上海交通大学硕士生入学-英语水平考试2002
上海交通大学
2002年硕士生入学考试试题
试题序号____________533____________
试题名称：英语水平考试
（答案必须写在答题纸上，否则答题无效）
Time allowed: 3 Hours
Warning: Answers to all questions should be given to on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not write or mark your answers in the test book.
Section 1 (10%)
Give the phonetic transcription for each of the following words. (Please pay attention to the part of speech of these words):
1.morpheme n.
2.chameleon n.
3.Rosetta n.
4.goliath n.
5.chimpanzee n.
6.diabetes n.
7.aurora n. 8.feudality n.
9.fait accompli n.
10.ghetto n.
11.camouflage n.
12.progress v.
13.Gestalt n.
14.Gotham n.
15.hieroglyphic adj.
16.coup n.
17.borough n.
18.exonerate v.
19.extradite v.
20.Herculean adj.
Section 2 (15%)
Beneath each of the following sentences, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence or that is nearest in meaning to the expression underlined.
21.I doubt whether he can keep ----- his efforts much longer as he looks very tired.
A.up
B.on
C.on with
D.at
22.He came to inspect the house _______ buying it.
A.in the event of
B.with a view to
C.on account of
D.in case of
23.Income tax rates are ______ to one?s annual income.
A.related
B.associated
C.adapted
D.based
24.Elegantly-dressed people were strolling along the many tree-lined _____ through the park
A.alloys
B.avenues
C.passages
D.alleys
25.The snake _____ smoothly through the long grass.
A.crept
B.skidded
C.skidded
D.crouched
26.Her dress was too wide on the waist that she _____ it _______.
A.made…up
B.gave… up
C.took… out
D.took… in
27.I was very ______ by the nurse?s attitude; it really annoyed me.
A.put over
B.put out
C.put by
D.put aside
28.His wrist had been badly fractured so he had it supported in a ____ tied round his neck.
A.sling
B.blaster
C.lint
D.splint
29.The old man had bronchitis and was very ____ whenever he exerted himself.
A.wheezy
B.gusty
C.huffy
D.puffy
30.The old lady couldn?t ____ because she has rheumatism.
A.get about
B.get on
C.get through
D.get in
31.If you are bitten by a poisonous snake it is necessary to be given an _____ as quickly as possible.
A.analgesic
B.antitoxin
C.antibiotic
D.antidote
32.There was an epidemic of measles in the children?s ward and most of them ____ with it.
A.got on
B.came in
C.went down
D.fell down
33.Give her some smelling salts, it will ____ her _____.
A.bring…up
B.bring…down
C.bring…round
D.bring…on
34.You?ll have to work harder; your work does not _____ the required standard.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a3952710.html,e out with
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a3952710.html,e up to
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a3952710.html,e round to
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a3952710.html,e up with
35.He believed that poverty was ineradicable and that no social legislation could be more than ____.
A.interpretive
B.palliative
C.desultory
D.excruciating
36.Even while he was openly accusing his partners of dishonesty, he was making secrete arrangements to flee the
country.
A.covert
B.quiescent
C.subcutaneous
D.ephemeral
37.Although he spoke well, his writing was clumsy under the circumstances.
A.maladroit
B.imperturbable
C.malignant
D.relevant
38.The hot, humid day made me feel completely unnerve; I sank back weakly into the hammock.
A.sedulous
B.sapient
C.enervated
D.protracted
39.The painter demurred and procrastinated so much that it was clear he would take on the job with great
reluctance.
A.was fervent
B.was amorphous
C.was taciturn
D.loitered
40.After seven hours of listening to his interminable story-telling, we finally escaped from the talkative man.
A.evasive
B.surreptitious
C.garrulous
D.replenished
41.In its search for means of inducing sleep in the grievously sick, modern researchers have analyzed many of
the lethargic compounds that primitive people have discovered.
A.bubonic
B.soporific
C.crepuscular
D.inferential
42.Being a man of maxims, he was given to aphoristic expression.
A.transmogrified
B.sebaceous
C.sentiment
D.sententious
43.His creation was a direct opposite to dogmatism of the time.
A.an antiseptic
B.antisocial
C.appalled
D.an antithesis
44.I?m afraid your car is broken-down.
A.destroyed
B.defunct
C.devoured
D.defamed
45.Variety is the very spice of life.
A.zest
B.succession
C.wisdom
D.essence
46.She resided with some relatives in London for a month.
A.solaced
B.solicited
C.soothed
D.sojourned
47.The book is a spinoff of his master?s thesis.
A. a reproduction
B. a copy
C.an offshoot
D. a sketch
48.The comedian?s takeoff of a fat man running for a bus was very amusing.
A.carnage
B.cares
C.carriage
D.caricature
49.Your boss is such a task master that he?ll dock you for coming in two minutes.
A.martinet
B.marshaled
C.marred
D.martyred
50.The pier standing out over a shallow bay is functional in loading and unloading of cargoes.
A.jutting
B.jostling
C.jarring
D.juxtaposing
SECTION 3 (15%)
Read each of the following sentences carefully. Then circle the appropriate letter in the answer column. Select
A.I f the sentence contains any faulty elements in parallel structure;
B.I f the sentence contains any faulty elements in terms of redundancy or superfluity;
C.I f the sentence contains any faulty elements in fused structure;
D. If the sentence contains any faulty elements in terms of ambiguity or illogicalness.
51.To know that we know what we know, and we do no not know what we do not know, that is true knowledge.
52.Sun Yat-sen?s firm support for cooperation between the two parties thwarted the efforts of the KMT
Right-wingers to undertake activities to split the KMT.
53.I decided it was high time we camped and it would soon be dark so I turned the canoe toward shore.
54.Over the past decades he has devoted the greater part of his life to developing and spreading improved orange
strains among fruit growers.
55.The writing was not sincere and the author was showing off then blowing a loud horn to draw attention to
himself.
56.Singapore will bar America?s popular female star Madonna from staging a show in its territory.
57.In adopting the United States of America as your homeland, I want to congratulate you as a citizen of this
nation we hold so dear.
58.It is also necessary to put an end to the situation in which the leading organizations accompany the guerrilla
units here and there.
59.The Civil Administration of China has decided to start the business of advance booking and ticketing on
connection and return flights.
60.I perceived it had been scoured with half an eye.
61.Mrs. Grey is a boss whom employees respect but is a little frightening.
62.To become a successful entrepreneur, self-confidence is essential.
63.Earlier in his life Antonio had been a waiter, a tour guide, an auto mechanic, and taught at school.
64.In 1238 Henry gave him his sister Eleanor, widow of the eldest son of William Marshall, the Regent, in
marriage.
65.We used to root for the Indians against the cavalry, because we didn?t think it was fair in the history books
that the cavalry?s winning was a great victory, and when the Indians won it was a massacre.
SECTION 4 (15%)
Most of the following sentences contain mistakes. Correct the erroneous sentences and write the word “correct” beside the correct one(s):
66.Sex education should be taught in high school because parents are either too scared or too busy to teach the
fact the fact of life to them.
67.Home is home, were it ever so homely.
68.I?d rather you would go by train, because I can?t bear the idea of you being in an airplane in such bad weather.
69.When it comes to bell the cat, the mice have nothing to say.
70.Do you really have got a good time at these weekly parties?
71.I shall be glad to consider whatever suggestion that you may offer.
72.At this time Medicare is updating their files and is requesting a copy of your Medicare card.
73.It?s me that am responsible for the organization.
74.They had each his problem.
75.To lead China into the 21st century, efforts must also be made to promote cultural and ethical progress, to
consolidate the party, to strengthen unity among China?s various ethnic groups, and to maintain political stability.
76.There is no such a thing as “ghost” under the sun.
77.It was between 1830 and 1835 when the modern newspaper was born.
78.He was armed with a long sword slung in a belt, and which bumped carelessly against the calves of his legs.
79.Now this miracle, with those that have already been mentioned, has as authentic and attestation, and even
more so, as any of the Gospel miracles.
80.Linguistics is a scientific study of the language.
Section 5 (20%)
Read the following passages and then answer the questions that follow:
Passage A
Yet the difference in tone and language must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks: that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide, this function is performed in the two cases by very different organs. Religious are many, reason one. Religious consists of conscious ideas, hopes, enthusiasms, and objects of worship; it operates by grace and flourishes by prayer. Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed we may come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress of any kind. We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, nor call for any emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature and proportion. Religion brings some order into life by weighting it with new materials. Reason adds to the natural materials only the perfect order which experience may more or less embody. Religion is a part of experience itself, a mass of sentiments and ideas. The one is an inviolate principle, the other a changing and struggling force. And yet this struggling and changing force of religion seems to direct man toward something eternal. It seems to make for an ultimate harmony within the soul and for an ultimate harmony between the soul and all that the soul depends upon. Religion, in its intent, is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the life of Reason than is society, science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively and piecemeal,
hardly regarding the goal or caring for the ultimate justification of the instinctive aims. Religion also has an instinctive and blind side and bubbles up in all manner of chance practices and intuitions; soon, however, if feels its way toward the heart of things, and from whatever quarter it may come, veers in the direction of the ultimate.
Nevertheless, we must confess that religious pursuit of the Life of Reason has been singularly satisfaction with its results, thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of hope for the future; but any one regarding the various religions at once and comparing their achievements with what reason requires, must feel how terrible is the disappointment which they have one and all prepared for mankind. Their chief anxiety has been to offer imaginary really cured by well-directed effort. The Greek oracles, for instance, pretend to heal our natural ignorance, which has its appropriate though difficult cure, while the Christian, vision of heaven pretended to be an antidote to our natural death--- the inevitable correlate of birth and of a changing and conditioned existence. By methods of this sort little can be done for the real betterment of life. To confuse intelligence and dislocate sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a shortsighted way of pursuing happiness. Nature is soon avenged. An unhealthy exaltation and a one-sided morality have to be followed by regrettable reactions. When these come, the real rewards of life may seem vain to a relaxed vitality, and the very name of virtue may irritate young spirits untrained in any natural excellence. Thus religion too often debauches the morality it comes to sanction and impedes the science it ought to fulfill.
What is the secret of this ineptitude? Why does religion, so near to rationality in its purpose, fall so short of it in its texture and in its results? The answer is easy: religion pursues rationality through the imagination. When it explains events or assigns causes, it is an imaginative substitute for science. When it gives precepts, insinuates ideals, or remoulds aspiration, it is an imaginative substitute for wisdom--- I mean for the deliberate and impartial pursuit of all good. The condition and the aims of life are both represented in religion poetically, but this poetry tends to arrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which it possesses. Hence the depth and importance of religion becomes intelligible no less than its contractions and practical disasters. Its object is the same as that of reason, but its method is to proceed by intuition and by unchecked poetical conceits.
81.As used in the passage, the author would define wisdom as:
A.the pursuit of rationality through imagination
B.an emotional search for the truth
C. a purposeful and unbiased quest for that which is best
D. a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness.
82.Which of the following statements is not true, according to the author?
A.Religion seeks the truth through imagination; reason, in its search, utilizes the emotions
B.Religion has proved an ineffective tool in solving man?s problems
C.Science seeks a piecemeal solution to man?s questions
D.The functions of philosophy and reason are the same.
83.According to the author, science differs form religion in that:
A.it is unaware of ultimate goals
B.it is unimaginative
C.its findings are exact and final
D.it resembles society and art
84.The author of this passage states that religion differs from rationality in that:
A.it relies on intuition rather than reasoning
B.it is not concerned with ultimate justification of its instinctive aim
C.it has not disappointed mankind
D.it has inspired mankind
85.according to the author, the pursuit of religion has proved to be:
A. a vital necessity in answering the problems of mankind.
B.imaginative
C. a provider of hope for the future
D.ineffectual
Passage B
I find it wholesome to be alone the greater part of the time; to be in company, even with the best, is soon wearisome and dissipating, and I never found a companion so companionable as solitude.
We are for the most part more lonely when we go abroad than when we stay in our chambers, for solitude is not measured by the miles of space that intervene between a man and his fellow.
The farmer, who can work alone all day without feeling lonesome, but must recreate with others at night, wonders how the student can sit alone at night; he does not realize that the student, though in the house, is actually at work in his field and chopping his wood as the farmer was in his.
Society is commonly too cheap: We meet at very short intervals, not having had time to acquire any new value for each other; we meet at meals three times a day and give each other a new taste of that musty old cheese that we are; we live thick and are in each other?s way, and I think that we thus lose some respect for one another.
We have had to agree on a certain set of rules, called etiquette and politeness, to make this frequent meeting tolerable; certainly less frequency would suffice for all important and hearty communications between men.
It would be better if there were but one inhabitant to a square mile, as where I live, for as the value of a man is not in his skin, we need not touch him.
86. A person can be more lonely among men than by himself at home language
A.loneliness is a state of mind
B.loneliness is not the same as being alone
C.solitude is not measured in miles
D.all of the above
87.Frequent meetings prevent us from
A.refreshing ourselves
B.appreciating the values of solitude
C.acquiring new values for each other
D.feeling lonely between meetings
88.By living “thick,” the author thinks we will
A.find new values in ourselves
B.increase the value of our friendships
C.lose respect for one another
D.acquire respect for society
89.The author says that etiquette and politeness are
A.rules agreed on to facilitate frequent meetings
B.necessary rules for the conduct of any society
C.false standards of value fostered by society
D.rules that make frequent meetings tolerable
90.The author seems to think that less frequent meetings would
A.limit the value of friendship
B.detract from the value of society
C.make us more aware of the value of men
D.eliminate the need for etiquette and politeness
Passage C
Winging it in foreign markets
Winging it in foreign markets
(1) What do hamburgers, hot dogs, soft cheeses, portion-packed yogurt, and Scotch whisky have in common besides that they?re all edible or drinkable? Th ey all sell like mad in global markers, and one strategy is responsible for their success. As marketers, we have three—and only three-available strategies for taking a product across national boundaries. The
method behind these successful products is ore of these three:
(2) Phased internationalization appeals enormously to marketing people. It is what we all leaned when we became marketers. You go to a foreign country with knowledge of your manufacturing capabilities but with no presuppositions about products. Next, you buy research to find out exactly what people there want within a product area you can cater to. Finally, you come home and get your development people to put together
a product with which you can compete in that foreign market.
(3) Global marketing is the trendiest and seemingly most promising approach. From a marketing point of' view, it is a highly responsible strategy. Ignoring frontiers, you go out into a part of the world and try to discover newly emerging needs you might respond to with your manufacturing capabilities. You are particularly alert to consumer typology and to the behavior patterns into which your product offering will have to fit. You do a conscientious market segmentation job.
(4) The shot-in-the-dark method is the seemingly crude, even sloppy, process of picking a product that is already successful in the home market and taking it abroad in the hope that it will sell there. It is an “unmark e ting” approach since it makes what may be unwarranted assumptions about the behavior of a new and unfamiliar group of customers.
(5) While we marketers are usually most comfortable with the first two approaches, the last-the shot-in-the-dark--is the one we use most often. Phased internationalization and formal global strategies are far less risky, but marketers who use them often miss the golden opportunities for taking products across national borders that may be right on our doorstep.
Constraints abroad
(6) When transcending national borders, marketers and product development people I all industries face a host of constraints. Some of these are obvious. People in different countries speak different languages. Rules and regulations differ across national borders: in most countries your drive on the right, but in some you drive on the left. Then there are climate, economic conditions, race, topography, political stability, and occupations. The most important source of constrains by far, and the most difficult to measure, is cultural differences rooted in history, education, economics, and legal system.
(7) Because of all these differences, the international convertibility of products and services varies enormously from one product category to another. Pocket calculators, credit card facilities, and lubricating oils need few international adaptations, whereas toilet soap, phonograph records, and candy require rather more adjustment. I am intrigued by how slow simple services like retailing and retail banking are to globalize and yet how standardization in some international hotel chains has gone so far that, as long as you stay inside the hotel,
you cannot tell whether you are in Vancouver, Kuala Lumpur, Stockholm, or Torremolinos.
(8) Of all the products I can think of food and drink are probably the hardest to take global. Two constraints make globalizing food products especially difficult. The first, which is virtually unique to food products, is recognizability. People want to know what their food is made of, and they usually want to know how it?s processed. They require recognizability in the appearance, the taste, and --- in most cases--- the texture of foods. Consumers impose on such requirements when they buy durable (except for textiles to some extent), personal care products, or household goods.
Two constraints make globalizing food products especially difficult. The first, which is virtually unique to food products, is recognizability. People want to know what their food is made of, and they usually want to know how it?s processed. They req uire reccognizability in the appearance, the taste, and--in most cases ---the texture of foods. Consumers impose no such requirements when they buy durables (except for textiles to some extent), personal care products, or household goods.
(9) The recognizability con straint means that a food or a beverage product won?t sell in countries where the people aren?t familiar with its ingredients. It means that the amount of engineering and processing that companies can apply to food is limited. The recognizability requirement also means that extensive processing is more acceptable in countries where it is. Instant coffee is unpopular m Germany, France, and Italy, where people drink a lot of coffee and want it freshly brewed, it is more popular in non-coffee-drink countries like Britain and Ireland.
(10) The second main constraint on globalizing food products is what I call the age symptom. The more a product is associated with long-standing usage habits. The less internationally marketable it is. Conversely, the more recent the usage pattern, the more likely it is that the product will be marketable in a variety of countries.
(I 1) The age symptom does not apply just to food products, of course. Garden spades, which have been in use for ages, look quite different in Switzerland, England, and Holland. But gardeners in those countries use identical motor diggers. And although styles do evolve slowly, men' s formal clothing is made in response to long-established usage habits. You don' t need to be a tailor to tell a German, a Frenchman, and a Briton apart by the suits or the shoes they wear. But with the recent emergence of casual clothing, everybody wears the same jeans, T-shirts, and sneakers.
(12) The reason for this phenomenon is not mysterious. Products that have been around a long time respond to long-established usage patterns because people in different, countries, and indeed different regions, used to live in isolation. Our modem international communications have proliferated: we can look at each other daily on TV, so our newly emerging usage patterns converge and thereby enhance the globalizability of the new products that respond to those patterns. Some products that respond to long-established usage patterns are natural cheese, popular cuts of meat, and varieties of beers, wines, and spirits. Products that respond to more recent usage patterns are portion-packed yogurts, hamburgers, hot dogs, soft .Stinks, and light beers. These products have more global potential than those that respond to older usage patterns. Global products like these have often come from the needs or wishes of a new stratum of customers, or—it doesn't matter which way you put it--a new stratum of customers has come along as suppliers have produced low cost, universally available, integrated products.
(13) Even though a food or a drink product that sells successfully in one country theoretically will not sell in another unless research explicitly predicts otherwise, many food products are, in fact, big Successes globally. Moreover, I would argue that their success is overwhelmingly due to a shot-in-the-dark marketing approach.
(1.4) Look, for example at British food consumption patterns over the past 20 years. The United Kingdom has a massive debit balance of trade in food. My estimate of the consumer value of products that were
new to the U.K. market in the past 20 years is $4.5 billion--more than 10% of total consumer spending on food. Further estimates show that 85% of those new products have either been imported or based on existing product concepts in other countries. Evidently, Britons tike to try foods they?re unfamiliar with.
(15) By far the most important source of new product ideas in Britain has been, and is likely to remain existing products in other countries. In 1985, for example, Britons ate $90 million worth of steaklets and grill steaks--food products that, 20 years ago, were practically unheard of in Britain. The concept originated in America and is now meeting an enthusiastic response overseas. In the same year, Britons ate $260 million worth of yogurt--a product idea that came from Europe. Other non-indigenous foods popular in Britain now are low-fat cheeses. breakfast cereals, mineral water, pasta, and cookies.
(16) Some of these-products came to Britain through phased internationalization and through the formal global approach. Most of them, however, came by the shot-in-the dark method. True, they were extensively researched and tested before their launch onto the British market. But the important fact is that they were products that had already established themselves in their "respective home markets and were brought to Britain with a "let?s try and see” attitude.
What doesn’t’ work
(17) Phased internationalization works best with a single product in a particular market---the Dutch sell feta cheese in the Middle East, the Danes sell British-style bacon in Britain and the Swiss-chocolate makers carefully formulate their products to sell in America. Heinz and Unilever, among many others, have largely built their international business on this approach.
(I 8) Phased internationalization, though, has a number of disadvantages. Because of the low international convertibility of food products, a product formulated for a single foreign country is unlikely to be salable in another. The Dutch do not sell their feta cheese outside the Middle East, nor do the Danes sell British-style bacon outside Britain. The North American Swiss chocolate recipes are unsuitable for other areas. Consequently, this strategy implies a country-by-country approach to international expansion.
(19) Moreover, the foreign supplier in a market may also have difficulty matching the
Value/price framework established by the indigenous competition. Finally, the foreign supplier may have difficulty establishing credibility. While some German cheese makers produce a very good Camembert, I imagine they?d have trouble selling it to the French. And despite their status as the world?s largest producer of Scotch-type whisk, the Suntory Company in Japan considers it unwise to sell its product in Britain.
(20) To all appearances the global marketing approach solves all these problems. It looks, without a doubt, like the worthiest of the three strategies. It promises all the benefits of economies of scale without the concessions dictated by the need to maximize market penetration. You can afford to skim the cream off your markets. You sell not what the greatest number of consumers finds acceptable; instead you sell what a minority of consumers is very keen on.
Some products that were deliberately developed to sell in global markets are margarine (though the originators of the product curiously, never adopted a global brand strategy for it), IDV?s Bailey?s Irish Cream Liqueur, Ferrero's Tic Tac candy, and Rocher chocolates. Some global brands have global strategies. Others--Coca-Cola, Kellogg?s cornflakes, Heineken beer, and McDonald?s hamburgers, for example--have not. In the food and drink arena, brands that succeed in using the global marketing approach are few and far between. The reasons are the few international convertibility of food and drink products mentioned earlier and the increasing difficulty of finding brand names for international use.
....and what does
(21) I have described me shot-in-the-dark strategy of selling abroad what you happen to be selling in your home market as a sloppy way to approach international marketing. Especially in food and drink products, with their notoriously low levels of international: convertibility, you?d think that no responsible marketer would ever employ this strategy. But wait. This strategy, which may look casual, has resulted in an enormous worldwide export business. Practically all the world?s wine export businesses and most of the exports of beer and spirits were built on this shot-in-the-dark approach. Dispatching nearly 340,000 tons of' cheese per year. Holland is the largest exporter of cheese in the world; nearly all of that volume is m indigenous varieties. West Germany has been building a sizable food and drink export business. In the United Kingdom alone, Germany sold $2 billion of unfamiliar, expensive, high-quality products straight from its home market—a six fold increase, m real terms, in 12 years. And there?s more.
(22) Earlier, I mentioned Baliey?s Irish Cream and some Ferrero products as having been deliberately developed for a global market--and they were. Then I mentioned Coca-Cola. Kellogg, Heineken and McDonald?s as other global brands---which they are. Or, strictly speaking, which they became. Those brands and products were not deliberately developed for global markets. They were developed and, for many years, sold only in their home markets. Marketers did not take these domestically successful products to foreign markets willy-nilly. They did extensive research, testing, and reformulation before the international rollout of all those brands, but the product concepts had domestic origins. It fellows inescapably that the shot-in-the-dark strategy prompted the global growth of these brands. And when you think about it, the same applies to most global and international products and brands.
(23) So while the shot-in-the-dark strategy is wholly reprehensible in theory, it has proved to be the most successful in practice. And the global marketing strategy---while the most laudable in theory---has proved the most difficult to implement.
Shots in the not-so-dark
(24) While the shot-in-the-dark approach may be the most successful, marketers cannot afford to be lax about their planning and research methods, it is still important for marketers to examine and assess all three strategies since this choice will govern the entire product development process.
(25) Once they?ve chosen a strategy, marketers can use the knowledge of their available technological resources to assess target markets not only for size and growth rate but also for age--of-usage and recognizability characteristics. A target market sector characterized by long-established usage habits will require a product offering that is closely tailored to expectations about domestic product attributes, and marketers will have to choose a country-by-country development route. The shot-in-the-dark and the global approaches are unlikely to work in this stance.
(26) If, on the other hand, the company aspires after a global strategy, it will need to take a wide geographical sweep to ascertain whether it can discover any newly emerging need patterns that the company can respond to with its technological resources.
(27) While the shot-in-the-dark approach has a high chance of failure, it can form the groundwork for either a phased internationalization or a global strategy; and it should certainly be tested against these possibilities.
(28) No matter what strategy you choose, a rigorous knowledge-gathering program is in order. The resource investment in any serious sales expansion attempt is considerable, and appropriate knowledge can protect the investment. Getting a hold of that knowledge requires several types of inquiry skills:
(29) Scanning, which is the collection of data, trends, judgments, and values that will--- directly or indirectly---affect any envisaged marketing operation.
(30) “lnferencin g”, which is speculating about customer responses to environmental influences and about responses to related influences.
(31) “Propositioning,”which is proposing a product offering in response to a particular customer need--whether assumed or ascertained--- and measuring customer?s assessment of that product offering.
(32) Clearly, a formal global effort will initially concentrate on scanning and inferencing; a phased internationalization approach will start with a scanning exercise, soon to be followed by propositioning type tests-- The shot-in-the-dark approach will go straight to propositioning inquiries.
What about brands?
(33) Of all the marketing mix elements, the product is the most restrictive when a global strategy is considered. Some brands are intrinsically linked with particular products: what applies to the product applies to the brand. Coca-Cola and Kaffee HAG are good examples. In these cases, the globalizability of the brand is confined to the product. Other brands are associated with broad ranges of products: all private-label brands and brands like Hero and Kraft are in that category. In these cases, the brand can be globalized to cover product ranges that are internationalized-- that is, product ranges are formulated to local needs, country by country, brands are global.
(34) In the case of food and drink, the opportunities for globalizing products are much more limited than the opportunities for globalizing brands--provided those brands leave enough latitude to encompass product ranges formulated to suit the needs of specific markets.
(35) I have said that products that have actually been designed for global markets are very rare (es pecially in the food and drink sectors) and that many of today?s “global” products were o riginally intended for, and confined to, their home markets. The success rate of the shot-in-the-dark approach--on top of the fact that it requires the least amount of imagination, time, and development effort-- suggests that it will remain a popular strategy. If we evaluate products in one market for their ability to answer newly emerging trends and needs in other markets, we are, in fact using a shot-in-the-dark approach to build a global strategy. All sorts of food-and other --products have become global in this way. They have turned out to be shots in the not-so-dark
91. It can be inferred from the artic le that “winging i t in foreign markets” means (ti tle of article)
A. using an unknown strategy to sell products in foreign markets
B. using a global approach to sell products in foreign markets
C. using phased internationalization to sell products in foreign markets
D. using an unstructured, imprecise and risky strategy to sell products in foreign markets.
92. What can we infer about the motor digger? (Paragraph 11)
A. Its form varies from-country to country.
B. It has a recent usage pattern.
C. it has a long-standing usage pattern.
D. It is used for gardening only in Europe.
93. What is the meaning of' the follo wing statement: “The United Kingdom has a mass ive debit balance of trade in
food”? (Paragraph 14)
A. The United Kingdom imports more food than it exports.
B. The United Kingdom exports more food than it imports.
C. The United Kingdom has incurred a large debt because of overconsumption.
D. The United Kingdom exports no food products.
94. What is the meaning of the following statement: “Al1 sorts of food---and other—products have become global
in this way. They have turned out to be shots in the not-so--hark'?
(Paragraph 35 )
A. The shot-in-the-dark approach is similar to global marketing.
B. The shot-in-the-dark approach depends primarily on research.
C. The shot-m-the-dark approach depends on scanning and inferencing.
D. The shot-in-the dark approach actually involves planning and evaluation. '
95. Why does the author use the example of British food consumption patterns over the past 20 years? (Paragraphs
14-16)
A. To prove that the shot-m-the-dark method is successful.
B. To prove that the United Kingdom has a massive debit balance of trade in food;
C. To prove that the British like to try-unfamiliar foods;
D. To prove that global marketing is more successful than phased internationalization
96. In which paragraphs is the main idea stated?
A. Paragraph 1, 13, & 35;
B. Paragraph 1, 5, & 13:
C. Paragraphs 1 & 13
D. Paragraph 1 & 5
97. Where does the author use contrast to support his main idea?
A. Paragraphs 5 & 6;
B. Paragraphs 6 & 17
C. Paragraphs 17 & 20;
D. Paragraphs 23 & 5
98. How would you describe the writing style of the author?
A. Literary and academic;
B. Formal and bureaucratic
C. Informal and conversational
D. Academic and conversational
99. The tone of the article can best be described as
A. humorous and neutral;
B. neutral and authoritative
C. authoritative and subjective;
D. subjective and argumentative
100. The author?s attitude toward the global marketing approach for food and drink brands can be described as:
A. critical and pessimistic;
B. critical and optimistic;
C. neutral and unrealistic
D. pessimistic and hostile
Sections 6 (25%) This part consists of two cloze tests
Cloze Test A
Select ten words from the list provided and write each of them in the answer sheet as you see fit for the numbered blanks in the passage:
Conciliate accost rehabilitate flay elation circumstances caliber explicit inertial disposition philanthropist exponent accrue Disposition exhaustive concur despicable
Most critics would (101) in the judgment that the period from 1845 to 1855 was among the greatest in American literature. With authors of the (102) of Poe, Melville, Hawthorne, Thoreau, Emerson, Whitman, and Longfellow all writing at the time, it could hardly have been otherwise. Among these writers, the first three had a(n) (103) to look at the darker side of life; they did not try to (104) the “facts of life.”
To offer some example, Edgar Allen Poe?s “The Black Car” deals with a(n)
(105) character who hangs a cat; the (106) reason that Poe gives for the crime is “the spirit of perverseness” that lives in the human heart. In Melville?s “Moby Dick,” a half-mad sea captain leads a (n) (107) search for a white whale and (108) every sailor who does not share his insane enthusiasm. And in Hawthorne?s “The Scarlet Letter,”although the heroine, an adulteress, (109) into society, there is in fact no sense of (110) in the novel.
Cloze Test B
Read the following article and complete the gaps. In each gap one word is required:
No bias in dismissal through pregnancy illness
Where a Woman was dismissed became she was prevented from worLing by an illness arising out of her pregnancy, her dismissal was not direct sexual discrimination in terms of either the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 or EEC Directive 76/207.
An Extra Division of the Court of Session so held, (111) an appeal by Mrs. Brown against a decision of the Employment Appeal Tribunal of an application brought by her against Rentokil Ltd.
The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 provides …A person discriminates against a woman in any circumstances relevant for the purposes of any provision of this Act if on the ground of her sex treats her (112) favorably than he treats or would treat a man. A comparison of the cases of persons of different sex must be such that the relevant circumstances are the same, or not
(113) different in the other.
EEC Council Directive 76/207 provides---with regard to conditions governing dismissal men and women are to be guaranteed the (114) conditions without discrimination on grounds of sex.
Mr Colin McEachran, QC, for the appellant; Mr. Nicholas Ellis for the respondents.
Lord Allanbridge, delivering the opinion of the court, said that the respondents had had a working rule; which had been a condition of the appellant?s employment with them, that where an employee exceeded 26weeks of continuous sick leave, that employee would be (115) That rule had been applied on at least one occasion in respect of a (116) employee.
The appellant had become pregnant and had not (117) from August 1990 until she was dismissed in February 1991. During that period she had submitted a series of medical certificates. The respondents (118) that her illness had been due to medical condition arising out of her pregnancy.
The industrial tribunal had stated that the appellant had been treated in the same way as a male employee(119) through long-term illness.
In Webb v. Emo Air Cargo (UK) Ltd (1993) I WLR 49. Lord Keith of Kinkel had stated that there could be (120) , doubt that in general to dismiss a woman because she was pregnant was unlawful direct discrimination (see James v. Eastleigh Borough Council [1990]2 AC 751).
However, Lord Keith had said in Webb that the applicant had not been dismissed simply because her pregnancy had the consequence that she would not be (121) for work at the critical time. He had gone on to explain that, but for her sex, Mrs Webb would not have been pregnant and but for her pregnancy she should not have been (122) -------------
He had stated that is the …but for? test applied to that situation, it had (123) to apply when the reason for the woman?s being unavailable at the critical time was that she was then duo to have an operation of a particularly gynecological (124) such as a hysterectomy.
But a man could be required to undergo an operation for some condition which was (125)------------to males, such as an abnormal prostate. Lord Keith had explained that the (126)-------- comparison was not with any man but with a hypothetical man who would also be unavailable at the critical time. The relevant circumstance was expected unavailability. The precise (127) for the unavailability was not a relevant circumstance.
Their Lordship respectfully adopted and followed Lord Keith?s reasoning. In the (128)-----------case, it was not relevant that the precise reason for the appellant?s illness was a condition, namely pregnancy, which was capable of affecting only women. No discrimination had arisen under the 1975 Act considered in isolation.
Their Lordships required, however, to take into account the answer of the European Court of Justice to the question (129) by the House of Lords in Webb (1994) I IRLR 482. The appellant submitted that the answer, read along with the opinion of the advocate-general, clearly indicated that the 1976 Directive applied to the present case (130) a woman was dismissed due to an illness connected with pregnancy.
西安交通大学计算方法B上机报告
计算方法上机报告
姓名： 学号： 班级：能动上课班级：
题目及求解： 一、对以下和式计算： ∑ ∞ ? ?? ??+-+-+-+=0681581482184161n n n n S n ，要求： ① 若只需保留11个有效数字，该如何进行计算； ② 若要保留30个有效数字，则又将如何进行计算； 1 算法思想 （1）根据精度要求估计所加的项数，可以使用后验误差估计，通项为： 1421114 16818485861681 n n n a n n n n n ε??= ---<< ?+++++??； （2）为了保证计算结果的准确性，写程序时，从后向前计算； （3）使用Matlab 时，可以使用以下函数控制位数： digits(位数)或vpa(变量，精度为数) 2 算法结构 ;0=s ?? ? ??+-+-+-+= 681581482184161n n n n t n ； for 0,1,2,,n i =??? if 10m t -≤ end; for ,1,2,,0n i i i =--??? ;s s t =+ 3 Matlab 源程序 clear; %清除工作空间变量 clc; %清除命令窗口命令 m=input('请输入有效数字的位数m='); %输入有效数字的位数 s=0;
for n=0:50 t=(1/16^n)*(4/(8*n+1)-2/(8*n+4)-1/(8*n+5)-1/(8*n+6)); if t<=10^(-m) %判断通项与精度的关系break; end end; fprintf('需要将n值加到n=%d\n',n-1); %需要将n值加到的数值 for i=n-1:-1:0 t=(1/16^i)*(4/(8*i+1)-2/(8*i+4)-1/(8*i+5)-1/(8*i+6)); s=s+t; %求和运算 end s=vpa(s,m) %控制s的精度 4 结果与分析 若保留11位有效数字，则n=7，此时求解得： s =3.1415926536； 若保留30位有效数字时，则n=22, 此时求解得： s =3.8。 通过上面的实验结果可以看出，通过从后往前计算，这种算法很好的保证了计算结果要求保留的准确数字位数的要求。 二、某通信公司在一次施工中，需要在水面宽度为20米的河沟底部沿直线走向铺设一条沟底光缆。在铺设光缆之前需要对沟底的地形进行初步探测，从而估计所需光缆的长度，为工程预算提供依据。已探测到一组等分点位置的深度数据(单位:米)如下表所示：
上海交通大学研究生培养方案
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学位课G071532 应用泛函分析 3.0 春 学位课G071536 高等计算方法 2.0 春 学位课G071552 应用近世代数 3.0 春 学位课G071555 矩阵理论 3.0 秋 学位课G071556 近代矩阵分析 2.0 春 学位课G071557 图与网络 2.0 春 学位课G071558 拓扑学基础 2.0 春 学位课G071559 最优化理论基础 3.0 秋 学位课G071560 小波与分形 2.0 春 学位课G071561 偏微分方程数值方法 2.0 春 学位课G071562 基础数理统计 2.0 秋 学位课G071563 时间序列与多元分析 2.0 春 学位课G071564 应用随机过程 3.0 秋 学位课G071565 最优估计与系统建模 2.0 春 学位课G071566 变分法与最优控制 2.0 春 学位课G071567 工程微分几何 2.0 春 学位课G071568 非线性动力系统 3.0 春 学位课G090510 中国文化概论 2.0 春，秋留学生必修 学位课G090511 汉语 2.0 春，秋留学生必修 学位课G090512 自然辩证法概论 1.0 春，秋
硕士学位英语水平全国统一考试试题
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2012职称英语考试阅读理解及翻译
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()研究生英语水平能力测试样卷1
研究生英语水平能力测试样题 Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15 marks) Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 1. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of ________ reality. A. what it is conceived B. that is conceived C. what is conceived to be D. that is being conceived of 2. New York City collects garbage ________ $209 per family per year. A. at the cost of B. at sacrifice of C. in demand of D. in support of 3. I would just as soon ________ rudely to her. A. you not speak B. you won't speak C. you not speaking D. you didn't speak 4. ________ so many people been out of work as today. A. More than ever before B. Never before have C. In the past, there never have D. Formerly, there never were 5. We got home late last night, ________, early this morning. A. namely B. in other words C. or rather D. in any case 6. The miners escaped the danger by ________. A. a hair breadth B. hair breadth C. hair's breadth D. a hair's breadth 7. Praise is like warm sunshine. It not only brings joy to ________ who are praised but also adds pleasure to ________ who praise. A. these; these B. we; us C. them; them D. those; those 8. When our imports ________ our exports, we say we have a favorable trade balance; however, when our imports and exports are the other way round we say we have an unfavorable trade balance. A. fall short B. fall short of C. run out of D. are lack of 9. ________ that distinguish human beings from other primates are related to the ability of people to stand upright and walk on two legs. A. Many of the physical characteristics B. Of the many physical characteristics C. The physical characteristics D. There are many physical characteristics 10. Classical logic is characterized by a concern for the structure and elements of argument ________ that thought, language, and reality are interrelated. A. based on the belief B. on the belief based C. belief based on the D. the based belief on 11. ________ fashioned from a wick floating in a bowl of oil functioned according to the principle of capillary action.
2012年职称英语考试理工类C级真题试卷及参考答案
2012年职称英语考试理工类C 级真题试卷及参考答案
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4、A large crowd assembled outside the American embassy A．gathered B．watched C．shouted D．walked 【答案】：A 5、He kept in constant contact with his family while he was in Au stralia A．gradual B．regular C．direst D．occasional 【答案】：B 6、On the table was a vase filled with artificial flowers A．wild B．fresh C．lovely D．false 【答案】：D 7、We had trouble finding a pure water supply A．typical B．complete
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上海交通大学考研心得
上海交通大学考研心得 途中多有波折，经历了许多，也成长了很多。以前做事坚持不下来，但是在同学和长辈们的鼓励和支持下，虽然不断地想放弃，还是坚持了下来，所以坚持就 ...这里给大家分享一些关于考研心得体会，供大家参考。 考研心得体会1 先说一下我的情况，我是12年毕业于中部一所985，学的专业是工科，在南方工作了2年感觉这辈子要是就这么个混法，算是完了。在14年的时候反复思量，最后走上考研道路的，8月份正式复习，大学时学的那点皮毛早就忘的一干二净，也算是零基础吧。 考研首先是定目标。非要我说说为什么考金融，倒也直率简单，因为本身是学工科的，结合我的经历认为，金融高大上，工科纯屌丝,就走上了这么个道路，当然了，这种想法是对我个人而言，很片面也很短视。 择校择专业 再就是选学校。一开始想着去央财或者是上财，后来想想不怎么好，本身985考个211的金融，觉得特别怂，打听到安泰431偏好理工科，往年的招生名额也都十来个，就这么下了决定。事实上，安泰431确实欢迎理工科的学生跨考，这点我在后面还要说。招生名额后来变化比较大，大家都知道的，今年新的推免政策，一下子把统考名额减少了近三分之二，这也导致了今年有同学报841的没能如愿调剂成功。 初试时间安排 8月份开始我在南方一所高校附近租房，每天去别人的图书馆蹭自习室，7点半
起床，晚上10点半回去，再背一会单词和专业课，期间也午休，午饭和晚饭一个小时，每天的学习时间在12个小时左右，一周休息半天，除了去现场报名外，没有间断过，算得上有始有终。由于是陌生的学校，不认识人，每天说的话就是跟饭堂的阿姨点菜，考研的辛苦在现在看来倒还让人怀念，其中的滋味只怕是过来人才能深有体会。 英一70+，政治70+，数一120+，专业课110+，复试完后才知道这个初试成绩在今年还是排名靠前的，考虑到交大431压分，四科中我唯一考后不遗憾的就是专业课了，加上其他公共课有很多高人的经验，我就说说作为一个0基础，没有一点金融学基础知识的考生是怎样复习专业课的吧。 参考书 参考书目：货币银行学 (第三版，戴国强主编)，公司理财 (第9版，罗斯著)，《罗斯《公司理财》笔记和课后习题详解》(中国石化出版社)，《金融硕士(MF)真题及详解》(机械工业出版社)，网上下载的各金融名校近年真题。(交大431官方其他2本教材完全不用看)。 首先是打基础。刚开始的时候，每天从7点以后的时间我都分配给了专业课，先看货币银行学，关键是背，背的时候要理解着背才会深刻，这里的背不是通遍背，书中大部分文字都是对一些原理的解释，这部分是理解到能用自己的话说出来即可，成功的背诵我想是应该能对着课后习题，完整地回答所有的问题;能不用看书，把这一章从节到各节的二级标题框架勾勒出来;能把各二三级标题的主要内容表述出来。 前两遍较慢，用两个小时有时都搞不定一章，每天在背下一章的时候都会先把前一章的内容复习一遍，反复加强，即使如此，背3遍可能还是觉得都忘了，我前后背了7遍，第5遍的时候才达到看个章节标题就能复述全文的地步。这样的背书我是采用不出声的方式，从没有间断过。
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