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PDCR-12471中英翻译

PDCR-12471中英翻译
PDCR-12471中英翻译

1 Scope 范围

This document presents a screening procedure, based primarily on the use of dimethylglyoxime, for the detection of nickel release from items that come into direct and prolonged contact with the skin.

本文献提供了主要利用丁二酮肟快速测试直接及长期接触皮肤的样品的镍释放测试方法。

2 Reference 参考文献

PD CR12471:2002

3 Reagents 试剂

All reagents shall be of pro analysi grade or better.

所有试剂为分析纯或分析纯以上级别。

3.1 Deionized water

去离子水

3.2 Ammonia solution, about 10 % (m/m) NH3氨水,~10 % (m/m) NH3

NOTE - This solution may be prepared from a more concentrated ammonia solution;

for example, one containing 24 % or 30 %(m/m) NH3.

这种溶液可由浓氨水稀释得到;如由24%或30%浓氨水稀释而得。

3.3 Sodium chloride, NaCI

氯化钠,NaCI

3.4 Lactic acid, CH3CHOHCOOH, ρ = 1,21 g/ml, > 88 %

乳酸,CH3CHOHCOOH,ρ = 1.21 g/ml, > 88 %

3.5 Urea, CO(NH2)2

尿素,CO(NH2)2

3.6 Dimethylglyoxime, C4H8N2O2, 99 %, or test strips for the detection of nickel,

containing dimethylglyoxime or other colorimetric reagent(s) with

approximately equivalent selectivity and sensitivity to nickel.

丁二酮肟,C4H8N2O2 ,99 %, 或含有用来检测Ni的丁二酮肟的试纸或其它的

具有与Ni 测试等同选择性和灵敏度的显色试剂。

3.7 Ethanol, C2H5OH, > 95 %

乙醇,C2H5OH, > 95 %

3.8 Hydrogen peroxide, H202, approximately 30 % (m/V) solution (100 volume).

(Not required for the pre-test, 5.3.4 or the field test, 5.3.6)

过氧化氢,H202,~30%(m/V)溶液(100体积)。(不用于前期处理5.3.4

及现场测试5.3.6)

3.9 Dithiooxamide (rubeanic acid), C2H4N2S2. (Not required for the pre-test or the

field test)

二硫代草酰胺(红氨酸), C2H4N2S2. 不用于前期处理及现场测试。

3.10 Sodium acetate trihydrate, C2H3NaO23H2O. (Not required for the pre-test or

the field test)

三水乙酸钠,C2H3NaO23H2O,(不用于前期处理及现场测试)。

3.11 Acetic acid, glacial, C2H4O2. (Not required for the pre-test or the field test)

冰醋酸,C2H4O2,(不用于前期处理及现场测试)。

4 Equipment 设备

4.1 Flat-bottomed dish, made of glass or other non-metallic material. (Not

required for the pre-test)

平底碟子,由玻璃或其他非金属材料做成(不用于前期处理及现场测试)。

4.2 Thermometer, (0°C - 100°C) ± 1°C

温度计,(0°C - 100°C) ± 1°C

4.3 Pasteur pipette or, for the field test, a drop-dispensing bottle capable of

dispensing drops with an approximate volume of 50 μI.

用于现场测试的移液枪或能够滴取每滴约50 μI的滴瓶。

4.4 Cotton-wool-tipped sticks (white)

棉棒(白色)

4.5 pH meter or narrow-range pH paper

pH计或窄范围的pH试纸

4.6 Laboratory oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 50°C ±3°C

(required for the laboratory test, 5.3.5)

实验室用烘箱,能够保持50°C ± 3°C(用于实验室测试5.3.5)

4.7 Heating/drying apparatus (required only for the field test)

加热/干燥设备(仅用于现场测试)

4.7.1 Hand-held hair dryer, or 手握式头发吹风机,或

4.7.2 Apparatus consisting of a light bulb, reflector type, (IEC 887: R80; 60 W to

100 W) mounted vertically downwards in a lamp holder positioned above a

flat base, such that the distance of the face of the bulb above the flat base

may be varied between approximately 40 mm and 120 mm.

含有电灯泡,反射类型,(IEC 887: R80; 60 W to 100 W)能够垂直照射于

一个平面正上方的设备。平面距离灯泡的距离可在约40 mm 至120 mm之

间变化。

5 Procedure 过程

5.1 Preparation of solutions

溶液配制

Unless otherwise specified, the following solutions are stable for 6 months at temperatures below 25°C.

除非有特殊指明,否则以下溶液在低于25°C时可保存6个月。

5.1.1 Dimethylglyoxime, 0,8% (m/V) alcoholic solution.

丁二酮肟,0.8% (m/V)乙醇溶液。

Weigh 0,8 g ± 0,05 g of dimethylglyoxime (3.6), dissolve and make up

to 100 ml in ethanol (3.7).

称取0.8 g ± 0.05 g dimethylglyoxime (3.6),溶解并用乙醇(3.7)定容

至100 mL

5.1.2 Artificial sweat. 人工汗液

Transfer 1g ± 0,02 g urea (3.5), 5 g ± 0,1 g sodium chloride (3.3) and

1,13 g ± 0,02 g (940μl ± 20 μl) lactic acid (3.4) into a 2-litre beaker. Add

1000 ml deionized water (3.1) and stir. Using a pH meter or pH paper

(4.5), adjust the pH to 6,5 ± 0,2 by the dropwise addition of ammonia

solution (3.2) with stirring. Artificial sweat is stable for 6 months when

kept in the dark below 8°C in a closed container.

移取1g ± 0.02 g 尿素(3.5),5 g ± 0,1 g 氯化钠(3.3) 及 1.13 g ± 0.02

g (940μl ± 20 μl) 乳酸(3.4)至2 L 烧杯中。加1000 ml 去离子水(3.1)

并搅拌. 逐滴加入氨水溶液(3.2)并不断搅拌用pH计或pH试纸(4.5), 调整

pH至6.5 ± 0.2 。在8°C 下黑暗密封条件下可保存6个月。

NOTE - The use of a pH meter is preferable to the use of narrow-range pH paper.

与窄范围pH试纸相比pH计是较好的选择。

5.1.3 Dithiooxamide, 0,5% (m/V) alcoholic solution.

二硫代草酰胺, 0,5% (m/V)乙醇溶液

Weigh 0,5 g ± 0,05 g of dithiooxamide (3.9), dissolve and make up to

100 ml in ethanol (3.7).

称取0,5 g ± 0,05 g 二硫代草酰胺(3.9),用乙醇(3.7)溶解并定容至

100mL。

5.1.4 Sodium acetate buffer solution, pH 4.5.

醋酸钠缓冲溶液,pH4.5.

Weigh 5,6 g sodium acetate trihydrate (3.10) and add 2,4 ml glacial

acetic acid (3.11). Dissolve and make up to 10 ml with water.

称取5.6 g 三水合醋酸钠,并加入2.4mL冰醋酸(3.11)。用水溶解并定

容至10mL。

5.2 Sample preparation

样品制备

5.2.1 The surfaces to be tested are those that come into direct and prolonged

contact with the skin. The surface(s) of the item to be tested shall be

cleaned with ethanol (3.7) using a cotton-wool-tipped stick (4.4).

测试样品为直接或长期与皮肤接触的表面。测试面应该用蘸有乙醇(3.7)

的棉棒(4.4)清洁。

NOTE 1 - This cleaning stage is intended to remove extraneous grease and skin secretions due to handling, but not any protective coatings. However, it will

also substantially remove any nickel salts present on the surface of the test

item. If there is a requirement to detect the presence of surface

contamination by nickel, this cleaning stage should be omitted.

这个阶段的清洁是为了脱去样品外部的油脂以及由于触摸沾有的皮肤分泌物,

而不是保护层。然而,这也会脱去测试面存在的一些镍盐。如果有测试样品表

面的镍的情况,这个阶段的清洁工作应该取消。

NOTE 2 - An item may be composed of parts made of different materials, each of which may require testing if they come into direct and prolonged contact with the

skin.

样品可能有不同材料组成,每个与皮肤直接或长期接触的部件都应该进行测试。

NOTE 3 - Contamination by objects containing nickel (paper-clips, rivets, coins, etc.) may give false positive results if such objects come into contact with test

items, surfaces, reagents or the hands. This possibility should be eliminated

by avoidance of nickel-containing objects, washing the hands before

performing the tests and performing blank tests.

如果样品,测试表面,试剂或手与含有Ni的物质(纸夹,铆钉,钱币等等)接

触而污染会导致出现阳性结果。这种可能性可通过避免与这些污染物质接触及

测试前清洗手并制备空白而消除。

5.2.2 The presence of coatings, such as paint, lacquer and electroplate, can

prevent the detection of a nickel-releasing substrate. Therefore, abrasion

of the surface prior to testing for nickel-release should be considered,

especially if a negative result (see 6.2) has been obtained on the

unabraded item. This may be achieved using emery paper, emery board

or other nickel-free abrasive material.

涂层的存在,如漆,清漆以及电镀,能阻止样品基材Ni的检测。所以应该

考虑到在测试前对样品表面进行打磨,尤其是对于没有进行打磨的样品测

出阴性结果(参考 6.2)的情况。可以使用金刚砂,金刚砂板或其它Ni释放

打磨材料进行打磨。

CAUTION This procedure is likely to damage the item.

这个过程可能会损坏样品。

NOTE - If a positive result is obtained in these circumstances, testing in accordance with EN 12472 is required to check compliance with EU Directive 94/27/EC.

这三种情况下如果得到阳性结果,需要依据EN 12472进行测试以确认其是否符

合EU Directive 94/27/EC。

5.3 Test methods

测试方法

5.3.1 The person carrying out the tests shall have a normal colour vision in

regard to being able to detect red and pink colours.

进行测试人员应具有正常的识别红色及粉红色的能力。

5.3.2 Check the reactivity of the test solutions, as necessary, by applying the

test to a known nickel-releasing surface, e.g. a cupro-nickel coin.

检查测试溶液的活性,如果需要,可通过测试已知Ni释放样品的表面进行

验证。如:铜镍合金片。

5.3.3 Either conduct the pre-test (5.3.4) and/or the laboratory test (5.3.5) or

the field test (5.3.6).

或进行预处理(5.3.4)或实验室测试(5.3.5)或现场测试(5.3.6)

a) If the pre-test is conducted and a positive result (red colouration) is

observed, further testing is unnecessary unless the presence of iron is suspected (see 5.3.8);

若预处理测试得到红色阳性结果,则不需要进一步的测试,除非可能存在铁离子。

b) If the pre-test is conducted and a negative result (absence of red

colouration) is observed, conduct the laboratory test (5.3.5) or the field test

(5.3.6).

若预处理测试得到无红色阴性结果,进行实验室测试(5.3.5)或现场测试(5.3.6) NOTE - The pre-test only gives a positive result in the presence of nickel salts or where nickel is available for release from an item without prior corrosion (see

clause 2).

预处理测试仅在存在镍盐或样品在没有预先侵蚀的情况下释放出镍时显示阳

性结果。

5.3.4 Pre-test for nickel release: moisten a cotton-wool-tipped stick (4.4) with

one or two drops of dimethylglyoxime solution (5.1.1) and one drop of ammonia solution (3.2). Check that there is no discolouration. Rub firmly the cotton wool tip for 15 s against the surface to be tested. View the stick against a white background. The appearance of a red colour, from light pink to strong cerise, indicates nickel release.

预处理镍测试:用带有1-2滴丁二酮肟(5.1.1)溶液及1滴氨水溶液(3.2)的棉棒,检查是否变色,轻轻擦拭样品测试表面15s。在白色背景下观察。观察红色的出现,从浅红至深樱桃色表明有镍释放。

5.3.5 Laboratory test: place the test item on a dish (4.1) and pre-heat it to

approximately 50°C. Using a Pasteur pipette, transfer one drop of artificial sweat (5.1.2) onto the surface to be tested. Dry the item in the laboratory oven (4.6) until its surface is completely dry. The temperature shall be 50°C ± 3°C. Drying time will be about 15 min. Perform the test for nickel release (5.3.7, 5.3.8 or 5.3.9, as appropriate).

实验室测试:将测试样品放置碟子上(4.1) 并热至50℃。用移液枪将1滴人工汗液(5.1.2) 滴至样品表面。在50±3℃的烘箱(4.6) 中干燥直至样品表面完干燥,干燥大约15min。进行镍释放测试(5.3.7, 5.3.8 or 5.3.9, 适当选择)。

5.3.6 Field test: place the test item on a dish (4.1) and using a Pasteur pipette

or a drop-dispensing bottle (4.3) put one drop of artificial sweat (5.1.2) on the surface to be tested. Dry the surface completely with the hair dryer

(4.7.1). If necessary, keep the item in place using any suitable means.

Place a thermometer (4.2) close to the test item. The temperature shall not exceed 50°C.

现场测试:样品放置碟子(4.1)上,用移液枪或滴瓶(4.3)将1滴人工汗液(5.1.2)滴至样品表面,用吹风机(4.7.1)将样品表面吹干,如果需要可用其他加热设备(4.2)将样品表面干燥,但温度不超过50℃

Alternatively, the test item can be dried by the heat from an electric light

bulb usi。ng the equipment described in 4.7.2. The light bulb is switched on and allowed to warm up. Raise or Iower the lamp holder to obtain a constant temperature of approximately 50°C just above the surface on the flat base directly beneath the lamp. Place the test item on a dish directly beneath the centre of the lamp. Pre-heat the item for about 10 min then put one drop of artificial sweat on the surface to be tested. Allow the surface to dry completely.

另外,可以用灯泡预热样品,如4.7.2所描述设备。打开灯泡以加热。将样品

置于灯泡正上方,通过上下距离调节温度在大约50°C,预热10min,然后将

1滴人工汗液滴至样品表面进行测试,表面完全干燥后进行测试

Perform the test for nickel release (5.3.7).

进行镍释放测试(5.3.7)。

5.3.7 Testing for nickel release: allow the item to cool for approximately 5 min.

Moisten a cotton-wool-tipped stick (4.4) with one or two drops of dimethylglyoxime solution (5.1.1) and one drop of ammonia solution (3.2).

Check that there is no discolouration. Place the tip of the cotton-wool-tipped stick onto the area to be tested and rub gently for 5 s.

View the stick against a white background. The appearance of a red colour, from light pink to strong cerise, indicates nickel release.

镍释放测试:冷却约5min,1至2滴丁二酮肟(5.1.1)及1滴氨水(3.2)润湿棉

棒(4.4)并检查是否变色,在样品表面用棉棒轻轻摩擦5s,在白色背景下观察

颜色的变化,若出现红色,从粉红色到深樱桃色表明有Ni释放。

Using test strips for the detection of nickel: Allow the item to cool and immediately put one drop of ammonia solution (3.2) on the dried salts.

Place the test strip (3.6) onto the treated area for 5 s. View the strip against

a white background. The appearance of a red colour, from light pink to

strong cerise, indicates nickel release.

用试纸测试:冷却后快速加1滴氨水(3.2)在已干的盐上,并将测试试纸(3.6)

在处理过的样品表面置5s,在白色背景下观察测试试纸颜色的变化,若出现

红色,从粉红色到深樱桃色表明有Ni释放。

Note - Due to the corrosion induced by the artificial sweat and formation of salts on the surface, shorter time and pressure is needed for the testing in 5.3.7 than when performing the pre-test (5.3.4).

由于人工汗液引起的侵蚀以及盐的形成,在5.3.7的测试中需要较短的时间以及压力

较预处理测试(5.3.4)。

5.3.8 Checking for interference by iron (laboratory test only):

铁离子干扰(仅对实验室测试):

when stainless steel or other iron-containing items are tested, ferrous ions can cause a red or reddish-brown colouration. This colouration can interfere with the detection of nickel. In order to eliminate the influence of iron, the test (5.3.7) should be modified in the following way. After allowing the test item to cool for approximately 5 min, moisten the tip of a cotton-wool-tipped stick (4.4) with one or two drops of dimethylglyoxime solution (5.1.1) and one drop of ammonia solution (3.2). Place a drop of hydrogen peroxide solution (3.8) onto the surface to be tested. This oxidises ferrous ions (Fe ) to ferric ions (Fe ). Rub the test area gently with the cotton wool tip for 5 s. View the stick against a white background.

The appearance of a reddish colour indicates nickel release. The appearance of other colours can mask a pale pink colour and hence conceal the presence of nickel.

当测试样品为不锈钢或其它含铁的样品时,二价铁离子能产生红色或暗红棕色

这种颜色能够引起镍检测的干扰。为了消除这种干扰,(5.3.7)可按如下方式

进行修改。样品冷却约5min,在棉棒上滴加1-2滴丁二酮肟(5.1.1)和1滴氨水

(3.2)。在样品测试表面滴加一滴过氧化氢(3.8)。这可以将二价铁离子氧化

为三价铁离子。用棉棒在样品表面轻擦5s。在白色背景下观察棉棒,若有

淡红色出现表明有镍释放。其它颜色的出现能够掩饰暗红色的出现,以致掩饰了镍的存在。

WARNING 100 volume hydrogen peroxide solution is corrosive and can cause burns. In contact with combustible material it can cause fire. If test

strips are used, oxidation may be achieved by leaving the strip in the

air for 15 min, rather than by the addition of hydrogen peroxide

solution to the surface to be tested.

100体积的H2O2溶液具有腐蚀性并且容易引起燃烧。若接触易燃物质

可能会引起火灾。如果使用测试试纸,可以将试纸置于空气中15min

完成氧化,而不是在测试样品表面加H2O2。

NOTE - Some test strips contain masking agents for iron. For more information read the manufacturers' instructions.

某些测试试纸包含铁离子掩盖剂。更多的信息,阅读生产商说明。

5.3.9 Confirmation of nickel release:

镍释放的确认

if desired, the release of nickel from an item may be confirmed after

repeating the sample preparation (5.2) and the laboratory test (5.3.5). It

shall not be performed directly after 5.3.7, testing for nickel release.

如果需要,样品中的镍释放可按下进行确认。重新按前述方法制样,并进行

实验室测试(Laboratory test),不可在进行Ni释放测试5.3.7后直接重

新测试Ni释放

Allow the object to cool for approximately 5 min. Place the tip of a

cotton-wool-tipped stick moistened with one drop of acetate buffer (5.1.4)

and one or two drops of dithiooxamide solution (5.1.3) onto the surface to

be tested and rub gently for 5 s. View the stick against a white

background. The appearance of a black-violet colour indicates nickel

release.

冷却约5min,在棉棒上滴加1滴醋酸盐缓冲溶液(5.1.4)及1-2滴二硫代草酰胺

溶液(5.1.3),在样品表面用棉棒轻轻磨擦5s,在白色背景下观察颜色的变化,

若出现紫黑色,则表明有Ni释放。

NOTE - This test is not intended as a substitute for testing with dimethylglyoxime (see

5.3.7), and it is recommended primarily for the confirmation of nickel release.

However, because of its ability to discriminate between nickel and iron release, it

may be performed in addition to 5.3.7 and/or 5.3.8 when testing items that contain

iron, e.g. stainless steels, and used to assist in the interpretation of results.

这个测试不是丁二酮肟的替代测试(参考5.3.7),它主要是用来作为镍释

放的确认。然而,由于其能分辨出镍释放和铁释放,所以在测试如不锈钢等

含铁样品时,可以附加于实验室测试5.3.7及/或5.3.8之后来帮助解释结果。

6 Interpretation of results 结果解释

6.1 Positive result 阳性结果

Formation of a red colour, from light pink to strong cerise, with

dimethylglyoxime indicates that the nickel release from a tested surface is

likely to be greater than 0,5 μg/cm /week, and a positive result should be

reported.

在丁二酮肟显色剂作用下形成的红色,从浅红到深樱桃红,表明样品表面的镍

释放可能超过0.5 μg/cm /week。可以报出阳性结果。

Formation of a black-violet colour with dithiooxamide confirms a positive

result obtained with dimethylglyoxime.

在二硫代草酰胺的作用下形成的黑紫罗兰色的出现确认了丁二酮肟得出的阳

性结果。

6.2 Negative result 阴性结果

No colour change in both or either of these tests, indicates an absence of

nickel release, and a negative result should be reported. However, such a

result should be interpreted cautiously since these tests are of short duration

and the test conditions are not comparable with those in EN 1811. The

apparent absence of nickel release should be confirmed by EN 1811 or EN

12472 (followed by EN 1811), as appropriate.

所有测试或其中之一,表明没有镍释放,可以报出阴性结果。然而,这样的结

果应谨慎报出,因为这些测试时间较短而且测试环境与EN 1811并不相符。适

当情况下,明确的没有镍释放的结果应该通过EN 1811 或EN 12472及EN

1811确认。

6.3 Uncertain result 不确定结果

Apart from nickel, colouration in these tests can occur from metals such as

cobalt, copper and palladium and mask any red colouration from nickel.

Where colours other than red are obtained, the result should be reported as

uncertain. In such cases, it is advisable to apply the appropriate reference

method, EN 1811 or EN 12472 (followed by EN 1811).

除了镍离子,这些测试中金属中的Co,Cu以及Pd也能够产生颜色,这些颜色

能够掩盖镍的显色。当有非红色颜色出现时,结果应报出不确定结果。在这种

情况下,选择合适的参考方法EN 1811 或EN 12472 及EN 1811是比较明智

的。

7 Test report 测试报告

The test report shall include at least:

测试报告至少包含以下信息:

a) Identification of the sample including source, date of receipt, form of sample;

样品特定信息包括来源,接受日期,样品形态。

b) A reference to this document and to the test(s) performed;

测试样品测试参考文献

c) Nickel release described in accordance with clause 6 (i.e. positive, negative or

uncertain), specifying which part(s) of the item has(have) been tested;

一句条款6描述的镍释放(如阳性,阴性或不确定),指明测试样品哪部分已经测试

d) Details of any deviations from the test procedures;

任何偏离测试程序的细节

e) Any unusual features observed during the testing;

测试过程中任何不正常的特征

f) Date of test;

测试日期

g) Signature of the operator.

操作日期

英汉互译在线翻译怎样实现

现在英语的重要性相信大家都是有所了解的,特别是外贸工作者对英语的重要性更是深有体会的。同时在学业学习的过程中我们也是会经常遇到一些英汉互译的问题的额,那么我们应该怎样在线实现英汉互译的问题呢?下面就一起来看一下吧。 步骤一:要在线实现英汉互译的问题,我们就需要通过浏览器搜索在线翻译,进入下面这个页面来帮助我们进行实现。 步骤二:通过浏览器进入在线翻译页面后,有两个选项一个是短句翻译的选项,中文150字以内,英文150词以内都支持进行翻译,适合零散短句,日常用语,商贸交流,邮件往来,地址信息等短文本的翻译。

步骤三:还有一个选项是文档翻译的选项,一次只支持翻译一个文档,所支持翻译的文档格式有一下几种:PDF、WORD文档中的图片、扫描件、图纸。但是背景模糊的纯图片无法进行翻译。 步骤四:了解完上面的两个选项后,我们就可以根据需要选择一个选项进入了,下面小编就选择短句翻译的选项,来为大家进行讲解。

步骤五:转入短句翻译的选项后,会出现两个文本框,我们需要在左边的文本框中输入需要进行翻译的语句。 步骤六:语句输入好后,在文本框的上方可以对一些翻译的选项设置,这样可以帮助我们更快的实现翻译。

步骤七:翻译选项设置好后,就可以通过选择开始翻译按钮,对短语进行翻译了。 步骤八:耐心等待短语翻译结束后,翻译结果会在右边的文本框中呈现,我们可以通过文本框上方的复制按钮对翻译后的结果进行复制粘贴,也可以直接通过鼠标选中进行复制粘贴。

英汉互译的实现方法,上面已经为大家分享过了,实现过程简单快速,生活中再遇到关于翻译的问题,就可以用这个方法来进行实现了。

(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案

Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能,对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学;研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用,并牵动骨胳肌,引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一,有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙,里面充填着骨髓,这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动,是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动,如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动,如肘关节;或是绕轴心旋转运动,如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里,大辐度的运动(如肩关节、髋关节)即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来,也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成,然后不断生长、

常见中英文菜单翻译

汤soup 羹soup 高汤thin soup; light soup; clear soup; consommé 清汤thin soup; light soup; clear soup; consommé 浓汤thick soup; pottage/potage 老汤soup stock 肉汤broth 骨头汤bone broth 肉片汤soup with meat slices 黄瓜肉片汤soup with meat and cucumber slices 肉片鱼羹sliced meat with fish paste in broth 丸子汤soup with meat balls; pork balls soup 氽丸子soup with meat balls; pork balls soup 肉圆粉丝汤pork balls soup with bean noodles 白肺汤pork lung soup 牛肉汤beef soup 羊肉汤mutton soup 鸡汤chicken soup; soup with chicken 鸡块汤soup with chicken slices; soup with sliced chicken; sliced chicken soup 鸡丝汤soup with shredded chicken; shredded chicken soup 草菇鸡片汤sliced chicken with mushrooms in soup 鸡茸玉米汤corn soup with minced chicken

鸡茸芦笋汤asparagus soup with mashed chicken 鸡茸黄鱼羹yellow croaker potage with minced chicken 鸡杂汤chicken giblets soup 鸡什汤chicken giblets soup 蔬菜鸡什汤chicken giblets soup with vegetables 鸭汤duck soup 火鸭芥菜汤sliced roasted duck with leaf mustered in soup 芥菜鸭汤duck soup with pickled mustard leaves 鸭掌汤duck web soup 竹笋鸭掌汤du ck’s feet with bamboo shoots in soup 鸭肝汤duck liver soup 冬菇鸭杂汤duck giblets soup with black mushrooms 鸭骨菜汤duck bone soup with vegetables 汤泡肫球gizzard balls in soup 三鲜汤soup with fish, shrimps and pork balls 红鱼汤fish soup with tomato 黄鱼羹yellow croaker chowder 鲫鱼汤soup with gold carp; gold carp soup 鱼翅汤soup with shark’s fins 鲍鱼汤soup with abalone; abalone soup 鲍鱼鸡片汤 abalone soup with sliced chicken 鲍鱼芦笋汤 abalone soup with asparagus 干贝汤dried scallop soup; soup with dried scallops 燕窝汤bird‘s nest soup 燕窝羹bird‘s nest soup 蛇羹snake soup; soup with snake 酸辣汤sour and pepper hot soup 豆腐汤bean-cud soup 蔬菜汤vegetables soup 榨菜汤hot pickled tuber mustard soup 榨菜肉丝汤hot pickled tuber mustard soup with shredded pork 榨菜粉丝汤hot pickled tuber mustard soup with bean noodles 什锦瓜丁汤 assorted meat soup with diced white gourd 鸡蛋羹steamed egg custard 鸡蛋汤eggdrop soup; egg soup 木须汤eggdrop soup; egg soup 蛋花汤eggdrop soup; egg soup 蕃茄鸡蛋汤egg soup with tomatoes 锅巴口蘑汤 mushroom soup with fried rice crust

《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译

Lesson 1 力学的基本概念 1、词汇: statics [st?tiks] 静力学;dynamics动力学;constraint约束;magnetic [m?ɡ'netik]有磁性的;external [eks't?:nl] 外面的, 外部的;meshing啮合;follower从动件;magnitude ['m?ɡnitju:d] 大小;intensity强度,应力;non-coincident [k?u'insid?nt]不重合;parallel ['p?r?lel]平行;intuitive 直观的;substance物质;proportional [pr?'p?:??n?l]比例的;resist抵抗,对抗;celestial [si'lestj?l]天空的;product乘积;particle质点;elastic [i'l?stik]弹性;deformed变形的;strain拉力;uniform全都相同的;velocity[vi'l?siti]速度;scalar['skeil?]标量;vector['vekt?]矢量;displacement代替;momentum [m?u'ment?m]动量; 2、词组 make up of由……组成;if not要不,不然;even through即使,纵然; Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果 1、词汇: machine 机器;mechanism机构;movable活动的;given 规定的,给定的,已知的;perform执行;application 施用;produce引起,导致;stress压力;applied施加的;individual单独的;muscular ['m?skjul?]]力臂;gravity[ɡr?vti]重力;stretch伸展,拉紧,延伸;tensile[tensail]拉力;tension张力,拉力;squeeze挤;compressive 有压力的,压缩的;torsional扭转的;torque转矩;twist扭,转动;molecule [m likju:l]分子的;slide滑动; 滑行;slip滑,溜;one another 互相;shear剪切;independently独立地,自立地;beam梁;compress压;revolve (使)旋转;exert [iɡ'z?:t]用力,尽力,运用,发挥,施加;principle原则, 原理,准则,规范;spin使…旋转;screw螺丝钉;thread螺纹; 2、词组 a number of 许多;deal with 涉及,处理;result from由什么引起;prevent from阻止,防止;tends to 朝某个方向;in combination结合;fly apart飞散; 3、译文: 任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。这些零件从规定的运动转变到期望的运动。另一方面,这些机器完成工作。当由施力引起的运动时,机器就开始工作了。所以,力和机器的研究涉及在一个物体上的力和力的作用效果。 力是推力或者拉力。力的作用效果要么是改变物体的形状或者运动,要么阻止其他的力发生改变。每一种

英汉互译在线翻译句子

如果只是遇见,不能停留,不如不遇见。 if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered. 2 。宁愿笑着流泪,也不哭着说后悔。心碎了,还需再补吗? i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry, when my heart is broken, is it needed to fix? 3 。没有谁对不起谁,只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 no one indebted for others, while many people dont know how to cherish others. 4 。命里有时钟需有命里无时莫强求you will have it if it belongs to you, whereas you dont kvetch for it if it doesnt appear in your life. 5 。当香烟爱上火柴时,就注定受到伤害when a cigarette falls in love with a match, it is destined to be hurt. 6。爱情??在指缝间承诺指缝…。在爱情下交缠。love ,promised between the fingers finger rift, twisted in the love 7。没有人值得你流泪,值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。 no man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won?t make you cry. 8 。记住该记住的,忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的,接受不能改变的。 remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. alter what is changeable, and accept what is unchangeable. love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 爱情就像 一只蝴蝶,它喜欢飞到哪里,就把欢乐带到哪里。 if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花,那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again. 有了你,我迷失了自我。失去你,我多么希望自己再度迷失。每一个沐浴在 爱河中的人都是诗人。 look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛,你会发现你对 我而言意味着什么。distance makes the hearts grow fonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更 近。 i need him like i need the air to breathe. 我需要他,正如我需要呼吸空气。 if equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱,那就让 我爱多一些吧。 love is a vine that grows into our hearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。

《自动化专业英语》中英文翻译-中文部分

第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及

中英文化差异与翻译策略

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语音信号处理中英文翻译

附录:中英文翻译 15SpeechSignalProcessing 15.3AnalysisandSynthesisJ esse W. Fussell A fte r an acousti c spee ch s i gnal i s conve rte d to an ele ctri cal si gnal by a mi crophone, i t m ay be desi rable toanalyzetheelectricalsignaltoestimatesometime-varyingparameterswhichprovideinformationaboutamodel of the speech producti on me chanism. S peech a na ly sis i s the process of e stim ati ng such paramete rs. Simil arl y , g ive n some parametri c model of spee ch production and a se que nce of param eters for that m ode l,speechsynthesis istheprocessofcreatinganelectricalsignalwhichapproximatesspeech.Whileanalysisandsynthesistechniques maybedoneeitheronthecontinuoussignaloronasampledversionofthesignal,mostmode rn anal y sis and sy nthesis methods are base d on di gital si gnal processing. Atypicalspeechproductionmodelisshownin Fig.15.6.Inthismodeltheoutputoftheexcitationfunctionisscaledbythegainparam eterandthenfilteredtoproducespeech.Allofthesefunctionsaretime-varying. F IGUR E 15 .6 A ge ne ra l spee ch productionmodel.

测绘专业英语原文和部分翻译(1-39)

Table of Contents Uuit 1 What is Geomatics? (什么是测绘学) (2) Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying(大地测量与平面测量) (6) Unit 3 Distance Measurement(距离测量) (10) Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement(角度和方向测量) (14) Unit 5 Traversing (导线测量) (17) Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination(高程测量方法) (21) Unit 7 Robotic Total Station (智能型全站仪) (25) Unit 8 Errors in Measurement(测量工作中的误差) (29) Unit 9 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors (32) Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision (准确度和精度) (35) Unit 11 Least-Squares Adjustment (38) Unit 12 Geodesy Concepts (40) Unit 13 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoid (42) Unit 14 Datums, Coordinates and Conversions (44) Unit 15 Map Projection (46) Unit 16 Gravity Measurment (48) Unit 17 Optimal Design of Geomatics Network (50) Unit 18 Construction Layout (施工放样) (53) Unit 19 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Struvture (56) Unit 20 Understan ding the GPS(认识GPS) (59) Uuit 21 Understanding the GPS (II) 认识GPS(II) (62) Unit 22 Competition in Space Orbit(太空轨道上的竞争) (64) Unit 23 GIS Basics(GIS 的基础) (69) Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS GIS中的数据类型和模型 (75) Unit 25 Digital Terrain Modeling(数字地面模型) (79) Unit 26 Applications of GIS (83) Unit 27 Developments of photogrammetry (87) Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing (遥感的基础) (90) Unit 29 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS (94) Unit 30 Airborne Laser Mapping Technology(机载激光测图技术) (99) Unit 31 Interferometric SAR(InSAR) (102) Unit 32 Brief Introduction toApplied Geophysics (104) Unit 33 Origon of Induced Polarization (105) Unit 34 International Geoscience Organization (108) Unit 35 Prestigious Journals in Geomatics (110) Unit 36 Relevant Surveying Instrument Companies (115) Unit 37 Expression of Simple Equations and Scientific Formulsa (116) Unit 38 Professional English Paper Writing (119) Unit 39 Translation Techniques for EST (127)

计算机专业英语课文翻译部分(第四版)

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英汉互译在线翻译句 子

美句集锦 如果只是遇见,不能停留,不如不遇见。 if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered. 2。宁愿笑着流泪,也不哭着说后悔。心碎了,还需再补吗? i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry, when my heart is broken, is it needed to fix? 3。没有谁对不起谁,只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 no one indebted for others, while many people dont know how to cherish others. 4。命里有时钟需有命里无时莫强求 you will have it if it belongs to you, whereas you dont kvetch for it if it doesnt appear in your life. 5。当香烟爱上火柴时,就注定受到伤害 when a cigarette falls in love with a match, it is destined to be hurt. 6。爱情…在指缝间承诺指缝…。在爱情下交缠。 love ,promised between the fingers finger rift, twisted in the love 7。没有人值得你流泪,值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。 no man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won?t make you cry. 8。记住该记住的,忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的,接受不能改变的。 remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. alter what is changeable, and accept what is unchangeable. love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 爱情就像一只蝴蝶,它喜欢飞到哪里,就把欢乐带到哪里。 if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花,那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again. 有了你,我迷失了自我。失去你,我多么希望自己再度迷失。 每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人。 look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛,你会发现你对我而言意味着什么。 distance makes the hearts grow fonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更近。 i need him like i need the air to breathe. 我需要他,正如我需要呼吸空气。 if equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱,那就让我爱多一些吧。 love is a vine that grows into our hearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。 if i know what love is, it is because of you.

力学专业英语部分翻译 孟庆元

1、应力和应变 应力和应变的概念可以通过考虑一个棱柱形杆的拉伸这样一个简单的方式来说明。一个棱柱形的杆是一个遍及它的长度方向和直轴都是恒定的横截面。在这个实例中,假设在杆的两端施加有轴向力F,并且在杆上产生了均匀的伸长或者拉紧。 通过在杆上人工分割出一个垂直于其轴的截面mm,我们可以分离出杆的部分作为自由体【如图1(b)】。在左端施加有拉力P,在另一个端有一个代表杆上被移除部分作用在仍然保存的那部分的力。这些力是连续分布在横截面的,类似于静水压力在被淹没表面的连续分布。 力的集度,也就是单位面积上的力,叫做应力,通常是用希腊字母,来表示。假设应力在横截面上是均匀分布的【如图1(b)】,我们可以很容易的看出它的合力等于集度,乘以杆的横截面积A。而且,从图1所示的物体的平衡,我们可以看出它的合力与力P必须的大小相等,方向相反。因此,我们可以得出 等式(1)可以作为棱柱形杆上均匀应力的方程。这个等式表明应力的单位是,力除以面积。当杆被力P拉伸时,如图所示,产生的应力是拉应力,如果力在方向是相反,使杆被压缩,它们就叫做压应力。 使等式(1)成立的一个必要条件是,应力,必须是均匀分布在杆的横截面上。如果轴向力P作用在横截面的形心处,那么这个条件就实现了。当力P没有通过形心时,杆会发生弯曲,这就需要更复杂的分析。目前,我们假设所有的轴向力都是作用在横截面的形心处,除非有相反情况特别说明。同样,除非另有说明,一般也假设物体的质量是忽略的,如我们讨论图1的杆

一样。 轴向力使杆产生的全部伸长量,用希腊字母δ表示【如图1(a)】,单位长度的伸长量,或者应变,可以用等式来决定。 L是杆的总长。注意应变ε是一个无量纲的量。只要应变是在杆的长度方向均匀的,应变就可以从等式(2)中准确获得。如果杆处于拉伸状态,应变就是拉应变,代表材料的伸长或者延长如果杆处于受压状态,那么应变就是压应变,这也就意味着杆上临近的横截面是互相靠近的。 当材料的应力和应变显示的是线性关系时,也就是线弹性。这对多数固体材料来说是极其重要的性质,包括多数金属,塑料,木材,混凝土和陶瓷。处于拉伸状态下,杆的应力和应变间的线性关系可以用简单的等式来表示。E是比例常数,叫做材料的弹性模量。 注意E和应力有同样的单位。在英国科学家托马斯·杨(1773 ~ 1829)研究杆的弹性行为之后,弹性模量有时也叫做杨氏模量。对大多数材料来说,压缩状态下的弹性模量与处于拉伸时的弹性模量的一样的。 2、拉伸应力应变行为 一个特殊材料中应力和应变的关系是通过拉伸测试来决定的。材料的试样通常是圆棒的形式,被安置在测试机上,承受拉力。当载荷增加时,测量棒上的力和棒的伸长量。力除以横截面积可以得出棒的应力,伸长量除以伸长发生方向的长度可以得出应变。通过这种方式,材料的完整应力应变图就可以得到。 图1所示的是结构钢的应力应变图的典型形状,轴向应变显示在水平轴,对应的应力以纵坐标表示为曲线OABCDE。从O点到A点,应力和应变之间是

测回法中英文翻译大全

先将经纬仪安置好,进行对中,整平,并在 A , B 两点树立标杆或测钎作为照准标志, 然后即可进行测角一测回的操作程序如下. : ( 1) 盘左位置,照准左边目标 A ,对水平度盘置数,略大于 °,将读数 to 左记入 手簿; ( 2) 顺时针方向旋转照准部,照准右边目标 B ,读取水平度盘读数 b

由此算得上半测回的角值: β 左= b 左 - to 左 ( 3) 盘右位置,先照准右边目标 B ,读取水平度盘读数 b 右,记入手簿; ( 4) 逆时针方向转动照准部,照准左边目标A ,读取水平度盘读数 to

由此算得下半测回的角值: β 右= b 右 - to 右. 对于 DJ6 经纬仪,上,下两个半测回所测的水平角之差不应超过±36 " . 如需要观测多个测回,则各测回起始方向的置数应按180 ° / n 递增.但应注意,不 论观测多少个测回,第一测回的置数均应当为

°.各测回观测角值互差不应超过± 24 " .Theodolite placed first good conduct alignment, leveling and A , B Establish a benchmark measure two or brazing as sighting marks, You can then carry out a test back angle measurement procedure is as follows : ( 1 ) Face position , sighting the left goal A , Set the number on the horizontal circle , slightly larger than the °, the reading to Left credited Hand-book ; ( 2 ) Alidade clockwise , the right of the target sighting

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