英美概况课件之英国交通篇运输

从18世纪50年代起,英国逐渐出现了开凿运河、疏浚河道、修筑硬面公路的热潮。到1830年基本形成了全国水运网,公路的运输时间也大大缩短.蒸汽机引起了交通工具的变革.1807年美国人富尔顿发明了汽船.1812年英国制造的汽船试航成功.1819年第一艘汽轮横渡大西洋成功.从此汽笛在内河和海港鸣响.1814年史蒂芬森发明了第一台比较实用的蒸汽机车.19世纪30--40年代,英国大规模地修建了铁路.铁路运输的勃兴使运河退居次要地位.交通运输的发展缩短了燃料、原料和产品的运输时间,降低了成本,促进了工业和国内外贸易的发展.

。英国的公交系统和大多数英国家庭都没有安装空调，使英国人对高温更为敏感。

英国媒体纷纷用“烤”和“烘”来形容连续几天的高温天气。据悉，高温迫使部分学校停课、企业雇主也鼓励员工穿着轻便服装。福利部门也加强探视老人，同时劝告民众要注意补充水分。媒体报道说，部分道路上面的柏油经不住高温而融化，因而造成驾车困难、行人不便。另外，担心铁轨遇热变形、火车降低速度或者取消车班，因而打乱发车时刻表。

伦敦地铁是世界上最古老的地铁系统，因为没有空调，并且通风性能差，连续高温让地铁屡遭抱怨，有碍观瞻的袒胸赤膊在地铁里也大有人在。一些地铁站免费提供饮水，为乘客降温。据悉，伦敦市长利文斯通甚至警告说，由于很难解决地铁过热问题，他会考虑在暑期部分关闭地铁系统，以避免发生乘客死亡事件。

英国出行感受伦敦地铁的便利

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ac5152707.html,中英网 (2006-9-2) 文章来源：华声报

趁着去英国培训的机会，我真切的感受到英国地铁的便利，果然名不

虚传！

出国前朋友就对我说，到伦敦一定要抽出一点时间去乘坐一下伦敦地

铁，否则将是一大遗憾。带着一种猎奇的心绪，再进行完一周的学校培训

后，我和同事前去体验伦敦地铁。伦敦地铁全部是自动化管理，可以通过

自动售票机买票，也可以通过人工买票。地铁票分为成人票和儿童票之分，

又有单程和全天多程之分，票价各不相同，买者可以根据自己的实际需要

购买。

伦敦地铁是世界上最古老的地铁之一，是世界地铁的发源地，至今伦

敦地铁在总里程和车站数量上仍居世界之首，伦敦也因此被称为“建在地

铁上的都市”。伦敦地铁现有12条线路纵横交错，总长超过400多公里，

仅车站就有270多个，在市区任何一个地点，人们都能在步行10分钟内便

可进入四通八达的地铁站。伦敦的地铁与火车站、港口、机场等场所连为

一体，既节省时间，又减轻了地面交通压力。确实感到非常便利。

现在的伦敦地铁已采取了一系列先进的智能管理系统，从买票、进站、出站、信息查询等全部是电脑自动服务。根据线路和站点的不同，旅客自

动向售票机投1—2枚硬币即刻拿到车票，到入口处自动检票，滚动门棒便

随之开启，出站时再自动核票出站，如果车票有错，即不能出站并提示补票，就会有人出来进行处理。高度的效率和高度的文明令人折服。值得称

道的是，将近一个半世纪的伦敦地铁至今完好如初，不仅说明当年设计者

的聪明智慧、高超的前瞻性和预见性，还显示出后人的精心维护，技术更

新和现代化的管理技能。

伦敦地铁给我的一个突出感受是，其硬件软件都体现出为乘客服务的

强烈意识，在站口以及沿电梯的墙壁上随处都有旅游、购物和娱乐活动等

与人们日常生活相关的信息。在列车月台上醒目的悬挂着下一辆车将会在

几分钟内到达的显示器，人们进入车厢内抬头可见行车线路图等标示。每

当列车到站后，车上的人匆匆下去，车下的人匆匆上来，整个过程安静有序，除了机器的噪音外几乎没有人的声音，这与国内地铁熙熙攘攘的喧闹

环境形成了鲜明对比。另外，外地旅客乘坐伦敦地铁或许还会有许多意想

不到的发现，如各个地铁站都是根据不同年代的建筑风格而建造的，从早

期的砖石拱形结构，到后来的钢筋混泥结构和纯钢架结构，再到现代的钢

化玻璃等新型建筑材料结构，让人感受到英国150多年地铁建筑发展的巨

大成就。而在许多地铁出口甬道的墙壁上，还有一些记录英国历史典故和

所在地点文化背景的壁画，把你带入当地文化历史中。

在我们乘坐地铁期间还发生了一件有趣的事。我们做地铁到

Piccadilly Circus站时，车上的广播通知列车终点站到了，要大家换车，于是我们下车等待下一辆地铁，坐上下一班车后很快车上的广播又响了，

但由于说得比较快，我们没有听懂广播的内容，准备到站时看看其他人的

反映再行事，心想应该没有这么倒霉下一站又是个终点站吧。结果到了Green Park站，车上的人都下去了，但是又有很多人上来，我们很奇怪，

看起来不像是终点站到了，我们也就没有下车。结果车开了，是倒着开回

去了，原来这班车到了晚上的固定时间就要改变行驶方向，我们只好回到

原来的车站改乘其他线路回Hotel。现在想想还是觉得很好笑，英国的地铁

竟然会倒着开。

伦敦的地铁是古老的，也是现代的，其管理是科学的，也是人性的。

它集古老、现代、科技、文化、经济、文明为一体，它是英国综合国力的

一个缩影。这大概就是我对伦敦地铁的最大感受吧。

美国管地铁叫subway，英国称地铁为underground（可能是废话，大家都知道），但subway 在英国是指地下通道。所以看到subway的标志别以为是发现地铁站了！（但很多时候有subway，就有地铁站，London有很多地铁站和地下通道都是相通的）

不同地方叫地铁还不同，伦敦叫“the tube”，Newcastle 叫“metro”。其他地方不知道还有什么说法。

0000伦敦地铁在欧洲交通系统中是出了名的脏（英国人自己说的）。欧洲其他国家我不太清楚，我去过瑞士，比起瑞士来是脏了些。但你也不必马上出现一副到处是垃圾的想象图，我个人觉得看上去给人一种很陈旧的感觉，毕竟已经一百多年了（伦敦地铁是自在1863年开通的）。虽然脏，但还是很方便的（伦敦有12条地铁线）。

现代样式的公交

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02-Feb-2003

在欧洲像英国这样普遍地使用双层巴士作为公交车的国家还是不多的。所以红色双层巴

士也算是英国的特色了，特别是在伦敦。

这种红色的公交车叫double-decker buses，为了保持传统特色，政府规定各公交公司

的车必须统一使用红色，所以你在英国看到的只有红色的公交车。当然也不是没有单层的，如图3，不过单层的相对较少（我指伦敦）。

公交站牌

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20-Jan-2003

站牌顶端有一个红色圆圈中间带一横扛的标志（图1），这就是公交的标志。如果你在

哪里看到这个标志就说明那附近有公交车站。地铁的标志和公交的有些类似，不同的是，

地铁的标志在那个“横扛”上写“UNDERGROUND”字样。这个标志下面的灰色区域里，写

的是这站的站名，站名下面是说明公交接下来要往那个方向开，注意它并不是指下一站（像国内一般都是下一站站名），一般都是写接下要到的一个比较大的站（可能是4、

5站以后了）。

站牌下面有公交经过地点的详细信息（图2），比如经过什么什么站（并不是列出所有

的站，小站可能就不列了），公交发车的时间表。反面（图3）列出经过这站的不同公

交线路。

地铁通道里的指向标

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28-Jan-2003

其他地方的地铁我不太清楚，伦敦的地铁，那真是太复杂了。由于线路很多，有些站是

一层又一层，走得你都不知道自己大概在地下多少米了。所以在伦敦搭地铁（其实不管

搭什么都一样），一定要看好路标。地下通道虽复杂，但标志非常明了，你只有跟着箭

头走就没问题。

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03-Feb-2003

这是火车站里的自动售票机。自动售票机，它都有标明使用步骤，按提示操作，很简单（一般都是先选一个目的地，然后确定那种票，然后它提示你投进多少钱）。当然除了售票机，也有窗口售票，如图2。

Cabs

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16-Jan-2003

传统的黑色出租车也是英国的一道风景。不过现在有很多cab都喷上各种鲜艳的色彩，

像图2就是一辆蓝色的cab。别看cab样子很传统，里面的装备都是不错的，空间也很大。这种出租车费用一般比较贵，来英国这么久，但没坐过这种出租车。仅有的几次经验，坐的也是普通的出租车，所以乘cab的费用暂时就给不了什么信息了。

交通

Bus Stop

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16-Jan-2003

公交车站没什么特别，和国内差不多。大一点的站（如图1）有坐的地方，小站就一立

个站牌就完了（如图2）。虽说英国人在很多场合都会自觉排队，但等公交的时候一般

都没什么排队的概念，当然有些时候人多，人们就会自觉排成一队的。

Mini Cab

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03-Feb-2003

伦敦的出租车除了cab，还有一种叫mini cab。其实它就和普通车一模一样，而且它也

没有出租车的标志，所以它的生意就是靠电话。如下图就是一个普通的mini cab公司（也

不知该不该叫公司，一般就是一个小门面，里面几部电话，和几个司机，门口挂个小招牌，称它“店”更合适）。一开始我还以为那些都是开黑车的，后来知道人家也是合法经

营。如果你要叫车就打它那个招牌上的电话号码。

红灯按钮

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在英国过马路时绿灯要自己按。班马线两旁都有按钮。大多数英国人对红灯不是很在意，如果车多当然要等绿灯（命还宝贵的嘛），没车时，人们不太在意是不是红灯，照走不误。

路标

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20-Jan-2003

英国的路标不错，还是挺完善的。路标上有标明各种符号，像公交站，地铁站，厕所等。不过要注意的是，英国的路标它所指的方向就是目的地的确切方向，所以你可以看到，有些路标杠上的路标指向什么角度的都有，即使所指方向没有路或有建筑物挡着，标牌还是指向目的地那个方向的，如图2。

街道标牌

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20-Jan-2003

下图中白色的的标牌就一个街道标牌。标牌上有街道名和邮政编码。英国的邮政编码在日常生活中是很有用的，它的定位功能比较强，就那伦敦来说，例如“E8”这个E就表代表伦敦东部，所以别人一看就大概知道这个地址大概的方位，像国内全是数字那就不太好辨认。如果你叫出租车的话呢，除了地址再告诉对方邮政编码，那他们就清楚在那儿接你了。

火车站入口

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03-Feb-2003

火车和地铁的入口都是一样的，把票插进去，过机，取票。

Victoria Station

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03-Feb-2003

这是Victoria Station，也是伦敦的主要火车站之一。火车站虽很大，人来人往，搞得人有点分不清东西南北，不过英国的标识还是很完善，你只要看着标识走（什么地方都一样），是走不丢的。搭火车不管什么站，一进大厅，你只管找到时刻牌（如下图中那个长长黑色时刻牌）。那牌上会打出很多将要开的车次，找到你的车次（目的地，出发时间），看是那个platform，然后你在大厅里转悠转悠找到那个platform。现在你就可以高枕无忧地去逛了，等时间快到的时候就直奔那个platform。

图2那个像两个相反箭头组成的标志是火车站的标志。

Liverpool Street Station

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03-Feb-2003

这是Liverpool Street Station。在英国铁路和地铁其实没什么差别，有时候地铁会开到“地上”，铁路站有时候在会在“地下”。很多站都是地铁和铁路的整合体。像这个Liverpool Street Station(伦敦），进了大厅是搭火车的，但它同时也和地铁站相连（地铁站名也叫Liverpool Street Station)，只要你继续往地下走就会发现“别有洞天”。

英美概况英国版感想-研究生英美概况课程作业之一

My feelings for the class of survey of Britain In terms of this class, I have gained a general understanding of the British society from the exploration into every corner , which is ranging from rel- igion, education, architecture, holidays and so on. This broadens my visi- on to a much larger extent. Generally speaking, they can be summarized as follows: First of all, a preliminary social scene has been shown to us during the class. The UK is a great nation all around the world and people speaking native English must have something different from us Chinese. Classmat- es from different majors have shown me the Britain society from their own view, which I think is very interesting. For example , someone gave his lecture by the way of listing lots of pictures. The moment was watc- hing the pictures I got a lot of information, besides , it seems not very boring. Secondly, it is《The Rise of Great Powers》.This is the twice I have wat- ched this documentary. While, I regard it as a reflection of the history of the Britain . It is also a showcase of the Empire of the Sun and a brainst- orm to me. Someone maybe whisperd, we China also does have a history as brilliant as Britain. However, from a foreigner’s view , it is fresh enoug- h and exciting enough.Perhaps, we may get lots of lessons from Britain. Finally, the teaching form is novel and lively. During my showtime, I am the reporter of the class. People sitting in the classroom are all listeners

英美文化概况之英国篇

英美文化概况之英国篇 英国早期人文历史常识 （一） 英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。 地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。 大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。 政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。 联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。 大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。

英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附 属国组成的联合体。英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。 （二） 英国地势西北高、东南低。其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。 英格兰占据了大不列颠南面的最大部分土地，那里地势平缓，多为平原、丘陵和沼泽地。特别是英格兰东部沿海地区，土地肥沃，适于耕种。 苏格兰多为山地、湖泊和岛屿，它拥有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地以及南部山陵。不列颠最高峰尼维斯峰（Ben Nevis）便座落于此，高1,343米。威尔士亦是多山地区，6%的土地被森林覆盖，大部分村庄以放牧为主。 北爱尔兰北部为多岩石、荒蛮的海岸，曲折蜿蜒。其东北部多为高地，东南部为山区，而中部则是低浅的盆地。 不列颠是个岛屿国家，四面环海，它隔着英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆遥遥相望。位处英法两国之间的英吉利海峡最窄之处被称作多佛海峡（Straits of Dover），仅有33公里宽度。1985年英国政府和法国政府决定在多佛海峡处修建海峡隧道。 总长153公里的隧道于1994年五月竣工通车，使得欧洲公路网得以连成一体，被誉为人类工程史上的一个伟业。 英国河流分布细密。塞文河（the Severn）是英国第一大河流，长338公里，它同西

英语国家概况—英国

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