英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型
英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型
1.与时间相关的
①no change on 1-day intervals for 3 consecutive days
②at given intervals of time (30, 50, and 90 min)
③for a given exposure time
④…increased with age.
⑤for different time span.
⑥After the scheduled time, each sample was tested.
⑦…throughout the entire test period.
⑧It will decrease as time passes.
2. 表示增加或下降的
①An increase in the FA content decreased the…
②…decrease with increase in…
③…deceases as …increases, and increases as… increase.
④As …is lowered.
⑤augment
⑥The cumulative AE energy increases with a stepwise pattern in which each sudden jump of energy can be related to …
⑦…develop at an increasing rate with time
3. 表示原因, 由哪些因素决定
①probably due to…
② A possible mechanism contributing to the reduction of …is
③This might be attributed to…
④…depends on the two main mechanisms
⑤…is a common cause of
⑥…is the essential parameter governing the…
⑦…, contributing in part to the interface separation phenomenon, besides the above-described possible interfacial material toughening mechanism.
⑧the cause of this resides in …
⑨Two parameters are considered in this study to evaluate the strengthening effectiveness with regard to the amount of FRP (i.e., the number of layers of sheets) and construction imperfections.
4. 表示展示。
①exhibit
②illustrate
③present
④reflect
⑤depict
⑥…is plot in…
⑦describe
⑧
5. 表示某种掺量。
①high volume fly ash
②contain high percentages of fly ash as a replacement of cement (0,15,30 by weight of total cementitious materials) ③for concrete incorporating 30% and 40% fly ash.
④…increase the amount of fly ash in concrete
⑤as partial cement replacement materials
⑥with partial fly ash substitution are incestigated.
⑦the dosage of fly ash
⑧with a certain amount of fly ash added
6. 性能的词汇
①mechanical property
②transport property
③workability
④flexibility
⑤sustainability
⑥serviceability
7. 表示测试
①examine
②
8. 表示超过
①exceed
9. 有关图片或表格的
①As seen from Table 2,
②The result of…are presented in Table 4.
③ A was plotted against square root of time (t0.5 in min0.5)
④…was monitored with the SC3000 which was positioned, as seen in Fig.2a.
⑤Sketch of the experimental setup
⑥△T is plotted as absolute value against the impact energy in Fig.9
⑦Fig.5(c) and (d) shows the load versus strain and midspan deflection versus strain curves of the concrete.
10. 至于，对于…而言
①As for
②In the case of…
11. 表示比较，对比
①The mixture containing 10% FA replacement showed higher strength than mixtures containing 40% and 70% FA replacement.
②As compared to…
③A…is higher than when it substitutes…
④in contrast to…
⑤Existing damages may lead to catastrophic failures at loading stages earlier than those corresponding to intact specimens.
⑥…is comparable to or greater than these values are theoretically detectable.
⑦The test results were compared with the axial stress-strain behavior of water saturated specimen to that of dry specimens.
⑧ a tremendous amount of AE activities, much greater than that of CB, was recorded because…
12. 表示效果更明显
①The effect was more pronounced with increas ed…
②dominant
③have determinant impact on…
13. 表示结构或材料致密
①matrix densification
②pore structure densification
③the pore system becomes finer and less connected
14. 影响
①Increases in FA contents showed no significant effect on…
②…seemed to be insensitive to…
③become decisive for the durability of the concrete
④The durability of concrete structures has substantial economic, social, and environmental implications. ⑤Deicers may also pose detrimental effects on
15. 因此
①Consequently,
②As a result,
16. 表示评价，评估
①quantify
②evaluate
③assess
④interpret
17. 学科术语
（阻抗谱）
①impedance response
②EIS spetra
③electrode arcs in a Nyquist plot (plot of real vs. imaginary impedance)
④Rct1 extracted from the model captures the changes in microstructure with time.
（孔特征）
①pore structure distribution
②total porosity
③pore structure
④pore network
⑤pore walls
⑥tortuous pathways
（掺合料）
①fly ash
②slag
③silica fume
④supplementary cementing materials
⑤mineral additives
⑥low-and high-calcium fly ash
（测试方法）
①SEM：Scanning electron micrograph
②pigmentation
③X-ray diffraction analysis
④microscopy observation\
⑤ultrasonic speed measurement
⑥acoustic emission technique
⑦accelerated ageing test
（土建工程）
①civil infrastructures
②wide use in Civil Engineering
③historical heritage
④masonry structures
⑤concrete structures, pavements, and bridge decks
（测试仪器）
①vibrated for 30 sec on a vibration table
②testing machine with maximum load capacity of 50kN.
③the hammer is hemispherical 24mm in diameter
（测试试剂）
①coupling agent between the sensor and the concrete surface
（操作工艺）
①The molds were stripped after 24 hours
②Each measure was performed on five samples and the results averaged.
③Aggregates were carefully sieved and remixed to conform to the ASTMC33 grading standard. ④reference specimens
⑤Specimens were cylindrical with a diameter of 55mm and a length of 115mm
⑥One of the beams was tested in its virgin condition to serve as reference.
⑦the CFRP was intentionally bonded without adhesive in the centermost 10% and 20% area of the bonding area of the CFRP sheets.
⑧Four AE sensors of Model SE900-MWB, produced by the firm DECI, having a frequency range of 100-900 kHz were mounted on the specimen surface using a tape.
⑨Artificial defect type 1 was cubic-like (3.8cm-by-3.8cm-by-2.5cm), and artificial defect type 2 was delamination-like (7.6cm-by-7.6cm-by-0.5cm).
（环境类别）
①high atmospheric humidity
②sea water
③rain water
④acid rain
⑤exposure to freeze-thaw cycles
⑥deteriorating chemicals
⑦alkaline environment
⑧environmental variables
⑨to simulate the environmental conditions in regions with average relative humidity conditions
⑩aggressive media/influences
Chloride-laden environement
（材料性能）
①compressive strength-fcb (MPa)
②flexural tensile strength-ftb (MPa)
③tensile strength-ftf (MPa)
④ultimate strain-ε(%)
⑤elastic modulus-Ef (GPa)
⑥Axial strain
⑦lateral strain
⑧Young’s modulus
⑨Poission’s ratio
(材料形状)
①the outer concrete layer
②“coverconcrete”
18. 表示相同
①…were nearly same.
② A behave like B
③ A similar trend is also observed in the E/h ratio, see Fig.11(b).
19. 某种程度
①the extent of the reduction
20. 某些配比
①water to binder ratios (W/B)
②weight to strength ratio
21. 表示抵制
①high resistance to
②resistance against carbonation
22. 方程，公式
①in Eq.(1).
②Eqs.(2)-(7):
23. 参考文献1
①this was also confirmed by several studies […]
②This result was also confirmed by previous research. ③…, which has been quantified in […].
④Similar results were reported by other researchers […] ⑤This is consistent with other reports.
⑥Based on the previous studies[…]
⑦in the open literature/in previous publications
⑧Numerous surveys have indicated that
⑨In the study of research
⑩from the review of the literature
23. 参考文献2
①…have been quoted in literature.
②In particular there i s also published work about real time monitoring…
③Detailed surveys and literature accounts on the carbonation problem and related aspects concerning the durability of
concrete-based materials can be found, for instance, in [1–6] and references therein.
④We do not go into detail in what the modelling of the hydration is concerned but rather refer the reader to [7,12–14] for fairly detailed descriptions of the involved physicochemical processes and to [15,16] for a presentation of a few qualitative (mathematical) issues concerning some of the existing hydration models.
⑤In a study undertaken by …, it was shown that…[7].
⑥Vast majority of existing works in the literature assume a uniform corrosion pattern around the …, e.g. [1-3]
24. 缺陷，缺点，不足
①Another explanation for…lies in…
②there are certain limitations
③they suffer from serious limitations of
④When applied to…, limitations include the need to…
25. 表示变化
①modifications and variations
②an altered matrix microstructure
③transformations
26. 根据…
①based on the procedure outlined in […]
②procedures fully conformed to the stipulations set forth in ASTMC 192
③Tests have been performed on the materials constituents following relevant test standards[…]
④…are based on the fundamental principle that…
27. 情况不同，现象不同
①…might have lead to different observations
②In the study of research
28. 研究意义
①The understanding of… is a crucial step.
②The tests performed in this study are also a contribution towards the application of AE techniques for on-site health
monitoring of strengthened masonry structures.
③…have made FRPs an e fficient solution for strengthening purpose
④it is of utmost importance understanding the material behavior in order to improve the material performance and to elongate its lifetime.
⑤NDT technique is developed mainly to overcome this obstacle, while providing desired levels of resolutions for different inspection purposes.
29. 关系密切，相关性
①…is closely related to…
②... is closely linked to…
③…is connected to…
④The correlation between…and…
⑤…is correlated to…
⑥…is intrinsically dependent on …
30. 研究领域的缺乏
①efforts in the direction of…are very limited.
②Despite the numerous contributions of investigation regarding the…
③there is no common understanding about the effect of…
④Due to inconsistency on understanding of inner…, further investigation is still regular.
⑤Actual data on…is sparse, not always well documented and, when available, not easily accessible to the designer. ⑥Few research works published in the last years on this subject indicate…
⑦Aspects such as failure initiation, interfacial damage propagation and localization, as well as nondestructive bond quality monitoring are still open.
⑧However, significantly more literature is needed that addresses the numerous and various conditions that are inherent in applying the AE technique to the asse ssment of …
31. 侵入，渗入
①penetration
②carbonation propagation
③chloride diffusing/contamination
32. 如前所述
①As aforementioned,
②As already specified (stated),
33. 建立
①establish
②construct
34. 与…结合
①in conjunction with
② A laser vibrometer and an acoustic excitation can be combined to form a standoff system that is capable of locating and measuring defects in matwrials.
35. 破坏
①environmental induced defects
②matrix cracking
③surface buckling
④delamination
⑤fibre shear-out
⑥fibre rupture/fibre breakage
⑦the failure mode of RC beams occurs in a brittle manner
⑧laminate separation
⑨fiber pullout
36. 期望,需要
①It is anticipated that…
②There is a general need for NDT methods that can be conducted from a distance because standoff capacity confers numerous advantages as mentioned previously.
37. 后面介绍，随后提及
①…is further discussed in the following section.
②…, as will be illustrated in subsequent sections.
③The results obtained from the shear bond tests and the AE data are next presented and discussed.
38. 成为一种可能
①…have demonstrated to be an attractive alternative for rehabilitation or renewal of civil infrastructures, providing significant advantages to the restoration applications not often attainable with conventional materials.
39. 特殊混凝土，加固混凝土，特殊材料, 试件
①Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
②glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)-wrapped concrete column
③artificially damaged GFRP-concrete specimens
④FRP composite jacketing system
⑤plain concrete beam
⑥control specimen
40. 文章目的
①The objective is to initiate the creation of a user-friendly health monitoring system for RC structures strengthened with CFRP sheets using AE techniques.
②this study aims to develop a ..
41. 世界各地混凝土协会
①American Concrete Institute (ACI)
②American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
③American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)
④Canadian Society of Civil Engineers (CSCE)
⑤Japanese Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE)
42. 其他
①…fill in the pore space enclosed by cement hydrates
②…due to both the fulfillment of…
③systematic laboratory testing
④It is always the case that…
⑤service life design
句型汇总：
1. 分类叙述
①The results indicate that: (i)…; (ii)…; (iii)…
②The results in SRG-strengthened specimens were equal to 14.4% and 20% for reference and aged specimen, respectively.
③It can be observed that the CoV of the reference GFRP-brick specimens is very low, while for the aged specimens this value is larger.
④This paper is structured in the following order:
2. 越..越…
①The larger the size of the aggregate, the more segment the deflection of propagating and the greater the FRP can form.
3. 举例子
①Once inside, water may alter the properties of the polymer either in a reversible manner, for example by plasticization, or in an irreversible manner, for example by hydroxylation.
4. 结合
①FRP debonding from masonry substrate can be accompanied by failure of the bricks, debonding in the…, debonding in the…or a combination of these fracture processes.
②In most studies mentioned therein, however, AE is not suggested as a stand-alone tool, but is rather used to indicate qualitative trends or to complement other methods in the investigation of damage progression.
5. 公式含义
①Ib=σ+μ （1）
Withσ being the standard deviation andμbeing the mean value of the amplitudes of a group of AE hits.
6. 观点分歧
①With respect to…, the scientific community is divided into two main groups. One group is mainly interested in…The attention of the second group is instead driven towards the…
7. 当, 某某条件时
①the developed AE model is recommended in cases where matrix cracking is the dominant damage mode. ②The analysis is valid only when: (1)…;(2)…;(3)…; and (4)…
8. 解决问题
①…has limitations such as… To cover the limitation of…, acoustic emission was introduced to study…
9. 应用
①The external plating of RC structures with CFRP sheets is now a widely recognized repair and retrofit technique to prolong their service life.
10. 鉴于
①Standoff methods of damage detection have numerous advantages over contact measurement methods since they allow for measurement of damage in locations that are physically difficult to access, such as high above the ground or over water.
精美句子：
①Since the high probability of impact-damaging composite materials during manufacture, service and maintenance, it is of paramount importance the knowledge of the impact process and of the material response to such an event. ②Although the respective failure modes are distinguished in state-of-the-art failure criteria (Puck and Schurmann [9]) as being of different severity, model response seems to follow a universe trend, dominated by polymetric matrix failure.
③High confinement level is often introduced for column strengthening purposes, should there be a change of functionality or a need to upgrade for seismic counter-measures.
④Investigation done by Masuda (2001) on Indian granite and andesite samples employing various displacement rates and confining pressures both in wet and dry specimens indicated that the compressive strength increases in displacement rate and the effect of displacement rate on strength was more apparent on water saturated specimens than dry samples.
⑤This technique has been used to assess microscopic damage that is internal to the concrete member and caused by various external loading conditions.
⑥Concrete structures shall be designed, constructed and operated in such a way that, under the expected environmental influences, they maintain their safety, serviceability and
acceptable appearance during an explicit or implicit period of time without requiring unforeseen high costs for maintenance and repair.
⑦the chloride-induced corrosion begins when the chloride concentration at the steel bars exceeds critical chloride content or chloride threshold value thereby destroying the protective layer
考研英语写作议论文常见话题经典句型示例
考研英语写作议论文常见话题经典句型示例 1. When asked about..., most people say... But many other people regard...as... I personally think... 当被问及对......有什么看法时，大多数人认为......但是，还有很多人认为......我个人认为...... 2. When it comes to..., some people think that... Others argue that the opposite is true. There is probably some truth to both arguments, but... 涉及......这一问题，有的人认为应该......另一些人持相反意见。也许双方的观点都有一定道理，但是...... 3. It is widely acknowledged that...contributed to... Experts argue that China must introduce... But I doubt whether...alone will solve the problem。 人们普遍认为......专家认为中国必须推行......但我对仅仅......就能解决问题表示怀疑。 4. An increasing number of people are joining... In reaction to the phenomenon, some say... But do they realize that...can also lead to... 越来越多的人......进入了......针对这一现象，一些人认为......但是，他们有没有意识到......也能导致...... 5. One of the pressing problem facing our nation (China) today is...and... 我们国家(中国)如今面临的紧迫问题之一是...... 6. Perhaps the most dangerous phenomenon gripping the nation today is... 也许当今困扰国家的最危险的现象是...... 7. Never before in history has the issue of...been more evident than now。 历，......的问题从来没有比现在更加突出。 8. Perhaps it is time to reexamine the idea that... 也许现在是应该重新考虑......的时候了。 9. A growing number of people are beginning to realize that...is not the sole prerequisite for happiness。
英语论文写作方法
一.关于本专业毕业论文地选题 二.英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大地方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和 翻译学.各个大方向中又可以选择小地方向，具体解释如下：.英语文学：选择英语文学地毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究. 在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中地某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法地运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究.但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典地作家或作品.有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生地兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象.在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在地深刻含义，不能流于肤浅地分析. 文学批评理论地选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识地学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论地知识结构.这个方向地选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语地阐释或某两种或以上地文学批评理论地比较. 比较文学研究就是将两个以上地作家或作品进行比较.这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别地（如“雪莱与拜伦地诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别地（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）.语言学：选择语言学地毕业论文选题可以在两个大地方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学. 普通语言学地研究就是对于英语语言地任何一个方面地研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面地研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）. 应用语言学包括教学法地研究和其它一些新兴地应用语言学分支地研究.师范专业或本身从事教师职业地学生选择教学法方向地较多.在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围地选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要地是要结合教学实践或实验.这个方向地好地选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习地影响” 等. .翻译学：翻译学地选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动. 对翻译理论地研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等.相比之下，对翻译活动地研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象地翻译、或一种修辞格地翻译地研究（如“汉语成语地英译”）.应该注意地是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子地罗列. 二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分. （一）前置．英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成. ．目录：由论文地中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页. ．中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文地内容不加注释和评论地简短陈述，宜以最简洁地语言介绍论文地概要、作者地突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整地短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在字左右关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息地单词或术语.为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文地中心词，以显著地字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要地左下方.各关键词之间用“分号”隔开.外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应. （二）主体部分主题部分包括引言（）、正文()、结论()、参考文献().主体部分必须由另页右页开始. ．引言：主要说明研究工作地目地、涉及范围、相关领域地前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面地概述、理论意义和实用价值等. ．正文：论文地正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅.一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证.要求论据充分，论点明确.行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读.正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项地序号编码
英文学术论文常用词句
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knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
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大学英语四级作文万能句：文章开头结尾句型 1、Nowadays，it is generally/commonly believed that..., but I wonder that... 2、“如同硬币的正反面，...也有积极的一面和消极的一面。” Like a coin has two sides, there is a positive aspect and a negative aspect to... 3、“近来，...的问题已经成为人们注目的焦点。” Currently, the issue of ...has been brought to public attention. 4、“随着...的快速增长，...在日常生活中已经变得越来越重要。” Along with the rapid growth of ……,……has become increasingly important in our daily life. 5、“由汽车引起的空气和噪音污染对我们的健康造成了危害。” Air pollution and noise pollution caused by automobiles do harm to our health. 文章结尾句型 1、“所以，不难得出结论...” Accordingly/Consequently/As a result,it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that... 2、“综上所述，我们能得出如下结论……” From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that...
英文论文写作常用的句型
英文论文写作常用的句型 1.xx 的特征在于: xx is characterized by… 2.xx 的2 个重要特征是：Two critical characteristics of xx are … 3.爱因斯坦指出xx 的特征如下：Einstein identified the following characteristics of xx… 4.Generally, … 一般来讲，原则上 … 千万不要用in principle，此原则非彼原 则也。 5.已经采用了：have adopted … 6.近年来：in recent years 7.over/during the past 10 years. 比如我们说SC 过去10 年间发展很快，用over，over 是一段时间的事儿；during 是事情发生在什么期间，有时间点的意思。 8.出于各种原因：for a variety of reasons 9.此外，另外：moreover, in addition 10.即： “…, namely …” 11.A 与B 的区别在于：A and B differ in the terms of … 12.谈及，关于：In terms of… 13.这些区别是因为：some of the difference stem from… 14.为了让：In order for xx to … 15.很大程度上依赖于rely heavily on … 16.基于… is based on… 17.不是…而是… not …, but rather … 18.这方面的例子有… “…, exemplified by …” 19.严格限制：impose the stringent restrictions on …; 受到这些限制：be subject to the restrictions. 20.产生这个问题的原因与… 有关：The problem arises in part from … [Tip]：多用although, however, while, moreover, in addition 这样的词儿，句子之间的逻辑关系显得很清楚，读paper 的人会觉得你的论文很清爽。
英文论文写作方法
1. Introduction： A. 如何指出当前研究的不足并有目的地引导出自己研究的重要性？ 在叙述前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，提出一种新方法或新方向。如：However, little information(little attention/little work/little data/little research……)(or few studies/few investigations/few researchers/few attempts……)(or no/none of these studies……)has(have)been done on(focused on/attempted to/conducted/investigated/studied(with respect to))。如：Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failed to consider/ ignored/ misinterpreted/ neglected to/overestimated, underestimated/misleaded. thus, these previus results are inconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist…… 研究方法和方向与前人一样时，可通过以下方式强调自己工作：However, data is still scarce(rare, less accurate)or there is still dearth of……We need to(aim to, have to) provide more documents(data, records, studies, increase the dataset). Further studies are still necessary(essential)…… 强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍与自己研究问题相反或相关的问题。比如：(1)时间问题；(2)研究手段问题；(3)研究区域问题；(4)不确定性；(5)提出自己的假设来验证。 如果你研究的问题在时间上比较新，你可大量提及时间较老问题的研究及重要性，然后(However)表明“对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足”； 如果你的是一种新的研究手段或研究方向，你可提出当前流行的方法及其物质性质，然后(However)说对你所研究的方向方法研究甚少； 如果研究涉及区域问题，就先总结相邻区域或其它区域的研究，然后(However)强调这一区域的研究不足； 虽然前人对某一问题研究很多，但目前有两种或更多种观点，这种uncertanties或ambiguities 值得进一步澄清； 如果自己的研究是全是新的，没有前人的工作可对比，你就可以自信地说“根据假设提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结果”等等。We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the……It is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach). B. 提出自己的观点：We aim to//This paper reports on//This paper provides results//This paper extends the method//This paper focus on……The purpose of this paper is to……Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, we will also discuss…… C. 圈定自己的研究范围：introduction的另一个作用就是告诉读者(包括reviewer)，你文章的主要研究内容。如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑某种可能性，某种研究手段等。为减少这种争论，在前言的结尾就必须明确提出本文研究的范围： (1)时间尺度； (2) 研究区域等。如涉及较长的时序，你可明确提出本文只关心某一特定时间范围的问题，We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)……如有两种时间尺度(long-term and short term)，你可说两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种。研究区域的问题，和时间问题一样，也需明确提出你只关心某一特定区域！ D. 最后的原场：在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出“这一研究对其它研究有什么帮助”；或者说further studies on……will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)。总之，其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。尽量减少不必要的争论(arguments)。 2. Discussion：