英语专业2007-08学年第二学期普通语言学试卷和答案

英语专业2007-2008学年第二学期普通语言学考试试卷

1. Choose ALL the correct ones from A, B, C, or D. There may be as many as three correct choices. (30 points, 2 points each)

1) “It is wrong to split an infinitive.” This is an example of _____ rules.

A. prescriptive

B. descriptive

C. transformational

D. functional

2) The distinction between competence and performance was put forward by _____.

A. Leonard Bloomfield

B. Ferdinand de Saussure

C. Noam Chomsky

D. M. A. K. Halliday

3) Which of the following is the correct description of [t]?

A. Voiceless alveolar stop.

B. Voiceless alveolar fricative.

C. Voiced alveolar stop.

D. Voiced alveolar fricative.

4) Which of the following is a voiced labiodental fricative?

A. [s]

B. [z]

C. [v]

D. [f]

5) Which of the following are “derivational suffixes”?

A. -s

B. -ion

C. -ing

D. -ify

6) Which of the following are “content words”?

A. Nouns.

B. Verbs.

C. Determiners.

D. Prepositions.

7) Which of the following is the correct bracketing of the phrase structure in the sentence “The boy is crying”?

A. [[The] [boy] [is] [crying]]

B. [[The] [boy]] [[is] [crying]]

C. [[The boy] is [crying]]

D. [[The] [boy] [is]] [crying]

8) Which of the following sentences contain a participial phrase?

A. The best thing would be to leave early.

B. Having finished their work, they came to our aid.

C. It’s great for a man to be free.

D. To my surprise, she started looking for jobs.

9) Which of the following terms are related to Cognitive Linguistics?

A. Word recognition.

B. Language acquisition.

C. Construal operations.

D. Categorization.

10) Which of the following are NOT true of the “women register”?

A. Women use more “fancy” color terms.

B. Women use stronger swearing words.

C. Women use more intensifiers.

D. Women use more direct expressions.

11) Which of the following forms of writing are more likely to use foregrounding?

A.

Diary.

Poetry. B.

Novels.

Papers. D.

C.

Research

12) Which of the following include a metaphor?

A. His eyes came out of his head like a prawn’s.

B. The hallway was zebra-striped with darkness and moonlight.

C. The thought was a fire in him.

D. The world is a looking-glass, and gives back to every man the reflection of his own face.

13) Which of the following are writings of stream of consciousness?

A. Pride and Prejudice

B. To the Lighthouse.

C. As I Lay Dying.

D. Jane Eyre.

14) Which of the following book titles contain “alliteration”?

A. Vowels and Consonants.

B. Gone with the Wind.

C. Sex and the City.

D. The Wonder of Words.

15) “_____” is often understood as a language system between the target language

and the learner’s native language.

A. Input Hypothesis

B. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Analysis

Contrastive

C.

Interlanguage D.

2. Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (10 points,

1 point each)

1) Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures，such that units of

the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

2) Articulatory Phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.

3) The adjective is an open class of words.

4) The “parts of speech” in traditional grammar is often referred to as “word class”

today.

5) “Hot” and “cold” are converse antonyms.

6) The holophrastic stage is the mature phase of language acquisition.

7) Men use stronger curse words than women.

8) The Relevance Theory was suggested by H. P. Grice.

9) Stream of consciousness was used in the writings of William Faulkner.

10) Machine translation can be used for restricted technical purposes, such as the

weather report.

3. Briefly explain the following terms. (20 points, 5 points each)

1) lateral

2) back-formation

3) cognition

4) foregrounding

4. Answer TWO of the following questions. (40 points, 20 points each)

1) Use examples to illustrate the concept of “recursiveness”.

2) Describe the three categories of conceptual metaphors.

3) In recent years, numerous new words have entered the daily life of Chinese people,

e.g. 上网，海选. Give a list of (about 10) such words, discuss the context of their

usage, and provide a feasible explanation of their booming.

2007-08学年第二学期普通语言学试卷参考答案和评分标准

I. 多选题。（30分，每题2分）

评分须知：

1) 如果答案为一个选项，则答对给2分，答错不给分；

2) 如果答案为两个选项，则答对一个给1分，答对两个给2分；

3) 如果答案为3个选项，则答对2个给1分，答对三个给2分，只答对一个或没有答对不给分。

4) 选错一个选项扣1分，选错两个扣2分，四个答案都选不给分。

答案：

1. A

2. C

3. A

4. C

5. BD

6. AB

7. B

8. BD

9. CD10. BD

11. AD12. BCD13. BC14. BCD15. C

II. 辨析题。（10分，每题1分）

评分须知：判断正确每题给1分，判断错误不给分。

答案：

1. T

2. F

3. T

4. T

5. F

6. F

7. T

8. F

9. T 10. T

III. 解词。（20分，每题5分）

评分须知：每题5分，根据考生回答完整情况酌情给分。

参考答案：

1) lateral

Lateral is a manner of articulation when the obstruction of the airstream is at a point along the center of the oral tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth. As the lateral passage forms a stricture of open approximation, it is called “lateral”. If friction is produced, it is a “lateral fricative”. If no noise of friction is produced, it is a “lateral approximant”. [l] is the only one lateral in English.

2) back-formation

Back-formation refers to an unusual type of word-formation where a shorter word is

derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. Take televise for example. The word television appeared before televise. The first part of the word television was pulled out and analyzed as a root, even though no such root occurs elsewhere in the English language.

3) cognition

The term “cognition” is used in several different loosely related ways. In psychology it is used to refer to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relation to a view that argues that the mind has internal mental states (such as beliefs, desires and intentions) and can be understood in terms of information processing, especially when a lot of abstraction or concretization is involved, or processes such as involving knowledge, expertise or learning for example are at work. Another definition of “cognition” is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.

4) foregrounding

Foregrounding is a term originally coming from visual arts and used in stylistics, referring to “artistically motivated deviation” in literary language. The deviation, or uncommon usage, involves all levels of language: vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology, etc. Repetition is also a kind of deviation as it violates the normal rules of usage by over-frequency. Repetitive patterns (of sound or syntax, for example) are superimposed on the background of expectations of normal usage and so strike the readers’ attention as unusual. Alliteration, parallelism, and many figures of speech or schemes involving repetition of lexical terms are thus commonly exploited in foregrounding in literary language.

IV. 答题。（40分，每题20分）

评分须知：选答2题，满分40分。根据参考答案及考生回答完整情况酌情给分。参考答案：

1) Recursiveness is an umbrella term, under which may be brought together several important linguistic phenomena such as coordination and subordination, conjoining and embedding, hypotactic and paratactic. All these are means to extend sentences. Theoretically, there is no limit to the number of embedded clauses in a sentence, so long as it does not become an obstacle to successful communication. This is what we call recursiveness, for example,

(1) I met a man who had a son whose wife sold cookies that she had baked in her kitchen that was fully equipped with electrical appliances that were new.

Recursiveness, together with openness, is generally regarded as the core of creativity of language.

Coordination and conjoining are different names for the same linguistic phenomenon, that is, to use and, but or or to join together syntactic constituents with the same function. For instance, the sentence A man got into the car could be extended into a sentence like this “[NP A man, a woman, a boy, a car and a dog] got into the car”.

Subordination and embedding can be understood as the extension of any syntactic constituent by inserting one or more syntactic elements with different functions into another. I saw the man who had visited you last year is an extended sentence by changing the independent clause The man had visited you last year into a dependent element (here a relative clause). Other examples of this type include:

(2) I saw the man who had visited you last year. (relative clause)

(3) I don’t know whether Professor Li needs this book. (complement clause)

(4) If you listened to me, you wouldn't make mistakes. (adverbial clause)

Hypotaxis and parataxis are two traditional terms for the description of syntactic relations between sentences. In the examples below, the former is hypotactic, while the latter is paratactic:

(5) We live near the sea. So we enjoy a healthy climate.

(6) He dictated the letter. She wrote it.

2) In their book, Metaphors We Live By (1980), Lakoff and Johonson classify conceptual metaphors into three categories: ontological metaphors, structural metaphors and orientational metaphors.

Ontological metaphors mean that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities and substances. Ontological metaphors can serve various purposes. By ontological metaphors we give bounded surfaces to less clearly discrete entities (mountains, hedges, street corners) and categorize events, actions and states as substances. In ontological metaphors it is our experiences of interacting with physical bounded bodies, which provide the basis for categorizing events, activities, ideas etc., as entities and substances.

Structural metaphors play the most important role because they allow us to go beyond orientation and referring and give us the possibility to structure one concept according to another. This means that structural metaphors are grounded in our experience. Structural metaphors imply how one concept is metaphorically structured in terms of another.

Orientational metaphors give a concept a spatial orientation. They are characterized not so much by structuring one concept in terms of another, but by a co-occurrence in our experience. The orientational metaphors are grounded in an experiential basis, which link together the two parts of the metaphor. The link verb “is”, part of the metaphor, should be seen as the link of two different co-occurring experiences. For example, MORE IS UP. This metaphor is grounded in the co-occurrence of two different kinds of experiences: adding more of a substance and perceiving the level of the substance rise. Orientational metaphors are based on human physical and cultural experience. For example, in some cultures the future is in front of us, whereas in others it is in back of us. Now let us study some orientational metaphors and give a brief hint about how each metaphorical concept might have arisen from human physical and cultural experience.

3) If we compare newspaper articles published recently with those published five years ago, we will catch a big difference in their lexical choice—there are so many new words and expressions in these new articles. Based on the results of this comparison, we may predict that today's readers will find it a little bit difficult to understand what future newspapers will carry.

Over the past decades, Chinese people have enjoyed a much more colorful life, materially and spiritually. The rapid development in science, technology, economics, culture, and education has brought in our daily communication thousands and thousands of new words. Words such as 短信、鼠标、上网、博客、动漫、网游、按揭、干细胞、海选(in an election or contest)、海面(in a job interview), which used to sound so professional, have now become part of our active vocabulary and are used frequently in our speech.

Facing a situation like this, you may ask this question: Where do these new words and expressions come from? It is not an easy job to tell a complete story of these words. If you look at the question from a sociolinguistic point of view, you may claim that language changes with society. Words are the most active, sensible, and changeable component of language. Following this line of reasoning, we may conclude that, as society changes, the vocabulary of our language will become richer, more colorful and expressive in the days to come.

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绪论及语言本质 1.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。 2.“语言学概论”课程容在语言学学科分类中，属于理论语言学。 3.狭义的应用语言学一般是指语言教学。 4.17世纪，法国波瓦雅的修道院里有两位学者阿尔诺.兰斯洛合编了一本普遍唯理语法。 5.历史比较语言学的出现，标志着语言学走出传统语文学，成为一门独立的科学。 6.传统语文学一般主要指古代印度、古代希腊和古代中国三个地方的语文学。中国传统的语文学通常叫小学。 7.语言系统的两种基本关系是组合关系和聚合关系。它们是打开语言的两把钥匙。 8.1786年，英国的威廉琼斯在皇家亚洲学会宣读的论文《三周年演说》中指出有共同的结构特点。为了纪念这一新发现，这一年被认为是历史比较语言学诞生的一年。 9.历史比较语言学的奠基人是丹麦的拉斯克、德国的葆朴和格里木。 10.语言的分类一般从两个方面进行：第一，按照语言的（结构/形态）特点分类；第二，按照语言的（亲属/来源）关系分类。 11.著名语言学家瑞士的索绪尔的著作《普通语言学教程》标志着结构主义语言学的诞生。 12.美国结构主义语言学的代表人物是布龙菲尔德，他的代表著作是《语言论》。 13.转换生成语言学的代表人物是乔姆斯基，他被称为“标准理论”的著作是《句法理论问题》。 14.根据语言的结构或者形态特点，一般把语言分为孤立语（词根语）、粘着语、屈折语和多式综合语（编插语）四种。 1.人类语言和动物的交际方式有着根本区别。 2.什么样的声音与什么样的意义相结合，取决于约定俗成的社会习惯。这里的“约定俗成”的容既有任意性，也有强制性。