普通语言学试题1

一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)
1.The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ___.( )
A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites
C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms
2.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .( )
A. Jacob Grimm B. Rasmus Rask
C. Franz Bopp D. Sir William Jones
3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( )
A. unusual B. something to be feared
C. abnormal D. natural
4.__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense, often as unintelligible.( )
A. Broca's aphasic B. The linguistic deprivation
C. The damage on the angular gyrus D. Wernicke's aphasic
5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows: .( )
A. They cannot pronounce/n/
B. Interlangue interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue
C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method
D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds
6.A word with several meanings is called __word.( )
A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a multiple
7.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?” is __.( )
A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative
8.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary.( )
A. usage B. grammar C. pronunciation D. structure
9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.( )
A. Linguistic geography B. Lexicology
C. Lexicography D. Sociolinguistics
10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.( )
A. +animate, +male, +human, -adult
B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult
C. +animate, -male, +human, -adult
D. +animate, -male, +human, +adult
II、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。)
11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f before they can do anything else.
12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules.
13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f___________ morpheme.
14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".
15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s .
16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C principle proposed by J. Grice.
17. In ad

dition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations.
18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.
19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "s speech," and speech as "overt thought." In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.
20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.
三、判断说明题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。)判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。
( )21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.
( )22.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.
( )23.A compound is the combination of only two words.
( )24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”,and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category.
( )25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.
( )26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.
( )27.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.
( )https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a81362566.html,nguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.
( )29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.
( )30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.
四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。)
31.cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)
32.phonic medium of language
33.voicing
34.inflectional morphemes
35.reference
36.locutionary act
37.protolanguage
38.ethnic dialect
39.registers
40.acculturation
五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。)
41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.
42. Describe the process of l

anguage perception, comprehension and production.
普通语言学试题（一）答案
一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)
1.B 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.B
6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.B
一、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分)
11、facts 12、sequential 13、free 14、coordinate 15、semantics
16、Cooperative 17、transmission 18、social 19、subvocal 20、Interlanguage
二、判断改错题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)
21.F The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention.
22.T
23.F Some compounds contain more than two words.
24.T
25.F It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and " evening star." They refer to the same star but differ in sense.
26.T
27.F The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.
28.T
29.T
30.F Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in later stages acquire the " more difficult" sounds.
四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分)
31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.
32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, i.e.the speech sounds.
33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.
34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories,such as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English.
35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ,if we say, "The dog is barking," we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word "dog" refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word "dog".
36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For example, by saying "You have left the door wide open",the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.
37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanin

gs across related languages.
38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language,often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.
39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations,in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.
40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community.
五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分)
41.In addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.
For example, the phrase " the old men and women" may have two interpretations, i.e.the adjective "old”may modify the noun "men", or the following two nouns "men and women".Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference, so it is ambiguous.Whereas,the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So,we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis.
NP NP
NP NP NP NP
The old men and the women the old men and the old women
42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis,language use in terms of perception,comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers.
When we speak,words are drawn from Wernicke's area and transferred to Broca's area, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words.
When we hear something and try to comprehend it,t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke's area,where it is then interpreted.
When we perceive a visual image,a message is sent to the angular gyrus,where it is converted into a visual pattern.