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悬垂结构

悬垂结构
悬垂结构

?悬垂结构

?

?一般来讲,分词或分词短语在句子中充当状语时,其逻辑主语与句子主语一致,如:Opening the drawer he took out a revolver.其中opening的逻辑主语是句子主语he。当分词的逻辑主语与句

子的主语不一致时,则应将分词的逻辑主语补出来,如:George yawning,the conversation

dropped.这种分词结构被称作独立主格结构。

?但有时我们遇到这种情况:分词的主语既不与句子主语一致,分词本身又非独立主格结构,如:?Going up the hill,the statue of Lincoln struck my eye.在登上山的当儿,林肯的雕像十分引我

注目。

?Tired but happy,the bus whisked us home.我们虽然疲乏,但很高兴,公共汽车飞快地把我们

送到了家。

?这种分词在语法上被称作垂悬分词(dangling participle),也叫无依着分词。垂悬分词从起源上来说,是语言的错误使用(performance error),即将分词的主语与句子的主语错误联系,从而产生垂悬分词,所以有人又叫它错关联分词(misrelated participle)。

?垂悬分词通常出现在句子开头或接近开头的位置,与句子中的其它成分不产生必要的句法关系,特别是它与句子主语无逻辑关系。鉴于这种特点,垂悬分词别名为:独立分词(absolute participle)

或孤立分词(isolated participle)。

?垂悬分词多数为现在分词,少数为过去分词。本文将从使用场合和情况对垂悬分词进行分类、归

纳和总结。

?1.当分词主语是不定人称时,如:

?When dining in the restaurant,a jacket and tie are required.?2.当分词的主语是表示时间、天气、自然现象等的无人称代词it时,如:Being Christmas,the government offices were closed.3.当分词的暗含主语是句子的整体时,如:

?The siren sounded,indicating that the air-raid was over.?Unknown to his closest advisers,he had secretly negotiated with an enemy emissary.4.在正式科技文章中,分词前常常带有连词,其主语通常与I,we,you等同,如:?When installing a boiler,the floor space which is available is very important.?When treating patients with language retardation and deviation of language development,the therapy consists,in part,of discus- sions of the patients'problems with patients and teachers,with subsequent language teaching carried out by them.5.垂悬分词最常见于方式分离状语

(style disjunct),表明说话人对所说的话的方式、条件以及说话人的态度或看法,这种用法可

细分为以下几种情况:

?a.说话者用垂悬分词引出话题,如:talking of,getting back to,coming to等,意思为“谈到……,关于……,回到……”等,请看例句:Getting back to our story,the princess was killed Getting back to our story,the princess was killed.

Coming to this question,I say no.

b.垂悬分词表明说话者的说话方式,如:

putting it mildly,frankly speaking,generally speaking,roughly speaking,broadly speaking,biologically speaking等,请看例句:

Putting it mildly,you have caused us some inconvenience.Generally speaking,dogs are more faithful to men than cats.

c.有些垂悬分词或词组表明说话的依据或视角,如:judging from,according to,considering,viewing it from,seeing,例如:Judging from his expression,he is in a bad mood.According to Barthes,the author had died.

Considering the low price,the car is worth buying.

d.有些垂悬分词或词组还为说话者所说内容的成立提供条件,如:providing(that),provided (that),supposing,given,意思为“if或with”,wanting和failing意思为“without”。例如:

Provided that a film entertains,few people care about its other merits.Given prudence and patience,anybody can achieve something.Supposing this to be true,he is certainly the murderer.

e.表示转折性的垂悬分词或词组有:admitting that,allowed that,allowing for,considering (that),assuming that,seeing that,granting that,granted that,notwithstanding,请看例句:

Allowing for(=Considering)the deficiencies,the show is a success.Granted(=Granting)that you are right,you should not get angry.

Admitting(=Assuming =Allowing)that he is drunk,that is no excuse.

f.有些垂悬分词或词组还可以表明说话者所说内容有无例外情况,如:barring,bating,excepting,excepted,saving that,意思为“除了……”;including,counting,setting aside,leaving...to one side,意思为“包括;除了……还有……”等,请看例句:

Barring(=bating)this point,I agree with you.There are fifteen students countingme.Setting aside the question of capital,this business has many other problems.

以上列举的垂悬分词,我们可以得到一个总体印象:垂悬分词虽然在产生之初为错误联系使用所致,但一旦被言语社团成员所接受,便成为正确英语;由于其产生的特殊性,及其使用场合的有限性,垂悬分词与一般分词相比灵活程度差一些,也就是说,垂悬分词的表达及用途相对固定。甚至于有些垂悬分词词组已被很多词典编撰者当作固定词组来看待,如上文中的generally speaking,frankly speaking,judging from ,com ing to details等。另外,从词性角度来看,有些垂悬分词已不再被看作是分词,失去了动词的本性,已演变成介词或连词。被当作介词看待的垂悬分词有:considering,counting,including,barring,bating,excepting,excepted,concerning,regarding,respecting,touching,wanting,failing,pending,saving 等等,例如:Considering its cost,this machine is not worth buying.He asked me questions concerning my health.

Pending a report from Rancy,we'll pro- ceed as planned.I know nothing respecting that girl.已变成连词的垂悬分词有:providing(that),provided(that),saving,notwithstanding,seeing,considering,granting,granted,adm itting,assum ing,allowing,supposing等等。例句:He was prudent notwithstanding that he was young.

Granting that he has made a mistake,he is not to blame.

总之,垂悬分词与一般分词不一样,是一种超常规的语言现象,但其用途与形式相对固定,应引起我们足够的重视。正因为垂悬分词的使用场合及数量相对有限,英语学习者一方面要学会理解并掌握这一超常语言现象,另一方面切记不要将其它一般分词(遵循主谓一致原则)模仿垂悬分词使用,因为毕竟垂悬分词的产生源于错误联系,违反了主谓一致原则。

垂悬分词和独立主格结构

垂悬分词和独立主格结构 I.一般来讲,分词或分词短语在句子中充当状语时,其逻辑主语与句子主语一致 如Opening the drawer he took out a revolver.(其中opening的逻辑主语是句子主语he) II.当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,则应将分词的逻辑主语补出来 如George yawning,the conversation dropped.这种分词结构被称作独立主格结构(独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词) §独立主格结构基本构成形式 【名词(代词)+现在分词(过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语)】,在句中一般作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等,还可以作定语 1. 名词(代词)+现在分词 There being no bus, we had to walk home.(原因) 由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。 2.名词(代词)+过去分词 The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. (原因) 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,他们工作得更起劲了。 He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.(伴随状况) 他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。 3.名词(代词)+不定式 在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,动词不定式则用主动的形式;如果是动宾关系,则用被动形式。 The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一。 Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树、花和草后,我们新建的学校看上去将更美。 4.名词(代词)+形容词 The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse. 特洛伊人睡着了,于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。 Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。 5.名词(代词)+副词 The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。 The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。 6.名词(代词)+名词 His first shot failure,he fired again. 他第一枪没击中,又打了一枪。 Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童。

【四级语法】01_非谓语动词+基础

讲义·非谓语动词(基础) 主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、表语 不作谓语的动词= 非谓语动词 动名词doing 不定式to do 现在分词doing 过去分词done 名词= 主干 形容词/副词= 修饰 动名词= 相当于名词的位置 分词(现在分词/过去分词)= 相当于修饰(形容词和副词)的位置 不定式= 不一定是什么形式= 啥都行(主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、表语) 谓语动词个数= 连词数+ 1 【零】非谓语动词的前世今生 一、句子的进化:两个简单句→并列句→从句→非谓语动词 John被Bluesky College录取了。John非常开心。 John was admitted into Bluesky College. John is more than delighted now.(简单句) John was admitted into Bluesky College and John is more than delighted now.(并列句)Because John was admitted into Bluesky College, John is more than delighted now.(状语从句) Admitted into Bluesky College, John is more than delighted now.(非谓语动词短语) 玩法规则 两个句子主语相同,其中一个句子去掉主语后将其谓语变成非谓语动词。

一般现在时主动、一般过去时主动、现在进行时主动、过去进行时主动→-ing 一般现在时被动、一般过去时被动、现在进行时被动、过去进行时被动→-ed(过去分词done)如果谓语动词中有am/is/are/was/were,则将am/is/are/was/were直接去掉。 并列句中,能被翻译成“由于”,“随着”,“当…时”的句子,通常变为非谓语动词。 主从复合句中,从句通常变为非谓语动词。 孩子们一边前行,一边开心地唱着他们最喜爱的歌。 The children were marching while they were singing their favorite song happily. The children were marching, singing their favorite song happily. 我看见一个老大爷骑自行车。(我看见一个骑自行车的老大爷。) I saw an old man. The old man was riding a bike. I saw an old man who was riding a bike.(定语从句) I saw an old man riding a bike.(非谓语动词短语) 我拜访他家,我要借一本书。 I visited his house and I would borrow a book. I visited his house to borrow a book. 玩法规则 一般将来时主动(will do/must do)→to do 过去将来时主动(would do)→to do 一般将来时被动(will be done/must be done)→to be done 过去将来时被动(would be done)→to be done 我们被邀请参加一场派对,这场派对下周五在我们俱乐部举行。 We are invited to a party. The party will be held in our club next Friday. We are invited to a party which will be held in our club next Friday.(定语从句) We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.

从属结构

从属结构 语法结构:一般:从上层到下层结构 从属:1。从下层到上层2。同层结构 从属结构: 含义:从属于其他语法结构的结构 特征:1。和并列句相比:并列:前后同等重要 从属:重要的作为逐主句,不重要的作为从属【从属分句由从属连词引导,可分为简单从属连词(一个单词)、复杂从属连词(两个或两个以 上单词:以that结尾\以as结尾\as if\as through\ in case)、关联从属连词(由两个 关联词构成)和边际从属连词(实际上起从属连词作用的)】 2。分类及重要性比较: 限定从属分句、非限定分句、无动词分句>词组 书上摘录:although/though:重要句在另一句 But/still:重要句在本句 限定从属分句 总:含义:以限定动词词组作谓语动词的从属分句 分类:名词性分句;形容词性分句;副词性分句(作状语) 分:一。名词性分句 起名词词组的作用,由that\who\whom\whose\what\which\whoever\whatever\ Whichever\where\when\how\why引导,作主语、宾语、主语补语、介词补足成分、同位语 二.形容词性分句 作名词修饰语,由who\which\that\when\where\why等引导,又叫关系分居三.副词性分句(状语分句) 作时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步状语 摘要:方式状语分句:1. Mary was behaving as though she hasn’t grown up 2. I shall wear my coat how I like 总结:名词性和形容词性分句在句中位置相对固定,而状语分句位置相对灵活(重要性:句中<句首<句尾)P350 关于状语从句的补充说明: When\while\as\before\after\untill 1.同时性: A.重复性(习惯):when\whenever(前后都用一般现在时或一般过去时)(可用if代替) B.延续性(持续时间大致相等):when\while(前后都用一般过去时或过去进行时)(while 更强调事件的持续性)(若持续时间正好相等,用as long as) C.无延续性:when(相当于并列句and at the same time)\as soon as\just as\the instant\the moment\directly\immediately\ Hardly/scarcely…when no sooner…than(可用倒装) d.一有延续性另一个没有或只有短暂的延续:while\when\as 2.先时性与后时性:before\after\till\untill\when\since A.before\after可同时用一般过去时 B.当when=after时,它所引导的时间状语分句有时也可用一般过去时来代替过去完成时Because\for\since\as\now that

新编英语语法教程主要章节语法术语

《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy (导论—语法层次) 2. Parts of speech (word class) 3. Phrases 词组 4. Clause 分句 5. Sentence 句子 1. Morpheme 词素 Free morpheme 自由词素 Bound morpheme 粘附词素 Allomorph 词素变体 Noun phrase Verb phrase Adjective phrase Adverb phrase Preposition phrase Conjunction

Lecture 1 Sentence Structure(L1)Sentence elements: S (subject) 主语V (predicate verb) 谓语动词 O (object) 宾语 C (complement) 补足语 A (Adverbial) 状语 1. Two ways of sentence analysis 1) SVO Sentence Clause NP VP NP Subject Predicate verb Object All the man have done their best. Sentence = Subject + Predicate (Predicate Verb + Object, Complement, Adverbial, etc.) ●句子由主语和谓语构成,进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。 2) Subject + Predicate (= operator + predication) Sentence Clause Subject Predicate Operator Predication All the man have done their best. ●句子由主语和谓语构成,进一步把谓语剖析为操作词(operator)和述谓成分(predication)。 2. Basic clause types SVC, SV, SV A, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, SV oO Lecture 2 Subject-Verb Concord (L2-3) Guiding principles: Grammatical Concord Notional Concord Principle of Proximity 语法一致原则意义一致原则就近原则 Nominal clause Non-finite clause Relative clause Cleft sentence Existential clause 名词性分句非限定分句关系分句分裂句存在句Lecture 3 Noun and Noun Phrase(L4-5) 1. Classification of nouns

英语悬垂

一、悬垂结构Dangling Element的定义 一般在一个句子中,修饰语必须清楚地修饰句中某个词或短语,如果它不修饰句中的任何成分,而处于悬浮状态,这样的修饰语即为悬垂结构(Dangling Element)。 Climbing up the tower, the whole city came into our view. 正确的应该是:Climbing up the tower, we can see the whole city. 登上这座塔,我们能看到整个城市。 二、悬垂结构的理解 分词短语在句子中作状语时,其逻辑主语(亦称隐含主语)通常应是整个句子的主语;如果不是,而且其本身也不带自己的主语(如在独立主格结构中),就被认为是一个语言失误。这个分词就叫做“悬垂分词”(dangling participle)或“无依附分词”(unattached participle)。例如: (1) Getting down from the bus,my ankle was sprained. (句子的主语是my ankle,但是独立成分中getting down 的逻辑主语应该是I,并不是句子的主 语,所以这被认为是一个语言失误。) (2) Driving to Chicago that night,a sudden thought struck me. (同理,分词短语driving to Chicago that night没有带自己的主语,它的逻辑主语也不是句子的主语a sudden thought,所以也是一个语言失误。) 三、由悬垂结构造成的错误 (1)悬垂分词 误:Being Sunday, they went for a picnic. 正:It being Sunday, they went for a picnic. 正:As it was Sunday, they went for a picnic. (2)悬垂不定式 误:To swim properly, a course of instruction was necessary. 正:To swim properly, one needs a course of instruction.

英语语法重点大全

一)倒装句 谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看,可分为全部倒装(full inversion)和部分倒装(partial inversion)两种,前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前,而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be动词等功能置于主语之前。 一、全部倒装 1、句首为there be , stand ,lie, exist,remain, appear, seem,come 等时,引出全部倒装。 There stands a stone bridge across the river. There stands an old pine tree on the summit of the mountain. 2、句首为状语方位词或表示地点的介词短语: Then from the portable radio in the corner came the announcer's voice. 从角落里的便携式收音机里传来了播音员的声音。 At his side lay Eva Brown. 在他的身旁躺着的是爱娃、布劳恩。 3.以here ,there, now, then 等开关的句子,位于常用be ,come,go, begin, follow 等,引出倒装: There goes the bell. 铃响了。 Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。 Now come your turn. 现在轮到你了。 但是,如主语是代词而不是名词时则不发生倒装。 Here it is. 4.在表示动作的简短句子里,为了生动,可把副词放于句首引出倒装。 Out rushed the dog from the gate. 一条狗从大门里嗖地一声窜了出来。 Up went the rocket into the sky. 火箭嗖地一声飞上了天空。 但:Away they went. 5.在表达祝愿的句子里: Long live the friendship between American and Chinese people!中美人民的友谊万岁! May you succeed !祝你成功! 6.在强调表语时: Worst of all were the humiliations .最令人难以忍受的是羞辱。 Such is the case. 情况就是这样。

英语语法术语

时Tense 人称Person 数Number 体Aspect 态V oice 带to不定式To-infinitive 不带to不定式Bare Infinitive 边际情态助动词Marginal Model Auxiliary 排比结构Parallel Construction 复杂介词Complex Preposition 深层结构Deep Structure 动态形容词Dynamic Adjective 静态形容词Stative Adjective -ing分词–ING Participle 现在分词Present Participle 动名词Gerund 逻辑主语Logical Subject -ed分词-ED Participle 过去分词Past Participle 前置修饰语Premodifier 主语补语Subject Complement 宾语补语Object Complement 悬垂分词Dangling Participle 无依着法则Unattached Participle 单词形容词One-word Adjective 复合形容词Compound Adjective 中心形容词Central Adjective 外围形容词Peripheral Adjective 使役形容词Causative Adjective 等级形容词Gradable Adjective 非等级形容词Non-gradable Adjective 状语Adverbial 连接副词Conjunctive Adverb 简单副词Simple Adverb 派生副词Derivative Adverb 方式副词Adverb of Manner 程度副词Adverb of Degree 时间副词Adverb of Time 频度副词Adverb of Frequency 地点副词Adverb of Place 连接副词Conjunctive Adverb 解说副词Explanatory Adverb 修饰性状语Adjunct

第九章悬垂结构

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悬垂结构改进句子练习

Improving sentences: (15 minutes) 1.Flying for the first time, the roar of the jet engines frightened the baby, and he started crying as the plane roared down the runway. A.the roar of the jet engines frightened the baby, and he B. the roar of the jet engines frightening the baby, and he C. the roar of the jet engines had frightened the baby, and he D. the baby was frightened by the roar of the jet engines and E. the baby was frightened by the roar of the jet engines, but he 2.Exposed to the extremely long and severe cold spell, frost soon killed the buds of the plum trees and they did not produce fruit last season. A.frost soon killed the buds of the plum trees and they did not produce fruit last season B. soon the buds of the plum trees killed by frost, and therefore not producing fruit last season C. the buds of the plum trees were soon killed by frost, they did produce fruit last season D. fruit was not produce by the plum trees last season because their buds had been killed by frost E.the buds of the plum trees were soon killed by frost, and the trees did not produce fruit last season. 3.Environmental scientists are very concerned about dangerous fluorocarbons, found in pressurized aerosol cans which quicken the erosion of the ozone layer. A.about dangerous fluorocarbons, found in pressurized aerosol cans which quicken the erosion of the ozone layer B.that, while emitting dangerous fluorocarbons, pressurized aerosol cans quicken the erosion of the ozone layer. C.about the erosion of the ozone layer caused by pressurized aerosol cans emitting dangerous fluorocarbons D. that pressurized aerosol cans emit dangerous fluorocarbons, which quicken the erosion of the ozone layer E.When, quickening the erosion of the ozone layer, pressurized aerosol cans emit dangerous fluorocarbons 4.The plaque was presented to the actor that was engraved with gold letters. A.The plaque was presented to the actor that was engraved with gold letters B.The plaque that was presented to the actor engraved with gold letters C.The plaque was presented to the actor who was engraved with gold letters D.The plaque, engraved with gold letters, and presented to the actor E.The plaque presented to the actor was engraved with gold letters 5.Driving to Las Vegas freezing rain made the road slippery and hazardous. A.Driving to Las Vegas,

《英语语法》课程标准

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垂悬结构

所谓垂悬结构(The Dangling Construction)就是一个句子成分,逻辑上与它所修饰的成分分离,或找不到逻辑上被修饰的对象,因而看起来好像与句子的其它部分无关,不合逻辑,是种错误的句法。虽然传统语法将垂悬结构视为正式文体中的一大禁忌,但在现代英语中,这种结构却屡见不鲜,具有可接受性。由于垂悬结构具有两重性特征,在语言实践中,我们对垂悬结构的使用宜取宽容、慎重的公正态度:既承认它的可用性,不一概摒弃;亦不否认它的非可用性,避免盲目滥用。 1. 垂悬结构的种类 1.1 垂悬分词或分词短语 垂悬分词从起源上来说,是语言的错误使用(performance error),即将分词的主语与句子的主语错误联系,从而产生垂悬分词,所以有人又叫它错关联分词(misrelated participle)。 垂悬分词通常出现在句子开头或接近开头的位置,与句子中的其它成分不产生必要的句法关系,特别是它与句子主语无逻辑关系。鉴于这种特点,垂悬分词又叫独立分词(absolute participle)或孤立分词(isolated participle)。例如: Walking or sleeping ,this subject was always in my mind . 不论是走路还是睡觉,我总是在想着这个问题。 本句中的分词Walking or sleeping的逻辑主语与句子主语就不一致,其逻辑主语是句中的my 。 这种垂悬分词是一种语法错误,需要纠正。 再看下面两个句子: Generally speaking ,boys are more interested in science than girls. 一般说来,男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣。 Judging from his accent,,he must come from Canada. 从他的口音看,他一定来自加拿大。 像上两句中的generally speaking 和judging from虽然具有分词的形式,但有介词或连词性质,它不需要逻辑主语,所以这种垂悬结构是可接受的。经常这样使用的分词有:admitting (that), assuming (that), barring, concerning, presuming, granting, supposing (that), touching, given, granted, provided(that)等。 1.2垂悬不定式短语

abosolute structure1

分词的独立结构 分词作状语时,其逻辑主语和句子的主语应该一致,否则,分词应该有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词的独立结构。 独立结构一般位于句首,也可位于句尾,表示伴随状况时,常居句首。 1.逻辑主语+现在分词 All being well, the project will be finished in five months. Weather (Time) permitting, we shall go there on foot. Advice failing, we have to use force. 2.逻辑主语+过去分词 This done,they went home. Everything taken into consideration, his plan seems to be more workable. Good luck given, I will earn more money than all of you.(If good luck is given=given good luck) 3.逻辑主语+分词的完成式或分词的完成被动式 这种结构表示先完成的主动意义或是先

完成的被动意义. The moon having risen, they took a walk in the fields.(When the moon had risen) The earthquake having destroyed everything, they became homeless. 4. There +being+其它成分 这种结构多放在句首,也可放在句尾。There being nothing to do, we played games. The closed the store, there being no customers. 5. 可以省略being 或having been的结构逻辑主语+being+形容词 逻辑主语+being+副词 逻辑主语+being+名词 逻辑主语+being+介词短语 逻辑主语+being+过去分词 逻辑主语+having been+过去分词 逻辑主语+being+不定式 The old man sat in the sofa, his face (being) serious The storm being over, everything was in

英语垂悬结构及其语用

英语垂悬结构及其语用 所谓垂悬结构(The Dangling Construction)就是一个句子成分,逻辑上与它所修饰的成分分离,或找不到逻辑上被修饰的对象,因而看起来好像与句子的其它部分无关,不合逻辑,是种错误的句法。虽然传统语法将垂悬结构视为正式文体中的一大禁忌,但在现代英语中,这种结构却屡见不鲜,具有可接受性。由于垂悬结构具有两重性特征,在语言实践中,我们对垂悬结构的使用宜取宽容、慎重的公正态度:既承认它的可用性,不一概摒弃;亦不否认它的非可用性,避免盲目滥用。 1. 垂悬结构的种类 1.1垂悬分词或分词短语 垂悬分词从起源上来说,是语言的错误使用(performance error),即将分词的主语与句子的主语错误联系,从而产生垂悬分词,所以有人又叫它错关联分词(misrelated participle)。 垂悬分词通常出现在句子开头或接近开头的位置,与句子中的其它成分不产生必要的句法关系,特别是它与句子主语无逻辑关系。鉴于这种特点,垂悬分词又叫独立分词(absolute participle)或孤立分词(isolated participle)。例如: Walking or sleeping ,this subject was always in my mind . 不论是走路还是睡觉,我总是在想着这个问题。 本句中的分词Walking or sleeping的逻辑主语与句子主语就不一致,其逻辑主语是句中的my 。 这种垂悬分词是一种语法错误,需要纠正。 再看下面两个句子: Generally speaking ,boys are more interested in science than girls. 一般说来,男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣。 Judging from his accent,,he must come from Canada. 从他的口音看,他一定来自加拿大。 像上两句中的generally speaking 和judging from虽然具有分词的形式,但有介词或连词性质,它不需要逻辑主语,所以这种垂悬结构是可接受的。经常这样使用的分词有:admitting (that), assuming (that), barring, concerning, presuming, granting, supposing (that), touching, given, granted, provided(that)等。

英语语法

第二篇:语法、单词 第二节:语法层次、句子结构、主谓一致、 第三讲:名词和名词词组、名词属格、 第四讲:限定词、代词、 第五讲:动词和动词词组、动词的时和体、 第六讲:将来时的表示法、被动态、虚拟式、助动词、 第七讲:不定式、-ing, -ed分词、 第八讲:形容词和形容词组、副词和副词组、比较等级和比较结构、 第九讲:介词和介词词组、it句型、从属结构、关系分句、条件句、 第十讲:直接引语和间接引语、修饰(名词修饰语、同位语、状语)、替代、省略、第十一讲:后置前置倒装、并列结构、存在句、陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。第三篇:单元学习、分析文章 第十二讲:一篇英文分析 第十三讲:一篇英文分析 第四篇: 第十四讲:听力 第十五讲:阅读 第十六讲:翻译 第十七讲:写作

第二节:语法层次、句子结构、主谓一致、 一、语法层次: 1.语言是社会交际的工具,是音义结合的词汇和语法的体系。语法是语言的组织规律,它 赋予语言以结构系统,词汇是语言的建筑材料,它通过语法赋予语言以意义内容。 2.英语语法结构具有层次性:句子、分句、词组、词和词素。 3.词素是最小的语法、语义单位,分自由词素和粘附词素,如boy, cruel; anti-, il-, im-. 4.词由一个或一个以上的词素构成,分为简单词、派生词、复合词;封闭词和开放词 5.词组是按照一定语法规则围绕一定中心词结合起来的一组词,名词词组,动词词组,形 容词词组,副词词组,介词词组等。 6.分句,带有描述性的主谓语法结构,分为独立分句和丛书分句;简单分句和复杂分句, 从句和主句,限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句。 7.句子是人们表达思想进行交际的基本语法单位。分为完全句和不完全句,简单句,并列 句,复杂句,并列复杂句, 二、句子结构: 1.主语(subject)和谓语(predicate),并列主语和并列谓语; 2.句子分析,把谓语剖析为谓语动词(predicate verb)、宾语(object)、补语(complement)、 状语(adverbial)。练习辨认句子成分 3.基本句型:主动补(SVC);主动SV;主动宾SVO;主动宾宾SVoO;主动宾补SVOC 4.基本句型都是陈述句、肯定句和主动句,还可以转换为疑问句、否定句和被动句。 三、主谓一致 指人称和数的一致,也叫主动一致 指导原则:语法一致、意义一致和就近原则 以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题:以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称,如arthritis, diabetes, measles, darts, marbles. 个别游戏名称做复数,如cards。 以-s结尾的学科名称,如physics, optics, athletics, politics, 但表示学科以外的其他意义,复数。以-s结尾的地理名称,the United States, the Netherlands; 但是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布做复数。如Himalayas, West Indies 由两个部分组成的物体名称,如scissors, pincers, glasses, shorts, 不带一把、一副、一条等单位词单独使用时,通常做复数。 Archives, arms, clothes, contents, eaves, fireworks, goods, minutes, morals, remains, stairs, suburbs, thanks, wages等,通常用作复数。 集体名词主谓一致:复数:police, people, cattle, militia, poultry, vermin等,单数:foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise.通常作不可数名词。 Audience, committee, class, crew, family, government, public.如将表示的集体视为整体,则用单数,如果指组成集体的成员上,则用复数。 A committee of + 复数名词,动词用单数。 And, both and, 连接的并列主语根据意义一致原则选择单复数; Or/nor/either…or…/not only…but also等,按照就近原则 主语+as much as, rather than, more than, no less than, +as well as,in addition to, with, along with, together with, except等,其后的动词形式取决于主语本身的形式。 以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语:如果数量被看作一个整体,用单数,一个个的个体,用复数;百分数以所修饰的名词单复数而定;两数相减或相除,用单数,相加或相乘,单复都可。

独立主格与悬垂分词

独立主格结构 英语中,独立主格结构的形式是:名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起,构成独立主格结构。 1.名词/ 代词+ 不定式。如: A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子,我们必须节省每一分钱。Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了,魏方明天到。 2.名词/ 代词+ -ing分词。如: The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了,我们应该把一切事情准备好。 Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了,李蕾非常焦急。 3.名词/ 代词+ 动词的过去分词。如: His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了,他就用碗来代替。 4.名词/ 代词+ 形容词。如: The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥,我们应该小心。 5.名词/ 代词+ 副词。如: The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后,我们都出去玩。 6.名词/ 代词+ 介词短语。如(from https://www.wendangku.net/doc/aa7239387.html,): Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜,他问他的眼镜哪去了。 二、独立主格结构的句法功能 独立主格结构在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。 1.作时间状语 School over, the students went home. 放学后,学生们都回家了。 The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后,比赛开始了。 2.作条件状语 It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating. 如果明天天气好的话,我们就去划船。 Li Lei coming, it is not necessary to ask Wu Dong. 如果李蕾来的话,就没有必要叫吴东了。 3.作原因状语 The meeting being put off, we needn’t hurry. 由于会议推迟了,我们就没有必要匆忙了。Mr. Li being ill, Miss Yang will give us this lesson instead. 李老师病了,杨老师将代他来给我们上这堂课。 4.作伴随状语 Mr. Li comes here, a book in his hand. 李先生手里拿着书过来了。 A smile on her face, she asked what she could do for us. 她面带微笑问道我们要什么。 英语的独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,在许多情况下相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 1. 用作时间状语 The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后,我们就回家了。 2. 用作条件状语

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