Leaving

Temperature1,

°F

Temperature

Difference

Across Heat

Exchanger, °F

Fouling

Factor

Allowance,

h·ft2·oF/Btu

Entering

Temperature2,

°F

Flow Rate,

gpm/ton R

Fouling

Factor

Allowance,

h·ft2·oF/Btu

36.0 to

60.0

5.0 to

20.0

0.000 to

0.001000

55.0 to

105.0

1.0 to 6.0

0.000 to

0.001000

Air-Cooled

Entering Air Dry Bulb3, °F

55.0 to 125.0

Evaporatively Cooled

Entering Air Wet Bulb4, °F

50.0 to 80.0

Heating

Water Source Evaporator Water Cooled Condenser

Entering Water Temperature1,

°F

Fouling

Factor

Allowance,

h·ft2·oF/Btu

Leaving Water

Temperature2,

°F

Temperature

Difference

Across Heat

Exchanger, °F

Fouling Factor

Allowance,

h·ft2·oF/Btu

40.0 to 80.0

0.000 to

0.001000

105.0 to

160.0

5.0 to

20.0

0.000 to

0.001000

Air Source Evaporator

Entering Air Temperature, °F

15.0 to 60.0

Notes

1. Evaporator water temperatures shall be published in rating increments of no more than 4.0°F.

2. Condenser water temperatures shall be published in rating increments of no more than 5.0°F.

3. Entering air temperatures shall be published in rating increments of no more than 10.0°F.

4. Air wet bulb temperatures shall be published in rating increments of no more than 2.5°F.

5.4Part-Load Rating For Cooling Only. Water-Chilling Packages shall be rated at 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% load relative to the full-load rating Net Refrigerating Capacity at the conditions defined in Table 3. For chillers capable of operating in multiple modes (cooling, heating, and /or heat reclaim), part-load ratings are only required for cooling mode operation. Part-load ratings are not required for heating mode operation or cooling operation with active heat reclaim operation.

Part-load rating points shall be presented in one or more of the following four ways:

a. IPLV. Based on the conditions defined in Table 3.

b. NPLV. Based on the conditions defined in Table 3.

c. Individual Part-Load Data Point(s) Suitable for Calculating IPLV or NPLV as defined in Table 3.

d. Within the application rating limits of Table 2, other part-load points that do not meet the requirements of

footnotes (3) and (4) in Table 3 (i.e. variable water flow rates or other entering condenser water temperatures).

Neither IPLV nor NPLV shall be calculated for such points.

5.4.1Determination of Part-Load Performance. For Water-Chilling Packages covered by this standard, the IPLV

or NPLV shall be calculated as follows:

a. Determine the part-load energy efficiency at 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% load points at the conditions

specified in Table 3.

b. Use the following equation to calculate the IPLV or NPLV for units rated with COP R and EER.

IPLV or NPLV = 0.01A + 0.42B + 0.45C + 0.12D 8

For COP R and EER:

Where: A = COP R or EER at 100% load

B = COP R or EER at 75% load

C = COP R or EER at 50% load

D = COP R or EER at 25% load

c. Use the following equation to calculate the IPLV or NPLV for units rated with kW/ton R:

IPLV or NPLV=1

0.01+0.42+0.45+0.12 9

Where: A = Power Input per Capacity, kW/ton R at 100% load

B = Power Input per Capacity, kW/ton R at 75% load

C = Power Input per Capacity, kW/ton R at 50% load

D = Power Input per Capacity, kW/ton R at 25% load

5.4.1.1For a derivation of Equations 8 and 9, and an example of an IPLV or NPLV calculation, see

Appendix D. The weighting factors have been based on the weighted average of the most common building

types and operations using average weather in 29 U.S. cities, with and without airside economizers.

5.4.1.2The IPLV or NPLV rating requires that the unit efficiency be determined at 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% at the conditions as specified in Table 3. If the unit, due to its capacity control logic cannot be operated at 75%, 50%, or 25% capacity then the unit shall be operated at other load points and the 75%, 50%, or 25% capacity efficiencies shall be determined by plotting the efficiency versus the % load using straight line segments to connect the actual performance points. The 75%, 50%, or 25% load efficiencies shall then be determined from the curve. Extrapolation of data shall not be used. An actual chiller capacity point, equal to, or less than the required rating point, must be used to plot the data. For example, if the minimum actual capacity is 33% then the curve can be used to determine the 50% capacity point, but not the 25% capacity point. For test points that are not run at the 75%, 50%, and 25% rating points, the condenser temperature for determination of IPLV shall be based on the measured part-load percentage for the actual test point using the Equations 10 through 14. For example for an air-cooled chiller test point run at 83% capacity, the entering air temperature for the test shall be 84.8 oF (60·0.83 + 35).

Entering air dry-bulb temperature (EDB) [°F] for an Air-Cooled Condenser at IPLV part load conditions (refer to Figure 1):

EDB=?60?% Load+35 for Load >33%

55 for Load ≤33% 10

Note: In the case of an air-cooled chiller, the Load term used to calculate the EDB temperature is

based on the adjusted capacity after using the barometric correction.

Entering water temperature (EWT) [°F] for a Water-Cooled Condenser at IPLV part load conditions (refer to Figure 1):

EWT=?40?% Load+45 for Load >50%

65 for Load ≤50% 11 Entering air wet-bulb temperature (EWB) [°F] for an Evaporatively-Cooled Condenser at IPLV part load conditions (refer to Figure 1):

EWB= 25?%Load+50 12

Saturated discharge temperature (SDT) [°F] for an air-cooled unit without condenser at IPLV part load conditions (refer to Figure 1):

AC SDT= 70?%Load+55 13

Saturated discharge temperature (SDT) [°F] for a water-cooled (WC) or evaporatively-cooled (EC) unit without condenser at IPLV part load conditions (refer to Figure 1):

WC & EC SDT= 40?%Load+65 14

Figure 1. Part Load Condenser Temperature for IPLV Test Points

If a unit cannot be unloaded to the 25%, 50%, or 75% capacity point, then the unit shall be run at the

minimum step of unloading at the condenser entering water or air temperature based on Table 3 for 25%,

50% or 75% capacity points as required. The efficiency shall then be determined by using one of the

following three equations:

EER CD=EER Test D 15a

COP R,CD=COP Test D 15b

?kW R?CD=?kW R?Test?C D 15c Where:

COP Test = Efficiency at test conditions

EER Test = Efficiency at test conditions

kW/ton RTest = Efficiency at test conditions

EER Test, COP Test, kW/ton RTest is the efficiency at the test conditions (after barometric pressure adjustment as

per Appendix F, as applicable) and C D is a degradation factor to account for cycling of the compressor for

capacities less than the minimum step of capacity.

C D shall be calculated using the following equation:

C D=(-0.13?LF)+ 1.13 16

Where LF is the load factor calculated using the following equation:

LF=(%Load) (q ev100%)

(q ev min%Load) 17

Where:

%Load is one of the standard rating points, i.e. 75%, 50%, or 25%

q ev 100% is the rated unit net capacity at design conditions.

q evmin%Load is the measured or calculated unit net capacity at the minimum step of capacity.

Part-Load unit capacity is the measured or calculated unit capacity from which Standard Rating points are determined using the method above.

5.4.1.3Sample Calculations. The following are examples of the IPLV calculations:

Example 1

Table 4. Chiller Performance – IPLV

% of full

Load

rated ton R Condenser

EWT (oF)

Capacity

Target

(ton R)

Measured

Net

Refrigerating

Capacity

(ton R)

Total Input

Power

(kW)

Efficiency2

(kW/ton R)

Deviation from

capacity target

(ton R)

Percent difference

from target based on

full-load capacity

(%)

100% 85.0 500.0 505.0 303.0 0.600 5 (5/500) or 1.0% 75% 75.0 375.0 381.0 174.1 0.457 6 (6/500) or 1.2% 1 50% 65.0 250.0 245.0 85.5 0.349 -5 (-5/500) or -1.0% 1 25% 65.0 125.0 130.0 56.7 0.436 5 (5/500) or 1.0% 1

1.Because the chiller can be run within the capacity tolerances associated with the target loads required

to calculate the IPLV, the above data can be used directly to calculate the IPLV (refer to Table 10 for test tolerances).

2.Because the Power Input per Capacity rating is in kW/ton R use Equation 9.

IPLV=1

0.010.600+ 0.420.457 + 0.450.349 + 0.120.436=0.400 Example 2

The chiller is a water-cooled centrifugal chiller that has proportional capacity control and can be tested at each of the four rating points of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% as defined in Table 3. The chiller has a full-load rated capacity of 800 tons R and a full-load efficiency of 0.632 kW/ton R. The full load design conditions for the evaporator have a 42 oF leaving water temperature at 2.0 gpm/ton water flow rate. The condenser conditions at full load design are 89 oF entering water temperature with 3.0 gpm/ton water flow rate. Table 5 shows the test results needed to compute NPLV.

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1、0.32×5.7+3.2×0.43 2、37×99+37 3、（8-94÷31）×1.8 4、（4.5÷83+8）×2 1 5、432÷（11.08-9.83）×0.8 6、72×43+41×75+73×4 3 7、1.25×32×0.25 8、18×（32+94-6 5 ） 9、201×25 17 10、19.82-（3.82-1.47） 11、4.7×99+4.7 12、（12.5×3.7+6.3×12.5）×16 13、0.125×8×0.25×40 14、463%×25+25×5.37 15、（ 32+152）×45 16、（81+43）×（1-31） 17、92÷[（1-51）×32] 18、329÷[43-（167-4 1）] 19、4.6-1.6×0.5+0.2 20、[1.9-1.9×（1.9-1.9）]÷0.38 21、（5-0.2）×3.9+4.8×（4+2.1） 22、1.23×98+2.46 23、[ 209-（54-43）] ×1715 24、13×（137×26 3 ） 25、6×99%+0.06 26、43÷（43+3 2 ） 27、87×863 28、12.75-（83+43 ） 29、（121+511）×3×4 30、（1415×95-95）÷65 31、32×[83-（167-41）] 32、972-（54+9 21） 33、10.8÷[32×（1-8 5 ）] 34、85.3×1.8-85.3×0.8 35、（26×5326）×261 36、（43+61-125 ）×240 37、917-2120÷75×43 38、[45-（167+41）×92] 39、307÷[（53+31）×92] 40、307÷[（53+31）×4 1] 41、32×25÷20 42、518×45+52÷54 43、20÷0.8÷1.25 44、1911×253+193×25 8 45、[1-（41+83）]÷41 46、[32+（107-61）]÷5 4 （32+152）×45 （26×5326）×26 1

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六年级数学综合历年（计算题） 1．直接写出得数（8分）： ①36+64= ②12.5×8= ③5÷0.5= ④2－ 7 2 ＝ ⑤ 32＋5 1 ＝ ⑥32÷81= ⑦32＝ ⑧1÷25%＝ 2．计算（18分）： ①(120－64)×(13＋7) ②6.47×9.9＋6.47×1.1 ③( 43＋61－125)÷121 ④76÷[(74－21)×5 2 ] ⑤53÷ 94×75 ⑥209×2511＋2514÷9 20 3．解方程（6分）： ①40%x ＝4.2 ②51∶0.4=6∶x ③ 4 3 x －5%x ＝17.5

①78＋46＝ ②24×5＝ ③7.2－0.48＝ ④30%÷3＝ ⑤5265?＝ ⑥6185-＝ ⑦1351÷＝ ⑧455.2÷＝ 2．计算（18分）： ①20.86－5.63－4.37 ②624÷6－38 ③（12 7 85+）×24 ④69÷（2.4×31＋1.5） ⑤ 22.25×4.8+77.5×0.48 ⑥ ]26 5)10753[(218?+÷ 3．解方程（6分）： ①9x －1.8＝5.4 ②227 4 =+ x x ③18∶0.2=x ∶12

①236+64= ②1.25×8= ③3.75÷0.25= ④3995÷95≈ ⑤21 －31＝ ⑥32 ×81= ⑦32＝ ⑧ 9 16÷32＝ 2．计算（18分）： ① 2014-2014÷2 ② 32－52+31—5 3 ③0.125×2.5×8×4 ④36×( 92+1211) ⑤53÷94×7 5 ⑥89×99＋89 23．解方程（6分）： ①9x ＝5.4 ②5＋5x ＝20 ③ 10 1 :x=81:41

2010年度中国十大最受关注刑事案件评选结果揭晓

2010年度中国十大最受关注刑事案件评选结果揭晓 2011-01-08 19:46:36 作者：佚名来源：人民大学浏览次数：380 网友评论0 条自12月1日中国刑事法律网开展“2010年度中国刑事法十大案例评选活动”以来，本活动受到了学术界内外众多人士的广泛关注和积极参与，中国人民大学刑事法律科学研究中心对长期关注本中心网站和参与该项评选活动的热心人士表示感谢。按照计划，该活动网络投票为期一个月，截止活动结束统计时，已有1832 人参与投票。根据网络得票率我们评选出了2010年度中国十大最受关注刑事案件。中国刑事法律网发布 2010/12/29 1．赵作海冤案得票数：305票百分比：16.65 % 案情介绍： 1998年2月15日，商丘市柘城县老王集乡赵楼村赵振晌的侄子赵作亮到公安机关报案，其叔父赵振晌于1997年10月30日离家后已失踪4个多月，怀疑被同村的赵作海杀害，公安机关当年进行了相关调查。 5月8日，赵楼村在挖井时发现一具高度腐烂的无头、膝关节以下缺失的无名尸体，公安机关遂把赵作海作为重大嫌疑人于5月9日刑拘。 2002年10月22日，商丘市人民检察院以被告人赵作海犯故意杀人罪向商丘市中级人民法院提起公诉。12月5日商丘中院作出一审判决，以故意杀人罪判处被告人赵作海死刑，

缓期二年执行，剥夺政治权利终身。省法院经复核，于2003年2月13日作出裁定，核准商丘中院上述判决。 2010年4月30日，赵振晌回到赵楼村。经调查，1997年10月30日夜，赵振晌携自家菜刀在杜某某家中向赵作海头上砍了一下，怕赵作海报复，也怕把赵作海砍死，就收拾东西于10月31日凌晨骑自行车，带400元钱和被子、身份证等外出，以捡废品为生。因去年患偏瘫无钱医治，才回到村里。5月5日下午，省法院决定启动再审程序。5月8日下午，省法院召开审委会，认为赵作海故意杀人一案是一起明显的错案，审委会决定立即纠正，宣告赵作海无罪释放，并启动国家赔偿程序。 2010年5月13日上午，河南省高院召开新闻发布会宣布：给予赵作海国家赔偿及生活困难补助共计65万元。 2．“我爸是李刚”之李启铭河大校园交通肇事案得票数：284票百分比：15.50% 案情介绍： 2010年10月16日晚9时40分许，位于河北保定市的河北大学新区校园内出现一起严重车祸。一名年轻男子酒后在校园内驾驶一辆牌照为冀FWE420的黑色轿车飚车，撞飞两名女大学生，副驾驶位置的车玻璃被撞碎。据悉，受害学生均系河北大学工商学院大一新生，最终被撞者陈某、张某一死一伤。肇事者李启铭在撞人后并没有立即停车，而是淡定地继续开车去校内宿舍楼接女友。返回途中被学生和保安拦下，他还大声对周围人叫嚣：“有本事你们告去。”“我爸爸是李刚。” 后经警方调查确认：肇事者李启铭，又名李一帆，男，22岁，系保定某单位实习生。10月16日晚9时40分许，李启铭酒后驾驶朋友的黑色迈腾轿车在河北大学新校区生活区，将两名女生陈某、张某撞倒。经对李启铭采血检测，鉴定为醉酒驾驶。10月24日，李启铭因涉嫌交通肇事犯罪被保定望都县人民检察院依法批准逮捕。最近，据被害方代理律师张凯透露，死者家属与肇事者李启铭方达成和解结案。

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室成员的后代。她成了明星，专为上流社会表演艳情舞蹈。她利用美色引诱法国的军政要人，从他们那里骗取军事机密，并主动把情报传递给德国的情报机构。德国人向她报出了相当于两百万美元的交易报酬。传奇就这样诞生了。她楚楚动人，让整个巴黎为之动容。1916年，如果你能轰动巴黎，那么你就无所不能。从任何角度来看，她的工作都非常出色。她拥有一批身居要职的法国情人，并且不停地更换。作为一名德国密探，她的任务就是利用美色，从法国官员那里套取军事情报。但是她和各国官员的频频联系引起了别人的怀疑。她很快就被抓住了。1906年、1916年以及1917年处决前的玛塔-哈莉。直到临刑前，她依然楚楚动人。她拒绝遮住眼睛，也不让行刑者把她绑在木桩上。就在被枪决前，她还向12人的行刑队送去了飞吻。她得到的情报让数十万士兵们白白送了性命，而她最终也难逃一死。南希·韦克（1912年8月30日---2011年8月9日），代号“白鼠”，第二次世界大战传奇美女间谍，纳粹德国元首希特勒最想除掉又总是抓不住的“白鼠”，原为记者，后加入抵抗组织。战争结束后，韦克获得了许多荣誉，美国、英国、法国和澳大利亚分别授予她国家级勋章，她的传奇故事后来被写进小说、搬上银幕。在二战期间，韦克还曾经徒手杀死过一名男子。而她深爱的丈夫，也因为不肯透露她的行踪而被纳粹残忍地杀害。可是面对那段战争岁月，韦克却表示自

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人教版六年级数学下册期末总复习1.数与代数一、仔细审题，填一填。(每空1分，共21分) 1.在0.8、－9、＋50%、100、0、－3 2这几个数中，正数有( )，负数有( )，( )既不是正数，也不是负数。 2.分母是10的最小带分数是( )，它里面有( )个1 10，它再添上( )个这样的分数单位就是最小的合数。 3.甲、乙、丙三个数的比是3：4：5，丙是8.5，这三个数的平均数是( )。 4.按规律填数。 (1)1、4、9、16、( )、( )。 (2)1、2、2、4、3、8、4、16、5、( )、( )。 5.工地运来水泥a 车，每车14 t ，可供施工队使用一周，14a ÷7表示( )。当a ＝8时，上式的值是( )。 6.现在人们喜欢用微信运动记录步数，昨天爷爷与奶奶的步数比是8：7，奶奶比爷爷少走( )%，奶奶走10500步，爷爷走( )步。 7.一本字典打七五折比原来便宜了9元，这本字典比原价优惠( )%，原价是( )元。 8.五(1)班学生分小组跳绳比赛，每4人一组，每5人一组或每6人一组，都剩余2人，五(1)班学生至少有( )人。 9.在5 6、0.7 、0. 、73%中，最大的数是( )，最小的数是( )。

10.如果2x －4.5×0.5＝5，5x －m ＝2.5，那么m ＝( )。二、火眼金睛，判对错。(对的在括号里画“√”，错的画“×”)(每小题1 分，共5分) 1.杠杆原理的背后隐藏数学原理，其实就是反比例的关系。 ( ) 2.把0.75的小数点先向左移动两位再向右移动一位后是7.5。 ( ) 3.一个分数的分子分母同时乘12，这个分数的大小不变。 ( ) 4.两个合数不可能是互质数。 ( ) 5.25比20多25%，20比25少1 5。 ( ) 三、仔细推敲，选一选。(将正确答案的序号填在括号里)(每小题2分，共16分) 1.一幅地图的比例尺是1：2000000，在地图上，1 cm 的距离表示实际距离( )km 。 A ．2 B ．20 C ．200 D ．2000 2.能与0.24：0.1组成比例的是( )。 A ．24：1 B ．12：1 C ．12：5 D ．5：12 3.一项工程甲单独做要8天完成，乙单独做要10天完成，甲、乙效率的最简整数比是( )。 A ．10：8 B ．4：5 C ．5：4 D ．8：10 4.三个连续奇数的和是m ，最小的奇数是( )。 A ．m －2 B ．m －1 C ．13m －2 D ．1 3m ＋2 5.下面各选项中阴影所占比例与长方形中阴影所占比例最接近的是

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