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英语论文 安乐死立法困难的原因 euthanasia

英语论文 安乐死立法困难的原因 euthanasia
英语论文 安乐死立法困难的原因 euthanasia

Analysis of the reason why the

legislation about euthanasia is so

difficult

剖析安乐死立法困难的原因

Analysis of the reason why the legislation about euthanasia

is so difficult

Summary:Nowadays, the problem of euthanasia has brought into focus. Even though euthanasia benefits a lot in several aspects and it is commonly accepted by more and more people that euthanasia is reasonable, the legislation about euthanasia is still difficult. This essay mainly analyses why the patients like to die peacefully, why the doctors choose to give the patients euthanasia and why the relatives of the patients agree to assist them dying. By these analyses, we can see the difficulty in bringing euthanasia into justify towards the people in different position and the result of it.

After learning Unit 5 and doing our presentation, I have a clearer understanding of euthanasia. Euthanasia is a kind of method that makes people die without any pain. It’s often carried out on those who has got an incurable disease or die soon. During recent years, the problem of euthanasia is quite common. Patients suffered a lot because of their disease, using some drugs to lift them out of their misery seem like a good way to go. Polls taken recently also showed that a majority of people is in favor of euthanasia. But for euthanasia legislation in many countries, it is a twists process, and it always ended up with no result. Why the legalization of euthanasia has so many obstacles? What limited the legalization of it? The reasons, in my mind, can be summed up in three aspects.

First of all, from the perspective of the patients, if they know there is a way to avoid the suffering and die easily, they are more likely to surrender to their disease.

Some of the treatment process is painful indeed; it is a hard task not only on the patient’s body, but their mental health as well. But there is also a possibility that maybe after you have suffered through this, you can recover and have a new life. For example, a man called DengShaobin, he has a firsthand experience of seeking euthanasia desperately and hoped to die as soon as possible, but after a heartfelt talk with the other people, he chose to live on bravely. He has also written a book to encourage those who want to give up their life to face the reality and enjoy their life. On another aspect, to receive treatment is a pricy option on an ordinary economic situation. When huge cost was put into treatment but there is no any improvement of their health, the patients will have a feeling that they compromised the family. Nobody wants to see the person he loved suffering pain because of him, so, as a matter of fact, many people prefer to choose a cheaper way to end up their life to reduce the burden of the family, and euthanasia turns out to be a good way.

Secondly, in terms of the doctors, some of them give up the hope of the patients; they don’t want to waste any time or energy any more, so they just give them euthanasia in order to receive more patients. Another possibility is some doctors give the patients euthanasia so that they can get rid of medical accident. It is a kind of shirking responsibility, even more a kind of murdering. They lack the basic morality of being a doctor, which is a shame.

Thirdly is about the relatives of the patients. On the one hand, when the disease is incurable and the patients can’t stand the pain any more, their relatives understand them totally, and then agreed to use euthanasia on them to release them from extreme suffering. On the other hand, as the saying goes,bedrid den long, son’s care gone, so it is inevitable that some people may choose to give the patients euthanasia for the purpose of escape support.

In brief, no matter what kind of reason it is, if the legalization of euthanasia succeed, all the things above are more likely to happen. Then there will be a sharp growth of death rate both in active euthanasia and passive euthanasia. Euthanasia is also limited by traditional culture, professional morality and society pressure which are hard to be considerate. These are the reasons why the legalization of euthanasia is

so difficult. Therefore the legalization of euthanasia is worth paying attention to. (614)

Reference

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a06187341.html,/opinion/special/anlesi/detail_2012_05/31/14957491_1.shtml

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a06187341.html,/html/article/200902/23/345669.shtml

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a06187341.html,/wiki/Talk:Euthanasia

关于安乐死的经典案例 (1)

安乐死 一、案例: (国内)1986年6月23日,患者夏某因肝硬化晚期腹胀伴严重腹水,被送进 陕西汉中市某医院。看着母亲痛苦不堪的惨状,患者儿子王某和妹妹觉得母亲既然痛苦得生不如死,那么就要求医生对其母亲实施安乐死。6月28日,在王某等一再的央求下,医生蒲某开了一张100毫升的复方冬眠灵的处方,并注明是“家属要求安乐死”,王某在上面签了字,当天中午至下午,该院实习生蔡某和值班护士分两次给夏素文注射冬眠灵。同年9月,检察院以故意杀人罪将蒲某和王某批准逮捕,并于1988年2月向法院提起公诉。 1990年3月,汉中市人民法院对此案进行了公开审理,并报至最高人民法院。最高人民法院于1991年2月28日批复陕西省高级人民法院:“你院请求的蒲某,王某故意杀人一案,经高法讨论认为:安乐死的定性问题有待立法解决,就本案的具体情节,不提安乐死问题,可以依照刑法第10条的规定,对蒲某,王某的行为不做犯罪处理。”1991年4月6日,汉中市人民法院作出一审判决:“被告人王某在母夏素文病危难愈的情况下,产生并且再三要求主治医生蒲某为其母注射药物,让其无痛苦地死去,其行为显属剥夺其母生命权利的故意行为,但情节显著轻微,危害不大,不构成犯罪。被告人蒲某在王某再三要求下,同其他医生先后向危重病人夏素文注射促进死亡的药物,对夏的死亡起了一定的促进作用,其行为已属剥夺公民生命权利的故意行为。但情节显著轻微,危害不大,不构成犯罪。依照《中华人民共和国》刑法第十条,宣告蒲某王某二人无罪。”一审后,汉中市人民检察对一审判决两名被告行为不构成犯罪提起抗诉;蒲某和王某则对一审判决认定其行为属于违法行为不服提起上诉。汉中地区中级人民法院于1992年3月25日二审裁定:驳回汉中市人民检察院的抗诉和蒲某,王的上诉,维持汉中市人民法院的刑事判决。 另外,事隔近18年后,2004年5月,当初要求为母亲实施“安乐死”的王某 患胃癌并转移,向医院提出安乐死,被医院拒绝。2004年8月3日,王某病逝。(国外)

生死课论文

报名序号:146 周一 班 西南大学2015—2016学年度2学期通选课 《死亡现象解读——生死学引论》 课程考核论文 题目:安乐死的人道思考 姓名郑柯 学号 222015306011015 年级 2015级 专业心理学(师范) 学院心理学部 2016年 6 月 7 日

摘要:近些年安乐死引起人们越来越广泛的讨论。安乐死涉及到道德、法理、人伦、医学、社会关系、经济、哲学等多方面,与社会发展和人的发展息息相关,引起诸多争议并存在很多误解。本文从人道主义方面入手,解释安乐死的概念,讨论安乐死的人道合理化,并结合安乐死立法合法化纠纷问题和医学道德矛盾,探究安乐死对于人伦道德的挑战,最终提出并阐述尊重人权、支持有尊严的死去的观点,并提出安乐死程序严谨化初步设想。 关键词:安乐死人道主义合法化伦理尊严 正文: (一)背景:2001年4月,荷兰通过安乐死法案,世界瞩目。2014年,比利时通过安乐死合法化法案。回溯1948年《世界 人权宣言》第3条规定:“人人享有生命、自由和人身安全。” 相对的,世界范围内也存在大量反对安乐死的活动,比如澳大利 亚安乐死法案生效8个月后就被推翻。关于安乐死的问题长久以 来存在巨大的争议---支持者认为:安乐死结束痛苦过程,尊重人 权。反对者认为:安乐死有谋杀倾向,侵犯生命权利。随着医学 科技以及民众法律意识人权意识的进步,安乐死的争议愈加广泛。 (二)概念:首先,我们需要阐述安乐死的概念。安乐死,是英文euthanasia一词的汉译,最早源于希腊文euthanasia一 词,直译为“好的死”,本意为“快乐死亡”或“尊严死亡”; 在牛津词典中的解释为患痛苦的不治之症者之无痛苦的死亡;无 痛苦致死之术。以上两种定义从字面来看,存在强烈的感情色彩。 在很多征求安乐死意见的民意调查问卷中,往往得到对安乐死极 高的认同率。然而这种高认同率并非民众真实且明确的意图---一 是民众对于安乐死的概念相当模糊,二是“安乐”二字容易给人 带来好感,事实上“安乐死”这一名词倾向于拥抱死亡。三、如 果换一种说法,比如“仁慈杀死”,那么认同率就会大打折扣。所 以,安乐死的概念解释必须满足要让民众清楚明白和更加理智化 思考。 而在安乐死相关法案中,对于安乐死一般做出这样的规定: 一、病人自主意愿申请安乐死;二、医生确诊其身患绝症并承受 巨大痛苦;三、亲属同意。这三条规定细致展开必须符合如下条 件:1、病人做出申请安乐死时理智清醒,存在自主能力-相对为 病人身患绝症却丧失意识或是不具有自主能力的未成年,那么作 为其亲属或监护人提出的安乐死申请是否合理?是否是逃避社会 责任?是否是不尊重生命?是否违背人道主义对于弱者的关怀原 则?2、确诊绝症的医生要有两名甚至以上-相对为医生的医德可 靠与否(毕竟伪造病例谋求私利的医生不在少数)?协助安乐死 是否违背医生职责(常识认为:治病救人为医生天职,然而绝症 病人已经无法医治,在现代科技下,医生需要做的是尽最大努力

“安乐死”立法研究

“安乐死”立法研究 内容摘要:生命权是一个人的最高人格法益,法律赋予人诸多权利,但是人们却无法完全掌握与生死密切相关的生命权,因为人对于个人的出生不能表示拒绝,同样也不能对死亡做出自由选择。但是随着社会文明的进步,对于这一权利,出生不必多说,但是如何死亡、何时死亡的问题人们争论至今,其中最引人关注的也是最具争议的便是“安乐死”。每个人对于生命、死亡有着不同的见解,对于安乐死便也有着不同的观点,即人是否有权放弃自己的生命。国外早己对此问题有着长久的研究,而我国起步相对较晚,还没有形成较为完整的理论体系。但是作为世界上人口大国、最大的发展中国家来说,“安乐死”是个无法回避的问题。因此,每年都有许多相关的新闻报道,而我国学者也对其投入大量的关注。 本文首先从安乐死的概述入手,对安乐死进行界定,解决其概念问题,只有完整准确地定义了安乐死,才能让大众了解什么是安乐死,也才能结合我国的基本国情对其展开深入的讨论与研究,为我国安乐死合法化奠定理论基础;其次是对安乐死的现状进行详细介绍,在详细分析国内外安乐死现状的基础上了解目前世界上的不同人群、不同团体对于安乐死的基本态度,并总结出我国在安乐死立法上所存在的困境;再次是鉴于国外安乐死合法化的经验探讨目前我国对安乐死立法的必要性和正当性,以满足当前的社会需求,规范混乱的社会实践活动,明晰我国在安乐死合法化的问题上所应当重视的要点;最后提出关于安乐死合法化的立法设想,严格规范实施程序,建立有效的监督机制,为安乐死合法化的法律程序和规定提供合理有效的建议,以严厉打击妄图利用安乐死而实施故意杀人的违法行为。 关键词: 安乐死合法化立法建议

《公共政策学》案例讨论——安乐死

公共政策学 小组案例讨论 ——安乐死 小组成员: *** *** *** 杨于谦 等11人

“安乐死”案例分析 安乐死,一个令举世争议的重大医疗立法提案。首先遇到来自 医疗界的阻碍。传统观念中,医生救人,延长人的寿命是天职。医 生无论以什么手段结束病人的生命,无论是什么情况或者是什么人,都是医疗界无法接受的。英国医学专家约翰·怀厄特尖锐指出: “人为死亡不在医学范畴。”他说:“大多数医生和健康专家们认为,一旦在临床实践中引入人为死亡,医学的本旨就被改变了。它将变 成主观判定谁的生命更有价值。”医学就变成了一种社会工程学,缩短那些“没有价值的生命”。更大的阻力来自于患者家属的主观情绪,这种情绪往往是超越了理智的。他们热切的希望自己的亲人能够活 着哪怕多一分钟,但是他们并没有考虑过是怎么样的一分钟,很多 患者所承受的痛苦是炼狱式的折磨。他们求生不能,欲死不得,这 种痛苦,即使是亲人和朋友也无法体会。 合法安乐死的第一人 2003年11月10日荷兰一院(即上院)以46票赞成、28票反对 的结果通过了“安乐死”法案,这使得荷兰成为世界上第一个把安 乐死合法化的国家。法案规定,身患不治之症的病人在考虑成熟后,可自愿提出结束生命的书面请求,主治医生则应向患者详细陈述实 际病情和后果预测,并由另一名医生参与诊断和确诊,可实施“安 乐死”。法案还规定,实施“安乐死”的手段必须是医学方法。 2003年11月30日,在阿姆斯特丹,这是一极平常的日子,但 对托莱尔来说,这又不是平常的一天,因为她的母亲选择在当天与

所有的亲朋好友诀别。这也是荷兰议会顺利通过安乐死合法的第二天。上午10时,托莱尔和她的二个姐妹、孩子们及其他朋友,等待牧师走进了家门,祈祷后,两名医生随后也进来了。房间布满鲜花。老母亲躺在床上,吃力地试图做出某种表情,对来人一一含笑。她今年71岁,她是一位非常开明的退休教师,几年前得了不治之症。几个月前,她就提请医生给她实施安乐死,以减轻自己的痛苦,并且已经获得了两位主治医生的同意。开始,托莱尔坚决不同意,但看到母亲一直在经受地狱般的折磨,拗不过老母亲的强求,在与姐妹们商量之后决定同意。老太太吃力地点了点头,托莱尔流着眼泪,下令关灯,同时点起蜡烛,播放了妈妈爱听的音乐。有人轻轻地,轻轻地抽泣,医生则用他颤抖的手给老太太注射了致命的药物,一会儿,老太太走了,但她是含笑走的…… 1.安乐死是政策问题吗?如果是,是什么类型的政策问题?若不是,那么你的理论依据是什么? 答:关于对安乐死是不是政策问题的回答,不能给出某个一定的答案。政策问题是指基于特定的社会问题,由政府列入政策议程并采取行动,通过公关行为希望实现或解决的问题。 在某些国家,安乐死问题已经被政府列入政策议程并合法化,属于政策问题,如瑞典、荷兰、比利时、日本、美国的一些州等;在中国,虽然有不少安乐死合法化的提案,但安乐死问题尚未被政

安乐死论文

浅谈安乐死及其人性关怀 中文摘要:安乐死作为一种备受争议的死亡方式,现已成为一个国际化的 问题。人处于极度的痛苦之中,是否应该实施安乐死,这是对人类道德底线的一种挑战。社会各界均以不同的态度来面对,中国的相关立法方面对此问题仍有很多欠缺之处。到底安乐死的积极与不积极的因素有哪些,我们应该如何看待这些问题,值得深思。 英文摘要:Euthanasia as a controversial manner, now an international problems. In extreme pain, whether it should be euthanized, this is a human moral bottom line. With the social from all walks of life are different attitude to the relevant legislation in China, there are still a lot of problems to lack. What euthanasia and positive positive factor is what, how should we treat these problems, and thoughtful. 关键词:安乐死、关怀、道德、Euthanasia,、caring、moral 引言:安乐死的研究对于人类社会具有重要意义,我们不可回避,了解它将加深我们对人文关怀的理解,抓住人性的弱点,更能正确地理解死亡。 1.安乐死百科 1.1安乐死的定义 安乐死指对无法救治的病人停止治疗或使用药物,让病人无痛苦地死去。“安乐死”一词源于希腊文,意思是"幸福"的死亡。它包括两层含义,一是安乐的无痛苦死亡;二是无痛致死术;我国的定义指患不治之症的病人在垂危状态下,由于精神和躯体的极端痛苦,在病人和其亲友的要求下,经医生认可,用人道方法使病人在无痛苦状态中结束生命过程。 1.2安乐死的一些方式 1.2.1注射氰化物 在注射催眠剂使患者入眠的情况下,注射氰化物而导致患者死亡。 1.2.2口服安眠药

主题为安乐死的英文对话

Do you approve of mercy killing? Why or why not. A: What do you wanna talk today? B: I was reading a book about mercy killing these days. And I am a bit confused. A: What did the book say? B: What is in the book is not important, I am wondering what you think of it. A: Me? This is like such a big question. You know. The mercy killing has been becoming a hot topic around the world, and fierce discussion about its legalization occurs at home and abroad. But to me, it is too difficult to say. B: No, no. I’m serious. Think about it. I know death is just part of life, I mean should a doctor leave patients lying there in beds, watching them suffer from throes, or give them some medicines to let them die? A: I don’t know. I’m not a doctor. B: What would you do if you were a doctor? A: Well. I guess one of a doctor’s duties is to prevent suffering. And I heard that some countries had allowed the euthanasia in law. But the most important thing is that different cultures may have different attitudes to this matter. In China I think many people could not approve of it. B: So let them die in pain? I don’t think that’s a good idea. For these patients who can never be cured, death is unavoidable to them, so putting the mercy-killing into practice is the best way to let them get rid of the great pain. And these patients have to suffer from the pain, at the same time, their family members have to stand the burdens economically or mentally, as a result, their family bread down. A: ut it is like killing, which sounds a little controversial. B:I don’t think so. Everyone has the right and freedom to manage their own final destiny, such as refuse any cure. And thus right also includes the freedom of choosing to die as well as the ways of death, even when it's necessary to ask somebody else to end their life. A:I don’t agree with you in this respect. According to your statement, suicide also should be approved of? It is a legal society today. But we also live in a moral society. If we break the basic rules we have followed for thousand years, our society will be a mess. I don’t think that’s a good thing.

安乐死论文 英文版

Advantages of the Implementation of Euthanasia Euthanasia, originated from the Greek, formerly refers to "happy death" or "dignified death". In several English dictionaries, it is explained as 〝painless death of a person with an incurable and miserable disease or of an aging person〞, or 〝the practice of killing without pain a person who is suffer from a disease that cannot be cured〞. Chinese scholars define euthanasia like this "to an incurable patient in critically ill critical condition, due to his physical and spiritual suffering, with the patient’s and their relatives’ request and after the doctor's approval, the operation of the method which lead the patient to die without pain〞(1). In the 1930s, in American and some European countries scholars began to promote euthanasia. In American people established the "death without pain" society and British a "voluntary analogue death" community was built, people started activities related with euthanasia in order to achieve the legal admission. Afterwards, legal issues about euthanasia have been discussed over the whole world; hence much progress has been achieved. Since 1980s, some developed western countries gradually passed some laws and regulations related to euthanasia. In China, June 1986, the first euthanasia case happened Shaanxi province, Hanzhong city. And in 1992, June 25, Shaanxi provincial higher people's court upheld this case in the second final -- not guilty plea (2). This case caused quite a sensation at that time, and proposed the issues of Chinese euthanasia. From then on, discussions about the issue have never stopped. Virtually there are many advantages of implementing euthanasia, in terms of social, family, and the patients themselves. In this essay all the benefits will be elaborated respectively as follows. With regard to the social benefits, if the euthanasia is applied legally, not only the large amount of medicinal expense, but the medicinal resources can be saved reasonably. Firstly, the implementation of euthanasia can reduce the social burden of medical expenses. According to statistics, there are 5 ~ 7 million vegetative patients in current China, consequently, in order to maintain these patients of medical expenses of the first year cost in hospital the cost is 10 to 30 million Yuan, and after hospitalization it costs about 6 ~ 9 million each year(5). Meanwhile every year the total money that needs to spend on the home treatment and nursing costs at least 1.5 million. Thus to maintain such is two much expensive and the big deal of money can be used in other more useful fields. Secondly, euthanasia helps save more medicine resources and thus realizes a more reasonable distribution of them. As a developing country, all sorts of medical resources in the domestic market are still relatively in deficiency. However, patients without survival hope occupy medical equipment and medical personnel in long term, and they use a lot of medical drugs to continue a meaningless hope. This apparently is a serious waste to limited health resources. If these resources can be used for those more urgent and hopeful patients, they will receive an effective utilization. Thirdly, euthanasia does much good to the transplant of human organ. At present each country is faced with the human organ source shortage predicament. Since there are no enough organ sources, many patients die. If those seriously ill patients without curable hope can denote their organs after euthanasia, more alive patients will recover. However, some people are against the implantation of euthanasia in the view that those hopeless patients have their own right to live and the society should not sacrifice their common rights. But as far as laws are concerned, euthanasia is implemented according to the patient, their

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mercykilling(安乐死)

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