On Body Language in Intercultural Communication 论跨文化交际中的体态语

学号： 06437318

常州大学

毕业设计（论文）

（2010届）

题目On Body Language in Intercultural Communication 学生朱婷婷

学院外国语学院专业班级英语（怀）062 校内指导教师沈菊芬专业技术职务副教授

校外指导老师专业技术职务

二○一○年六月

On Body Language in Intercultural Communication

Abstract:Nowadays, with the continuous development of economy and culture, the international exchanges have become increasingly frequ ent. There is an old saying “to watch the weather outside and the face inside,”which is very beneficial to intercultural communication. As an important part of non-verbal communication, body language also plays a crucial role in intercultural communication. However, by different cultural traditions body languages are not exactly the same. They are restricted by culture and meanwhile have unique cultural connotation. In order to succeed in the intercultural communication, we should have a correct understanding of the cultural differences and similarities between body languages in different cultures. This paper, on the basis of some examples concerning gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, postures and space, attempts to make a comparison between body languages in different cultures. It also aims at enumerating the cultural differences and similarities of body language, putting forward the principles that should be followed in intercultural communication, and making an effective contribution to cultural communication. Key words:Intercultural communication; Body language; Cultural differences; Cultural similarities; Principles

论跨文化交际中的体态语

摘要：随着经济文化的不断发展，国际交流活动日益频繁。俗话说：“出门看天色，进门看脸色”。作为非语言交际中的重要组成部分，体态语在跨文化交际中起着举足轻重的作用。然而，不同文化习俗下的体态语并不是完全相同的。它们由文化制约并拥有独特的文化内涵。为了在跨文化交际中能够成功的进行交流，我们应该正确认识不同文化下的体态语之间的差异性，同时也必须承认世界各国的体态语与语言和文化一样，也有相似之处。本文从手势语，面部表情，目光语，身体姿势和空间距离等方面对不同文化下的体态语进行对比。其目的在于通过列举体态语的文化差异与共性，提出交际中应遵循的原则，从而有效促进跨文化交流，避免误解的产生。

关键词：跨文化交际；体态语；文化差异；相似之处；遵循原则

Contents

Abstract. ...................................................................................................................................... I 中文摘要.................................................................................................................................... I I

1 Introduction (1)

2 Body Language (1)

2.1 The introduction of body language (1)

2.2 The importance of body language in intercultural communication (1)

3 The communicative functions of body language in intercultural communication (2)

3.1 Expressing true emotions (2)

3.2 Showing and hiding emotions (3)

3.3 Replacing verbal words (3)

3.4 Meeting the need of social communication (3)

3.5 Reflecting social relationships (4)

4 The classification of body language (4)

4.1 Gestures (4)

4.2 Facial expressions (5)

4.3 Eye contact (5)

4.4 Postures (5)

4.5 Space (6)

5 The cultural differences of body language (6)

5.1 Traditional cultures (6)

5.2 National characteristics (7)

5.3 Social customs (8)

6 Conclusion (8)

References (10)

Acknowledgements (11)

1 Introduction

There are two kinds of communication existing in the human society. They are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. The non-verbal communicative behavior refers to the process that people use the natural characteristics of body to transfer information and express specific thoughts and ideas. It includes body language, object language and context language. Body language, of the three kinds of non-verbal communication, is the most important part in communication both home and abroad. With the rapid economic and cultural development in the latest decades, intercultural communication is becoming a fashionable trend in international affairs, and meanwhile, body language in intercultural communication is inevitably a hot topic among people and scholars of various fields.

2Body language

2.1 The introduction of body language

Body language in intercultural communication has always played an important role in the study of various scholars. It was not until 1950s that some scholars made a systematical study of body language in intercultural communication. From the late of 1970s to the early period of 1980s, more contents have been added to body language, which have a great influence on the other fields. Today, body language has achieved great developments and become a marginal subject in foreign research. Birdwhistell, the professor at the University of Pennsylvania of America, made an accurate evaluation of the quantity of language communication. According to his study, verbal language only takes up 30% of the whole communication while nonverbal language (mainly body language) accounts for almost 65% of that (Birdwhistell, 1970:189). And psychologist David Aberconbie also pointed out that we speak with verbal organs but we talk with our body. And in China, famous scholar Bi Jiwan stated in 1999 that non-verbal communication was the most important part of the communication (Bi, 2001:9). All these researches home and abroad are vital evidences showing the importance of body language in intercultural communication.

2.2The importance of body language in intercultural communication

Nowadays, with the rapid economic and cultural development, international communication is becoming particularly important. Intercultural communication refers to the interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds. Broadly speaking, intercultural communication includes not only the international cross-cultural communication and interracial communication across the nation, but also the communication between different groups which belong to the same cultural background. With the expansion of cultural exchanges of western and eastern countries, more and more attention is being paid to

intercultural communication by people around the world.

In the meanwhile, body language is an important factor which can not be neglected in intercultural communication. However, body languages deriving from different cultural traditions are not exactly the same. They are confined by culture and have unique cultural connotations. For example, in the year of 1959, after visiting America and stepping onto the airplane, Khrushchev clapped his hands above his heads in order to express friendship to Americans. But it was the gesture that made Americans feel uneasy and caused a misunderstanding. This gesture in Russia is a symbol of friendship, which in America it is usually expressed after the victory, pride, and satisfaction. And especially Khrushchev had mentioned words that he wanted to bury American capitalism. Many Americans considered this gesture a show of Khrushchev (Deng, 1989:45). Why did such a little gesture cause so much misunderstanding? This is actually the cultural differences of body language. So, in order to succeed in the intercultural communication, we should have a correct understanding of the cultural differences between body languages in different cultures. And at the same time we must admit that body languages around the world also have some similarities.

3. The communicative functions of body language in intercultural communication

Body language is one of the most common means of non-verbal communication in intercultural communication. It is well known for its expressiveness and a sense of humor. The communicative functions of body language can be divided into five categories according to its classification (Claire, 2000:27).

3.1 Expressing true emotions

Body language is very effective in expressing emotions. Both the “make eyes at somebody”in Chinese and the “cast sheep’s eyes at somebody” in English seems to be self-evident that body language can express emotions. For example, Chinese young people often use eyes to express their feelings when they fall in love with somebody. In the first stage of love, they will look away shyly; thereafter throw one glance at each other, and then turn their head to one side (Hu, 1988:76). Due to the influence of Chinese traditional culture, Chinese people often show their feelings in a reserved way, and control their emotions in a proper way. In China, it is common to see a woman smiling with her hands covered her mouth. However, it is quite opposite for Americans who often show their true emotions. Therefore, westerners can not guess easterners’true feelings according to their facial expression on many occasions. In our daily life, our conversation is always accompanied by some body languages unconsciously. A good command of body language is helpful to perceive people’s true emotions.

3.2 Showing and hiding emotions

Body language sometimes reveals real feelings. People often smile when happy while make a blessing expression when anxious. The change of facial expression is generally an expression of true feelings（Jia,1997:23）. For example, in a football game, we can often see the players take off their shirts or run on the pitch to express a feeling of excitement when they kick a ball. In addition, body language can also conceal the real feelings. People often hide their uneasy feelings by some petty acts such as scratching, rubbing hands, or dusting the clothes. For instance, in the classroom, student who can not answer the question will sometimes use his forefinger to make a friction on his nose in order to hide the nervous mood. But this act may be misunderstood by a foreign teacher. That is because in western countries, people who use the forefinger to make a friction on the nose may be thought as a liar. In our daily life, one’s body languages are so complicated that can easily show or hide emotions. If one wants to perceive people’s inner emotions correctly, try to read their body languages first.

3.3 Replacing verbal words

Body language can be used to replace verbal words. It plays a unique role on many occasions. An illustration can make the point clear. The police usually use body language to command the moving of traffic. And basketball referees use body language to organize a basketball game. In daily work and life, people often use body language to communicate with each other. They use handshake to show greeting, hand wave to show farewell, applause to show welcome, and thumb to show praise and so on. However, the same body language may have the different connotations in intercultural communication due to the cultural differences. For instance, putting tongue out can be understood in America as a feeling of contempt and arrogance, whereas in China, putting tongue out is a kind of easing embarrassment. Stretching the thumb and the forefinger in America means “2”, while in China, the same body language means “8”.Therefore, body language is a silent language which can express us most effectively and efficiently.

3.4 Meeting the need of social communication

Body language plays an important role in meeting the need of social communication. In social communicative situations, especially in face-to-face conversation, people often use body language to figure out the message from the conversation to go on or finish a speech. A case in point is that people may intend to finish a talk by watching his watch from time to time. If people are interested in the topic, they may exchange eyes with the speaker. For American speakers, they will scan the audience with eye mutually in the process of a speech, and the audience will respond to the speaker with the same body language to show their interest in the speech. On the contrary Chinese audiences usually avoid eye contact with the speaker. So many western speakers assume that their speech is not appealing. A

misunderstanding which could be prevented is caused. Thus, in daily social communication, body language may be helpful when you are puzzled in a talk.

3.5 Reflecting social relationships

Body language sometimes is a symbol of social relations. In the process of communication, we can often know people’s social status, family back ground and education background through their body language. For example, the relationship between two persons is subordinate or equal can be speculated by their sitting or standing postures. In a face-to-face conversation between Chinese, whether the superior and the subordinate or the elder and the younger, the later ones always sit or stand pretty straight to show respect while the former ones always sit backward to show dignity. However, it is opposite in the western countries, generally speaking, the people standing are much superior to the people sitting both in age and rank. And kissing in western countries is commonly used to show politeness in the public. We can judge the relationship and their social status by looking the body parts where they kiss each other. It’s a custom that the husband and the wife always kiss on the lip while the elderly and the younger always kiss on the cheek or forehead. And two peers can make a cheek-cheek touch and a gentleman can kiss a beauty’s hand to show friendship. In this aspect, body language can fully show us the correct relationship of people whom we don’t know well.

4 The classification of body language

Language is the main but not the only means for humans to exchange ideas and feelings. People often need to and even have to use non-verbal means in daily communication such as body language, dressing and color, of which body language is the most important (Xu, 2001:62). Human’s non-verbal language such as eye movement and facial expressions are so rich and colorful that they can easily convey meanings that verbal language can not express, properly making up for deficiencies of verbal language. Body language is also as various as verbal languages. Some body language is very specific and some are very general. And some are used to communicate only and some are used to provide information only. Body language is one part of a country or nation, making a close contact with the national culture. One must first observe and study the gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and postures and so on if he wants to understand body language comprehensively (Knapp, 1978:65).

4.1 Gestures

Gestures are the main part of non-verbal communication, whose meaning is quite colorful. The reason why gestures are widely used to communicate is that our hands are very flexible and most easily seen. It has been generally accepted that if one spreads his forefinger and middle finger, he must have the determination to win something or wants to share his joy

with others. And some professional persons even use gestures to form their unique image. For example, the conductor with diverse gestures can direct dozens of, even hundreds of musicians with different instruments to play an excellent symphony orchestra. And the traffic police with standard gestures can command the busy traffic flow orderly. And the international referee with various gestures can handle the complex situations on the playground smoothly. What these professional persons need is accurate, rapid and resolute gestures instead of the slow, vague and hesitant gestures.

4.2 Facial expressions

People from different nations may have the same facial expressions and body movements. Some people, like poets, novelists and artists, are inclined to stress the facial expressions in communication. They often focus on the facial expressions in portraying a character, which can reflect the inner world of a person. Therefore, we can say that facial expression is the mirror of the soul and at the same time the reflection of the thought. Some examples can be cited, making mouth upward may mean delight, happiness and modesty while mouth downward may mean sorrow, despair and arrogance. And the opening of lips may mean numb and silly while the shivering of lips may mean anger and excitement. In a word, every part on the face can not be isolated to express a complex idea. Only the coordination of mouth, nose, lips and eyebrows can express various emotions.

4.3 Eye contact

People’s eyes are one of the most important parts to deliver information. According to foreign statistical data, we know that people can transmit thousand of kinds of information only with their eyes. Some examples are easily noticed in our daily life. Usually people will laugh with eyes like a line when happy, and their eyes will be looked aggressive when angry. And every eye contact in our daily talk is closely connected with the speaker’s inner mind, conveying much information to listeners. Eye contact can reflect not only the inner world to a large extent, but also the complex thoughts of different characters. Generally, the eyes of those who are honest and broad-minded must be calm, and the eyes of those who are cunning and insincere must be treacherous. So, we should be cautious to watch the eyes of your talking partner in communication because they can show the real meaning and inner world to some extent.

4.4 Postures

Postures are usually known as “kinetics”, which often refer to the rich gestures, facial expressions and body expressions of the participants in communication. In different ethnic culture, the same posture may convey different meanings. Therefore, postures are an important study for cultural differences. People in different situations can use postures accompanied by few words to express different meanings such as being angry, happy or

confused. We can often observe some postures from our daily communication. For example, when we talk, the listeners always lay their backs against the chair, and their arms and legs are always crossed. But when they do not agree with the speaker’s view, they will change their postures; maybe they will lay their backs forward and leave their arms and legs apart, getting ready to put forward their own ideas. Usually if you see a listener move his body closely forward to the speaker, which means the listener is interested in the conversation with the speaker. Thus, different postures can be adopted according to different people and different occasions.

4.5 Space

Space is a study of distance learning, which makes up a research on the interaction of space of the communicators in conversation. Usually the space of communicators plays an important role in the communication, which shows not only the relationship between the communicators, but also the national and cultural characteristics. Space is a research on how to use space distance to express thoughts and information. People always have a feeling of occupied space distance, which will be different because of cultural differences. For example, Japanese think a close space distance is a pleasant feeling while Americans and British like to make a distance of one arm in conversation. Edward Hall, the anthropology professor at Northwestern University, divided the individual space into four areas (Xu, 2001:78).

1. Close area: 0-18 inches. This close area belongs to the space distance between family members, lovers and close friends. In this area, the two communicators can make a close touch such as kiss, embrace and so on. Usually they talk quietly and closely.

2. Acquaintance area: 18 inches-4 feet. This acquaintance area belongs to old classmates, harmonious neighbor and so on. In this area, the two communicators always have words to talk to each other, but their relationship is not very close. This area is a private space. And it includes close private distance and far private distance. The close private distance is a space for husband and wife. If another woman bumps into this area, maybe she has a wild desire into other people’s inner world. Far private distance is often seen between people in a party, which will make people feel comfortable and warm.

3. Social area: 4-12 feet. This social area belongs to those who are known each other but are not acquaints. Communicators in this area always just make a greeting to each other.

4. Presentation area: above 12 feet. This presentation area belongs to those who make presentation in big classroom or auditorium.

5 The cultural differences of body language

5.1 Traditional cultures

It is believed that culture is all the form of activities of a nation (Nida, 2006:85). China

and western countries all have their own social soil and cultural atmosphere. And due to their independent development of long history and special space, they have their distinct national characteristics. Body language reflects features of a nation, including national history, cultural background, and attitude towards to life. And body language also reflects people’s life style and their way of thinking.

Some people regard the old Chinese civilization as “the cultural circle of the Chinese people”. The reason why people call it a circle is that China has been in a relatively closed condition of self-sufficiency due to thousands of years of geographical factors and influence of Confucianism. In the reserved “circle”, Chinese form a cultural system of giving priority to family life. In the past, house was always a courtyard, city was always quadrate. Old Chinese people often value family and harmony, forming a behavior pattern of “circle-type”.

The “circle-type”is fundamental conflict with westerners’idea of individualism. Westerners always have a weak idea of family. Although they may say that “East, west, home is best”, they are actually expressing homesickness rather than a family feeling. They do not agree with family idea, needless to understand the generations living under the same roof, which is very divine to Chinese people. The reason is that essentially western civilization is a kind of “sailing”and “nomadic”. It is a snowball expanding outward instead of a closed self-sufficient circle. Therefore, what westerners pursue is a spirit of being independent. Thus in the long history they have formed a behavior pattern of “disperse d type”.

There is obvious reflection on body languages between different nations. Take “individual space” as an example. The individual space refers to an invisible area surrounded by each person. In daily communication, if some people enter the individual space, then they will be thought as rude invaders. But if some people stand far away from the individual space, then we feel we are alienated. Chinese people and westerners have a rather different view about the individual space. Chinese people like a close distance while westerners like a far distance. All this differences are caused by “circle-type” and “dispersed type”.

5.2 National characteristics

National characteristics are a relatively fixed and develop gradually in the long history of culture (Mehrabian, 1978:85). Every nation has its own distinct national characteristics. China and western nations have a great contrast in body languages because of the national characteristics. China has long been a country of decorum. With the feudal autocratic centralized pattern and the most stable and long traditional culture, this national characteristic makes Chinese more humble, obedient, restraint and reserved. However, due to the developed traffic and the frequent ethnic migration, most western countries can hardly maintain their distinct historical continuity, thus form a multicultural mixed life pattern including variability and mobility style. At the same time, although the western countries withdraw feudal slave society long ago, they had some ideas of “republican” and “democracy” and stepped into the

modern society much earlier than China did. Such historical cultures and social background cause westerners to advocate the spirit of adventure and independence.

The two distinct personalities formed two kinds of body languages. And the lack of the mutual understanding of each national characteristic can easily lead to cultural conflict. Westerners may take Chinese’s modesty and reservation as a lack of confidence or self-abasement. On the contrary, Chinese may consider westerners’ opening and outgoing as an expression of arrogance. Take bow as an example. As we all know, bow is a common polite gesture of all the human being, but this polite gesture is not completely the same in eastern and western countries. Chinese do bow slightly more often while westerners do the same body language much less.

In brief, the national characteristics forming in the long history have an apparent impact on body languages. We should pay much attention to these subtle differences, which can help avoid some unnecessary misunderstanding.

5.3Social custom

Social custom is a special kind of cultural form, which partly results in the differences of body language in that body language is closely related to social custom. Therefore, each body language has a special color with social custom.

China had developed highly civilized manners in Shang Dynasty and continued to develop during the period of Ming and Qing Dynasty. And these civilized manners influence Chinese peoples’behavior and thoughts. In China, two same-sex persons can make a body touch casually while a man and a woman must keep some moral rules in communication. Men can show their strong muscles while women have to dress in conservative clothes. Moreover, couples are not expected to express their intimacy in public. However, westerners show their own distinct features: they pursue body beauty and advocate freedom in heterosexual communication. Hug and kiss occur not only in private between lovers, but also on some social occasions in the presence of social partners. It is our fine tradition to respect the elderly and love the young. Rank idea has deep-rooted in China. But in western countries, usually they have a faint idea of rank system.

In short, social customs are the inherent characteristics of every country, and their cultural differences in body language are complicated. In intercultural communication, only by understanding the connotation of social customs can we effectively make sense of the various body languages. What we need to do is to have enough respect to each nation’s social custom and to widely spread the good aspects of those social customs. However, we should reject the bad aspects of those social customs resolutely.

6 Conclusion

The differences caused by body language of China and western countries should catch

our attention. Since Chinese make a relatively late study on body language, so in order to grasp body language of various countries and make a multinational exchange of body language, we should conduct the research of body language further and make a detailed contrast between different cultures, through which we can find out the root of cultural differences and conflicts. Only in this way can we eliminate cultural interference and create the common basis of intercultural communication.

Hegel, one of the greatest philosophers who have great impact on modern ideas, put it:“If a person can tell the obvious differences, for example, he can distinguish a pen and a camel, we would not think this person smart. If a person can distinguish the differences of two similar things, such as a monastery and a church, we would think this person very intelligent (Fasold, 2000:98)”. What we really need in intercultural communication is the ability to identify the similarities between the differences and the differences between the similarities. Body language now exists in all aspects of our social life. Nowadays, the rapid development of science has shortened the distance of countries all over the world. And body language has already developed in intercultural sphere. In China, the young generation has quickly absorbed some body languages from foreign culture such as the gesture of “OK”.And undoubtedly, with the increasing exchange of nations, the intercultural communication will surely be much more important. Therefore, we should develop a tolerant and understanding attitude towards the culture conflict caused by different body languages. As to the cultural conflict, we shall understand and analyze objectively, aiming to avoid demerits and make progress. All in all, a good understanding of body languages in intercultural communication can not only strengthen the ability to communicate, but also can develop a value on scientific theory. It is certain that with our efforts in intercultural communication, body language is sure to be a cultural bridge to link people from all over the world, promoting the communication of people in all countries.

Reference

[1] A Mehrabian. How We Communicate Feelings Nonverbally. A Psychology Today Cassette [M]. New York: Ziff-Davis.1978.

[2]Eugene A. Nida. Language and Culture Context in Translating [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006:78-81

[3]Fast, J. Body Language [M]. Evans& Co, 1970.

[4] Hall, E.T. The Silent Language [M]. New York, Fawcett Press, 1970.

[5] Hall, M. Understanding Cultural Differences: Germans, French and Americans.[M]. Intercultural Press. 1990.

[6] Kramsch https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a56777915.html,nguage and Culture[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.26-27

[7] Morain, G. Theory & Practice: Kinestics and Cross-cultural Understanding [M]. Virginia, Center for Applied Linguistics, 1978.

[8]M Knapp. Nonverbal Behavior in Human Interaction [M], 2nd Ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978.

[9] Ralph Fasold. Sociolinguistics of Language[M]. England: Black-well Publishers Ltd, 2000.

[10] Ray L Birdwhistell. Kinesics and Context: Essays on Body Motion Communication [M].New York, Ballantine Books.189.

[11] Samovar, Larry A, Porter, Richard E. & Stefani, Lisa A. Communication between Cultures [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.199-200.

[12] 毕继万.跨文化非语言交际[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2001.

[13] 邓炎昌.语言与文化[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1989.

[14] 耿二岭.体态语概说[M].北京:北京语言学院出.

[15] 胡文仲,毕继万.跨文化非语言交际[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999:13.

[16] 贾玉新.跨文化交际学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.1997.

[17] 徐丹.跨文化交际中先行非语言信息的处理策略[J].深圳大学学报,2001 (3).

Acknowledgements

At the completion of the thesis, I wish to express my sincere thanks to all those who have given me kind help and valuable advice.

First of all, my heartfelt gratitude goes to my thesis supervisor, Ms.Shen Jufen, for her great kindness of supervising my thesis and for her constructive advice and thoughtful revision through all the stages of thesis writing. Without her illuminating instruction and sincere encouragement, this thesis could not have reached its present form.

My thanks also go to all the teachers of the School of Foreign Language, who have taught me and helped me in the past four years.

Finally, my thanks go to my friends, who are ready to help me in my hour of academic need. Debates and discussions with them are always fruitful and bring back lots of good memories.

The thesis is far from being perfect due to my limited reading and research. I am responsible for all the problems arising in it. In any case, its completion really spurs me into further exploration and greater expectations.

沪版牛津英语教材第一单元bodylanguage12

Chapter1.Body language Listening, Speaking, Using English, Writing 一、章节分析（Section Analysis ） (一)综述 本章节是语言运用部分。通过听，说，写方面的训练，提高学生语言词汇方面的能力，加强他们运用语言知识来表达思想感情的能力。针对高一新生情况using language 的任务是培养学生如何正确有效的使用字典，为以后的学习打下基础。 （二）目标 Listening 1帮助学生通过抓关键词培养其听力理解能力。 2听说结合，提高听力教学效果。 Speaking 1帮助学生运用本课关于肢体语言信息，培养他们良好的礼议。 2鼓励学生在此过程中动脑动口，学会推荐自己及如何评价他人。 Using English 1帮助学生如何有效的使用字典。 2培养学生自习自研能力。 Writing 1了解书信式“提醒单（reminder ）”和邀请信的写作思路。 2掌握写作方法。 3根据简要提示写出符合要求的reminder as well as 邀请信。 （三）重点和难点 Listening 培养学生抓关键词汇：adj /adv attentively; politely; serious ,nervous n art; steps; movements; sages; points messages v dance Speaking 通过表演掌握如何推荐自己以及如何评价他人，同时能运用Do’s 和Don’s 句型。Using English 了解字典中不同符号的含义以及如何能有效地运用字典，培养自学能力。 Writing 根据提示写出符合要求的short messages 并能采用生生互评。

Body language 课文

Yesterday, another student and I, representing our university's student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year's international students. They were coming to study at Beijing University. We would take them first to their dormitories and then to the student canteen. After half an hour of waiting for their flight to arrive, I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously. I stood for a minute watching them and then went to greet them. The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain. After I met them and then introduced them to each other, I was very surprised. Tony approached Julia, touched her shoulder and kissed her on the cheek! She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence. I guessed that there was probably a major misunderstanding. Then Akira Nagata from Japan came in smiling, together with George Cook from Canada. As they were introduced, George reached his hand out to the Japanese student. Just at that moment, however, Akira bowed so his nose touched George's moving hand. They both apologized - another cultural mistake! Ahmed Aziz, another international student, was from Jordan. When we met yesterday, he moved very close to me as I introduced myself. I moved back a bit, but he came closer to ask a question and then shook my

必修四unit 4 body language课文翻译

沟通:没问题吗? 昨天,我和另一个学生代表我们大学的学生会去首都国际机场迎接今年的国际学生。他们是来北京大学学习的。我们会先带他们去宿舍,然后去学生餐厅。等了半个小时后，他们的航班到了,我看见几个年轻人进入等候区，好奇地环顾四周。观察了他们一分钟后, 我便过去和他们打招呼。 第一个到达的是来自哥伦比亚的托尼·加西亚。紧接着是来自英国的朱丽.亚史密斯。在与他们碰面并介绍他们彼此认识后,我（对看到的情景）感到很吃惊。托尼走近朱莉娅,摸了摸她的肩膀，并亲吻了她的脸颊! 她后退了几步，看上去有些吃惊,她举起双手,仿佛在自卫。我猜想这里可能有个大的误会。然后日本的永田明笑着走了进来,同时来的还有来自加拿大的乔治.库克。我为他们作了介绍后,乔治把手伸向了这位日本学生。然而,就在那时田永明鞠了一躬，所以他的鼻子碰到了乔治伸过来的手。他们互相道歉——这又是一个文化上的误会! 另一个国际学生艾哈迈德·阿齐兹,来自约旦。我们昨天见面，我作自我介绍的时候,他靠我很近。我往后退一点,但他又走向前问了我一个问题,然后同我握手。当来自法国来的达琳.库隆从门口匆忙进来时,她认出了托尼·加西亚微笑的面孔。他们握了握手,然后在对方的面颊上吻了两下,因为法国成年人见到熟人就是这样做的。相反，艾哈迈德阿齐兹只是朝女孩子们点了点头。来自中东或其他一些穆斯林国家的男士在谈话时通常站得离其他男士很近，但一般不会和女士接触。 随着认识的国际朋友越来越多,我也了解到更多不同文化背景下的“身体语言”。各种文化背景下人们互致问候的方式不尽相同,相互接触和相互所感到舒适的程度也并不一样。用口头语言交流的同时,人们还使用不出声的语言，通过身体间的距离、动作或姿势来表达他们的感情。比如, 英国人通常不会站在离别人很近的地方，也不会一见面就（用身体）触碰陌生人。不过,来自西班牙、意大利或南美国家的人会站在离别人很近的地方，而且更可能（用身体）接触对方。现在世界上大多数人见面要互握手问候,但有些文化（背景的人）会使用另外一些寒暄方式。比如日本就更喜欢鞠躬。 这些行为都无所谓好坏,只不过是文化发展的不同方式而已。然而,我发现肢体语言的文化风俗是多元的——同一种（民族）文化中也并非所有成员的行为都一样。但总的来说,在当今文化交融的世界，学习不同国家的习俗肯定能帮助我们避免交往中的困难。

关于bodylanguage的小短文

P2语篇领悟答案 1．cultures 2.own 3.a 4.they5．may 6.each7.women8.with9．in10.feelings P4 用本单元所学词组、句型翻译下列短文 身体语言是与人交流的一种方式。然而，并非所有的人都可以用同一种身体语言进行交流，有着不同文化背景的人们对彼此的手势很有可能产生误会。比如，我们向某人点头时表示我们同意他的观点，但在有些国家点头表示的是反对；我们认为交谈时正视别人表示我们在认真倾听，但在有些地区却意味着敌视。即使在同一个国家的不同地区也会有不同的身体语言。因此，如果你身在国外，了解当地的身体语言是非常重要的。 Body language is a way of communication. However，not everybody can use the same body language to communicate with others. People from different cultures may misunderstand the gestures they use. For example，when we nod at somebody we mean we agree to his opinion. But in some countries nodding one's head means disagreement. We will look at somebody in the eye to show that we are listening to him attentively，while in some districts，it means hostility. People may have different body languages even if they live in the same country. Therefore it is very important for you to have a good understanding of the body languages there if you are in a foreign country.

七下英语 WY 课文原文Module 11 Body language

Module 11 Body language Unit 1 They touch noses! Lingling: We’re going to have some Russian teachers at school tomorrow, and I’m welcoming the visitors. How do I do that? Betty: Lingling, you know, in Russia, people usually kiss three times, left, right, left. Lingling: What! No, I didn’t know that. We Chinese often shake hands and smile when we meet visitors, and sometimes we nod our heads . But we never kiss. Only parents and children do that. Betty: That’s because people do different things in dif ferent countries. Lingling: So what do people in the US usually do when they meet? Betty: In the US some people shake hands, and some kiss or hug each other. In India people put their hands together and nod their heads. And do your know what Maori people in New Zealand do when they meet? Lingling: No, What do they do? Betty: They touch noses!

八年级下 Unit2 Body language

Unit2 Body language Debbie and Simon are students. They both have part-time jobs at a travel company. A Well-dressed lady entered the office. She looked at Debbie and Simon, and then walked over to Debbie. Debbie gave her a cheerful greeting. “What’s the matter?” Mr Yang asked. “People always choose choose Debbie instead of me. I don’t understand.” “I do. It’s the way you communicate.” “ How can that be?” Simon asked. “I don’t get a chance to speak.”“Communicating is more than just speaking. Your body language is important too.” “Body language?” “It’s the way you stand and sit. It’s your gestures and the expression on your face. Your whole appearance communicates things. You don’t give people a good impression, Simon. You look down, you never smile and you on’t turn your head towards them. “Look at Debbie. She’s holding her head up. She he always smiles and looks friendly. Her body language is making people feel welcome, so they go to her for help.”

人教版 body language

人教版Unit 4 Body Language 教学重点及难点 1. the important points of teaching to understand the different meanings of different body language in different cultures to train students' reading skills by extensive reading 2. the difficult points of teaching to show students how to learn skim, scan and extensive reading 教学过程 step 1. Greeting and revision Step 2. Lead- in Step 3. Pre- reading Step 4. While-reading 1).Fast reading 2).Detail reading Step 5. Post-reading Step 6. Consolidation Step 7. Homework. 出示关于课文的一个问题： 1. How many ways can you think of to greet someone If you CANNOT speak? 然后让学生快速浏览课文，说出自己的感受。 2. 让学生快速阅读课文，回答问题 What's the main idea of the text? 学生回答后询问 From what sentences did you get the main idea,阅读课文，理解课文主旨大意。 3. 让学生仔细阅读课文，在v. -ing 分词语句下画线，说出这些语句的作用：增强了现场感，给读者带来身临其境的感受。阅读课文，理解课文中的语法运用。 4. 学习课文后面的 Discovering useful structures，再次强化v. -ing 结构的运用形态。培养学生运用 v-ing 结构的能力。 1. Listen to the tape and choose the topics of the text. 2. Skim the text and match the topics with the paragraphs. 3. Scan the text and answer the detailed questions. 4. Read the text carefully and fill in the blank. 5. Test about the reading 板书设计

2019届高考英语一轮复习第一部分教材课文要点Module3BodyLanguageandNon_v

Module 3 Body Language and Non- verbal Communication 推理判断题之写作目的题(阅读理解) 方法指导 推断写作目的的题目题干中常有purpose,或后面需接表示目的的动词不定式等。推断作者写该篇文章的目的,有两大思路,解题时要综合考虑: 1.主旨推断法 写作意图与文章主旨密切相关,因此,解答这类题跟解答主旨大意题和选择文章标题一样,用略读法,即重点关注文章首尾段和各段的首尾句,找到主题句,抓住文章主旨,然后由主旨来推断作者的写作目的。议论文、新闻报道、说明文等,其主题句多在文首。 2.文体推断法 作者的写作目的与文体密切相关。 (1)议论文的目的通常是说服读者接受或赞同某一观点,倡导某种做法等。 (2)说明文的目的是使读者获得某种知识,提出某种建议、劝告或呼吁,或希望引起有关部门或人士对某种现象给予重视。

(3)记叙文的目的一般是分享一段有趣的经历,告诉读者一个有趣的故事,使读者获得乐趣;若是夹叙夹议的文章,则是表达作者的感悟或给读者某种教育或启示。 (4)广告是作者要推销一种产品或一种服务,因此其目的是吸引更多顾客、游客、读者、订户、观众等。 典例引领 El Ni?o, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Ni?o sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round. The weather effects, both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Ni?os, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Ni?o in 1997-98 helped America’s economy grow by$15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvests:farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones. But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought(干旱)in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Ni?o may relieve the drought in Californ ia, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters. The most recent powerful Ni?o, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth$36 billion around the globe. But such Ni?os come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of

阅读(Unit4BodyLanguage)

阅读课教学设计 教学年级：高一年级 课题名称：Unit 4 Body Language , Module 4（必修） 教材版本：人教课标版 授课时间：40分钟 一、学生分析 高一年级的学生正处在求知的旺盛期，思想活跃，好奇心强。经过1-3模块的学习，学生已经基本熟悉了高中阶段英语教学的特点，逐渐掌握高中英语的学习策略和方法，具备了一定的阅读能力。但不可否认的是，随着高中课程的不断深入，学生原有的阅读水平已经无法适应高中阶段大容量、多文体的特点。学生使用策略进行阅读的意识和能力仍然处在一个较低的水平上，此时，他们更渴望教师在不同文体的阅读策略上加以指导。 二、教材分析 本节课为高一年级必修第四模块，第四单元Body Language中的阅读课，主题为“Communication：No problem?”，属于叙事加议论文体。文章可以分为两个部分，第一部分采用叙事手法，以事件引入的方式来引题，起着为主题铺垫的作用。第二部分采用的是议论手法，围绕段落的主题句“Not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people.”来展开，最后作者提出自己的观点“In general ,though, studying international customs can certainly avoid difficulties in today’s world of cultural crossroads! ”。这是高中必修模块1—5中唯一一篇议论文体的阅读文章，采用的是学生并不熟悉的以尾段突出主题的手法，结构较为复杂。对于学生来说，要找到这两个部分之间的内在关联，读懂其文体特征，进而理解其中心意义存在一定的难度。然而，正因为有这样难度才使得这篇课文成为对师生来说都具有挑战意义的一篇课文。教师可以通过这篇课文的教学，教给学生必备的阅读策略，培养学生的阅读技能，使学生成为一个“高效独立的阅读者”（刘道义，2007）。 三、教学目标 通过本课文的教学，学生能： 1．运用议论文的阅读策略辨别出一篇文章的主题句、支持句和结论；利用课文中学到的关键信息以书面方式条理清晰地写一篇小议论文； 2．掌握与本课主题相关的生词，解读其中的长难句；

(完整版)新广州英语八年级下册U2bodylanguage语法词汇与练习

U2 Body language 语法，词汇与练习 一、动词-ing形式作主语 作主语的动词-ing形式具有名词的特征，有时又称为动名词。 1. 动词-ing形式作主语时，谓语动词用单数； ?当作主语的-ing短语太长时，常用it作形式主语，而把-ing短语置于句子后部。 注意：在下列句式中常用动词-ing短语作主语。 It is no use/no good/useless/senseless/fun/nice/a waste of time + doing. 二、动词-ing形式作宾语 动词-ing形式作宾语时常跟在一些特殊的动词或动词短语的后面，如： 动词：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, finish, forgive, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, resist, suggest 等 短语：can’t help, feel like, give up, put off, be worth等 注意： 1. allow, advise, forbid, permit等词后面可以直接跟动词-ing形式作宾语，也可以 接sb. to do结构。 如：They don’t allow smoking/us to smoke in the meeting room. 他们不允许在会议室吸烟。 2. forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean, go on等后接动词-ing形式和不定式的含义有所不同。如： I regretted making the speech at the meeting. 我后悔在会议上作了发言。 I regret to tell you that you are fired. 我很遗憾地告诉你，你被解雇了。 3. need, require, want作“需要”讲时，后面可以接动词-ing的主动式或不定式的被动式，其含义相同。如： My bike needs repairing/to be repaired. 我的自行车需要修理。 Language（常用短语搭配） be interested in, give up, think about, such as, feel like, insist on， the key to, prefer to, look forward to, be/get used to(习惯于), take to, pay attention to, in addition to…