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英语专八翻译civilization

There are few words which are used more loosely than the word "Civilization", What does it mean? It means a society based upon the opinion of civilians. It means that violence, the rule of warriors and despotic chiefs, the conditions of camps and warfare, of riot and tyranny, give place to parliaments where laws are made, and independent courts of justice in which over long periods those laws are maintained. That is Civilization--and in its soil grow continually freedom, comfort and culture. When Civilization reigns in any country, a wider and less harassed life is afforded to the masses of the people. The traditions of the past are cherished, and the inheritance bequeathed to us by former or valiant men becomes a rich estate to be enjoyed and used by all.

“文明”一词所表达的意思是很含糊的。文明是什么意思？它意味着一个以平民百姓的意愿为基础的社会，意味着暴力、武士和暴君的统治、战争、暴乱暴政等都被立法议会及长期为法律提供保护的独立法庭所取代。这就是文明，以及在文明的土壤中持续发展的自由、舒适和文化。如果文明在任何一个国家中占据了主导地位，那么这个国家的人民便可拥有更为宽裕和安稳的生活。在这样的国家中，过去的传统文化受到珍重，英勇明智的先人们所留下的遗产则成为了大家共同享有的财富。

The central principle of Civilization is the subordination of the ruling authority to the settled customs of the people and to their will as expressed through the Constitution. In this Island we have today achieved in a high degree the blessings of Civilization. There is freedom; there is law; there is love of country; there is a great measure of good will between classes; there is a widening prosperity. There are unmeasured opportunities of correcting abuses and making further progress. 文明社会的核心原则是：统治阶级服从于人民的既定习俗，这一点经由宪法体现。在当今这片大地上，我们已取得了对文明社会的高度认同。在一个文明国家里，有自由，有法律，有爱，各阶级之间相互友好，国家持续繁荣昌盛。那儿充满了纠正陋习和持续发展的机会。

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letters of the French people that I saw when I was sojourning in Paris. In writing down those random reminiscences, I believe that they might provide some useful information for us to learn. In Paris, cocktail parties and buffet receptions of different kinds offer great opportunities for making friends. On such occasions, strangers may get to know each other. If they are Asians, they will, very respectfully and with both hands, present their calling cards to their interlocutors before any conversation starts. This seems to be the required courtesy on their part. The French, however, usually are not so ready with such a formality. Both sides will greet each other, and even chat casually about any topic and then excuse themselves. Only when they find they like each other and hope to further the relationship will they exchange cards. It will seem very unnatural to do so before any real conversation gets under way. The French tend to take extraordinary precaution in making their name cards, simple yet elegant. Exquisitely designed and printed, their name cards are seldom golden-framed, or colorfully shiny, or tinted with fragrant smells. The letters which appearing on their name cards tend to be diminutive but beautiful, not allowing the name of the card-bearer t be overly prominent / salient. The entire card leaves much empty space, imparting no sense of over-crowdedness.

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