Comparison of 6-18F-fluorodopamine PET

Comparison of6-18F-Fluorodopamine PET

with123I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine and

111In-Pentetreotide Scintigraphy in Localization of Nonmetastatic and Metastatic Pheochromocytoma Ioannis Ilias1,Clara C.Chen2,Jorge A.Carrasquillo2,Millie Whatley2,Alexander Ling3,Ivica Laz′u rov′a4,

Karen T.Adams1,Shiromi Perera1,and Karel Pacak1

1Reproductive Biology and Adult Endocrinology Program,National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,Maryland;2Nuclear Medicine Department,Clinical Center,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda, Maryland;3Department of Radiology,Clinical Center,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,Maryland;and4Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,P.J.ˇSaf′arik University,Koˇs ice,Slovak Republic

We compared functional imaging modalities including PET with 6-18F-?uorodopamine(18F-DA)with123I-metaiodobenzylguani-dine(123I-MIBG)and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy(SRS) with111In-pentetreotide in nonmetastatic and metastatic pheo-chromocytoma(PHEO).Methods:We studied25men and28 women(mean age6SD,44.2614.2y)with biochemically proven nonmetastatic(n517)or metastatic(n536)PHEO.Eval-uation included anatomic imaging with CT or MRI and functional imaging that included at least2nuclear medicine modalities:18F-DA PET,123I-MIBG scintigraphy,or SRS.Sensitivity of functional imaging versus anatomic imaging was assessed on a per-patient and a per-region basis.Results:For this available cohort,on a per-patient basis overall sensitivity(combined for nonmetastatic and metastatic PHEO)was90.2%for18F-DA PET,76.0%for 123I-MIBG scintigraphy,and22.0%for SRS.On a per-region ba-sis,overall sensitivity was75.4%for18F-DA PET,63.4%for123I-MIBG scintigraphy,and64.0%for SRS.Conclusion:If available, 18F-DA PET should be used in the evaluation of PHEO,because it is more sensitive than123I-MIBG scintigraphy or SRS.If18F-DA PET is not available,123I-MIBG scintigraphy(for nonmetastatic or adrenal PHEO)and SRS(for metastatic PHEO)should be the?rst alternative imaging methods to be used.

Key Words:radionuclide imaging;18F-?uorodopamine;123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine;111In-pentetreotide;pheochromocytoma

J Nucl Med2008;49:1613–1619

DOI:10.2967/jnumed.108.052373U ntil recently,the gold standard functional imaging

method for pheochromocytoma(PHEO)was scintigraphy with131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine(131I-MIBG),with sen-sitivity of77%–90%and excellent speci?city of95%–100% (1).However,it is scintigraphy with another radionuclide, 123I-MIBG,that offers the option of performing SPECT and is reported to have sensitivity of83%–100%and speci?city of95%–100%for detecting PHEO(2–4).Scintigraphic imaging with123I-MIBG,compared with131I-MIBG,is advantageous because of its optimal g-emissions and lack of b-particles that result in a lower absorbed dose(5).Avail-ability of123I-MIBG,compared with131I-MIBG,is limited, but is expanding rapidly,especially in the United States.At present,large studies comparing various functional imaging modalities with123I-MIBG scintigraphy in the evaluation of PHEO are lacking.

PET also enables functional imaging of endocrine tumors. Although PET with18F-FDG has been used with some success for imaging metastatic PHEO,it is nevertheless a nonspeci?c ligand that shows uptake in various tumors(6–8). Other ligands,for example,11C-hydroxyephedrine and11C-epinephrine,have also been used successfully for PET imaging of PHEO(9–12).18F-labeled dihydroxyphenylala-nine(18F-DOPA)has enabled PET imaging of benign PHEOs and neck neuroendocrine tumors(13,14).Recently, we recommended the use of PET with6-18F-?uorodopamine (18F-DA)for the detection of PHEO(15–17).Our studies have suggested that18F-DA is a better agent than131I-MIBG for localization of metastatic PHEO(with100%sensitivity vs.56%sensitivity,respectively)(15,16).This is probably due to the better af?nity of18F-DA than131I-MIBG for the norepinephrine membrane transport system and the in-creased resolution of PET,compared with planar g-camera imaging.

Received Mar.2,2008;revision accepted Jun.25,2008.

For correspondence or reprints contact:Karel Pacak,Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology,Reproductive Biology and Adult Endocrinology Program, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,National Institutes of Health,Building10,CRC,1East,Room1-3140,10Center Dr.,MSC-1109, Bethesda,MD20892-1109.

E-mail:karel@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ab8890764.html,

COPYRIGHTa2008by the Society of Nuclear Medicine,Inc.

From in vitro and in vivo studies,it has been established that somatostatin receptor subtypes3and4are expressed in PHEO,including adrenal and metastatic disease(18–21). Although somatostatin receptor scintigraphy(SRS)with 111In-pentetreotide(Octreoscan;Mallinckrodt Inc.)has only moderate af?nity for these subtypes,compared with subtypes 2and5,SRS has been used with variable results to detect this tumor(18,22–25).SRS reportedly detects neck paragangli-omas with94%–97%sensitivity(26–28)and has higher sensitivity for detecting metastatic PHEO than for detecting benign PHEO(29).Nevertheless,in a small study of10 patients with malignant PHEO and3patients with malignant paraganglioma that compared SRS with131I-or123I-MIBG scintigraphy,26lesions were MIBG-and SRS-positive,15 lesions were MIBG-positive only,and7lesions were SRS-positive only(overall sensitivity for131I-and123I-MIBG scintigraphy was85%and92%,respectively,for SRS)(18). The aim of this study was to compare18F-DA PET, 123I-MIBG,and SRS in the localization of adrenal,extra-adrenal,and metastatic or multiple PHEOs in a large study from a single institution.We also evaluated which of these radiopharmaceuticals detected the largest number of lesions in patients with metastatic PHEO.Furthermore,we aimed to give physicians new information and recommendations for the use of various functional imaging methods when a nonmetastatic or metastatic PHEO is localized. MATERIALS AND METHODS

All patients were enrolled in a study of PHEO approved by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Institutional Review Board,and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Subjects were retrospectively chosen from a larger group of178 patients originally enrolled in a study of known or suspected PHEO. Speci?cally,inclusion criteria for this parent protocol included positive biochemistry,suggestive biochemistry with clinical signs or symptoms of catecholamine excess,and a family history of PHEO, with a tumor found on anatomic imaging studies even without clinical signs or symptoms.Exclusion criteria included inability to give informed consent and refusal or inability(e.g.,claustrophobia, previous irradiation,or extreme obesity)to undergo examination, including many imaging studies.Children younger than18y and pregnant subjects were also excluded.

From this pool of178patients,53were retrospectively chosen for inclusion in this study on the basis of con?rmed positive biochem-ical evidence of PHEO(using an in-house assay,as previously described(30,31))and availability of certain imaging studies, including anatomic imaging(CT or MRI)and at least2of3of the following functional modalities:18F-DA PET,123I-MIBG scintig-raphy,or SRS.The imaging studies had to be contemporaneously performed within3mo of each other.

CT scans of the neck,chest,abdomen,and pelvis were performed on a variety of equipment,including LightSpeed Ultra,LightSpeed QX/i,and HiSpeed CT/i scanners(GE Healthcare)and an Mx8000 IDT scanner(Philips).Section thickness was at the discretion of the radiologist and was set up to3mm in the neck,5mm in the chest and abdomen,and7.5mm in the pelvis,except for2cases in which scans of the neck were performed with either3.75-or5-mm images and another case in which chest,abdomen,and pelvis images were obtained with10-mm thickness.All sections were contiguous.All studies were performed with a rapid infusion(130mL injected at 2mL/s)of nonionic water-soluble contrast agent.

MRI scans of the neck,chest,abdomen,and pelvis were obtained with1.5-T Signa scanners(GE Healthcare),except for1study performed at an outside institution.Phased-array coils were used for neck imaging,and either phased-array torso or quadrature body coils were used elsewhere.T1-weighted gradient-echo and fat-suppressed,fast spin-echo T2-weighted imaging parameters were adjusted to minimize examination time and achieve desired ana-tomic coverage.Images were obtained in the axial plane,with additional planes when needed.All studies included a gadolinium–diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid contrast injection,using fat-suppressed T1-weighted gradient-echo imaging in the axial and coronal planes.

For18F-DA PET,the patients fasted overnight and were asked to avoid caffeine,tobacco,and alcohol for at least12h before the scan. 18F-DA(37MBq[1.0mCi])in10mL of normal saline was infused intravenously over3min.Attenuation-corrected images were obtained starting immediately after injection.18F-DA PET was performed using an Advance scanner(GE Healthcare)with a15-cm ?eld of view.The images were acquired in2-dimensional mode from the base of the skull to the proximal thigh(in some patients in whom lesions were highly suspected in the head or the lower limbs, the PET studies also fully covered these areas).The emission scan lasted8–15min at each level.At least1transmission scan lasting 3–5min was obtained at each level for attenuation correction.

For123I-MIBG,patients were imaged after intravenous admin-istration of123I-MIBG(370MBq[10.0mCi]).Patients were instructed to take100mg of a saturated solution of potassium iodide by mouth twice a day for4d,starting the night before123I-MIBG administration.Medications known to interfere with123I-MIBG uptake were discontinued.Planar and SPECT images were acquired on a dual-head g-camera(ADAC Laboratories or Siemens Medical Solutions USA)and a triple-head g-camera(Trionix XLT; Trionix Laboratories),respectively,equipped with low-energy high-resolution collimators.A total of120sequential(40stops per head) 40-s images were obtained.The images were reconstructed with the manufacturer’s software using a standard?ltered backprojection algorithm.A Butterworth?lter was used for reconstruction. Twenty-four hours after injection,whole-body and SPECT scans of the head through the pelvis were performed.SPECT studies were repeated at48h as needed.

For SRS,patients were imaged approximately4and24h after intravenous administration of111In-pentetreotide(222MBq[6mCi]). Whole-body and SPECT scans of the head through the pelvis were acquired on a dual-head g-camera(ADAC Laboratories or Siemens Medical Solutions USA)and a triple-head g-camera(Trionix XLT; Trionix Laboratories),respectively,equipped with medium-energy general-purpose collimators.On occasion,48-h SPECT images were also obtained.A total of120sequential40-s images were obtained. The images were reconstructed with the manufacturer’s software using a standard?ltered backprojection algorithm.A Hamming?lter was used for reconstruction.

The radiologist who interpreted the CT and MRI?ndings was unaware of the results of18F-DA PET,123I-MIBG scintigraphy,and SRS.Moreover,nuclear medicine studies were read independently of each other and of the anatomic studies by2physicians.Sites of uptake outside the normal distribution were considered abnormal. 123I-MIBG uptake in the adrenal glands was considered normal if it

was mild,symmetric,and not enlarged.However,any visualized uptake of18F-DA in the adrenals was considered to be abnormal,on the basis of previous experience with studies in a small number of healthy volunteers who did not show any adrenal18F-DA uptake. Abnormal foci seen in nuclear medicine studies were graded on a scale of1–5(1,not PHEO;2,probably not PHEO;3,equivocal;4, probably PHEO;and5,de?nitely PHEO).Only lesions with scores of4and5were counted as positive?ndings.Discrepancies in scans from the?rst individual masked reading were resolved by a joint meeting of both nuclear medicine physicians in a consensus review (with reexamination and discussion of the studies in question).

Comparison of the results of the nuclear medicine modalities was done on a per-patient and a per-region basis.For the former,scans were considered positive if at least1lesion with a score of4of5or5 of5was seen,regardless of the number of foci(scans with no or equivocal uptake were scored as negative).Because histologic proof of metastatic lesions was largely unavailable,?ndings on CTor MRI were taken as our reference standard(despite shortcomings of these modalities,as described in the‘‘Discussion’’section)for sensitivity calculations of imaging studies.Sensitivity by patient was calcu-lated as follows:the number of patients positive on18F-DA PET, 123I-MIBG scintigraphy,or SRS divided by the number of patients positive on CT/MRI.

Analysis on a per-region basis was performed over the following areas:left adrenal gland,right adrenal gland,liver,abdominal/pelvic compartment(excluding adrenal glands and liver),lungs,medias-tinum,neck,and bone(including skull).For sensitivity calculations, studies were considered either positive or negative,regardless of the number of lesions detected in each region.CT or MRI?ndings were considered to be the reference standard.Sensitivity by region was calculated as follows:the number of regions positive on18F-DA PET,123I-MIBG scintigraphy,or SRS divided by the number of regions positive on CT/MRI.Only regions that were actually covered by18F-DA PET,123I-MIBG scintigraphy,or SRS and by either CT or MRI were included.

The McNemar test was used to compare sensitivities between different imaging modalities.A2-sided P value less than0.05was considered signi?cant.

RESULTS

Imaging results from25men and28women(mean age6 SD,44.2614.2y)with biochemically proven nonmetastatic (n517,2patients with recurrent disease:10patients had T1 N0M0disease,stage I;3patients had T2N0M0disease,stage II;and4had T4N0M0disease,stage IV)or metastatic (n536,all with stage IV disease:9had T1N0M1,10had T1 N1M1,1had T2N0M1,1had T2N1M1,5had T4N0M1, and10had T4N1M1disease)PHEOs were assessed.All patients were studied with CT(51scans)or MRI(47scans). Two patients had MRI scans only.Functional imaging in-cluded18F-DA PET and123I-MIBG scintigraphy in16pa-tients with nonmetastatic and35patients with metastatic PHEO and SRS in7patients with nonmetastatic and18 patients with metastatic PHEO.Five patients with nonmeta-static and15with metastatic PHEO were studied with all3 functional imaging modalities.

Anatomic imaging was positive in all patients.Most lesions seen on CT/MRI showed uptake with at least1func-tional imaging modality.In a few patients,because the enormous number of metastatic lesions did not permit direct one-to-one comparisons,comparisons on a per-patient and a per-region basis were made.In patients with nonmetastatic PHEO,negative functional imaging studies were obtained in 2patients with18F-DA PET,2patients with123I-MIBG scintigraphy,and5patients with SRS.The following pro-vides more detail,because evaluation on a per-lesion basis was feasible only in these patients with nonmetastatic PHEO: 16lesions positive on CT/MRI were missed by either18F-DA PET or123I-MIBG(in16patients),whereas13lesions positive on CT/MRI were missed by SRS(in7patients).In patients with metastatic PHEO,negative functional imaging studies were obtained in4patients with18F-DA PET,9 patients with123I-MIBG scintigraphy,and1patient with SRS.

For this available cohort,on a per-patient basis,sensitivity was equal for18F-DA PET and123I-MIBG scintigraphy (87.5%)and lower for SRS(28.5%)in patients with non-metastatic PHEO(Table1).In patients with metastatic PHEO, sensitivity was91.4%for18F-DA PET,70.6%for123I-MIBG, and88.9%for SRS(Table1).Overall sensitivity(combined for nonmetastatic and metastatic PHEO)was90.2%for18F-DA PET,76.0%for123I-MIBG,and22.0%for SRS.Furthermore, on a per-region basis,sensitivity was67%for18F-DA PET,75% for123I-MIBG,and37.5%for SRS in patients with non-metastatic PHEO(Table2).In patients with metastatic PHEO,

TABLE1

Results and Comparisons of Imaging Modalities by Patient

Patients with...No.of patients positive

on functional imaging

No.of patients

positive on CT/MRI

Sensitivity of functional

imaging modality(%)

Nonmetastatic PHEO14(18F-DA)1687.5

14(123I-MIBG)1687.5

2(SRS)728.5* Metastatic PHEO32(18F-DA)3591.4

24(123I-MIBG)3470.6

16(SRS)1888.9 *P50.0625,McNemar test.

Sensitivity of functional imaging studies was calculated on basis of number of CT/MRI studies used as reference standard.

sensitivity was78.4%for18F-DA PET,58.9%for123I-MIBG, and68.5%for SRS(Table2).Overall sensitivity(combined for nonmetastatic and metastatic PHEO)was75.4%for18F-DA PET,63.4%for123I-MIBG,and64.0%for SRS.

In several patients,functional imaging modalities showed lesions in regions that were negative on CTor MRI.With18F-DA PET,compared with CT or MRI,lesions were shown in 5more patient regions in5patients(in the adrenals or the abdominal or pelvic compartment),and with123I-MIBG scintigraphy,1additional positive region in1patient(in the right adrenal)was seen.

In patients with nonmetastatic PHEO who were studied with all3functional imaging modalities,18F-DA PET and 123I-MIBG scintigraphy were more positive on a per-patient and on a per-region basis than was SRS(Table3;Fig.1).In patients with metastatic PHEO who were studied with all3 functional imaging modalities,18F-DA PET and SRS were more positive on a per-patient basis than was123I-MIBG scintigraphy,whereas on a per-region basis,SRS was more positive than were18F-DA PET and123I-MIBG scintigraphy (Table3;Fig.2).

DISCUSSION

In this largest-to-date comparison study of18F-DA PET with123I-MIBG scintigraphy and SRS in17patients with nonmetastatic PHEO and36patients with metastatic PHEO, overall more foci of uptake were shown with18F-DA PET than with the other functional imaging modalities.In non-metastatic PHEO,18F-DA PET imaged slightly fewer foci than did123I-MIBG scintigraphy(and both detected more foci than did SRS),but in metastatic PHEO,18F-DA PET detected more foci than did123I-MIBG scintigraphy and SRS. Some,mainly metastatic,lesions were localized by1modality only,but no distinct pattern for any particular tumor size or

TABLE2

Results and Comparisons of Imaging Modalities by Region

Patients with...No.of positive regions

with foci of uptake

No.of positive

CT/MRI regions

Sensitivity of functional

imaging modality(%)

Nonmetastatic PHEO20(18F-DA)3067.0*

21(123I-MIBG)2875.0y

3(SRS)837.5z Metastatic PHEO69(18F-DA)8878.4*

56(123I-MIBG)9558.9*

37(SRS)5468.5* *P50.001,McNemar test.

y P50.01,McNemar test.

z P50.0625,McNemar test.

Sensitivity of functional imaging studies was calculated on basis of number of CT/MRI studies used as reference standard.Regions included left adrenal gland,right adrenal gland,liver,abdominal/pelvic compartment(excluding adrenal glands and liver),lungs, mediastinum,neck,and bone(including head or skull).

TABLE3

Results and Comparisons Among Functional Imaging

Modalities by Patient and by Region

Patients with...Functional

imaging

modality

No.of

patients

positive

No.of

regions

positive

Nonmetastatic

PHEO(n55)

18F-DA56

123I-MIBG55

SRS11 Metastatic

PHEO(n515)

18F-DA1431

123I-MIBG1031

SRS1544

Regions included left adrenal gland,right adrenal gland,liver, abdominal/pelvic compartment(excluding adrenal glands and liver), lungs,mediastinum,neck,and bone(including head or

skull).FIGURE1.Coronal(upper row)and transverse(lower row) 18F-DA(A),24-h123I-MIBG(B),and4-h SRS(C)images of23-y-old man with nonmetastatic recurrent right adrenal PHEO.18F-DA PET and123I-MIBG scintigraphy are both positive(arrows), whereas SRS is negative.

region emerged.Overall,the scintigraphic modality with the highest sensitivity for localizing PHEO was 18F-DA PET (75.4%),followed by 123I-MIBG (63.4%)and SRS (64%).In many patients with PHEO (especially in those with extraadrenal PHEO,adrenal PHEO larger than 5cm,or mutations of genes encoding mainly subunits B and D of the mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase [SDHB and SDHD]),the possibility of metastatic disease or multiple tumors should be considered (or excluded).For this,func-tional imaging modalities are most useful (3,6,9,16,17,32–34).The sensitivity of CTand MRI for detecting extraadrenal or metastatic PHEO is approximately 90%(or lower,when postoperative changes prevent the correct localization of tumors)(35–39).Moreover,the speci?cities of both CT and MRI scans are disappointingly low (as low as 60%)in localizing PHEO (particularly metastatic PHEO)(3).In this study,both CT and MRI also missed lesions that were detected by functional imaging studies.Although we do not have surgical con?rmation that the lesions seen on functional imaging and not on anatomic imaging were PHEO,we were con?dent that most of them were real based on clinical follow-up,including improvement after chemo-therapy or 131I-MIBG therapy in many cases.

PET is a physiologic method of imaging that depends on selective binding or uptake and retention of radiolabeled agents by different tissues.It has the advantages of rapid imaging and high spatial and temporal resolution.Several PET agents have been used for localizing PHEO,including 18F-FDG (6,12,40),11C-hydroxyephedrine (10,12,41),11C-epinephrine (11),18F-DA (15,16),and 18F-DOPA (13,14).A comparison study of 131I-and 123I-MIBG and 18F-FDG PET scans in patients with malignant PHEO showed that 18F-FDG PET was superior to MIBG (6).Furthermore,18F-FDG PET was recently shown to be superior to 18F-DA or

123I-MIBG

in localizing metastases of highly malignant

paragangliomas (in particular those with SHDB mutations)(7).However,18F-FDG remains nonspeci?c for PHEO,as 18F-FDG also detects many other types of tumors.PET with 11C-hydroxyephedrine and 11C-epinephrine has yielded better results than has PET with 18F-FDG for the diagnostic localization of PHEO,although the short physical half-lives (t 1/2520min)of these radiopharmaceuticals will likely preclude their more widespread use (10,12,41).Recently,PET with 18F-DOPA,a labeled precursor of dopamine,was used in a study of 14patients with benign adrenal PHEO and a small number of patients (n 53)with extraadrenal nonmetastatic PHEO (14).In the former group,all tumors were localized with 18F-DOPA PET,whereas in the latter group,18F-DOPA PET was concordant with MRI results in 1of 3patients and imaged a tumor that was not seen with 131I-MIBG scintigraphy (14).In another study of 10pa-tients with glomus jugulare tumors (which arise from the paraganglionic tissue of the head and neck and are similar to PHEOs),11of the 15presumed tumors diagnosed by 18F-DOPA PET were con?rmed by MRI (13).

At the National Institutes of Health,we have used 18F-DA with excellent results in localizing both adrenal and extra-adrenal PHEOs,including metastatic lesions (15,16,42,43).In a previous study of patients with metastatic PHEO,we found that 18F-DA PET was clearly superior to 131I-MIBG (with sensitivities of 100%and 56%,respectively)(16).The availability of 123I-MIBG prompted us to compare it with 18F-DA PET as well.In the present study,in patients with nonmetastatic (mainly adrenal)PHEOs,18F-DA and 123I-MIBG had equivalent sensitivities for tumor detection,and both were superior to SRS.In patients with metastatic disease,18F-DA was superior to 123I-MIBG and detected more lesions.In a minority of these patients,SRS showed impressively more lesions than did 123I-MIBG.Additional advantages of PET,compared with other functional imaging modalities,include the means of immediate whole-body imaging,the possibility of quantitative assessment of uptake,and the absence of artifacts from scar tissue or from the presence of metallic clips after surgery (44).In fact,18F-DA scan artifacts appear to be quite rare,and in this study no artifacts were noted except for mild adrenal uptake in some patients,which was scored as abnormal (although we have since found that this can be normal).Known artifacts with 18F-DA scans also include uptake in adrenal hyperplasia and metabolically active brown fat.

In PHEO,131I-MIBG offers high speci?city (95%–100%)with lower sensitivity (56%–77%)(43,45).Sensitivity is elevated to 78%–91%,and speci?city is preserved (3,46,47)using 123I-MIBG.In the present study,123I-MIBG was as sensitive as 18F-DA and de?nitely superior to SRS in local-izing nonmetastatic PHEO.However,in the evaluation of metastatic PHEO,123I-MIBG was the least informative scintigraphic modality,lagging behind 18F-DA and SRS.SRS is used effectively for the diagnostic localization of neuroendocrine tumors (48,49).In a small number of

reports

FIGURE 2.Reprojected 18F-DA (A),24-h 123I-MIBG (B),and 4-h SRS (C)images of 60-y-old woman with left adrenal PHEO and peritoneal and retroperitoneal metastases (arrowheads).18F-DA PET and SRS (arrows)show more lesions than does 123I-MIBG scintigraphy.

comparing the diagnostic accuracy of SRS with123I-or131I-MIBG in patients with metastatic PHEO,SRS had an overall higher detection rate:SRS found up to87%of lesions, whereas123I-MIBG localized only57%(4,18,24,25,29). SRS studies may be particularly useful as a functional imaging modality in patients with rapidly progressing and growing PHEOs.In these PHEOs,changes in genetic and cellular characteristics occur,currently by unknown mech-anisms such as the expression of somatostatin receptors.In this study,SRS failed to detect the5of7tumors in patients with nonmetastatic disease.However,in metastatic PHEO, although18F-DA localized many lesions that SRS did not, SRS also showed a substantial number of metastatic lesions that were not detected with18F-DA.In addition,SRS showed more lesions than did123I-MIBG in patients with metastatic disease(123I-MIBG provided the least additional information in these patients).Clinically,patients with predominantly SRS-positive lesions had rapidly progressing tumors on the basis of our clinical follow-up,repeated biochemistry,and anatomic imaging studies.

This report has shortcomings that should be mentioned. First,only1patient with extraadrenal nonmetastatic PHEO was studied,and future studies are needed to address this subset of patients.Second,only5patients with nonmetastatic PHEO were studied with all3functional imaging modalities, a de?ciency that needs to be addressed as well.Third,most patients with metastatic PHEO did not undergo surgery,as it could not be justi?ed clinically,and therefore,surgical con?rmation of disease is not available for most lesions in these patients.Fourth,fewer SRS studies than18F-DA and 123I-MIBG studies were performed;with such unequal size groups,selection bias toward performing SRS studies in patients with metastatic disease may have occurred.Fifth,we considered18F-DA uptake in the adrenals as being abnormal. However,with further experience and the use of PET/CT,we have since found that healthy adrenal glands in some patients may demonstrate mild adrenal uptake of18F-DA(lean body mass,maximum standardized uptake value,7.3)(50). Finally,ascertainment bias(i.e.,the tendency to produce false results and conclusions based on a distorted or nontyp-ical sample)may have occurred,principally due to the rareness of the tumors that were studied.Nevertheless, despite negative MIBG scans before referral in1patient with nonmetastatic and4with metastatic PHEOs,all the study subjects had biochemical proof of disease. CONCLUSION

In the diagnostic evaluation of PHEO,18F-DA PET and 123I-MIBG are more sensitive than SRS in detecting non-metastatic primary adrenal PHEO.For metastatic PHEO, 18F-DA is more sensitive than SRS,and both are superior to 123I-MIBG.In patients with rapidly progressing and growing PHEOs,SRS may detect lesions that are negative on both18F-DA and123I-MIBG scans.In a study of patients with familial-SDHB–associated disease,PET with18F-FDG was shown to be the superior functional imaging method.In those patients with PHEO in whom anatomic imaging modalities indicate adrenal disease,123I-MIBG is a valuable imaging modality to be used;this modality is comparable with other speci?c imaging methods such as18F-DA PET.For those with metastatic disease,SRS can be used.However,this approach should not exclude18F-DA PET,which is as sensitive as123I-MIBG and SRS for detecting nonmetastatic and metastatic PHEO,respectively.As PET becomes more available,either 18F-DA PET or PET with another speci?c PET ligand will become the method of choice for functional imaging of nonmetastatic and metastatic PHEO. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

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