专外翻译

孩子们在吸收、代谢和异性生物质的去除等方面都不同于承认。他们的生理、他们吸入大剂量毒素的比例以及毒素累计的风险是比较高的。

由于他们的寿命更长,孩子们在吸入致癌物引发癌症方面存在较高的风险，事实上，他们接触到可疑致癌物的时间超过一半是在室内。

华莱士(1991)估计有致癌危险化学品的住宅室内空气,如挥发性有机物、农药,这些相当于有致癌风险的氡气和侧流烟香烟烟雾。

胎儿是特别容易通过母体的胎盘受到毒素传播的。母亲吸烟一定会对胎儿生长造成风险和发育影响。

空气污染物通过母亲处于家中或工作区的差异而转移到胎儿，根据吸收动力学等，胎盘可以对这些污染物造成抵挡。

尽管噪声被定义为一个外部因素，环境污染仍然可以影响胎儿的不良发育。胎儿器官的敏感性和通过异性生物质对外界扰动的反映已经形成了一种风险的独特方面，正如专业著作和书籍所讲的这个话题一样。

1.2.2 肺部生理

孩子们独行的高风险下由于他们肺部产生的胜利差异吸入毒性。

他们还有一个更高频率的通气率

他们吸入毒素的剂量相当于成年人。

表2说明了呼吸率的差异只在前两年体现

The volume of inhaled air also varies widely with activity level; actively

吸入的空气量与活动水平也广泛变化;积极

playing or exercising children inhale much greater volumes than those who are

孩子们玩,或者更大的卷吸运动要比那些

sedentary or asleep.

久坐或睡着了。

Young infants are obligatory mouth breathers, and many

义务breathers婴儿口中,许多

older infants and children also breath through their mouth more than adults.

年长的婴儿和儿童经口呼吸超过成人。

This

这

difference in breathing behavior may increase the child’s risk of pulmonary

不同的行为可以增加呼吸的患病风险的肺

exposure to respirable particulates and fibers otherwise filtered in the upper

暴露于呼吸纤维过滤颗粒及其他上层

airway.

呼吸道。

A higher cardiac pulse rate and extent of tissue perfusion allows for more

一个更高的心脏脉搏及程度的组织灌流可以有更大的

rapid exposure to toxins absorbed into the blood.

暴露在毒素快速吸收入血液。

Breathing zones are an

呼吸区是一个

important concept that can predispose a child to certain environmental toxins.

重要的概念,一个孩子易于某些环境毒素。

Because a child’s breathing zone is closer to the ground (compared to 4-6 ft. for 因为一个孩子的呼吸区是靠近地面比4 - 6英尺

an adult), chemicals that are heavier than air (such as mercury) will pose more of 成人),化学物质,他们是重于空气(如汞)将会带来很多的

an environmental hazard.

一个环境的危害。

For example peak concentrations of air and surface

例如峰值浓度的空气和表面

chlorpyrifos concentrations after Dursban“ application indoors were substantially Dursban”申请后毒死蜱浓度室内明显

higher (94 ug/m3) in infant breathing zones than adult sitting zones (63ug/m3),

高(94 ug /立方米)在婴儿的呼吸区成人坐在区(63 ug /立方米),

and remained higher whether or not the rooms were ventilated.

是否仍然较高的房间通风。

1.2.3 Pathogenesis of Lung Disease

1.2.3发病肺部疾病

Pulmonary defenses to infection include anatomical barriers, mucociliary

肺防御来感染包括解剖壁垒,mucociliary

pulmonary toilet, secretory IgA and opsonizing IgG, surfactant, complement,

肺卫生间,分泌IgA和opsonizing IgG、表面活性剂、补充,

plasma components, vasoactive substances, and cells (macrophages,

等离子体元件,vasoactive的物质,而细胞(细胞,

polymorphonuclear leukocytes).

吸引多形核白细胞)。

When these are individually or collectively

当这些个人或者集体

compromised by chronic exposure to indoor air pollutants, lower respiratory tract 遭受慢性暴露于室内空气污染物、下呼吸道

infections are more likely to develop.

感染的人更有可能发展。

(Smith, 2000) The lungs have a limited

(史密斯,2000)肺部有一个有限的

ability to respond to toxic insults: irritant, inflammatory reactions (including

有毒的侮辱反应能力:刺激物,炎症反应(包括

bronchospasm), chronic inflammatory reactions (including organization,

支气管痉挛),慢性炎症反应(包括组织,

remodeling of architecture, and fibrosis), cell-mediated and immediate immune

重建的建筑,及纤维化),细胞和直接免疫

reactions, and carcinogenesis.

反应和癌变的方法。

(Samet and Utell, 1991) Such reactions may have

(Samet和Utell,1991)反应的可能

exaggerated effects in children by virtue of their immature pulmonary and

夸张的效果在儿童由于他们的不成熟的肺

immune development.

免疫的发展。

Pediatric lung development occurs in two phases:

儿童的肺部发育出现在两个阶段:

pulmonary alveoli and capillary proliferation until the age of 5-8 years followed by 肺部肺泡毛细血管增生,直到8年的年龄,紧随其后的是

growth through alveolar expansion.

通过肺泡扩张增长。

Thus infants and children may be more

因此婴儿和儿童可能更多

vulnerable to inflammatory reactions to particulates and potential allergens, for

脆弱的炎性反应,颗粒及潜在的过敏原,

example, because of their immature lung structure and respiratory defense

例子,因为他们的不成熟的肺结构和呼吸的防守

mechanisms.

机制。

Compared to nonexposed children, those who are exposed to

nonexposed儿童相比,那些被暴露

environmental tobacco smoke experience slower lung development and lower

环境烟草烟雾经验的肺部发育低。慢

FEV1.

FEV1。

(Tager et al, 1983) The combination of exposure to environmental tobacco

相结合的接触环境烟草

smoke and the toxigenic molds, Stachybotrys atra, was possibly associated with 烟与会模具、Stachybotrys全反式维甲酸,可能是联系在一起的

15

15

an outbreak of acute pulmonary hemorrhage and hemosiderosis in 10 Cleveland infants in 1993-1994.

急性肺出血的爆发和hemosiderosis在婴儿在10克利夫兰1993 - 1994。

Furthermore, it was felt that the rapidly growing lungs of these infants were more susceptible to the inhaled trichothecene mycotoxins produced by this mold (CEH, AAP, 1998).

此外,人们认为快速增长的这些婴儿肺部吸入更容易产生的毒素trichothecene 模具(CEH,AAP,1998)。

Other studies have suggested an increased vulnerability of children to infections because of immunotoxic changes brought about by inhaled toxins.

其他的研究已经表明了增加儿童感染的危险,因为immunotoxic吸入毒素所带来的变化。

Samet and Utell (1991) point out studies of reduced virus killing ability of Samet和Utell(1991)指出研究病毒的能力下降的杀害

macrophages harvested from volunteers exposed to elevated nitrogen dioxide concentrations vs. those exposed to normal air.

从志愿者巨噬细胞暴露于高架收获二氧化氮浓度vs.那些暴露在正常的空气。

1.2.4 Children with Underlying Chronic Illness

1.2.4那些有潜在的慢性疾病

Children with chronic pulmonary diseases such as cystic fibrosis or

儿童慢性肺疾病如囊肿性纤维化或

asthma are more susceptible to both indoor and outdoor air pollutants

哮喘是更易于室内外空气污染物

exacerbating their underlying lung dysfunction.

他们内在的肺功能不全的恶化。

The hyperreactivity of children’s

代的儿童

airways compared to adults and their propensity for wheezing as a pulmonary

航空公司相比,他们倾向于哮鸣和成人检查上像是肺部

response to a variety of different environmental triggers may explain in part their 回应一个不同的环境触发他们可以解释部分

increased risk of asthma.

哮喘的风险增加。

(Etzel, 1995) In one Canadian study of more than

(Etzel,1995)在一个加拿大研究超过

17,600 school children, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (OR 1.4), 17600名学童,暴露于环境性吸烟的儿童(比值比为1.4),

home dampness (OR 1.5), use of gas for cooking (OR 2.0), and use of a

家里潮气的儿童(比值比为1.5),使用毒气烹饪的儿童(比值比为2.0),并使用一个了

humidifier in the home (OR 1.7) were all associated with physician-diagnosed

加湿器在家里(或1.7)与physician-diagnosed所有相关

childhood asthma.

儿童哮喘。

(Dekker, 1991) Within the age group of children 6 years and

(,、1991)在儿童的年龄6年

younger, those with elevated blood IgE levels and a family history of allergies are 年轻时,血液免疫球蛋白e水平升高,一个家庭过敏史

an especially vulnerable group to the onset of wheezing.

一个特别弱势群体时的喘息。

1.2.5 Socioeconomic Disparities

1.2.5社会经济差距

Because of socioeconomic disparities, more children live in poverty than do any other age group in America.

由于社会经济差距,更多的孩子生活在贫困中比其他年龄组在美国。

Their families are more likely to live in public housing or blue collar neighborhoods in close proximity to industry, with higher degrees of environmental contamination.

他们的家庭可能会越来越倾向选择居住在公共住房或社区蓝领行业很接近,具有更高的程度的环境污染。

For example, people living near air

举例来说,人们生活在附近的空气

polluting electricity generating plants have higher rates of asthma and respiratory illnesses.

发电植物污染有较高的比例哮喘和呼吸道疾病。

Benzene, a contaminant of gasoline and a known carcinogen, is a

苯、污染物的汽油和一个已知的致癌物质,是一种

problem in poverty-ridden, urban settings.

在poverty-ridden问题、城市设置。

Benzene levels correlate with heavy automobile traffic, and children playing in the streets in poor neighborhoods have disproportionately high exposures.

结合重苯水平的汽车交通,在街上玩耍的孩子们在贫困的街区有高暴露的比例。Children living in poverty may underutilize health care services and their

孩子生活在贫困将underutilize卫生保健服务和他们的

asthma and atopic disease may go under diagnosed.

哮喘和过敏性疾病可以诊断。

Joseph and her associates

约瑟和她的同事

estimated the prevalence of physician-undiagnosed asthma among urban Detroit

估计physician-undiagnosed哮喘发病率在城市底特律

school-children in 3rd to 5th grade to be as many as 14.3%.

在3rd 5th年级学童的注意,要多达14.3%。

In a cross-sectional study, Crain and her colleagues found the prevalence of asthma

横向研究,科恩和她的同事发现普遍存在的哮喘

among children living in the Bronx, New York, to be twice the U.S. average, with

孩子们生活在他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯,美国平均的两倍,

higher prevalence rates among both Hispanic and lower income groups within

更高的盛行率在西班牙和低收入群体内

the sample.

样品。

Others however have suggested that there may

而另一些人已经暗示

be racial as well as socioeconomic determinants of childhood asthma, with black

是种族以及社会经济因素儿童哮喘的,黑色的

children being generally more affected than whites.

孩子通常比白人影响较大。

Economic disparities account for racial and ethnic disparities in childhood

经济差距解释种族和族群差距在孩童时期

lead poisoning, with a disproportionate number of black and Hispanic children

铅中毒,不成比例的黑人和西班牙的孩子

who are exposed to lead-containing dust in older, dilapidated housing stock.

而暴露于包装袋尘埃中长大,破旧的房子的股票。

Children in developing countries, living in impoverished settings where wood and 发展中国家的小孩,生活在贫困的设置在木头

other biomass products are burned indoors for cooking or heating, also have

其他生物产品在室内或加热燃烧做饭,也有

higher rates of pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections.

较高的利率的肺炎和其他呼吸道感染。

高分子材料与工程专业英语翻译

A 高分子化学和高分子物理 UNIT 1 What are Polymer? 第一单元什么是高聚物？ What are polymers? For one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. To contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands. These big molecules or ‘macro-molecules’are made up of much smaller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. To illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. When these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound. Alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds. 什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。与低分子化合物不同的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是58.5，而高聚物的分子量高于105，甚至大于106。这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成。小分子相互结合形成大分子，大分子能够是一种或多种化合物。举例说明，想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。当这些环相互连接起来，可以把形成的链看成是具有同种分子量化合物组成的高聚物。另一方面，独特的环可以大小不同、材料不同，相连接后形成具有不同分子量化合物组成的聚合物。 This interlinking of many units has given the polymer its name, poly meaning ‘many’and mer meaning ‘part’(in Greek). As an example, a gaseous compound called butadiene, with a molecular weight of 54, combines nearly 4000 times and gives a polymer known as polybutadiene (a synthetic rubber) with about 200 000molecular weight. The low molecular weight compounds from which the polymers form are known as monomers. The picture is simply as follows: 许多单元相连接给予了聚合物一个名称，poly意味着“多、聚、重复”，mer意味着“链节、基体”（希腊语中）。例如：称为丁二烯的气态化合物，分子量为54，化合将近4000次，得到分子量大约为200000被称作聚丁二烯（合成橡胶）的高聚物。形成高聚物的低分子化合物称为单体。下面简单地描述一下形成过程： butadiene + butadiene + ???+ butadiene--→polybutadiene (4 000 time) 丁二烯＋丁二烯＋…＋丁二烯——→聚丁二烯 （4000次） One can thus see how a substance (monomer) with as small a molecule weight as 54 grow to become a giant molecule (polymer) of (54×4 000≈)200 000 molecular weight. It is essentially the ‘giantness’of the size of the polymer molecule that makes its behavior different from that of a commonly known chemical compound such as benzene. Solid benzene, for instance, melts

专升本英语翻译方法

常用翻译技巧总结 w个人认为，翻译题很重要！考研是个充实自己的过程，只要你还需要英语，就离不开翻译，所以大家应该引起足够重视。 首先个人推荐一本书，XDF唐静老师的《拆分与组合翻译法》，我听过他的课，他的方法很实用，感觉很象下面介绍的第四种方法。 翻译题里考察三方面内容： 1、专有名词(如operational research expert)、习惯用法(如depend on)及多义词 的翻译(如school、set的多义) 2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等 3、具体句型(定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、 比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等) 其中2、3是大考点，具体内容可在论坛下XDF的翻译笔记来看，在此不赘述。 可看出，应对翻译题的主要武器是翻译技巧，下面正式进入正题(常用方法、被动语态译法、形容词译法、举例详解) 一、常用方法 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。 1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： (1) What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？(增译主语和谓语) (2) If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！(增译主句) (3) Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词) (4)就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词)

山东自考英语二课文翻译

Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，there has been foreign languages fervor[f??v?] in China，中国也掀起一股外语热，with English on top of the list. 在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。Parents hire private tutors for their school children；父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination. 成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? 英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。From my personal experience, 从我个人的经验来看，I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。Without such a complete understanding of the language, 对英语没有这样全面的理解，the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses．即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。Take the Chinese English learners for example．以学英语的中国人为例，" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? 这个英语句子结构不对吗? Of course not．当然不是。It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. 学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。By the same token，同样，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. 英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet.如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、羊肉呢?"Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．对学习英语的中国人来说，为这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易事。But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死记硬背英语单词毫无效率。Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．所以说，学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习使用该语言国家的历史知识。A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak

高级英语2课文翻译Book2Unit14

第十四课亦爱亦恨话纽约 托马斯·格里非斯 1．那些赞美“大苹果”的广告活动，还有那些印着带有“我爱纽约”字样的心形图案的T恤衫，只不过是它们在绝望中发出悲哀的迹象，只不过是纽约这个非凡的城市日趋衰落的象征。纽约过去从不自我炫耀，而只让别的城市去这样做，因为自我炫耀显得“小家子气”。纽约既然是独一无二的、最大的而且是最好的城市，也就没有必要宣称自己是如何与众不同了。 2．然而，今日的纽约再不是头号城市了。至少，在开创时尚、领导潮流方面，纽约是再也配不上这个称号了。今日的纽约非但常常跟不上美国政治前进的步伐，而且往往也合不上美国人生活情趣变化的节拍。过去有一个时期，它曾是全国流行服装款式方面无可争议的权威，但由于长期抵制越来越流行的休闲服装款式而丧失了其垄断地位。纽约已不再是众望所归、纷起仿效的对象了，如今它甚至以成为风行美国的时装潮流的抵制者，以成为摆脱全国清一色的单调局面的一隅逃遁之地面自鸣得意。 3．纽约无力保持排头兵的地位这一点已是越来越明显了。有十多座其他城市都已经有了一些在建筑艺术上很富有创造性的建筑物，·而纽约最近二十年来所造的任何一幢建筑物都不能与之相比。曾是托斯卡尼尼全国广播公司交响乐团演出场所的巨人般的曼哈顿电视演播厅，现在经常是空无一人，而好莱坞大量生产出的情景喜剧和约翰尼·卡森节目的实况转播却占满了加利福尼亚的广播电视发送频道。美国流行歌曲创作发行中心从纽约的廷潘胡同转移到了纳什维尔和好莱坞。拉斯韦加斯的赌场经常出高薪聘请曼哈顿没有哪一家夜总会请得起的歌手和艺员。而体育运动方面，那些规模较大的体育馆、比较激动人心的球队以及热情最高的球迷们，往往都出现在纽约以外的地方。 4．纽约从来都不是召集会议的好场所——因为那儿少友情，不安全，人口拥挤，消费高昂——但现在它似乎正在一定程度上争回其作为旅游胜地的地位。即便如此，大多数美国人对新奥尔良、旧金山、华盛顿或迪斯尼乐园等地的评价可能还是高于纽约。人们普遍认为，还有十几座其他城市，包括我的家乡西雅图，都比纽约更适于居住。 5．那么，为什么有许多欧洲人称纽约是他们最喜爱的城市呢?他们比大多数美国人更欣赏纽约这个国际大都市的五彩缤纷的生活，它那残存的、独此一家的欧洲社会准则以及它那众多外来民族混杂而居的社会。这些欧洲人中有些人也许是因为在麦迪逊大街和第五大街这两条双胞胎似的繁华大街上看到那些熟悉的国际名牌商号—口g6些专为迎合并蒙骗那些轻浮浅薄的有钱人而存在的珠宝店、鞋店和服装设计店——而感到心头踏实。然而事实并非如此，最令欧洲人激动不已的是这个城市的那种精神饱满的紧张气氛和它那种野性的活力。 6．纽约充满着活力、竞争和奋斗。同时，由于存在着一批能说会道的失意者，它也充满着嘲笑、轻侮和失意者的心灰意冷(“你说该咋办?”)。它充满着无休无止的斗争——为了地铁上的座位，为了引起一个的士司机、一个办事员或一个侍者的注意，为了有一个立足之地，

高分子材料工程专业英语翻译(最新修正稿)

UNIT 1 What Are Polymers? 第一单元什么是高聚物？ 什么是高聚物？首先，他们是络合物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。与低分子化合物不同的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是58.5，而高聚物的分子量高于105，甚至大于106。这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成。小分子相互结合形成大分子，大分子能够是一种或多种化合物。举例说明，想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。当这些环相互连接起来，可以把形成的链看成是具有同种（分子量）化合物组成的高聚物。另一方面，独立的环可以大小不同、材料不同，相连接后形成具有不同(分子量)化合物组成的聚合物。 许多单元相连接给予了聚合物一个名称，poly意味着“多、聚、重复”，mer意味着“链节、基体”（希腊语中）。例如：称为丁二烯的气态化合物，分子量为54，化合将近4000次，得到分子量大约为200000被称作聚丁二烯（合成橡胶）的高聚物。形成高聚物的低分子化合物称为单体。下面简单地描述一下形成过程： 丁二烯＋丁二烯＋…＋丁二烯——→聚丁二烯 （4000次） 因而能够看到分子量仅为54的小分子物质（单体）如何逐渐形成分子量为200000的大分子（高聚物）。实质上，正是由于聚合物的巨大的分子尺寸才使其性能不同于像苯这样的一般化合物(的性能)。1例如，固态苯，在5.5℃熔融成液态苯，进一步加热，煮沸成气态苯。与这类简单化合物明确的行为相比，像聚乙烯这样的聚合物不能在某一特定的温度快速地熔融成纯净的液体。而聚合物变得越来越软，最终，变成十分粘稠的聚合物熔融体。将这种热而粘稠的聚合物熔融体进一步加热，不会转变成各种气体，但它不再是聚乙烯（如图1.1）。 固态苯——→液态苯——→气态苯 加热，5.5℃加热，80℃ 固体聚乙烯——→熔化的聚乙烯——→各种分解产物-但不是聚乙烯 加热加热 图1.1 低分子量化合物（苯）和聚合物（聚乙烯）受热后的不同行为发现另一种不同的聚合物行为和低分子量化合物行为是关于溶解过程。例如，让我们研究一下，将氯化钠慢慢地添加到固定量的水中。盐，代表一种低分子量化合物，在水中达到点（叫饱和点）溶解，但，此后，进一步添加盐不进入溶液中却沉到底部而保持原有的固体状态。饱和盐溶液的粘度与水的粘度不是十分不同，但是，如果我们用聚合物替代，譬如说，将聚乙烯醇添加到固定量的水中，聚合物不是马上进入到溶液中。聚乙烯醇颗粒首先吸水溶胀，发生形变，经过很长的时间以后，（聚乙烯醇分子）进入到溶液中。2同样地，我们可以将大量的聚合物加入到同样量的水中，不存在饱和点。将越来越多的聚合物加入水中，认为聚合物溶解的时间明显地增加，最终呈现柔软像面团一样粘稠的混合物。另一个特点是，在水中聚乙烯醇不会像过量的氯化钠在饱和盐溶液中那样能保持其初始的粉末状态。3总之，我们可以讲（1）聚乙烯醇的溶解需要很长时间，（2）不存在饱和点，（3）粘度的增加是典 型聚合物溶于溶液中的特性，这些特性主要归因于聚合物大分子的尺寸。 如图1.2说明了低分子量化合物和聚合物的溶解行为。 氯化钠晶体加入到水中→晶体进入到溶液中.溶液的粘度不是十分不同于充分搅拌 水的粘度→形成饱和溶液.剩余的晶体维持不溶解状态.加入更多的晶体并搅拌氯化钠的溶 解 聚乙烯醇碎片加入到水中→碎片开始溶胀→碎片慢慢地进入到溶液中允许维持现状 充分搅拌→形成粘稠的聚合物溶液.溶液粘度十分高于水的粘度继续搅拌聚合物的溶解

大学英语2翻译原文及答案

Unit1 1.背离传统需要极大的勇气 1) It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition. 2.汤姆过去很腼腆，但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了。 2) Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience. 3.很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是很可取的。 3) Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age. 4.假设那幅画确实是名作，你觉得值得购买吗？ 4) Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile to buy/purchase it? 5.如果这些数据统计上市站得住脚的，那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题。 5) If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating. Unit2 1.该公司否认其捐款有商业目的。 1) The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.

大英三课文带翻译

Never, ever give up! 永不言弃！ 1 As a young boy, Britain's great Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill, attended a public school called Harrow. He was not a good student, and had he not been from a famous family, he probably would have been removed from the school for deviating from the rules. Thankfully, he did finish at Harrow and his errors there did not preclude him from going on to the university. He eventually had a premier army career whereby he was later elected prime minister. He achieved fame for his wit, wisdom, civic duty, and abundant courage in his refusal to surrender during the miserable dark days of World War II. His amazing determination helped motivate his entire nation and was an inspiration worldwide. 英国的伟大首相温斯顿·丘吉尔爵士，小时候在哈罗公学上学。当时他可不是个好学生，要不是出身名门，他可能早就因为违反纪律被开除了。谢天谢地，他总算从哈罗毕业了，在那里犯下的错误并没影响到他上大学。后来，他凭着军旅生涯中的杰出表现当选为英国首相。他的才思、智慧、公民责任感以及在二战痛苦而黑暗的时期拒绝投降的无畏勇气，为他赢得了美名。他非凡的决心，不仅激励了整个民族，还鼓舞了全世界。 2 Toward the end of his period as prime minister, he was invited to address the patriotic young boys at his old school, Harrow. The headmaster said, "Young gentlemen, the greatest speaker of our time, will be here in a few days to address you, and you should obey whatever sound advice he may give you." The great day arrived. Sir Winston stood up, all five feet, five inches and 107 kilos of him, and gave this short, clear-cut speech: "Young men, never give up. Never give up! Never give up! Never, never, never, never!" 在他首相任期即将结束时，他应邀前往母校哈罗公学，为满怀报国之志的同学们作演讲。校长说：“年轻的先生们，当代最伟大的演说家过几天就会来为你们演讲，他提出的任何中肯的建议，你们都要听从。”那个激动人心的日子终于到了。温斯顿爵士站了起来——他只有5英尺5英寸高，体重却有107公斤。他作了言简意赅的讲话：“年轻人，要永不放弃。永不放弃！永不放弃！永不，永不，永不，永不！” 3 Personal history, educational opportunity, individual dilemmas — none of these can inhibit a strong spirit committed to success. No task is too hard. No amount of preparation is too long or too difficult. Take the example of two of the most scholarly scientists of our age, Albert Einstein and Thomas Edison. Both faced immense obstacles and extreme criticism. Both were called "slow to learn" and written off as idiots by their teachers. Thomas Edison ran away from school because his teacher whipped him repeatedly for asking too many questions. Einstein didn't speak fluently until he was almost nine years old and was such a poor student that some thought he was unable to learn. Yet both boys' parents believed in them. They worked intensely each day with their sons, and the boys learned to never bypass the long hours of hard work that they needed to succeed. In the end, both Einstein and Edison overcame their childhood persecution and went on to achieve magnificent discoveries that benefit the entire world today. 个人经历、教育机会、个人困境，这些都不能阻挡一个全力以赴追求成功的、有着坚强意志的人。任务再苦，准备再长，难度再大，都不能让他放弃自己的追求。就以本时代最有学问的两位科学家——阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦和托马斯·爱迪生为例，他们都曾面临巨大的障碍和极

高分子材料工程专业英语翻译

Unit 1 What are polymers? What are polymers? For one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. 什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。 To contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands. 与低分子化合物不同的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是58.5，而高聚物的分子量高于105，甚至大于106。 These big molecules or ‘macro-molecules’ are made up of much sma ller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. 这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成。小分子相互结合形成大分子，大分子能够是一种或多种化合物。 To illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. When these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound. 举例说明，想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。当这些环相互连接起来，可以把形成的链看成是具有同种化合物组成的高聚物。 Alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds. 另一方面，环可以大小不同、材料不同, 相连接后形成具有不同化合物组成的聚合物。 This interlinking of many units has given the polymer its name, poly meaning ‘many’ and mer meaning ‘part’ (in Greek). 聚合物的名称来自于许多单元相连接，poly意味着“多、聚、重复”，mer意味着“链节、基体”（希腊语中）。 As an example, a gaseous compound called butadiene, with a molecular weight of 54, combines nearly 4000 times and gives a polymer known as polybutadiene (a synthetic rubber) with about 200 000molecular weight. 例如：气态化合物丁二烯的分子量为54，连接4000次可得到分子量大约为200000的聚丁二烯（合成橡胶）高聚物。 The low molecular weight compounds from which the polymers form are known as monomers. The picture is simply as follows: 形成高聚物的低分子化合物称为单体。下面简单地描述一下形成过程： butadiene + butadiene + ??? + butadiene--→polybutadiene(4 000 time) 丁二烯＋丁二烯＋…＋丁二烯——→聚丁二烯（4000次） One can thus see how a substance (monomer) with as small a molecule weight as 54 grow to become a giant molecule (polymer) of (54×4 000≈)200 000 molecular weight. 能够知道分子量仅为54的小分子物质（单体）如何逐渐形成分子量为200000的大分子（高聚物）。 It is essentially the “giantness” of the size of the polymer molecule that makes its behavior (different from that of a commonly known chemical compound such as benzene.) 实质上正是由于聚合物的巨大分子尺寸才使其性能不同于像苯这样的一般化合物（的性能） Solid benzene, for instance, melts to become liquid benzene at 5.5℃and , on further heating, boils into gaseous benzene. 例如固态苯在5.5℃熔融成液态苯，进一步加热，煮沸成气态苯。 As against this well-defined behavior of a simple chemical compound, a polymer like polyethylene does not melt sharply at one particular temperature into clean liquid. 与这类简单化合物明确的行为相比，像聚乙烯这样的聚合物不能在某一特定的温度快速地熔融成纯净的液体。 Instead, it becomes increasingly softer and, ultimately, turns into a very viscous, tacky molten mass. Further heating of this hot, viscous, molten polymer does convert it into various gases but it is no longer polyethylene. (Fig. 1.1) . 而聚合物变得越来越软，最终变成十分粘稠的聚合物熔融体。将这种热而粘稠的聚合物熔融体进一步加热，它会转变成不同气体，但它不再是聚乙烯（如图1.1）Another striking difference with respect to the behavior of a polymer and that of a low molecular weight compound concerns the dissolution process. 聚合物行为和低分子量化合物另一不同的行为为溶解过程。 Let us take, for example, sodium chloride and add it slowly to fixed quantity of water. The salt, which represents a low molecular weight compound, dissolves in water up to a point (called saturation point) but, thereafter, any further quantity added does not go into solution but settles at the bottom and just remains there as solid. 例如，将氯化钠慢慢地添加到定量的水中。盐作为一种低分子量化合物，在水中溶解直到某一点（叫饱和点），但进一步添加, 盐不进入溶液中却沉到底部而保持原有的固体状态 The viscosity of the saturated salt solution is not very much different from that of water. But if we take a polymer instead, say, polyvinyl alcohol, and add it to a fixed quantity of water, the polymer does not go into solution immediately. 饱和盐溶液的粘度与水的粘度接近.但是，如果我们用聚合物，如聚乙烯醇添加到定量水中，聚合物不是马上进入到溶液中。 The globules of polyvinyl alcohol first absorb water, swell and get distorted in shape and after a long time go into solution. 聚乙烯醇颗粒首先吸水溶胀，发生变形，经过很长时间后，（聚乙烯醇分子）进入到溶液中。 Also, we can add a very large quantity of the polymer to the same quantity of water without the saturation point ever being reached. 同样地，我们可以将大量的聚合物加入到同样量的水中，不存在饱和点。 As more and more quantity of polymer is added to water, the time taken for the dissolution of the polymer obviously increases and the mix ultimately assumes a soft, dough-like consistency. 将越来越多的聚合物加入水中，认为聚合物溶解的时间明显地增加，最终呈现柔软像面团一样粘稠的混合物。 Another peculiarity is that, in water, polyvinyl alcohol never retains its original powdery nature [as the excess sodium chloride does] [in a saturated salt solution]. 另一个特点是，在水中聚乙烯醇不会像过量的氯化钠在饱和盐溶液中那样能保持其初始的粉末状态。 In conclusion, we can say that (1) the long time taken by polyvinyl alcohol for dissolution, (2) the absence of a saturation point, and (3) the increase in the viscosity are all characteristics of a typical polymer being dissolved in a solvent and these characteristics are attributed mainly to the large molecular size of the polymer. 总之，我们可以讲（1）聚乙烯醇的溶解需要很长时间，（2）不存在饱和点，（3）粘度的增加是聚合物溶于溶液中的典型特性，这些特性主要归因于聚合物大分子的尺寸。 The behavior of a low molecular weight compound and that of a polymer on dissolution are illustrated in Fig.1.2.