初中英语语法 数词 详解

数词

掌握分数、时间、日期的表达法。

【复习要点】

（一）基数词

基数词用来表示数目，或者说表示数量的词叫基数词。最基本的基数词如下

1．13—19是由个位数加后缀-teen构成。注意其中13、15的拼写是thirteen和fifteen。

2．20—90由个位数加后缀-ty构成，注意其中20—50的拼写分别是twenty, thirty, forty 和fifty;80的拼写是eighty。

3．其它非整十的两位数21—99是由整十位数加连字符“-”，再加个位数构成。如：81 eighty-one。

4．101—999的基数词先写百位数，后加and再写十位数和个位数。如：691 six hundred and ninety-one。

5．1000以上的基数词先写千位数，后写百位数，再加and，最后写十位数和个位数。

如：5893 five thousand eight hundred and ninety-three。在基数词中只有表示“百”、“千”的单位词，没有单独表示“万”、“亿”的单位词，而是用thousand（千）和million（百万）来表达，其换算关系为：1万=10 thousand;1亿=100 million; 10亿=a thousand million=a billion。

6．多位数的读法：

1）1000以上的多位数，要使用计数间隔或逗号“，”。即从个位起，每隔三位加一个间隔或逗号。第一个间隔或逗号前是thousand（千），第二个间隔或逗号前是million（百万），第三个间隔或逗号前是a thousand million或a billion(十亿)。

2）每隔三位分段以后就都成了101—999。读的时候十位数（或个位数）的前面一般要加and。如：

888，000，000读作：eight hundred and eighty-eight million。

基数词的用法：

1. 基数词在句中的作用

基数词的作用相当于名词和形容词，在句中可作定语、主语、宾语（介宾）、表语、同位语等。

例如：

Three and five is eight. 3+5=8 （作表语）

How many oranges do you want?你要多少桔子？

I want eight. 我要八个。（作宾语）

There are eight boats in the lake. 湖里有八条小船。（作定语）2．Hundred, thousand, million, dozen, score这些词前面如有表示具体数字的词，它们不能加“s”,反之则须加“s”, 并要与of短语连用。例如：

three hundred people, five thousand years；

thousands of people, hundreds of students, thousands of trees

（二）序数词

表示顺序的词，叫序数词。序数词用来表示数词顺序。除特殊情况外，序数词一般都由相应的基数词加后缀-th构成。

说明：

1．英语中表示第一、第二、第三的序数词属特殊形式，要注意它们的拼写。

2．表示“几十”的序数词通常是将基数词词尾y变成i再加上后缀-eth。

3．其余的二位数序数词是以相应的整十基数词加个位序数词。如：fifty-first （第五十一）。

4．少数序数词拼法不规则，如：fifth（第五），eighth（第八），ninth（第九），twelfth（第十二）等。

注意：

1．序数词可缩写为阿拉伯数字加序数词最后两个字母。

例如：

第一：(the) first=1st 第二：(the) second=2nd

第三：(the) third=3rd 第五：(the) fifth=5th

第九十七：(the) ninety-seventh=97th

第一百零一：(the) one hundred (and)first=101st

2．编了号的事物要用基数词表示顺序，但是基数词要后置。

例如：第一课：Lesson One 第三十二页：Page 32

第305房间：Room 305 第12路公共汽车：Bas No.12

序数词的用法

序数词表顺序，主要作定语，其前面须加上定冠词the，此外，也作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，这时，被它所修饰的名词往往被省略。如：The first ( person ) to arrive is Kate.

例如：

The first is bigger than the second. （作主语）第一个比第二个大。

Give me the first. （作宾语）把第一个给我。

She’s often the first to go to school. （作表语）她经常第一个去上学。

We’re going to learn the eighth lesson. （作定语）我们将要学习第八课。

（三）分数表达法

先写基数词表示分子，后写序数词表示分母，如果分子大于1时，分母用复数。如：one-fourth, two-fifths, three-tenths

（四）小数表达法

小数点前的整数按基数词的规则表示，小数点写作point, 小数后的数字应按其数字直接表示出来。如：18.38可写成：eighteen point three eight。

注意：小数在句中常作定语，尤其在比较方式状语从句中被使用。如：This stone is 3.5 times heavier than that one.

（五）百分数表达法（根据学生情况选择使用）

在数词后加percent。例如：

15%读作：fifteen percent；60%读作：sixty percent

（六）表示语数（根据学生情况选择使用）

1）…几倍大小（长短，数量）=…几倍（或分数）+the size(length, amount)。

例如：The earth is forty-nine times the size of the moon.

地球是月球的49倍。

2）…比…几倍=…倍数（或分数）+形容词（副词）比较级+than+被比部分。

例如：His house is three times bigger than mine. 他的房子比我的房子大三倍。

3）…是…倍=…倍数（或分数）+as +形容词+as +被比部分。

例如：This factory is four times as big as that one. 这个工厂是那个工厂的四倍。

（七）表示约数（根据学生情况选择使用）

1）“多于”用more than或over。

例如：The street is over(more than) 500 metres long. 这条街有500多米长。

2）“小于”用less than。

例如：Three are less than 30 people in the classroom. 教室里不到三十人。

3）“或…以上”用or more。

例如：The building can hold 5000 people or more.

那座建筑物可容纳5000人或5000人以上。

4）“或…以下”用or less。

例如：We can finish the work in two weeks or less.

我们可以在两周内或不到两周完成这件工作。

5）“大约”用about, around, nearly等。

例如：The box weighs about 50 pounds. 这箱子重约50镑。

6）“左右”用or so.

如：In the past ten years or so, they have changed a lot. 在过去的十年里，他们改变了许多。

（八）年、月、日和时间的表达法

1．年份用基数词表达，分两位一读，年份前用介词in。例如：

1999 nineteen ninety-nine

2000 two thousand

2001 two thousand and one

2．月份的第一个字母要大写，有些月份名称有缩写形式。例如：

一月January(Jan.), 二月February(Feb.), 三月March(Mar.), 四月（Apr.）,五月May, 六月June, 七月July, 八月August(Aug.)，九月September(Sep.), 十月October(Oct.), 十一月November(Nov.), 十二月December(Dec.)。

3．日期的表达要用序数词，读时前面要加定冠词the,介词要使用on。

例如：在6月1日：on June 1st 读作：on June the first.

年、月、日同时表达时，一般应先写月、日、后写年。如：

在2001年5月4日：on May 4 th, 2001。

4．年代用基数词的复数表示。

例如：20世纪90年代：nineteen nineties；21世纪20年代：twenty twenties 5．时间表达法：时间可用顺读法或倒读法两种方式表达。例如：

5：00 five (o’clock)

6：18 six eighteen或eighteen past six

12：15 twelve fifteen 或fifteen (a quarter) past twelve

4：30 four thirty或half past four

6：45 six forty-five a quarter to seven

注意：

1）表示整点时间，直接用基数词表达，后边可接o’clock (也可不加)。表达“几点几分”时，绝不能用o’clock。

2）表达“15分”或“45分”时，常用quarter（刻）。

3）在倒读法中，如果钟点不过半，须用“分钟数+past+钟点数”的形式；如果钟点过半，则用“差多少分钟数+to+全钟点（下个钟点数）”的形式。

两组与数词有关的介词短语：

⑴in+定冠词the+数词的复数形式，表示年代。如：in the 1870s或1870’s

⑵in+物主代词+数词的复数形式，表示某人的年龄。如：in one’s thirties。有时在物主代词后面可加上形容词early或late使其含义更确切些。如：The young man is at most in his early thirties.

注意：带有数词的名词作定语的表达：a seven-year-old boy，a hundred-metre race

练习

( ) 1. Lincoln was born on ________.

A. February 12, 1809

B. 1809, February 12

C. 1809, 12 February

D. February 18 09,12

( ) 2. A _______ boy can sing the English song very well.

A. ten-year-old

B. ten years old

C. ten-year-old

D. fifth years old

( ) 3. An hour later, _____ minister was sent to see the “magic cloth” woven by tho se two me A. two B. the second C. the two D. second

( ) 4. Abraham Lincoln was _______ President of the United States.

A. 16

B. the 16

C. 16th

D. the 16th

( ) 5. Do you think there is any room for us ________ ?

A. two

B. the two

C. second

D. the second

( ) 6. How many students are there in your class? ________.

A. Twenty nine

B. Thirty and two

C. Forty-five

D. fifties

( ) 7. Which number is wrong? _______.

A. Ninety

B. Ninteen

C. Ninth

D. Nineteenth

( ) 8. The People's Liberation Army was founded _______.

A. on August 1, 1927

B. in 1927, 1 August

C. on August 1st, 1927

D. in August 1 , 1927

( ) 9. The number 4,123 is read _______.

A. four thousand one hundred and twenty-three

B. four thousand and one hundred twenty-three

C. four thousand and a hundred and twenty-three

D. four thousands a hundred and twenty-three

( ) 10. The old professor still works hard though he is _________.

A. in his sixty

B. in his sixties

C. in sixties

D. in the sixty

( ) 11. This classroom is ________ ours.

A. three times big as

B. as three times big as

C. three times as big as

D. as big three times as

( ) 12. The basketball team of our school ranks ________ in the match.

A. three

B. third

C. the three

D. the third

( ) 13. Which is the car that he drives? It's ________.

A. fifty two

B. the fifty-two cars

C. the car fifty four

D. the fifty-fourth car

( ) 14. Which of the following is wrong? ________.

A. He is a fifteen-year-old boy.

B. He is at the age of 15.

C. He is a boy of 15.

D. He is fifteen year old.

( ) 15. Our school is not very big. There are only ________ students.

A. nine hundreds of

B. nine hundred

C. nine hundreds

D. nine hundred of

( ) 16. How many new words are there in ________ lesson? There are only __ _______.

A. five; fifth

B. fifth; five

C. the fifth; the five

D. the fifth; five

( ) 17. ________, Coca-Cola began to enter China's market.

A. In 1970's

B. In 1970s

C. In the 1970s'

D. In the 1970s

( ) 18. There was no bus in that small town. We had a ________.

A. ten miles walk

B. ten-mile walk

C. ten mile's walk

D. tenth mile walk ( ) 19. Today is the first day and ________.

A. Tuesday is fourth

B. Thursday is the fourth

C. second is Tuesday

D. a second is Thursday

( ) 20. Which room do you live in? ________.

A. The 201 Room

B. Room 201

C. Room 201st

D. The 201's Room

( ) 21. How many magazines do you have? I have ________.

A. two

B. both

C. twice

D. the second

( ) 22. Three hundred thousand one hundred and seventy means ________.

A. 3,170

B. 3,117

C. 300,170

D. 30,170

( ) 23. On May ________, ________ people traveled round the country.

A. the first, millions

B. the first, millions of

C. first, the millionth

D. first, milli ons

( ) 24. ________ of them are dining at school.

A. Twelve

B. Twelfth

C. The twelve

D. the 12th

( ) 25. It's 7:17 is read ________.

A. seven and seventeen

B. seven seven

C. seven one seven

D. seven seventeen ( ) 26. Four ________ two is two.

A. plus

B. minus

C. times

D. divided by

( ) 27. Three ________ five is eight.

A. plus

B. minus

C. times

D. divided by

( ) 28. Three ________ seven is twenty-one.

A. plus

B. minus

C. times

D. divided by

( ) 29. Forty-two ________ seven is six.

A. plus

B. minus

C. times

D. divided by

( ) 30. There are ________ days in a year.

A. three hundred sixty and five

B. three hundred and sixty-five

C. three hundreds and sixty-five

D. three hundred sixty-five

Key:

1. A

2. C

3. B

4. D

5. A

6. C

7. B

8. A

9. A 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. D 14 . D 15. B 16. D 17. D 18. B 19. B 20. B 21. A 22. C 23. B 24. A 25. D 26. B 27. A 28. C 29. D 30. B

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