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语言学试题

语言学概论试题

课程代码：0541

第一部分选择题

一、单项选择题

1．关于“语言”的定义，下列说法不正确的一项是

A．语言是一种社会现象

B．语言就是人们说出来的话

C．语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言

D．语言是一个符号系统 [ ]

2．关于“言语活动”、“语言”和“言语”三者之间的关系，下列说法不正确的一项是

A．“语言”等于“言语活动”减去“言语”

B．“语言”是主要的，而“言语”是次要的

C．“言语”是“言语活动”中的社会部分

D．“语言”是从“言语活动”抽象出来的一个均质的系统 [ ] 3．索绪尔创立的语言学可以称为

A．传统语言学 B．历史比较语言学

C．结构主义语言学 D．社会语言学 [ ]

4．从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是

A．音渡 B．音素 C．音位 D．音节 [ ]

5．[p‘]的发音特征是

A．双唇送气清塞音 B．双唇不送气清塞音

C．舌尖前送气清塞音 D．舌尖前不送气清塞音 [ ]

6．下列各项中，都是不圆唇元音的一组是

A． [i，u] B． [e，o] C． [A，y] D． [?，a] [ ]

7．说话人根据表达需要有意识地加上去的句重音是

A．节律重音 B．语法重音 C．固定重音 D．强调重音 [ ]

8．下列关于语汇的表述中，正确的一项是

A．语汇是有意义的能独立使用的语言单位

B．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位

C．语汇是固定词组和熟语的总汇

D．语汇是一种语言中词和语的总和 [ ]

9．从词的构造方式看，汉语“健儿”一词属于

A.单纯词 B．派生词 C．复合词 D．简缩词 [ ]

10．下列各个汉语词语中的“子”是词根语素的是

A．笼子 B．鸽子 C．瓜子 D．日子 [ ]

11．下列关于语法的表述中，不正确的一项是

A．语法是关于词的构成变化和词构成词组和句子的规则

B．语法是说本族语的人的直觉知识和约定习惯

C.语法是与语音、语汇等要素互不相关的规则

D．语法是与语音、语汇等相比变化较慢的现象 [ ]

12．在“这些书我看过了”这个语言片段中，“这些书”和“我看过了”的性质是

A．既是成分也是组合 B．是成分，不是组合

C．是组合，不是成分 D．不是成分也不是组合 [ ]

13．下列关于词义模糊性的表述中，正确的一项是

A．词义所指范围边缘区域模糊，中心区域明确

B．词义所指范围边缘区域明确，中心区域模糊

C．词义所指范围边缘区域、中心区域都模糊

D．词义所指范围边缘区域可能模糊 [ ]

14．“哈巴狗”和“狮子狗”指的是同一种狗，二者在词义上的主要差别是

A．理性意义不同 B．语体色彩不同

C．形象色彩不同 D．语气意义不同 [ ]

15．下列各项中，含有降级述谓结构的是

A．他申请去北京进修 B．你去请他比较好

C．他取下了挂在墙上的地图 D．他害怕老师批评他 [ ]

16．下列各项中，甲和乙之间是预设关系的是

A．(甲)他有一件西服——(乙)他有一件衣服

B．(甲)他的西服破了——(乙)他有一件西服

C．(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》——(乙)那个人借给他一本《红楼梦》

D．(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》——(乙)那个学生借给他一本书

17．1956年我国推行汉字简化方案，将繁体字改成简体字，这属于A．正字法改革 B．字符类型改革

C．文字类型改革 D．字符类型和文字类型改革 [ ]

18．汉语中的“基因”来自英语的gene，从该词产生的方式看，“基因”属于

A．纯粹音译词 B．音译兼意译词

C．意译词 D．仿译词 [ ]

19.从语言的发展演变来看，语汇系统中最不易发生变化的是

A．通用语汇 B.常用语汇 C．基本语汇 D．专用语汇 [ ]

20．关于社会方言的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是

A．社会方言大多是在语言的相互接触中形成的

B．社会方言是随着社会的社群分化而产生的

C．一种语言的内部有可能形成社会方言

D．一种方言的内部有可能形成社会方言 [ ]

21．关于共同语的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是

A.并不意味着方言分歧已经消失 B．并不意味着方言分歧将会扩大C.并不意味着方言最终将被取代 D．并不意味着语言已经实现统一[ ]

22．关于语言规范化的推行，下列说法不正确的一项是

A．主要由权威机构提出具体的规范意见

B．主要由权威机构强制推行

C．主要通过教育机构、大众传媒等渠道向社会推行

D．主要是一个积极引导社会公众自觉遵守的过程 [ ]

23．关于语言获得的原因，下列学说中偏重于内部条件解释的是A．模仿说 B．天赋说

C．强化说 D．刺激反应说 [ ]

24．基本上不能说话，但仍能听懂别人说话，这种症状的失语症是A．失读症 B.布洛卡失语症

C．失名症 D．维尔尼克失语症 [ ]

25．关于“中介语”现象，下列说法不正确的一项是

A．“中介语”既不同于母语又不同于外语

B．“中介语”是不断地从母语向外语靠近的语言形式

c．即使是较高级的“中介语”也不能用于交际

D．“中介语”越到外语学习后期发展就越慢 [ ]

26．词典最常见的分类是

A．语言词典和历史词典 B．描写词典和历史词典

C．百科词典和历史词典 D．百科词典和语言词典 [ ]

二、多项选择题

27．语流中有些音在发音上变弱，这种现象叫弱化。弱化的表现有A．脱落 B．清辅音变成浊辅音

C．浊辅音变成清辅音 D．单元音变成复元音

E．单元音向央元音靠拢 [ ]

28．下列各个汉语词语中属于复合词的是

A．逻辑 B．幽默

C．寂寞 D．忘记

E．崎岖 [ ]

29．语体色彩最基本的类型有

A．口语色彩 B．科技语体色彩

C．公文语体色彩 D．政论语体色彩

E．书面语色彩 [ ]

30．下列各项词义引申中，采用借代方式的有

A．“领航”本指一种行为，后引申指实施这一行为的人

B．“脉络”本指动脉和静脉，后引申指条理或头绪

C．“谜”本指谜语，后引申指尚未弄明白的事物

D．“面貌”本指相貌，后引申指事物所呈现的景象、状态E．“锯”本指一种工具，后引申指凭借这一工具的行为 [ ] 31．在“语言转用”现象中，哪种语言能够取代其他语言主要取决于A．语言使用者在政治上的优势地位

B．语言使用者在经济上的优势地位

C．语言使用者在文化发展水平上的优势地位

D．语言使用者在生产资料占有上的优势地位

E．语言使用者在人口数量上的优势地位 [ ]

第二部分非选择题

三、名词解释

32.音节结构的元辅音分析法

33.语义指向

34.意音文字

35.语言规划

四、简答题

36.举例说明为什么说音位的辨义功能实际上是由区别特征负担的。

37.请结合实例说明语法的抽象性表现在哪些方面。

38.以实例说明义素分析的方法和主要步骤。

五、分析题

39.试从词语构造方式（A）和词类（B）两个角度对下列重叠形式进行分类，分别填入各项中：星星猩猩妈妈刚刚蝈蝈个个试试大大方方热闹热闹

A1叠音式单纯词________________________________

A2重叠式合成词___________________________

A3语法重叠形式______________________________

B1名词性成分___________________________

B2动词性成分______________________________

B3其他词类成分_______________________________

40.请指出下列两个语言片段各有哪些不同的结构和意义，并从语音影响语法的角度分析说明。

Ａ想起来了

Ｂ我们三个人一组

六、论述题

41.举例说明为什么在描写句子的语义结构时，常常要从谓词入手，也就是把谓词看作处于支配地位的核心成分。

42.结合实例说明语言接触的具体表现形式。

语言学概论试题参考答案

课程代码：0541

一、单项选择题

1． B 2. C 3． C 4． B 5． A

6． D 7. D 8． D 9． C 10． C

11． C 12. A 13． A 14． C 15． C

16． B 17. A 18． B 19． C 20． A

21. C 22. B 23． B 24． B 25． C

26． D

二、多项选择题

27．ABE 28．CD 29．AE 30．AE 31．BCE

三、名词解释

32．这种音节结构分析方法以元辅音为基本分析单位，把音节结构分为V、C—V、V—C、C—V-C等四种基本类型(其中的V代表元音，C

代表辅音)。例如汉语普通话中的[i](一)、[t‘i](题)、[an)(安)、[t‘an)(谈)等四个音节分别属于上述四种基本类型。

33.语义指向是指句子中某个成分在语义上指向哪儿，或者说同哪个或哪些成分发生语义联系。例如，补语位置上的成分，在语义上既可能指向主语，如“我吃饱了”中的“我”；也可能指向宾语，如“我吃光了碗里的饭”中的“碗里的饭”。

34．意音文字指一部分字符是意符，一部分字符是音符的文字。如汉字就是意音文字，汉字中许多字符是直接表意的，而假借字则是假借意符直接表音、间接表意的音符。

35．语言规划是指社会对语言文字问题所作出的有组织的、有意识的管理、调节和改进。例如，我国国家语言文字工作委员会所作的推广普通话、文字改革、语言规范化、制定正确的民族语言政策等工作。

四、简答题

36．(1)具体语言中的每个音位都可以分解为几个区别特征，不同音位之间的对立实际上可以进一步分解为区别特征之间的对立，因此音位的辨义功能实际上是由区别特征来负担的。

(2)例如，汉语普通话里／k／／k‘／和／p／三个音位具有辨义功能，它们的语音特征分别是“舌根、闭塞、不送气”、“舌根、闭塞、送气”和“双唇、闭塞、不送气，”／k／通过“不送气”和/k‘／相区别·，通过“舌根”和／p／相区别。因此，像“干”／kan51八“看”/k‘an51／和“办”／pan51／等三个词在语音形式上的区别可以归结为这三个音位在区别特征上的对立。

37．(1)所谓“抽象”即对具体的东西进行类的概括。语法规则就是对人们说的话中的单位、结构和关系的某种类的概括。

(2)语法单位类别的抽象。如以从词的用法建立词类为例。

(3)语法关系类别的抽象。如以从结构形式建立语法结构为例。

(4)语法意义类别的抽象。如以从形态或格式建立时态意义、句式意义等为例。

38．(1)确定对比的范围。一般来说，义素分析应该先从指称事物最小类别成员的一组词语开始，如有需要，再进一步扩大对比分析的范围。分析“男人”的义素，可以先从“男人”与“女人”、“男孩”的对比开始，因为它们同属于“人”这个最小类别。

(2)比较词义的异同。对比的范围确定之后：下一步就是运用对比分析的方法，找出不同词义在语义成分上的共同点和不同点，也就是提取它们的共同义素和区别义素。比如要分析“男人、女人、男孩”的义素，可以首先比较这三个词的意义，从中提取出共同义素[人]，然后将“男人”与“女人”比较，提取出区别义素[±男性]，再将“男人”和“男孩”比较，提取出区别义素[±成年]。利用这些共同义素和区别义素，不仅可以使这三个词的意义互相区别开来，而且也可以使它们同其他的词语相区别。通过对比分析，找出不同词语的

共同义素和区别义素，这是义素分析最关键的一步，

五、分析题

39．A1猩猩蝈蝈

A2星星妈妈刚刚大大方方

A3个个试试热闹热闹

B1星星猩猩妈妈蝈蝈

B2试试热闹热闹

B3刚刚个个大大方方

40．(1)①A片段有两种结构和意思：A1是动宾结构，意思是“打算起床”；A2是动补结构，意思是“回想起”。②语音对这个语言片段的结构和意义的影响在于：

A1中“起来”要重读，A2中“起来”要轻读。

(2)①B片段有两种结构和意思：B l“我们”是主语，“三个人一组”是谓语，意思是“我们有很多人，每三个人是一组”。B2“我们三个人”是主语，“一组”是谓语，意思是“我们一共三个人，只有一个组”。②语音对这个语言片段的结构和意义的影响在于B１中在“我们”后停顿，B2中在“我们三个人”后停顿。

六、论述题

41．(1)一个述谓结构可以有多少变元以及可以有何种性质的变元，都是由谓词的语义规定的。比如“咳嗽”指一种生理活动，在这种活动中，只有行为发出者，而不会有另外的涉及对象，因而在由“咳嗽”充当谓词的述谓结构中就只能有一个必有变元，而且这个变元只能是施事。“吃”的意思是“经咀嚼把食物咽下去”，在这种行为中，不仅要有一个行为发出者，而且一定还要有被“咽下去”的东西，因而在由“吃”充当谓词的述谓结构中就可以有两个必有变元，而且这两个变元一个是施事，一个是受事。

(2)一个述谓结构是由谓词和变元组成的，既然变元的数量和性质都是由谓词决定的，因而也可以说整个述谓结构的框架是由谓词语义规定的。人们只要按照一个谓词对变元数量和性质的要求，在述谓结构的框架中填入适当的变元，就可以产生一个句子的命题意义。这可以从人们理解省略句的事实中得到证明，比如问某人“你去不去北京”，某人回答“去”，任何人都会知道这个“去”虽然是一词一句，但在语义上却等于“我去北京”，人们之所以能够在理解过程中将“去”的动作发出者和目的地补充出来，从而正确理解这句话的实际含义，就是因为“去”所规定的述谓结构框架起着引导的作用。

42．(1)语言成分的借用与吸收。不同语言之间相互影响一般总是从引进借词开始，语言成分的借用与吸收是语言接触最常见的现象。例如，公元11世纪起，说法语的日尔曼人曾长期占领和统治英格兰，在长期的接触和交往中，英语从法语中吸收了大量的语言成分。(2)出现双语现象。使用不同语言的人如果在同一个社会杂居，还可能产生双语现象。例如，我国广西壮族自治区，由于壮族人长期和汉族人生活在一起，大部分壮族人都是壮语和汉语使用者，

(3)出现语言转用现象。在一定历史条件及长期的发展过程中，不同民族的接触和融合还会出现语言转用现象。例如，我国的回族、满族都基本上放弃了自己原有的语言而转用了汉语。

(4)出现语言的混合。①在不同语言频繁接触的地区，会出现语言混合现象。不同语言混合会产生“洋泾浜语’。例如，在旧上海外国商人聚居的地方出现的混杂着汉语成份的“洋泾浜英语”。②在一定的历史条件下，洋泾浜语有可能转变为“克里奥耳语”，成为某一社会主要的交际工具，并被当作母语来学习和使用。例如，广泛使用于加勒比海地区的以法语为基础的克里奥耳语。

英语语言学试题及答案

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