华师网院在线作业欧洲文化入门古代时期
作业
1．第1题
Epicureanism and Stoicism are similar in the following ways except for____.
A.Both were concerned with the good of the individual.
B.Both were idealistic in world view.
C.Both believed that reason is the key to solution of social problems.
D.Both thought highly of the peace of mind.
您的答案：B
题目分数：4.0
此题得分：4.0
2．第2题
Which one of the following statements about the condition of the Jews during the Roman time was NOT true?
A.In 64
B.
C. Pompey conquered Judea and turned it into a Roman province.
B.The Jews had to pay heavy tax, but they enjoyed limited self-rule.
C.Faced with Roman persecution, the Jews had to worship the Roman emperors as gods.
D.The Jewish people hoped for salvation led by a prophet.
您的答案：C
题目分数：4.0
此题得分：4.0
3．第3题
In the Early Middle Ages, the Roman Church and the Eastern Church were divided over the following issues EXCEPT for ______.
A.Iconoclasm
B.official language
C.explanation of the Holy Spirit
D.baptism
您的答案：D
题目分数：4.0
此题得分：4.0
4．第4题
The Roman expansion had many consequences EXCEPT ______.
A.Rome became the hegemony in the Mediterranean region.
B.economic gains for all Romans
C.social conflicts and slave uprisings
D.increased political power for military commanders
您的答案：B
题目分数：4.0
此题得分：4.0
5．第5题
Of the following orders of columns, which one is more formal and dignified and mainly used in mainland Greece?
A.Doric
B.Ionic
C.Corinthian
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a4651033.html,posite
您的答案：A
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
6．第6题
Which of the following is NOT true about Emperor Constantine the Great?
A.He concentrated power in his own hands.
B.He made Christianity the state religion.
C.He abandoned Rome as the imperial capital.
D.He tolerated all religions in the Roman Empire.
您的答案：B
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
7．第7题
The Roman Empire reached it largest territorial extent during the reign of _____.
A.Julius Caesar (46-44
B.
C.)
B.Octavian (27 B.
C.-14 A.
D.)
C.Trajan (98-117 A.
D.)
D.Constantine the Great (306-337 A.D.)
您的答案：C
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
8．第8题
Starting from the reign of which Roman emperor such jobs as bakery and military service became hereditary?
A.Octavian
B.Diocletian
C.Constantine
D.Theodosius
您的答案：B
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
9．第9题
The largest and most famous of all Hellenistic cities is ____.
A.Athens
B.Sparta
C.Alexandria
D.Thebes
您的答案：C
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
10．第10题
Which of the following statements about ancient Greek sculpture is NOT true?
A.The beauty of human form was the most important subject.
B.The archaic Greek artists created two sculptural human forms, the kouros and kore.
C.The classical Greek sculptors represented human body less naturally or relaxed.
D.The Hellenistic Greek sculptors liked to represent extreme emotions in the human face and figure.
您的答案：C
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
11．第11题
The second founding father of Christianity was _____.
A.St. Peter
B.St. Paul
C.St. Athanasius
D.St. Augustine
您的答案：B
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
12．第12题
Which one of the countries below was not part of the ancient Near East?
A.Armenia
B.Turkey
C.Israel
D.Iraq
您的答案：B
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
13．第13题
The Tigris and Euphrates are originated from which country?
A.Iraq
B.Armenia
C.Turkey
D.Iran
您的答案：C
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
14．第14题
That Aeneid, the legendary founder of the city of Rome, was the prince of _____ suggests a certain link between the Roman civilization and ancient Near East.
A.Etruria
B.Greece
C.Troy
D.Phoenicia
您的答案：C
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
15．第15题
The first city- builders in Italy were ________.
A.the Greeks
B.the Latins
C.the Etruscans
D.the Italians
您的答案：C
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
16．第16题
Which one of the Roman Emperors resembles the “philosopher king” praised by Plato?
A.Trajan (r. 98-117 A.D.)
B.Hadrian (r. 117-138 A.D.)
C.Antoninus Pius (r. 138-161 A.
D.)
D.Marcus Aurelius (r. 161-180 A.D.)
您的答案：D
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
17．第17题
The ethnic origin of Jesus was ____.
A.Greek
B.Roman
C.Hebrew
D.European
您的答案：C
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
18．第18题
Which one of the following peoples first practiced monotheism?
A.ancient Egyptians
B.ancient Hebrews
C.ancient Greeks
D.ancient Sumerians
您的答案：B
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
19．第19题
The founder of the Hebrew race was ____.
A.Jacob
B.Moses
C.Abraham
D.Joseph
您的答案：C
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
20．第30题
Which description of the traditional Greek religion is incorrect?
A.Ancient Greeks believed that the gods have human forms and human personality.
B.For the Greeks, the gods only favored those people and states that honored them.
C.In ancient Greece, the main religious ceremony took place inside the temple.
D.Oracles also played an important part in the Greek religion and beliefs.
您的答案：C
题目分数：4.0
此题得分：4.0
21．第31题
Which of the following reform measures resulted in the moral decline of the Romans?
A.limiting the amount of land owned by individual citizens
B.selling grain at a low price to citizens
C.distributing public land to landless citizens
D.cutting down land taxes or rent
您的答案：B
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
22．第32题
Which Hellenistic kingdom ruled Egypt and parts of the Middle East?
A.Ptolemaic Kingdom
B.Antigonid Kingdom
C.Seleucid Kingdom
D.Pergamum Kingdom
您的答案：A
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
23．第33题
The economic success of the early Roman Empire was mainly achieved by _____.
A.small farmers
B.slaves
C.serfs
D.Roman legions
您的答案：B
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
24．第34题
The gladiator show indicated Romans’ love for _____.
A.adventure
B.fun
C.violence
D.entertainment
您的答案：C
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
25．第35题
Who is usually regarded as the “father of history”?
A.Herodotus
B.Thucydides
C.Xenophon
D.Polybius
您的答案：A
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
26．第36题
In the year of ____, Constantine the Great issued Edit of Milan which officially made Christianity legal.
A.311
B.313
C.324
D.380
您的答案：B
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
27．第37题
Christians considered pagan gods_____.
A.as demons
B.as humans
C.incredible
D.supernatural
您的答案：A
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
28．第38题
_____ is the longest river in the world.
A.The Tigris
B.The Amazon
C.The Mississippi
D.The Nile
您的答案：D
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
29．第39题
It was during the ____ that the Romans were defeated by the famous Carthaginian general Hannibal.
A.the 1st Punic War
B.the 2nd Punic War
C.the 3rd Punic War
D.the 4th Punic War
您的答案：B
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
30．第40题
The Roman Republic was founded in _____.
A.509
B.
C.
B.471 B.
C.
C.445 B.C.
D.367 B.C.
您的答案：A
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
31．第41题
Britain was turned into a Roman province in ________.
A.the 1st century
B.
C.
B.the 1st century
C.the 2nd century
D.the 3rd century.
您的答案：B
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
32．第42题
In the first Greco-Persian War, Greek army defeated the Persian forces and won a smashing victory in the battle of ____.
A.Thermopylae
B.Marathon
C.Salamis
D.Plataea
您的答案：B
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
33．第43题
The so-called Mesopotamia civilization included cultures developed by the following groups of people EXCEPT _______.
A.Babylonians
B.Persians
C.Sumerians
D.Assyrians
您的答案：B
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
34．第44题
Which one of the following items was NOT invented by the ancient Mesopotamians?
A.guitar
B.magnifying glass
C.lock and key
D.gunpowder
您的答案：D
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
35．第45题
Which one does not belong to the Bronze Age civilizations of ancient Greece?
A.Cycladic civilization
B.Helladic civilization
C.Hellenistic civilization
D.Minoan civilization
您的答案：C
题目分数：1.0
36．第56题
Which one is NOT the aftermath of the Peloponnesian Wars?
A.In Athens, democracies collapsed and the empire crumbled.
B.Many city-states rebelled against the imperialistic rule of the Athens.
C.In Sparta, class conflict became severer and traditional virtues were corrupted.
D.There were constant clashes between different city-states.
您的答案：B
题目分数：4.0
此题得分：4.0
37．第57题
Three of the following statements are true with the early experience of Christianity. Which one is the exception?
A.Unlike the Jews, the early Christians of the Roman Empire suffered persecution.
B.Christianity was not the official religion of the Roman Empire until the 4th century.
C.Christianity spread in the cities of the empire, first in the east and later in the west.
D.It was Constantine’s toleration for all religions that brought new l ife to Christianity.
您的答案：A
题目分数：4.0
此题得分：4.0
38．第58题
Which one of the following groups of the people could vote in the Roman assemblies?
A.Roman generals and adult male plebians
B.anyone whose parents were Romans
C.adult Roman males and females.
D.literate Greek slaves
您的答案：A
题目分数：4.0
此题得分：4.0
39．第59题
Which one of the following statements about ancient Egyptian religious belief is NOT true?
A.The ancient Egyptians practised polytheism.
B.All Egyptian gods had an animal head and a human body.
C.Ancient Egyptians built temples to communicate with their gods.
D.Egyptians believed in final judgement and resurrection.
您的答案：B
此题得分：4.0
40．第60题
All of the following political ideas can be accredited to the Romans EXCEPT ____.
A.popular sovereignty
B.social contract theory
C.democracy
D.separations of power
您的答案：C
题目分数：4.0
此题得分：4.0
41．第20题
After Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century, all other religious beliefs disappeared.
您的答案：错误
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
42．第21题
The Hammurabi Code is the oldest known legal document in human history.
您的答案：错误
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
43．第22题
In the ancient Egyptian society there were only male pharaohs.
您的答案：错误
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
44．第23题
Athenian magistrate Solon devised the Council of 500 as a check to the power of the nobles.
您的答案：错误
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
45．第24题
Like the Jews, the Christians rejected the Greco-Roman gods and the Cult of the Living Emperors.
您的答案：正确
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
46．第25题
Officers in the Roman Republic were produced by drawing lots.
您的答案：错误
题目分数：2.0
此题得分：2.0
47．第26题
The Americans learnt from the ancient Rome in creating their federal government.
您的答案：正确
题目分数：2.0
此题得分：2.0
48．第27题
Roman state financed gladiator shows to make people forget social and economic problems.
您的答案：正确
题目分数：2.0
此题得分：2.0
49．第28题
The basic units of the first human civilization were city-states.
您的答案：正确
题目分数：2.0
此题得分：2.0
50．第29题
All Egyptian gods have a human body and an animal head.
您的答案：错误
题目分数：2.0
此题得分：2.0
51．第46题
Mesopotamian civilization was based on the tradition, culture and custom of one single group of ancient people living in the region.
您的答案：错误
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
52．第47题
judaism instilled a sense of individualism ａnd equality into the hebrew society.
您的答案：正确
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
53．第48题
Though the idea of democracy originated in Athens, the practice was very different from today’s western countries.
您的答案：正确
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
54．第49题
That the early Christians suffered systematical persecution by the Roman authorities was a myth.
您的答案：正确
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
55．第50题
The institution of the senate in the Roman Republic could be traced to the Etruscan tradition.
您的答案：正确
题目分数：1.0
此题得分：1.0
56．第51题
Octavian kept the republican system in name in order to gain support.
您的答案：正确
题目分数：2.0
此题得分：2.0
57．第52题
In the Roman Empire, a foreign soldier could earn citizenship through his military service.
您的答案：正确
题目分数：2.0
此题得分：2.0
58．第53题
The Romans were extremely intolerant of foreign religions.
您的答案：错误
题目分数：2.0
此题得分：2.0
59．第54题
The Hammurabi Code ensured that every one is equal before the law.
您的答案：错误
题目分数：2.0
此题得分：2.0
60．第55题
Among the Olympian gods, Zeus was the chief deity and he was mainly worshipped at Olympia.
您的答案：正确
题目分数：2.0
此题得分：2.0
作业总得分：100.0
作业总批注：
完整版欧洲文化入门参考资料
欧洲文化入门参考资料 这是一本中国大学生了解欧洲文化的英语教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好。 《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 1、课程英文名称：European Culture: An Introduction 2、课程类别：专业限选课程 3、课程学时：32学时 4、学分：2 5、先修课程：《高级英语》、《英国文学选读》、《美国文学选读》 6、适用专业：英语 7、大纲执笔：英语专业教研室 8、大纲审批：外语系学术委员会 9、制定(修订)时间：2005 二、课程的目的与任务： 本课程为专业选修课程，旨在通过该课程的学习，学生比较系统地学习有关欧洲文化的基本知识，以提高学生的文化知识和文化修养，并为以后开专业课提供大量重要的背景文化知识，从而更好地了解和学习英语，提高文学欣赏水平。 三、课程的基本要求： 本教学大纲对象是高等院校英语专业高年级学生，全部用英语授课。 了解欧洲文化对英语发展的影响和欧洲文化发展的脉络； 了解来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等； 了解欧洲各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物； 将欧洲文化与同时期的中国文化进行比较； 学生应准备一些工具书、参考书、选本、译本。 四、教学内容、要求及学时分配： 希腊、罗马文化 基督教及其《圣经》 中世纪 文艺复兴与宗教改革 十七世纪 启蒙运动 浪漫主义 马克思主义与达尔文学说 现实主义 现代主义及其它 五、考试考核办法：笔试 六、教材及参考书：
最新英语在线作业1.pdf
1.Our manager will look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little ____. A wait B time C patience D rest 正确答案:C 词汇与结构2013 2.There will be _______ soon. I’m afraid I can’t go. A rain B rainy C raining D rains 正确答案:A 词汇与结构2013 3.I am not used to speaking ______ public. A in B at C on D to 正确答案:A 交际英语2013 4.--I wonder if I could use your computer tonight.--_____________. I’m not using it right now. A Sure, so ahead. B I don’t’ know. r. C It doesn’t matte
D Who cares? 正确答案:A 词汇与结构2013 5.I don’t know the park, but it’s ______ to be quite beautiful. A said B told C spoken D talked 正确答案:A 词汇与结构2013 6.The teacher came into the classroom, ______ a thick book in her hand. A have B to have C having D had 正确答案:C 交际英语2013 --_______________. 7.--Hey, Tom, what’s up? A Yes, definitely! B Oh, not much. C What is happening in your life? D You are lucky. 正确答案:B 词汇与结构2013 8.It is ______ that an accidental meeting makes a lifelong friendship.
18秋华师《英语国家国情与文化—英国》在线作业-2答案
18秋华师《英语国家国情与文化—英国》在线作业-2 18秋试卷作业参考答案 一、单选题共30题，60分 1、In summer there are open-air theatres, including one in London's Regent's Park, where ____ are performed, and the Minack Theatre, which is an open cliffside near Land's End in Cornwall. AWilliam Shakespeare's plays BChristopher Marlowe's plays CBen Johnson's plays DGeorge Bernard Shaw's plays 这门答案选择：A 2、In December 1653,by an Instrument of Government,____became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England. ARichard I BOliver Cromwell CCharles B DJames II 这门答案选择：B 3、The singular of 'media' is Amedian. Bmedium. Cmedial. Dmediate. 这门答案选择：B lthough Wales has been united with England for more than 400 years, the Welsh has kept alive ____. Atheir own language Btheir own literature Ctheir own tradition DAll of the above 这门答案选择：D 5、The___________refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. AUrbanization
华师欧洲文化入门古代时期在线作业
1．第1题 The poetic creation of _____ glorifies Rome’s conquests and achievements. A.Virgil (70-19 B. C.) B.Horace (65-8 B. C.) C.Ovid (43 B.C.-17 A. D.) D.Juvenal (55-130 A.D.) 您的答案：A 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：1.0 2．第2题 Jesus lived in the __. A.early 1st century https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a4651033.html,te 1st century C.early 2nd century https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a4651033.html,te 2nd century 您的答案：A 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：1.0 3．第3题 _____ is the longest river in the world. A.The Tigris B.The Amazon C.The Mississippi D.The Nile 您的答案：D 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：1.0 4．第4题 Of the following orders of columns, which one is more formal and dignified and mainly used in mainland Greece? A.Doric B.Ionic C.Corinthian https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a4651033.html,posite 您的答案：A 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：1.0
5．第5题 Starting from the reign of which Roman emperor such jobs as bakery and military service became hereditary? A.Octavian B.Diocletian C.Constantine D.Theodosius 您的答案：A 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：0.0 6．第6题 Christianity originated from__. A.Turkey B.Palestine C.North Africa D.the Western Europe 您的答案：A 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：0.0 7．第7题 Which one of the following statements about the Code of Hammurabi was NOT true? A.The Code helped Hammurabi consolidate his rule in the Mesopotamia. B.The Code was based on the principle of retaliation. C.Everyone received equal punishment for the same crime committed. D.The Code was written in the Akhadian language. 您的答案：D 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：0.0 8．第8题 That Aeneid, the legendary founder of the city of Rome, was the prince of _____ suggests a certain link between the Roman civilization and ancient Near East.
对欧洲文化的认识
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2017春《欧洲文化入门》平时作业
1．第1题 Which one of the following statements about the condition of the Jews during the Roman time was NOT true? A.In 64 B. C. Pompey conquered Judea and turned it into a Roman province. B.The Jews had to pay heavy tax, but they enjoyed limited self-rule. C.Faced with Roman persecution, the Jews had to worship the Roman emperors as gods. D.The Jewish people hoped for salvation led by a prophet. 您的答案：C 题目分数：1.5 此题得分：1.5 2．第2题 Which one of the following statements was NOT a factor that brought about the agricultural growth during the Central Middle Ages? A.The climate improved and the temperature was higher. B.More lands were under cultivated. C.Farming technology improved greatly. D.The food price dropped drastically. 您的答案：D 题目分数：1.5 此题得分：1.5 3．第3题 Which of the following reform measures resulted in the moral decline of the Romans? A.limiting the amount of land owned by individual citizens B.selling grain at a low price to citizens C.distributing public land to landless citizens D.cutting down land taxes or rent 您的答案：B 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：1.0
欧洲文化入门
欧洲文化入门 《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史) 二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。 《欧洲文化入门》的考试大致包括以下几种题型：四选一，填空，判断，简答题，名词解释，论述题。 选择题：这种题型可考查考生的记忆、理解、判断、推理分析，综合比较，鉴别评价等多种能力，评分客观，故常被应用。在答题时，如果能瞬时准确地把正确答案找出来最好，假如没有把握，就应采用排除法，即应从排除最明显的错误开始，把接近正确答案的备选项留下，再分析比较强以逐一否定最终选定正确答案。 填空题：这种题型常用于考核考生准确记忆的“再现”能力，在答题时，无论有几个空，回答都应明确、肯定，不能含糊其辞，填空题看似容易实则难，最好的应对办法是对英语语言知识中最基本的知识、概念、原理等要牢记。 名词解释：这种题型一般针对英语专业自考本科段课程中的基本概念、专业名词进行命题，主要考核考生的识记、理解能力。在答题时，答案要简明、概括、准确，如分值较大，可简要扩展。 简答题：这种题型一般围绕基本概论、原理及其联系进行命题，着重考核考生对概念、史实、原理的掌握、辨别和理解能力。在答题时，既不能像名词解释那样简单，也不能像论述题那样长篇大论，答案要有层次性，列出要点，并加以简要扩展就可以。 论述题：这种题型一般从试卷编制的全局出发，能从体现考试大纲中的重点内容和基本问题的角度来命题，着重考核考生分析、解决实际问题的能力，考核
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参考答案： (D) 5. “ (?) Bars” are somet imes cheaper than coffee shops, but they may be busier, requiring you to stand and eat at a counter. (A) Snapshot (B) Snack (C) Snail (D) Snake 参考答案： (B) 6. We only discuss the relative problems we are all (?). (A) involved in (B) involve in (C) involved to (D) involve to 参考答案： (A) 7. Most of the accidents are easily (?). (A) acceptable (B) intolerable (C) avoidable (D) understandable 参考答案： (C) 8. We sent the parcel (?) express mail. You should receive it this week. (A) vial (B) visa (C) via (D) vita 参考答案： (C)
欧洲文化入门中文版课件
第一章希腊罗马文化 希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。我们先看希腊的发展。 希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。 这段历史的重要大事有： 1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。荷马生活在公元前700年。 2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。 3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌，因而在公元前431
年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中，详尽描写了这一战争。 4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后，斯巴达专横跋扈，底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。公元前371年，马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军，他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。至此，古典时代结束，希腊化时代即将开始。 古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权，又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会，并构件了唯心主义的根基。亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。剧作家有埃斯库罗斯、阿里斯托芬、索福克勒斯。这一时期希腊也造就了像阿基米德和欧几里得这样的数学家，以及像希罗多德和修昔底得这样伟大的历史学家。 希腊的艺术和建筑在神庙上得到最高体现。著名的雅典卫城的圣地帕台侬神庙就是卫雅典娜女神建造的。 接下来我们从希腊文明走向罗马文明。 希腊化时代与罗马时代前期相互交融，最终过渡到罗马时代。罗马时代经历了早期共和国（公元前509－公元前264年）、后期共和国（公元前265－公元前27年）、早期帝国（公元前27年－公元284年）和后期帝国（284－476年）。公元前500年，
欧洲文化的论文
河北大学工商学院添些学校 《xxx》结课论文 题目：欧洲文化之哥特式建筑 姓名：黄文泽 性别：男 专业：xxx 班级：xxx 学号：xxx
欧洲文化之哥特式建筑 欧洲文化博大精深历史悠久，无论是其人文艺术方面的发展还是其自然科学的严谨都吸引了广大的研究者和历史文化爱好者，经过本学期老师对欧州文化的讲解，我对本来就很感兴趣的欧洲建筑有了更深的了解和认识，下面我从其起源、建筑特点以及对现代建筑的影响简述下我眼中的欧洲建筑的代表——哥特式建筑。 哥特式建筑是中世纪下半叶起源于法国13——15世纪流行于欧洲的一种建筑风格。主要见于天主教堂也影响到世俗建筑。哥特式建筑以其超高的技术和艺术成就，在建筑史上占有重要是地位。 其特点主要是尖塔高耸,尖形拱门,大窗户及绘有圣经故事的花窗玻璃.营造出轻盈修长的飞天的感觉.以及新的框架结构以增加支撑顶部的力量.使整个建筑以直线线条,宏伟的外观和教堂内空阔的空间, 再结合镶着彩色玻璃的长窗,使教堂里产生一种浓厚的宗教气氛.教堂的平面仍是基本的拉丁十字型,但是其西端门的两侧增加一对高塔。 哥特式建筑结构也十分多样，主要有尖肋拱顶，飞扶壁，花窗玻璃等，下面就各国建筑代表为例来介绍哥特式结构在建筑上的体现。 意大利的哥特式建筑于十二世纪由国外传入,主要影响于北部地区.意大利没有真正接受哥特式建筑的结构体系和造型原型,只是把它当做是一种装饰风格,所以在意大利很难找到纯粹的哥特式建筑.威尼斯的世俗建筑有很多的杰作,圣马可广场上的总督宫被认为是中世纪的世俗建筑中最美丽的作品之一,成为广场的标志.城市里一般
建有许多高塔,总体轮廓线很美. 德国最早的哥特式教堂之一的科隆主教堂于1248年兴工,由建造过亚眠主教堂的法国人设计,有法国盛行的哥特式建筑的风格. 德国的教堂很早就形成了自己的形制和风格,如德国的马尔堡的圣伊莉莎白教堂的建筑结构体现了德国教堂建筑的最早特点：屋顶平缓，陡坡屋面罩在拱顶上，高度相等的教堂中厅和侧厅，教堂内部采光是依靠端体墙上高窄普通的窗户，全然去除尖顶、高侧窗、飞扶壁等等之类的样式，可谓一大创新。 以挺拔、动感、飞扬而著称的哥特式建筑艺术，在欧洲各地流行了近四个世纪之久，虽然走向了落寞，并曾经一度被文艺复兴时期的的艺术家们评为是野蛮的象征，但哥特式建筑艺术给欧洲各国带来的巨大影响却是不容忽视的，那一座座哥特式教堂以及具有哥特式风格的绘画和雕塑便是最好的证明。 综上所述，探讨哥特式建筑建筑艺术不仅仅是对建筑，建筑艺术的研究，更有助于我们了解其背后的宗教，历史，人文背景。对于我们更好的解读中世纪那段特殊的历史进程有着极其深远的意义。 由于哥特式建筑艺术本身就是西方文明的产物，存在语言方面的差距，再加上所学知识有限使得本文得出的结论具有局限性对于所取得的成就认识也较肤浅。更深层次的探讨和论证还有待继续深入的研究，我会在今后的学习中继续关注哥特式建筑艺术。
欧洲文化入门
《欧洲文化概论》是由外语教学研究出版社出版的中国大学英语专业教材。书中介绍了欧洲各个历史时期和人物的典故、语录、成语、人名、地名等，并按时间顺序具体简洁地描述了欧洲从古至今的历史。本书通过对欧洲不同时期的思想、科技、政治、社会等方面的重要时代和人物进行英语教学，使学习英语的学生更好地了解欧洲历史文化，从而使英语学习更加顺利，更好地掌握英语语言和文化。 1相关概要编辑 《欧洲文化入门》是一本中国大学英语系的教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好[1] 2课程目的编辑 为学习英语的学生而设，因此用英语讲授，提到的地名，人名，书名，事件的名称等等也按英语惯例拼写，例如用Aristotle而不是Aristote （法）或Aristoteles（德）。 3课程内容编辑 欧洲文化的重要方面都讲到，但由于材料太多，又必须突出中心，为
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B:run out of C:run off D:run down 答案：B The old lady _________ on hearing her son’s death. A:broke in B:broke down C:broke out D:broke away 答案：B He called her names, so she won't forgive him _______ he makes an apology to her. A:although B:once C:if D:unless 答案：D --I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her. ---_______ A:No way，It was her fault. B:Not possible，It was her fault. C:No chance，It was her fault. D:Not at all，It was her fault. 答案：A Nobody but a young woman _________the airplane crash.
2016下半年华师在线欧洲文化入门100分作业
2016下半年华师在线欧洲文化入门100分作业 Which one of the following statements was NOT a factor that brought about the agricultural growth during the Central Middle Ages? A.The climate improved and the temperature was higher. B.More lands were under cultivated. C.Farming technology improved greatly. D.The food price dropped drastically. 您的答案：D 题目分数：4.0 此题得分：4.0 23．第30题 Magna Carta in 1215 in England was significant in that it __. A.really weakened the power of the church B.spoke for the common people C.really weakened the power of the king D.spoke for the nobles 您的答案：C 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：1.0 24．第31题 What were the three forms of vernacular literature for town dwellers? A.epic poetry, romance poetry and dramas B.fabliaux, fables and romance poetry C.lyric poetry, epic poetry and romance poetry D.fabliaux, fables and dramas 您的答案：D 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：1.0 25．第38题 Epicureanism and Stoicism are similar in the following ways except for____. A.Both were concerned with the good of the
古希腊是欧洲文化的发源地
古希腊是欧洲文化的发源地。古代希腊人在科学、哲学、文学、艺术上都创造了辉煌的成就，对欧洲文化的发展产生了深远的影响。 古希腊艺术的形成、发展与其社会历史、民族特点、自然条件有着密切的关系。城邦国家的奴隶主民主政体为文化艺术的发展提供了有利的条件，城邦国家要求公民具有健壮的体格和完美的心灵，这也成为艺术创造的理想形象。贸易和航海业的发展造就了希腊人的坚强意志、机智灵活以及勇于追求理想的积极性格，也使希腊人得到接触两河、埃及等地区文化的机会。希腊神话是希腊艺术的土壤，希腊神话包含着人们对自然奥秘的理性思索，它蕴育着历史和哲学观念的萌芽。希腊神话中“神人同形同性”的特点使神祇具有人的面貌和情感，成为促使艺术与生活息息相通的有利因素。温和的希腊气候使希腊人有广阔的露天活动和运动的场所。四年一度的奥林匹克运动会上，运动员裸体竞技为艺术家提供了塑造健美人体的条件，使他们对于人体美有较早的领悟和表现。希腊艺术家正是在这种环境下创造出古代世界最杰出的艺术，给人类宝库留下了最珍贵的遗产。 古代希腊文化是现代欧美文化的重要渊源，它不仅反映在建筑、雕塑等有形迹可循的那些领域，尤其深刻地反映在宗教、哲学、诗歌、戏剧等意识形态领域。爱琴文明是希腊文明的发祥期，其总体特征（或曰类型）近似于同时期的古西亚、埃及的宫殿文化。希腊语文化勃兴于古风时代。随着城邦的繁荣、大殖民运动的拓展，进入公元前7—前6世纪，各种文化门类、职业逐渐形成，到公元前5—前4世纪古典时代达到鼎盛。 古希腊美术的地理范围以爱琴海为中心，因此也被视为爱琴美术的延续。雪莱曾在诗中吟道：“我们都是希腊人。”希腊是欧洲文明的发源地和摇篮，没有希腊，无法想像欧洲文明会是什么样子，今日西方世界无处不遗存着希腊文明的传统。可是除了居住在希腊半岛上的公民自认为希腊人外，很少有人像雪莱那样以哲理的想像认为自己是希腊人。那么究竟谁是希腊人呢?历史表明，克里特的征服者、特洛伊城的毁灭者——迈锡尼人，是希腊最早的居民之一。后来沦为北方蛮族的奴隶，并逐渐分流为多立克人和爱奥尼亚人，他们都有共同的信仰和语言，所以称他们为希腊人。“希腊”一词意为典雅、优美。后来创造出许多雕刻艺术杰作的希腊人正与这典雅、优美之名相称，可谓名副其实。 希腊三面临海，北面连接欧洲大陆。境内多天然良港，可以经过地中海通向世界各地，为航海和对外贸易提供了极为有利的自然环境，内陆多山，土地贫瘠，但是盛产大理石，为雕刻艺术提供了极方便的物质材料。到了公元前12世纪，爱琴海文明受到北方蛮族入侵的严重破坏。但不屈的希腊人在这块曾经有过丰厚文明的废墟上重新建立了灿烂的希腊文明，成为欧洲文明的真正始祖。进入奴隶社会的希腊半岛，建立了200多个奴隶制城邦国家，每一城邦以城市为中心连同城郊农村组成大小不等的国家，各自为政。其中最强大的是雅典和斯巴达。由于国穷民贫，为了生存和发展，各城邦国家之间不断发生战争，弱肉强食，为了保存自己，掠夺财富，城邦国家实行强国强兵政策，在城邦内部实行民主政治，自由民直接参与城邦治理，十分重视民族体格素质的锻炼，所以管理国家、锻炼身体是每个公民的神圣职责。 希腊本土气候宜人，阳光充足，温度适中，在这样的自然条件下适宜于户外裸体锻炼和比赛。由于裸体运动，改变了人们的观念，不以露体为耻，反以健美身体为荣光，这引起美学家们的关注和艺术家的表现，美学家们发现人体美，艺术家们创造美的人体。大政治家伯里克利斯说：“我们是爱美的人。”希腊民族是爱美、创造美的民族。希腊人在民主自由和激烈竞争的环境中不仅发现、孕育和创造了美，而且也创造了神，在希腊人的心目中最完美的人就是神，因此希腊人尊重人,把人提高到神的高度加以肯定，神和人是同形同性，希腊人把强健的身体看成是一切善与美的本原，而把希腊神话视为艺术的精神本源，正如马克斯所指出的：“希腊神话不仅是希腊艺术的武库，而且是它的土壤”。所以希腊艺术主要成就表现在神与人合一的雕刻和神庙建筑。希腊美术的主要特点是无所不包的和谐与规律性，还有庄严与静穆。它的主要标志是人体美，希腊人为人类贡献了高不可及的艺术典范之作。
欧洲文化入门要点
WEEK 1-3 Reformation and Counter-Reformation P138-139 The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It begin with Martin Luther‘s 95 thesis in 1517. This movement aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible, The demands of the reformists: ---direct communication between the individual and God ---simplifying rituals ---abolishing heavy taxes levied on their countrymen ---abolishing the indulgences 1) Pre-Luther Religious Reformers John Wycliffe (about 1330?a1384) p-139 Chief forerunner of Reformation. English theologian and religious reformer. He believed that Christ is man??s only overlord and that salvation depends upon predestination and grace rather than on membership of a visible church. He took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time. Jan Hus (1372-1415) A Bohemian Czech religious leader, theologian. Attacked the abuses of the Church/ was imprisoned and exiled/ was burnt at stake / the Hus War 2) Martin Luther(1483-1546) and His Doctrines Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church. Beginning of the Reformation p-140 Translation of the Bible Gospel of love and Ideas of Equality In the history of Germany, Martin Luther was more than a religious leader, he was a fighter for democracy and nationalism, a humanist who helped to build a competent educational system and a writer whose forceful language helped fix the standards of the modern German language 3) John Calvin (1509-1564) and Calvinism Calvin was a French theologian. His Institutes of the Christian Religion was considered one of the most influential theological works of all times. Presbyterian government Calvinism stressed the absolute authority of the God’s will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved. Calvinism was one of the main courses of the capitalist spirit 4) Reformation in England p-143 John Knox Scottish Presbyterianism Henry VIII / matrimonial affairs / Catherine Aragon / Anne Boleyn In 1534, the Act of Supremacy marked the formal break of the British with the papal