英国1972欧洲共同体法案

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European Communities Act 1972

1972 CHAPTER 68

An Act to make provision in connection with the enlargement of the European Communities to include the United Kingdom, together with (for certain purposes) the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man and Gibraltar.[17th October 1972]

Annotations:

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C1Act: transfer of certain functions (1.7.1999) by S.I. 1999/672, arts. 1(2), 2, Sch. 1; S.I. 1998/3178, art.

2(1)

P ART I

G ENERAL P ROVISIONS

1Short title and interpretation.

(1)This Act may be cited as the European Communities Act 1972.

(2)In this Act . . . F1—

“the Communities” means the European Economic Community, the

European Coal and Steel Community and the European Atomic Energy

Community;

“the Treaties” or [F2the EU Treaties] means, subject to subsection (3) below,

the pre-accession treaties, that is to say, those described in Part I of Schedule 1

to this Act, taken with—

(a)the treaty relating to the accession of the United Kingdom to the European

Economic Community and to the European Atomic Energy Community,

signed at Brussels on the 22nd January 1972; and

(b)the decision, of the same date, of the Council of the European Communities

relating to the accession of the United Kingdom to the European Coal and

Steel Community; [F3and

2European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68)

Part I – General Provisions

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(c)the treaty relating to the accession of the Hellenic Republic to the European

Economic Community and to the European Atomic Energy Community,

signed at Athens on 28th May 1979; and

(d)the decision, of 24th May 1979, of the Council relating to the accession of the

Hellenic Republic to the European Coal and Steel Community;][F4and [F5(e)the decisions of the Council of 7th May 1985, 24th June 1988, 31st October 1994, 29th September 2000 and 7th June 2007 on the Communities' system

of own resources;]][F6 and

(g)the treaty relating to the accession of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese

Republic to the European Economic Community and to the European Atomic

Energy Community, signed at Lisbon and Madrid on 12th June 1985; and

(h)the decision, of 11th June 1985, of the Council relating to the accession of

the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic to the European Coal and

Steel Community;][F7and

(j)the following provisions of the Single European Act signed at Luxembourg and The Hague on 17th and 28th February 1986, namely Title II (amendment

of the treaties establishing the Communities) and, so far as they relate to any

of the Communities or any Community institution, the preamble and Titles I

(common provisions) and IV (general and final provisions);][F8and (k)Titles II, III and IV of the Treaty on European Union signed at Maastricht on 7th February 1992, together with the other provisions of the Treaty so far

as they relate to those Titles, and the Protocols adopted at Maastricht on that

date and annexed to the Treaty establishing the European Community with

the exception of the Protocol on Social Policy on page 117 of Cm 1934][F9and (l)the decision, of 1st February 1993, of the Council amending the Act concerning the election of the representatives of the European Parliament by

direct universal suffrage annexed to Council Decision 76/787/EC SC, EEC,

Euratom of 20th September 1976.][F10and

(m)the Agreement on the European Economic Area signed at Oporto on 2nd May 1992 together with the Protocol adjusting that Agreement signed at Brussels

on 17th March 1993][F11and

(n)the treaty concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Norway, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the

European Union, signed at Corfu on 24th June 1994;][F12and

(o)the following provisions of the Treaty signed at Amsterdam on 2nd October 1997 amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the

European Communities and certain related Acts—

(i)Articles 2 to 9,

(ii)Article 12, and

(iii)the other provisions of the Treaty so far as they relate to those Articles, and the Protocols adopted on that occasion other than the Protocol on Article

J.7 of the Treaty on European Union;][F13and

(p)the following provisions of the Treaty signed at Nice on 26th February 2001 amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the

European Communities and certain related Acts—

(i)Articles 2 to 10, and

(ii)the other provisions of the Treaty so far as they relate to those Articles, and the Protocols adopted on that occasion;][F14and

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(q)the treaty concerning the accession of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of

Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of

Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic to the European

Union, signed at Athens on 16th April 2003;][F15 and

(r)the treaty concerning the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union, signed at Luxembourg on 25th April 2005;][F16 and (s)the Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community signed at Lisbon on 13th December

2007 (together with its Annex and protocols), excluding any provision that

relates to, or in so far as it relates to or could be applied in relation to, the

Common Foreign and Security Policy;]

and [F17any other treaty entered into by the EU (except in so far as it relates to, or could be applied in relation to, the Common Foreign and Security Policy)] , with or without any of the member States, or entered into, as a treaty ancillary to any of the Treaties, by the United Kingdom;

and any expression defined in Schedule 1 to this Act has the meaning there given to it.

(3)If Her Majesty by Order in Council declares that a treaty specified in the Order is to be

regarded as one of [F18the EU Treaties] as herein defined, the Order shall be conclusive that it is to be so regarded; but a treaty entered into by the United Kingdom after the 22nd January 1972, other than a pre-accession treaty to which the United Kingdom accedes on terms settled on or before that date, shall not be so regarded unless it is so specified, nor be so specified unless a draft of the Order in Council has been approved by resolution of each House of Parliament.

(4)For purposes of subsections (2) and (3) above, “treaty” includes any international

agreement, and any protocol or annex to a treaty or international agreement. Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F1Words repealed by Interpretation Act 1978 (c. 30, SIF 115:1), s. 25, Sch. 3

F2Words in s. 1(2) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), s. 3, Sch.

Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F3S. 1(2)(c)(d) inserted by European Communities (Greek Accession) Act 1979 (c. 57, SIF 29:5), s. 1

F4S. 1(2)(e) and the word “and”immediately preceding it substituted (4.12.2001) by 2001 c. 22, s. 1 (the replaced para. (e) having itself previously been substituted for paras. (e) and (f))

F5S. 1(2)(e) substituted (19.2.2008) by European Communities (Finance) Act 2008 (c. 1), s. 1

F6S. 1(2)(g)(h) inserted by European Communities (Spanish and Portuguese Accession) Act 1985 (c. 75, SIF 29:5), s. 1

F7Words inserted by European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986 (c. 58, SIF 29:5), s. 1

F8S. 1(2)(k) and the word “and”immediately preceding it inserted (23.7.1992) by 1993, c. 32, s. 1(1)(7);

resolution of House of Lords dated 27.7.1993; resolution of House of Commons dated 23.7.1993

F9S. 1(2)(l) and the word “and”immediately preceding it inserted (5.11.1993) by 1993 c. 41, s. 3(2)

F10S. 1(2)(m) and the word “and”immediately preceding it added (5.11.1993) by 1993 c. 51, s. 1

F11S. 1(2)(n) and the preceding “and”inserted (3.11.1994) by 1994 c. 38, s. 1

F12S. 1(2)(o) and the preceding “and”inserted (11.6.1998) by 1998 c. 21, s. 1

F13S. 1(2)(p) and word “and”immediately preceding inserted (26.2.2002) by 2002 c. 3, s. 1(1)

F14S. 1(2)(q) and preceding word inserted (13.11.2003) by European Union (Accessions) Act 2003

(c. 35), s. 1(1)

F15S. 1(2)(r) inserted (16.2.2006) by European Union (Accessions) Act 2006 (c. 2), s. 1(1)

4European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68)

Part I – General Provisions

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F16S. 1(2)(s) and preceding word added (19.6.2008) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), s.

2

F17Words in s. 1(2) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), s. 3, Sch.

Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F18Words in s. 1(3) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), s. 3, Sch.

Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C2S. 1(2): Power to amend definitions conferred by (26.2.2002) by 2002 c. 3, s. 1(1)(2)

C3S. 1(2)(l) and the word “and”preceding it continue to be inserted (24.10.2002) by 2002 c. 24, s. 15, Sch. 3 para. 1

2General implementation of Treaties.

(1)All such rights, powers, liabilities, obligations and restrictions from time to time

created or arising by or under the Treaties, and all such remedies and procedures from

time to time provided for by or under the Treaties, as in accordance with the Treaties

are without further enactment to be given legal effect or used in the United Kingdom

shall be recognised and available in law, and be enforced, allowed and followed

accordingly; and the expression [F19 “enforceable EU right”] and similar expressions

shall be read as referring to one to which this subsection applies.

(2)Subject to Schedule 2 to this Act, at any time after its passing Her Majesty may by

Order in Council, and any designated Minister or department may [F20by order, rules,

regulations or scheme] , make provision—

(a)for the purpose of implementing any [F21EU obligation]of the United

Kingdom, or enabling any such obligation to be implemented, or of enabling

any rights enjoyed or to be enjoyed by the United Kingdom under or by virtue

of the Treaties to be exercised; or

(b)for the purpose of dealing with matters arising out of or related to any such

obligation or rights or the coming into force, or the operation from time to

time, of subsection (1) above;

and in the exercise of any statutory power or duty, including any power to give

directions or to legislate by means of orders, rules, regulations or other subordinate

instrument, the person entrusted with the power or duty may have regard to the

[F22objects of the EU] and to any such obligation or rights as aforesaid.

In this subsection “designated Minister or department” means such Minister of the

Crown or government department as may from time to time be designated by Order

in Council in relation to any matter or for any purpose, but subject to such restrictions

or conditions (if any) as may be specified by the Order in Council.

(3)There shall be charged on and issued out of the Consolidated Fund or, if so determined

by the Treasury, the National Loans Fund the amounts required to meet any [F23EU

obligation]to make payments to [F24the EU or a member State], or any [F23EU

obligation]in respect of contributions to the capital or reserves of the European

Investment Bank or in respect of loans to the Bank, or to redeem any notes or

obligations issued or created in respect of any such [F23EU obligation] and, except as

otherwise provided by or under any enactment,—

(a)any other expenses incurred under or by virtue of the Treaties or this Act

by any Minister of the Crown or government department may be paid out of

moneys provided by Parliament; and

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(b)any sums received under or by virtue of the Treaties or this Act by any

Minister of the Crown or government department, save for such sums as may

be required for disbursements permitted by any other enactment, shall be paid

into the Consolidated Fund or, if so determined by the Treasury, the National

Loans Fund.

(4)The provision that may be made under subsection (2) above includes, subject to

Schedule 2 to this Act, any such provision (of any such extent) as might be made by Act of Parliament, and any enactment passed or to be passed, other than one contained in this part of this Act, shall be construed and have effect subject to the foregoing provisions of this section; but, except as may be provided by any Act passed after this Act, Schedule 2 shall have effect in connection with the powers conferred by this and the following sections of this Act to make Orders in Council [F25or orders, rules, regulations or schemes] .

(5). . . F26 and the references in that subsection to a Minister of the Crown or government

department and to a statutory power or duty shall include a Minister or department of the Government of Northern Ireland and a power or duty arising under or by virtue of an Act of the Parliament of Northern Ireland.

(6)A law passed by the legislature of any of the Channel Islands or of the Isle of Man, or

a colonial Law (within the meaning of the M1Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865) passed

or made for Gibraltar, if expressed to be passed or made in the implementation of the Treaties and of the obligations of the United Kingdom thereunder, shall not be void or inoperative by reason of any inconsistency with or repugnancy to an Act of Parliament, passed or to be passed, that extends to the Island or Gibraltar or any provision having the force and effect of an Act there (but not including this section), nor by reason of its having some operation outside the Island or Gibraltar; and any such Act or provision that extends to the Island or Gibraltar shall be construed and have effect subject to the provisions of any such law.

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F19Words in s. 2(1) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F20Words in s. 2(2) substituted (8.1.2007) by Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006 (c. 51), ss.

27(1)(a), 33

F21Words in s. 2(2)(a) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F22Words in s. 2(2) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F23Words in s. 2(3) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F24Words in s. 2(3) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F25Words in s. 2(4) substituted (8.1.2007) by Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006 (c. 51), ss.

27(1)(b), 33

F26Words repealed by Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 (c. 36 SIF 29:3), Sch. 6 Pt. I

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C4S. 2 extended (1.7.1999) by 1998 c. 46, s. 125, Sch. 8 para. 15(2); S.I. 1998/3178, art. 2(1) S. 2 modified (1.7.1999) by 1998 c. 46, s. 125, Sch. 8 para. 15(3); S.I. 1998/3178, art. 2(1)

6European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68)

Part I – General Provisions

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S. 2: power to make certain corresponding provisions conferred (27.7.1999) by 1999 c. 24, s. 2, Sch. 1

Pt. I para. 20(1)(d)

C5S. 2(2) extended (27.9.1993) by 1993 c. 36, s. 70(2)

C6S. 2(2) extended (5.11.1993) by 1993 c. 51, s. 2(5)

S. 2(2) extended (1.12.1998) by 1998 c. 38, s. 29(2); S.I. 1998/2789, art. 2

S. 2(2) amended (1.7.1999) by S.I. 1999/1750, arts. 1(1), 3, Sch. 2; S.I. 1998/3178, art. 2(1) (with art.

7(4))

S. 2(2) modified (30.11.2000) by 2000 c. 37, s. 81(2)

C7S. 2(2): Transfer of certain functions (27.3.2002) by S.I. 2002/794, art. 3(11)

C8S. 2(2) power made exercisable concurrently (15.2.2006) by The Scotland Act 1998 (Transfer of Functions to the Scottish Ministers etc.) Order 2006 {S.I. 2006/304}, {art. 3} (with art. 5) C9S. 2(2) extended (3.5.2007) by Government of Wales Act 2006, (c. 32), {s. 59(1)}, (with Sch. 11 para.

22) the amending provision coming into force immediately after "the 2007 election" (held on 3.5.2007)

subject to s. 161(4)(5) of the amending Act, which provides for certain provisions to come into force

for specified purposes immediately after the end of "the initial period" (which ended with the day of

the first appointment of a First Minister on 25.5.2007) - see ss. 46, 161(1)(4)(5) of the amending Act.

C10S. 2(2)(a)(b) excluded (N.I.) by Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 (c. 36, SIF 29:3), s. 2(2), Sch.

2 para. 3

C11Reference in s. 2(5) to “that subsection” means s. 2(2) of this Act. Reference to a Minister of the Government of Northern Ireland to be construed, as respects the discharge of functions, as a reference

to the head of a Northern Ireland department: Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 (c. 36, SIF 29:3),

Sch. 5 para. 7(2)

Marginal Citations

M11865 c. 63(26:1).

3Decisions on, and proof of, Treaties and [F27EU instruments]etc.

(1)For the purposes of all legal proceedings any question as to the meaning or effect of

any of the Treaties, or as to the validity, meaning or effect of any [F28EU instrument] ,

shall be treated as a question of law (and, if not referred to the European Court, be for

determination as such in accordance with the principles laid down by and any relevant

[F29decision of [F30the European Court])].

(2)Judicial notice shall be taken of the Treaties, of the [F31Official Journal of the European

Union] and of any decision of, or expression of opinion by, the [F32the European Court]

on any such question as aforesaid; and the Official Journal shall be admissible as

evidence of any instrument or other act thereby communicated of [F33the EU] or of

any [F34EU institution] .

(3)Evidence of any instrument issued by a [F35EU institution] , including any judgment

or order of [F36the European Court] , or of any document in the custody of a [F35EU

institution] , or any entry in or extract from such a document, may be given in any

legal proceedings by production of a copy certified as a true copy by an official of

that institution; and any document purporting to be such a copy shall be received in

evidence without proof of the official position or handwriting of the person signing

the certificate.

(4)Evidence of any [F37EU instrument] may also be given in any legal proceedings—

(a)by production of a copy purporting to be printed by the Queen’s Printer;

(b)where the instrument is in the custody of a government department (including

a department of the Government of Northern Ireland), by production of a copy

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certified on behalf of the department to be a true copy by an officer of the

department generally or specially authorised so to do;

and any document purporting to be such a copy as is mentioned in paragraph (b) above

of an instrument in the custody of a department shall be received in evidence without

proof of the official position or handwriting of the person signing the certificate, or of

his authority to do so, or of the document being in the custody of the department.

(5)In any legal proceedings in Scotland evidence of any matter given in a manner

authorised by this section shall be sufficient evidence of it.

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F27Words in s. 3 heading substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F28Words in s. 3(1) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F29Words substituted by European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986 (c. 58, SIF 29:5), s. 2(a)

F30Words in s. 3(1) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F31Words in s. 3(2) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F32Words in s. 3(2) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F33Words in s. 3(2) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F34Words in s. 3(2) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F35Words in s. 3(3) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F36Words in s. 3(3) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F37Words in s. 3(4) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C12Sections 3(2)-(5) extended (5.11.1993) by 1993 c. 51, s. 4

S. 3(4) extended (1.7.1999) by 1998 c. 46, s. 125, Sch. 8 para. 15(4); S.I. 1998/3178, art. 2

S. 3(3)(4): power to modify conferred (2.12.1999) by 1998 c. 47, s. 7(2); S.I 1999/3208, art. 2

P ART II

A MENDMENT OF L AW

4General provision for repeal and amendment.

(1)The enactments mentioned in Schedule 3 to this Act (being enactments that are

superseded or to be superseded by reason of [F38EU obligations] and of the provision

made by this Act in relation thereto or are not compatible with [F38EU obligations])

are hereby repealed, to the extent specified in column 3 of the Schedule, with effect

from the entry date or other date mentioned in the Schedule; and in the enactments

8European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68)

Part II – Amendment of Law

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mentioned in Schedule 4 to this Act there shall, subject to any transitional provision

there included, be made the amendments provided for by that Schedule.

(2)Where in any Part of Schedule 3 to this Act it is provided that repeals made by

that Part are to take effect from a date appointed by order, the orders shall be made

by statutory instrument, and an order may appoint different dates for the repeal of

different provisions to take effect, or for the repeal of the same provision to take

effect for different purposes; and an order appointing a date for a repeal to take effect

may include transitional and other supplementary provisions arising out of that repeal,

including provisions adapting the operation of other enactments included for repeal

but not yet repealed by that Schedule, and may amend or revoke any such provisions

included in a previous order.

(3)Where any of the following sections of this Act, or any paragraph of Schedule 4 to

this Act, affects or is construed as one with an Act or Part of an Act similar in purpose

to provisions having effect only in Northern Ireland, then—

(a)unless otherwise provided by Act of the Parliament of Northern Ireland,

the Governor of Northern Ireland may by Order in Council make provision

corresponding to any made by the section or paragraph, and amend or revoke

any provision so made; and

(b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F39

(4)Where Schedule 3 or 4 to this Act provides for the repeal or amendment of an

enactment that extends or is capable of being extended to any of the Channel Islands

or the Isle of Man, the repeal or amendment shall in like manner extend or be capable

of being extended thereto.

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F38Words in s. 4(1) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F39S. 4(3)(b) repealed by Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 (c. 36, SIF 29:3), Sch. 6 Pt. I Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C13S. 4 modified by Food Act 1984 (c. 30, SIF 53:1), s. 134, Sch. 9 para. 6(1)(b)

C14Power of appointment conferred by s. 4(2) partly exercised: S.I. 1973/135, 1973/1019, 1973/2176;

1974/1816; 1975/1164, 1975/1484, 1975/1485, 1975/1487; 1976/509, 1976/548, 1976/840, 1976/914,

1976/975, 1976/1304, 1976/1831, 1976/1883, 1976/1886, 1976/1887, 1976/2016; 1977/76, 1977/901,

1977/358, 1977/1026, 1977/1049, 1977/2028; 1978/1003, 1978/1420; 1979/133; 1981/1192;

1982/1048

C15Reference in s. 4(3)(a) to an Act of the Parliament of Northern Ireland to be construed as including

a reference to a Measure of the Northern Ireland Assembly: Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973

(c. 36, SIF 29:3), Sch. 5 para. 1(1)

C16In s. 4(3)(a) reference to the making of an Order in Council by the Governor of Northern Ireland to be construed as a reference to the making of an order by the Secretary of State: Northern Ireland

Constitution Act 1973 (c. 36, SIF 29:3), Sch. 5 para. 4(2)

5Customs duties.

(1)Subject to subsection (2) below, on and after the relevant date there shall be charged,

levied, collected and paid on goods imported into the United Kingdom such [F40EU

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team appear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details)

customs duty], if any, as is for the time being applicable in accordance with the Treaties or, if the goods are not within the common customs tariff of the [F41EU] and the duties chargeable are not otherwise fixed by any directly applicable [F42EU provision] , such duty of customs, if any, as the Treasury, on the recommendation of the Secretary of State, may by order specify.

For this purpose “the relevant date”, in relation to any goods, is the date on and after which the duties of customs that may be charged thereon are no longer affected under the Treaties by any temporary provision made on or with reference to the accession of the United Kingdom to the Communities.

(2)Where as regards goods imported into the United Kingdom provision may, in

accordance with the Treaties, be made in derogation of the common customs tariff or of the exclusion of customs duties as between member States, the Treasury may by order make such provision as to the customs duties chargeable on the goods, or as to exempting the goods from any customs duty, as the Treasury may on the recommendation of the Secretary of State determine.

[F43(3)Schedule 2 to this Act shall also have effect in connection with the powers to make orders conferred by subsections (1) and (2) above.]

(4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F44

(5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F45

(6A). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F46

(7). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F47

Annotations:

Subordinate Legislation Made

P1S. 5: for exercises of this power before 01.02.1991 see Index to Government Orders

P2S. 5(1)(3): s. 5(1) (with s. 5(3) and Sch. 2 para. 4) power exercised (15.11.1991) by S.I.1991/2583 Amendments (Textual)

F40Words in s. 5(1) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F41Words in s. 5(1) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F42Words in s. 5(1) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F43S. 5(3) substituted by Customs and Excise Duties (General Reliefs) Act 1979 (c. 3, SIF 40:1), s. 19(1), Sch. 2 para. 3

F44S. 5(4) repealed by Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 (c. 2, SIF 40:1), s. 177, Sch. 6 Pt. I, Sch. 7 para. 5

F45S. 5(5)(6) repealed by Customs and Excise Duties (General Reliefs) Act 1979 (c. 3, SIF 40:1), s. 19(2), Sch. 3 Pt. I

F46S. 5(6A) inserted by Finance Act 1978 (c. 42, SIF 40:1), s. 6(8), and repealed by Customs and Excise Duties (General Reliefs) Act 1979 (c. 3, SIF 40:1), s. 19(2), Sch. 3 Pt. I

F47S. 5(7)–(9) repealed by Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 (c. 2, SIF 40:1), s. 177, Sch. 6 Pt.

I

10European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68)

Part II – Amendment of Law

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Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C17S. 5 excluded (N.I.) by Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 (c. 36, SIF 29:3), s. 2(2), Sch. 2 para.

3

C18S. 5(1) extended by Finance Act 1977 (c. 36, SIF 40:1), s. 10(4)

6The common agricultural policy.

F48(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(3)Sections 5 and 7 of the M2Agriculture Act 1957 (which make provision for the support

of arrangements under section 1 of that Act for providing guaranteed prices or assured

markets) shall apply in relation to any [F49EU arrangements]for or related to the

regulation of the market for any agricultural produce as if references, in whatever

terms, to payments made by virtue of section 1 were references to payments made by

virtue of the [F49EU arrangements] by or on behalf of [F50the relevant Minister and as

if for every reference in section 5 to the Minister there were substituted a reference

to the relevant Minister.]

(4)Agricultural levies of the [F51EU], so far as they are charged on goods exported

from the United Kingdom or shipped as stores, shall be paid to and recoverable by

[F52the relevant Minister]; and the power of [F52the relevantMinister] to make orders

under section 5 of the M3Agriculture Act 1957, as extended by this section, shall

include power to make such provision supplementary to any directly applicable [F53EU

provision] as [F52the relevant Minister considers] necessary for securing the payment of

any agricultural levies so charged, including provision for the making of declarations

or the giving of other information in respect of goods exported, shipped as stores, or

otherwise dealt with.

(5)Except as otherwise provided by or under any enactment, agricultural levies of the

[F54EU] , so far as they are charged on goods imported into the United Kingdom, shall

be levied, collected and paid, and the proceeds shall be dealt with, as if they were

[F55EU customs duties] , and in relation to those levies the following enactments shall

apply as they would apply in relation to [F55EU customs duties] , that is to say:—

[F56(a)the M4Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 (as for the time being amended by any later Act) and any other statutory provisions for the time

being in force relating generally to customs or excise duties on imported

goods; and]

[F57(b)sections 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 (including Schedule 1), 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17 and 18 of the M5Customs and Excise Duties (General Reliefs) Act 1979 but so that—

(i)any references in sections 1, 3 and 4 to the Secretary of State shall

include the Ministers; and

(ii)the reference in section 15 to an application for an authorisation

under regulations made under section 2 of that Act shall be read as

a reference to an application for an authorisation under regulations

made under section 2(2) of this Act;]

and, if, in connection with any such [F58EU arrangements]as aforesaid, the

Commissioners of Customs and Excise are charged with the performance, on behalf

of the Board or otherwise, of any duties in relation to the payment of refunds or

allowances on goods exported or to be exported from the United Kingdom, then in

relation to any such refund or allowance [F59section 133 (except subsection (3) and the

European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68) Part II – Amendment of Law Document Generated: 2012-10-2011

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reference to that subsection in subsection (2) and section 159 of the M6Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 shall apply as they apply in relation to a drawback of excise duties], and other provisions of that Act shall have effect accordingly.

(6)The enactments applied by subsection (5)(a) above shall apply subject to such

exceptions and modifications, if any, as the Commissioners of Customs and Excise may by regulations prescribe, and shall be taken to include section 10 of the M7Finance Act 1901 (which relates to changes in customs import duties in their effect on contracts), but shall not include [F60section 126 of the M8Customs and Excise Management Act 1979] (charge of duty on manufactured or composite articles).

F61(7). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(8)Expressions used in this section shall be construed as if contained in Part I of the

M9Agriculture Act 1957; and in this section “agricultural levy” shall include any tax not being a customs duty, but of equivalent effect, that may be chargeable in accordance with any such [F62EU arrangements] as aforesaid, and “statutory provision” includes any provision having effect by virtue of any enactment and, in subsection (2), any enactment of the Parliament of Northern Ireland or provision having effect by virtue of such an enactment.

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F48S. 6(1)(2) repealed (15.11.2001) by S.I. 2001/3686, regs. 1(1), 3(a)

F49Words in s. 6(3) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F50Words in s. 6(3) substituted (15.11.2001) by S.I. 2001/3686, regs. 1(1), 3(b)

F51Words in s. 6(4) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F52Words in s. 6(4) substituted (15.11.2001) by S.I. 2001/3686, regs. 1(1), 3(c)

F53Words in s. 6(4) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F54Words in s. 6(5) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F55Words in s. 6(5) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F56S. 6(5)(a) substituted by Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 (c. 2, SIF 40:1), s. 177(1), Sch. 4 para. 12 Table Pt. I

F57S. 6(5)(b) substituted by Customs and Excise Duties (General Reliefs) Act 1979 (c. 3, SIF 40:1), s.

19(1), Sch. 2 para. 4

F58Words in s. 6(5) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F59Words substituted by Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 (c. 2, SIF 40:1), s. 177(1), Sch. 4 para. 12 Table Pt. I

F60Words substituted by Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 (c. 2, SIF 40:1), s. 177(1), Sch. 4 para. 12 Table Pt. I

F61S. 6(7) repealed (the repeal extending to N.I. except so far as relating to potatoes) (27.7.1993 but

4.8.1993 so far as relating to potatoes) by 1993, c. 51, ss. 64, 65, Sch. 5 (subject to provision at the end

of Sch. 5); S.I. 1993/2038, art. 2.

F62Words in s. 6(8) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

12European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68)

Part II – Amendment of Law

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Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C19S. 6 excluded (N.I.) by Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 (c. 36, SIF 29:3), s. 2(2), Sch. 2 para.

3

C20Functions of the Ministers under s. 6 now exercisable by the Ministers and the Secretary of State for Wales jointly: S.I. 1978/272, art 4(2), Sch. 2

C21S. 6 modified (1.7.1999) by S.I. 1999/1820, arts. 1(2), 4, Sch. 2 Pt. I para. 52(1); S.I. 1998/3178, art.

2(1)

S. 6: transfer of functions (27.12.1999) by S.I. 1999/3141, arts. 2(1)(5), 3, Sch.

Marginal Citations

M21957 c. 57(2:10).

M31957 c. 57(2:10).

M41979 c. 2(40:1).

M51979 c. 3(40:1).

M61979 c. 2(40:1).

M71901 c. 7(40:1).

M81979 c. 2(40:1).

M91957 c. 57(2:10).

7

(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F63

(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F64

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F63S. 7(1)(2) repealed by Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1976 (c. 55, SIF 2:1), Sch. 4 Pt. I F64S. 7(3)(4) repealed by Food Act 1984 (c. 30, SIF 53:1), Sch. 11

8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F65

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F65S. 8 repealed by Films Act 1985 (c. 21, SIF 45A), s. 74, Sch. 2

9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F66

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F66S. 9 repealed by Companies Consolidation (Consequential Provisions) Act 1985 (c. 9, SIF 27), s. 29, Sch. 1

10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F67

European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68) Part II – Amendment of Law Document Generated: 2012-10-2013

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Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F67S. 10 repealed by Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1976 (c. 34, SIF 124:1), Sch. 6

11[F68EU offences].

(1)A person who, in sworn evidence before the [F69the European Court], makes any

statement which he knows to be false or does not believe to be true shall, whether

he is a British subject or not, be guilty of an offence and may be proceeded against

and punished—

(a)in England and Wales as for an offence against section 1(1) of the M10Perjury

Act 1911; or

(b)in Scotland as for an offence against [F70section 44(1) of the Criminal Law

(Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995]; or

(c)in Northern Ireland as for an offence against [F71Article 3(1) of the M11Perjury

(Northern Ireland) Order 1979].

Where a report is made as to any such offence under the authority of the [F69the

European Court] then a bill of indictment for the offence may, [F72in England or Wales

or] in Northern Ireland, be preferred as in a case where a prosecution is ordered under

[F72section 9 of the M12Perjury Act 1911 or][F71Article 13 of the M13Perjury (Northern

Ireland) Order 1979], but the report shall not be given in evidence on a person’s trial

for the offence.

(2)Where a person (whether a British subject or not) owing either—

(a)to his duties as a member of any Euratom institution or committee, or as an

officer or servant of Euratom; or

(b)to his dealings in any capacity (official or unofficial) with any Euratom

institution or installation or with any Euratom joint enterprise;

has occasion to acquire, or obtain cognisance of, any classified information, he shall be

guilty of a misdemeanour if, knowing or having reason to be believe that it is classified

information, he communicates it to any unauthorised person or makes any public

disclosure of it, whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere and whether before

or after the termination of those duties or dealings; and for this purpose “classified

information” means any facts, information, knowledge, documents or objects that are

subject to the security rules of a member State or of any Euratom institution.

This subsection shall be construed, and the M14Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1939 shall

have effect, as if this subsection were contained in the Official Secrets Act 1911, but

so that in that Act sections 10 and 11, except section 10(4), shall not apply.

(3)This section shall not come into force until the entry date.

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F68Words in s. 11 heading substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss.

3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F69Words in s. 11(1) substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F70Words in s. 11(1) substituted (1.4.1996) by 1995 c. 40, ss. 5, 7(2), Sch. 4 para. 8

14European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68)

Part II – Amendment of Law

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F71Words substituted by S.I. 1979/1714 (N.I. 19), Sch. 1

F72Words repealed (E.W.) by Prosecution of Offences Act 1985 (c. 23, SIF 39:1), s. 31(6) Sch. 2 Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C22S. 11 excluded (N.I.) by Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 (c. 36, SIF 29:3), s. 2(2), Sch. 2 para.

3

C23S. 11(1): power to modify conferred (prosp.) by 1997 c. 47, s. 7(2)

Marginal Citations

M101911 c. 6(39:3).

M11S.I. 1979/1714 (N.I. 19).

M121911 c. 6(39:3).

M13S.I. 1979/1714 (N.I. 19).

M141911 c. 28(39:2).

12Furnishing of information to [F73EU].

Estimates, returns and information that may under section 9 of the M15Statistics of

Trade Act 1947 or section [F743 of the M16Agricultural Statistics Act 1979] be disclosed

to a government department [F75, the Scottish Ministers] or Minister in charge of a

government department may, in like manner, be disclosed in pursuance of a [F76EU

obligation] to a [F77EU institution] .

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F73Words in s. 12 heading substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss.

3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F74Words substituted by Agricultural Statistics Act 1979 (c. 13, SIF 2:1), s. 7(1), Sch. 1 para. 4

F75Words in s. 12 inserted (1.7.1999) by S.I. 1999/1820, arts. 1(2), 4, Sch. 2 Pt. I para. 52(3); S.I.

1998/3178, art. 2(1)

F76Words in s. 12 substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch.

Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F77Words in s. 12 substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch.

Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C24S. 12 excluded (N.I.) by Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 (c. 36, SIF 29:3), s. 2(2), Sch. 2 para.

3

Marginal Citations

M151947 c. 39(124:1).

M161979 c. 13(2:1).

European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68) SCHEDULE 1 – Definitions relating to EU Document Generated: 2012-10-2015

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S C H E D U L E S

SCHEDULE 1Section 1.

D EFINITIONS RELATING TO[F78EU]

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F78Words in Sch. 1 heading substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss.

3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

P ART I

T HE P RE-A CCESSION T REATIES

1The “E.C.S.C. Treaty”, that is to say, the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, signed at Paris on the 18th April 1951.

2The “E.E.C. Treaty”, that is to say, the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, signed at Rome on the 25th March 1957.

3The “Euratom Treaty”, that is to say, the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community, signed at Rome on the 25th March 1957.

4The Convention on certain Institutions common to the European Communities, signed at Rome on the 25th March 1957.

5The Treaty establishing a single Council and a single Commission of the European Communities, signed at Brussels on the 8th April 1965.

6The Treaty amending certain Budgetary Provisions of the Treaties establishing the European Communities and of the Treaty establishing a single Council and a single

Commission of the European Communities, signed at Luxembourg on the 22nd

April 1970.

7Any treaty entered into before the 22nd January 1972 by any of the Communities (with or without any of the member States) or, as a treaty ancillary to any treaty

included in this Part of this Schedule, by the member States (with or without any

other country).

16European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68)

SCHEDULE 1 – Definitions relating to EU

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P ART II

O THER D EFINITIONS

Annotations:

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C25Entry date: the United Kingdom became a member of the Communities on 1.1.1973

“Economic Community”, “Coal and Steel Community” and “Euratom” mean respectively the European Economic Community, the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Atomic Energy Community.

[F79 “EU customs duty” ] means, in relation to any goods, such duty of customs as may from time to time be fixed for those goods by directly applicable [F80EU provision] as the duty chargeable on importation into member States.

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F79Sch. 1 Pt. 2: definition substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F80Words in Sch. 1 Pt. 2 substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

[F81“EU institution” means any institution of the EU.]

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F81Sch. 1 Pt. 2: definition substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

“EU instrument” means any instrument [F82issued by an EU institution].

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F82Words in Sch. 1 Pt. 2 substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

“EU obligation” means any obligation created or arising by or under the Treaties, whether an [F83enforceable EU obligation] or not.

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F83Words in Sch. 1 Pt. 2 substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68) SCHEDULE 2 – Provisions as to Subordinate Legislation Document Generated: 2012-10-2017

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“Enforceable EU right” and similar expressions shall be construed in accordance with section 2(1) of this Act.

“Entry date” means the date on which the United Kingdom becomes a member of the Communities.

[F84“European Court” means the Court of Justice of the European Union.]

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F84Sch. 1 Pt. 2: definition substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

“Member”, in the expression “member State”, refers to [F85membership of the EU]. Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F85Words in Sch. 1 Pt. 2 substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F79Sch. 1 Pt. 2: definition substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F80Words in Sch. 1 Pt. 2 substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F81Sch. 1 Pt. 2: definition substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F82Words in Sch. 1 Pt. 2 substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F83Words in Sch. 1 Pt. 2 substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F84Sch. 1 Pt. 2: definition substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F85Words in Sch. 1 Pt. 2 substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss. 3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

SCHEDULE 2Section 2.

P ROVISIONS AS TO S UBORDINATE L EGISLATION

1(1)The powers conferred by section 2(2) of this Act to make provision for the purposes mentioned in section 2(2) (a) and (b) shall not include power—

(a)to make any provision imposing or increasing taxation; or

(b)to make any provision taking effect from a date earlier than that of the making

of the instrument containing the provision; or

18European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68)

SCHEDULE 2 – Provisions as to Subordinate Legislation

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(c)to confer any power to legislate by means of orders, rules, regulations or

other subordinate instrument, other than rules of procedure for any court or

tribunal; or

(d)to create any new criminal offence punishable with imprisonment for more

than two years or punishable on summary conviction with imprisonment for

more than three months or with a fine of more than [F86level 5 on the standard

scale] (if not calculated on a daily basis) or with a fine of more than [F87￡100

a day].

(2)Sub-paragraph (1)(c) above shall not be taken to preclude the modification of a power

to legislate conferred otherwise than under section 2(2), or the extension of any such

power to purposes of the like nature as those for which it was conferred; and a power

to give directions as to matters of administration is not to be regarded as a power to

legislate within the meaning of sub-paragraph (1)(c).

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F86Words substituted (E.W.S.) (N.I.) by virtue of (E.W.) Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48, SIF 39:1), ss.

38, 46, (S.) Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1975 (c. 21, SIF 39:1), ss. 289F, 289G and (N.I.) by S.I.

1984/703 (N.I. 3), arts. 5, 6

F87Words substituted by Criminal Law Act 1977 (c. 45, SIF 39:1). s. 32(3)

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C26Sch. 2 para. 1(1)(a)(c)(d) excluded (5.11.1993) by 1993 c. 51, s. 2(4)

C27Sch. 2 para. 1(1)(c) excluded (20.6.2003) by 2002 c. 40, ss. 209(8), 279; S.I. 2003/1397, art. 2, Sch.

C28Sch. 2 para. 1(1)(d) excluded (27.9.1993) by 1993 c. 36, s. 70(2)

Sch. 2 para. 1(1)(d) excluded (30.11.2000) by 2000 c. 37, s. 81(2)

C29Sch. 2 para. 1(1)(d) excluded (20.11.2003) by Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44), ss. 307(2)(3), 336 C30Sch. 2 para. 1(1)(d) excluded (prosp.) by Animal Welfare Act 2006 (c. 45), ss. 8(6), 68 (with ss. 1(2), 58(1), 59, 60)

C31Sch. 2 para. 1(1)(d) excluded (12.11.2009) by Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (c. 25), ss. 143(1), 182(1)

(c) (with s. 180)

[F881A(1)Where—

(a)subordinate legislation makes provision for a purpose mentioned in

section 2(2) of this Act,

(b)the legislation contains a reference to a [F89EU instrument] or any provision

of a [F89EU instrument], and

(c)it appears to the person making the legislation that it is necessary or

expedient for the reference to be construed as a reference to that instrument

or that provision as amended from time to time,

the subordinate legislation may make express provision to that effect.

(2)In this paragraph “subordinate legislation” means any Order in Council, order, rules,

regulations, scheme, warrant, byelaws or other instrument made after the coming into

force of this paragraph under any Act, Act of the Scottish Parliament [F90, Measure

or Act of the National Assembly for Wales] or Northern Ireland legislation passed

or made before or after the coming into force of this paragraph.]

European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68) SCHEDULE 2 – Provisions as to Subordinate Legislation Document Generated: 2012-10-2019

Changes to legislation: There are outstanding changes not yet made by the https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ae10048333.html, editorial team to European Communities Act 1972. Any changes that have already been made by the

team appear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details)

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F88Sch. 2 para. 1A inserted (8.1.2007) by Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006 (c. 51), ss. 28, 33

F89Words in Sch. 2 para. 1A substituted (1.12.2009) by European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c. 7), ss.

3, 8, Sch. Pt. 1; S.I. 2009/3143, art. 2

F90Words in Sch. 2 para. 1A(2)inserted by The Government of Wales Act 2006 (Consequential Modifications and Transitional Provisions) Order 2007 (S.I. 2007/1388), art. 3, Sch. 1 para. 1(the amendment coming into force immediately after the end of "the initial period" (which ended with the date of the first appointment of a First Minister on 25.5.2007) in accordance with art. 1(2)(3) of the amending S.I. and see ss. 46, 161(5) of Government of Wales Act 2006 (c. 32))

2(1)Subject to paragraph 3 below, where a provison contained in any section of this Act confers power to make [F91any order, rules, regulations or scheme](otherwise than

by modification or extension of an existing power), the power shall be exercisable

by statutory instrument.

(2)Any statutory instrument containing an Order in Council or [F91any order, rules,

regulations or scheme] made in the exercise of a power so conferred, if made without

a draft having been approved by resolution of each House of Parliament, shall be

subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House. Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F91Words in Sch. 2 para. 2(1)(2) substituted (8.1.2007) by Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006

(c. 51), ss. 27(2)(a), 33

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C32Sch. 2 para. 2 applied (18.11.2004) by Civil Partnership Act 2004 (c. 33), ss. 260(5), 263

C33Sch. 2 para. 2 amended (1.12.1998) by 1998 c. 38, s. 29(3); S.I. 1998/2789, art. 2

C34Sch. 2 para. 2(2) excluded (8.1.2007) by Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006 (c. 51), ss. 20(2), 33

C35Sch. 2 para. 2(2) amended (3.5.2007) by Government of Wales Act 2006 (c. 32), ss. 59(4), 161 (with Sch.

11 para. 22), the amending provision coming into force immediately after "the 2007 election " (held on

3.5.2007) subject to s. 161(4)(5) of the amending Act, which provides for certain provisons to come into

force for specified purposes immediately after the end of "the initial period" (which ended with the day of the first appointment of a First Minister on 25.5.2007) - see ss. 46, 161(1)(4)(5) of the amending Act. C36Sch. 2 para. 2(2) modified (12.11.2009) by Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (c. 25), ss. 143(2)(a), 182(1)

(c) (with s. 180)

[F922A(1)This paragraph applies where, pursuant to paragraph 2(2) above, a draft of a statutory instrument containing provision made in exercise of the power conferred

by section 2(2) of this Act is laid before Parliament for approval by resolution of

each House of Parliament and—

(a)the instrument also contains provision made in exercise of a power conferred

by any other enactment; and

(b)apart from this paragraph, any of the conditions in sub-paragraph (2) below

applies in relation to the instrument so far as containing that provision.

(2)The conditions referred to in sub-paragraph (1)(b) above are that—

20European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68)

SCHEDULE 2 – Provisions as to Subordinate Legislation

Document Generated: 2012-10-20 Changes to legislation: There are outstanding changes not yet made by the https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ae10048333.html,

editorial team to European Communities Act 1972. Any changes that have already been made by the

team appear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details)

(a)the instrument, so far as containing the provision referred to in sub-

paragraph (1)(a) above, is by virtue of any enactment subject to annulment

in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament;

(b)the instrument so far as containing that provision is by virtue of any

enactment required to be laid before Parliament after being made and to be

approved by resolution of each House of Parliament in order to come into

or remain in force;

(c)in a case not falling within paragraph (a) or (b) above, the instrument so far

as containing that provision is by virtue of any enactment required to be laid

before Parliament after being made;

(d)the instrument or a draft of the instrument so far as containing that provision

is not by virtue of any enactment required at any time to be laid before

Parliament.

(3)Where this paragraph applies in relation to the draft of a statutory instrument—

(a)the instrument, so far as containing the provision referred to in sub-

paragraph (1)(a) above, may not be made unless the draft is approved by a

resolution of each House of Parliament;

(b)in a case where the condition in sub-paragraph (2)(a) above is satisfied, the

instrument so far as containing that provision is not subject to annulment in

pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament;

(c)in a case where the condition in sub-paragraph (2)(b) above is satisfied, the

instrument is not required to be laid before Parliament after being made (and

accordingly any requirement that the instrument be approved by each House

of Parliament in order for it to come into or remain in force does not apply);

and

(d)in a case where the condition in sub-paragraph (2)(c) above is satisfied, the

instrument so far as containing that provision is not required to be laid before

Parliament after being made.

(4)In this paragraph, references to an enactment are to an enactment passed or made

before or after the coming into force of this paragraph.

Annotations:

Amendments (Textual)

F92Sch. 2 paras. 2A-2C inserted (8.1.2007) by Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006 (c. 51), ss. 29, 33 Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C37Sch. 2 para. 2A applied (with modifications) (25.5.2007) by 2006 c. 32, Sch. 11 para. 35A(1)(3) (as inserted by The Government of Wales Act 2006 (Transitional Provisions) Order 2007 ( S.I. 2007/1270),

{art. 2(2)})

2B(1)This paragraph applies where, pursuant to paragraph 2(2) above, a statutory instrument containing provision made in exercise of the power conferred by

section 2(2) of this Act is laid before Parliament under section 5 of the Statutory

Instruments Act 1946 (instruments subject to annulment) and—

(a)the instrument also contains provision made in exercise of a power conferred

by any other enactment; and

(b)apart from this paragraph, either of the conditions in sub-paragraph (2) below

applies in relation to the instrument so far as containing that provision.

英国权利法案全文

权利法案 《权利法案》（the Bill of Rights），全称《国民权利与自由和王位继承宣言》（An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown），是英国资产阶级革命中的重要法律文件，奠定了英国君主立宪政体的理论和法律基础，确立了议会高于王权的原则，具有宪法的性质，标志着君主立宪制开始在英国建立，为英国资本主义的迅速发展扫清了道路。 正文： 国会两院经依法集会于西敏寺宫，为确保英国人民传统之权利与自由而制定本法律。 1．凡未经国会同意，以国王权威停止法律或停止法律实施之僭越权力。 2．近来以国王权威擅自废除法律或法律实施之僭越权力，为非法权力。 3．设立审理宗教事务之钦差法庭之指令，以及一切其他同类指令与法庭，皆为非法而有害 4．凡未经国会准许，借口国王特权，为国王而征收，或供国王使用而征收金钱，超出国会准许之时限或方式者，皆为非法。 5．向国王请愿，乃臣民之权利，一切对此项请愿之判罪或控告，皆

为非法。 6．除经国会同意外，平时在本王国内征募或维持常备军，皆属违法。 7．凡臣民系新教徒者，为防卫起见，得酌量情形，并在法律许可范围内，置备武器。 8．国会议员之选举应是自由的。 9．国会内之演说自由、辩论或议事之自由，不应在国会以外之任何法院或任何地方，受到弹劾或讯问。 10．不应要求过多的保释金，亦不应强课过分之罚款，更不应滥施残酷非常之刑罚。 11．陪审官应予正式记名列表并陈报之，凡审理叛国犯案件之陪审官应为自由世袭地领有人。 12．定罪前，特定人的一切让与及对罚金与没收财产所做的一切承诺，皆属非法而无效。 13．为申雪一切诉冤，并为修正、加强与维护法律起见，国会应时常

浅谈“工业革命”及其对英国的影响

浅谈“工业革命”及其对英国的影响 摘要： 工业革命，是资本主义发展史上的一个重要阶段，也是世界发展史的重要转折点。它实现了从传统农业社会转向现代工业社会的重要变革。这场革命，最先由英国发起，对英国，对欧洲，甚至对世界到产生了巨大的影响。英国，可以说是这场革命中的主角，而革命也给英国带来了很多变革和影响。 关键词：工业革命英国资本主义影响 发源于英国而后波及欧美主要国家的第一次工业革命，具有划时代的历史意义，对人类社会的演进产生了空前深刻、巨大的影响。它为新生的资本主义制度奠定了坚实的物质基础，促使欧美诸国先后实现工业化，由农业国变成工业国。它为英国提供了历史机遇，利用工业化先发优势，确立了“世界工厂”的地位。工业革命给人类带来了进步和幸福，同时也使人类面临新的矛盾和挑战。 一、工业革命的产生及发展 工业革命，又称产业革命或技术革命，指资本主义工业化的早期历程，即资本主义生产完成了从工场手工业向机器大工业过渡的阶段。是以机器生产逐步取代手工劳动，以大规模工厂化生产取代个体工场手工生产的一场生产与科技革命，后来又扩充到其他行业。 早在十五世纪，英国半农半工的农村家庭手工业就非常普遍，最初主要是毛纺织业。这种家庭的毛纺织手工业，后来随着农民的贫富分化，而发生了改变。很多家庭手工业者变成了为商人进行原料加工的雇佣劳动者。于是，呢绒商人们逐渐把单独的家庭手工业联系起来，便形成了毛纺织业的手工工场。这种手工工场有分散的和集中的两种形式。 在十六世纪时，分散的手工工场占主要地位。随着圈地运动而使丧失土地的农民日益增多，由大商人所创办的集中的手工工场便逐渐发展起来，达到了雇佣一千名以上工人的规模。到十七世纪时，雇佣几百名工人的手工工场已经非常普遍了。这些手工工场并不限于毛纺织业，在采矿、冶金、制盐、造纸、玻璃、制硝、啤酒等部门，都建立起很大的手工工场。 英国工场手工业的发展，不仅表现为生产规模的扩大，而且还表现为技术上的巨大进步。英国手工工场在生产技术方面的进步，与欧洲大陆上的大量工匠迁居英国有着密切的关系。 1733年，机械师约翰·凯伊发明飞梭。凯伊发明飞梭以后，一个织布工人可以做过去两个工人的工作，使效率提高了一倍。后来，

关于权利法案第一条的认识

关于权利法案第一条的认识 权利法案是一部伟大的法律，它的影响范围绝对不仅仅是美利坚合众国，它对世界的民主进程的推动有着极大的借鉴意义。当今中国正走在探索民主的道路上，因此研究权利法案对于我们也有着很大的意义。我作为一个中国法律的初学者，怀着崇高的敬意对权利法案作一个个人的见解。如有不当之处请多多指正！ 第一条：国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止信教自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会和向政府请愿伸冤的权利。 首先我们看第一段“不得确立国教或禁止信教的自由”。这就以法律的形式确立了宗教信仰自由的原则，但同时也说明宗教不得干预政治。信仰宗教在西方社会是一件很普遍的事，大约有97%的人口有宗教信仰。在他们看来宗教信仰是一种天赋的权利。宗教是多元的。有很多宗教以及教派，而且有影响范围大小、信教徒寡众之分，但是他们在法律地位上都是相同的，因此保护宗教自由同时也禁止宗教歧视。宗教不得干预政治，这是保障民主自由的一个很重要的措施。因为在历史上有先例可循，如中世纪的欧洲。宗教不得干预政治，反过来政治也不得干预宗教自由。宗教是人与神心灵之间的一种契约，因此任何人和政府都不得强制干预。但是宗教与宪法有矛盾时，既要尊重人们的信仰自由，又要求个人在行为上有所约束，即不得有与宪法规定相佐的行为。这也体现了宪法至上原则，也是社会契约的一种体现。 其次第二段“不得剥夺言论自由或者出版自由”。言论自由是自由里面最重要的一部分，可以说所有自由的根源都来源于言论自由，或者通过言论自由来体现出来。在言论自由的民主社会里公民可以对政府的任何行为进行讨论和批评而不必担心受到惩罚与报复，这也是区别于专制独裁政府的一个标志。没有政治言论自由就没有民主社会这是权利法案背后制定者的一个共识。这也是当今评价民主社会建设程度的一个标准。言论自由可以纠正政府的许多决策错误，这样的例子有很多很多。就像当今很流行的微博一样，大家可以第一时间畅所欲言，很多事实真相都是来源于那区区的140字。言论自由是民主政治的核心。一句名言结束这一段：我不赞成你所说的每一句话，但是我誓死捍卫你说话的权利！ 最后第三段“不得剥夺人民和平集会和向政府请愿伸冤的权利”。富兰克林罗斯福曾经说过游行示威是人类四项基本自由权利之一。集会示威也是表达意见的一种方式，是表达权的一部分。比如1997年北约联军轰炸了我国驻南联盟大使馆，全国各地组织了许多示威游行对于此事件表达抗议。当然这种集会应当是以和平的方式进行的。但是由于集会通常都无法从始至终处在可掌控的范围内，很多时候集会会引发暴力冲突。所以当今世界在许多国家这种集会的自由权利被越来越加以限制。请愿伸冤这是公民的权利受到侵害时向他所依赖的政府申请救济的一种方式。这通常也以集会的方式表现出来。我们可以说集会有对外和对内之分，对外即示威抗议，而对内则就是请愿伸冤。但是无论如何这是公民的最基本的权利，也是衡量一个国家民主进程的一个标准。

《伊丽莎白济贫法The Elizabeth Poor Law》及其社会背景和历史意义

龙源期刊网 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ae10048333.html, 《伊丽莎白济贫法The Elizabeth Poor Law》及其社会背景和历史意义 作者：魏威 来源：《商情》2020年第14期 【摘要】通过解析1601年英国议会制订《济贫法》的历史背景，分析该法律对于奠定济贫立法原则基础的历史地位及其对社会保障和福利制度的推动作用。 【关键词】《伊丽莎白济贫法The Elizabeth Poor Law》; 英格兰议会; 贫困救济 1601年英格兰制订颁布了《济贫法》，因立法时间系伊丽莎白一世女王统治时期，故称《伊丽莎白济贫法The Elizabeth Poor Law》，它是英格兰订立的第一部专门适用于救济贫困国民的法律，也是世界第一部同类法律。作为英格兰第一部重要的济贫法，它不仅是这一类法律制度的开端，而且为世界同类法律制度确定了基本原则，所以被称为世界最早的社会保障法。 其实英国从十五世紀开始就颁布济贫法令。历史学家把1601年《济贫法》及以前颁布的济贫法令统称为“旧济贫法”。在旧济贫法下，救济采用两种方式：院内救济（indoor relief）和院外救济（outdoor relief），包括直接给穷人钱，食物、衣服。因为修建救济院的费用较高，所以院外救济是主要的救济方式。16世纪以前英国社会救济贫困多是通过教会、修道院、教 会医院和同业行会进行，这些都属于民间或宗教性质的救济活动。国家/政府并没有将救济视为自己的职责，相反，还视贫困者为社会的不安定因素，为了消除这些不安定因素，法律常常将某些贫困者视为惩处的对象。由于大规模的圈地运动，16世纪时英格兰社会出现大量流民。流民分为正在找工作的与无论如何也不愿工作的，前者被称为“值得同情的穷人”（deserving poor），后者被称为“不值得同情的穷人”（undeserving poor）。除圈地运动外还有其他原因造成的贫困流民，社会上大量穷人无家可归，无地可种。面对如此严重的贫困流民问题，民间和宗教救济方式远远不能满足需要，而政府在16世纪前并没有承担起救济穷人的责任，反而往往采用一些镇压手段。 十六世纪的最后几十年英格兰社会充满了不稳定因素，由于贵金属的流入，食品价格飞涨，1593-1602年的小麦以及干酪等十二种食品的物价指数比十六世纪初上涨了近5倍。同时，对外战争又使得英格兰制成品的销路颇受打击，失业人口大增，贫民问题更加严重。议会于1597-1598年提出了一项济贫法案并获得通过，该法令规定：普遍征收济贫税;教会监护下的贫困儿童都要学习一门技艺，女童学习至21岁为止，男童学习至24岁为止;教区的救济机构 交由教会执事和教会监督办理;因残疾而不能劳动的人，通过种种办法予以赡养;有劳动能力的人，则帮助其找到工作。但同时，针对“不值得同情的人”政府可依法鞭打流民和建立惩戒所。

英国济贫法阶段及背景

英国济贫法是在回应哪些问题时产生并发展的，其时代背景是什么？ 英国是近代历史上最先发展起来的国家，也是最早出现近代流民问题并为此制定法令的国家。 一、伊丽莎白济贫法（1601） 背景： 都铎王朝后期，英国是从封建时代转变为资本主义时代的过渡时期，由农业为主 的封建社会向以工业为主的资本主义社会转变时期，资本主义生产方式的出现与 发展是以农村经济关系的变革来展现的，农业革命、价格革命、宗教改革、商业扩张、对外战争、饥荒和歉收等问题错综复杂，相互交织，开始引发社会冲突，对社会秩序的稳定产生严重威胁，贫困问题急剧恶化，从而导致了整个社会的动荡与不安。具体表现在以下方面： （1）农业革命（圈地运动）一一大批农民背井离乡，四处流动；工业处于萌芽 阶段，吸收劳动力的能力有限一一庞大的贫困失业大军，一一流民问题、贫困问题、犯罪问题，威胁统治阶级的安全 （2）价格革命（长时期的通货膨胀：农产品、食品、工业品价格上涨）一一原因：农业歉收、圈地运动、人口增长一一雇主减少雇工人数，压低雇佣价格，绝大多数的工人再次流落街头，持续贫困化 （3）宗教改革一一解散修道院一一原来由教会承担的各种救济和社会福利等消失——加剧下层群体贫困化；引发社会动荡——原来由教会承担的救济责任向政府转移 （4）对外战争——英法战争（玫瑰战争）——经济衰败，民不聊生，加剧贫困社会对贫穷观念的转变：中世纪基督教提倡爱上帝、爱邻人，贫穷不是下等人，穷人才是圣徒一一16世纪：受理性思潮的影响，社会普遍认为，贫穷是可耻的，贫穷的存在导致了大量的社会问题，是犯罪、疾病、痕疫的万恶之源，贫穷是由人们的懒惰造成的。 内容： 伊丽莎白济贫法对前几个世纪流传下来的法令做了一个系统的整理，并以确定的 形式颁布的法令。前几个世纪比较重要的法令主要有以下几个： 1349年法令：不准对有劳动能力的人进行救济

英国权利法案(1689)

英国权利法案 《权利法案》，全称《国民权利与自由和王位继承宣言》（An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown），是英国宪法中重要的一部法律，由威廉三世于1689年签署，威廉三世被宣布为“光荣革命”之后英国国王的前提就是必须接受由议会所提出的这部《权利法案》。在1701年英国议会又通过了一部《王位继承法》，被看作是《权利法案》的补充，这两个法案确立了英国“议会至上”原则，是超向虚位君主制度的重要一步，议会逐渐成为国家的最高权力机关。《权利法案》是英国历史上自《大宪章》以来最重要的一部法案之一，英国的《权利法案》可以被认为是美国宪法的前身。 正文： 国会两院经依法集会于西敏寺宫，为确保英国人民传统之权利与自由而制定本法律。 1．凡未经国会同意，以国王权威停止法律或停止法律实施之僭越权力。 2．近来以国王权威擅自废除法律或法律实施之僭越权力，为非法权力。 3．设立审理宗教事务之钦差法庭之指令，以及一切其他同类指令与法庭，皆为非法而有害 4．凡未经国会准许，借口国王特权，为国王而征收，或供国王使用而征收金钱，超出国会准许之时限或方式者，皆为非法。

5．向国王请愿，乃臣民之权利，一切对此项请愿之判罪或控告，皆为非法。 6．除经国会同意外，平时在本王国内征募或维持常备军，皆属违法。 7．凡臣民系新教徒者，为防卫起见，得酌量情形，并在法律许可范围内，置备武器。 8．国会议员之选举应是自由的。 9．国会内之演说自由、辩论或议事之自由，不应在国会以外之任何法院或任何地方，受到弹劾或讯问。 10．不应要求过多的保释金，亦不应强课过分之罚款，更不应滥施残酷非常之刑罚。 11．陪审官应予正式记名列表并陈报之，凡审理叛国犯案件之陪审官应为自由世袭地领有人。 12．定罪前，特定人的一切让与及对罚金与没收财产所做的一切承诺，皆属非法而无效。 13．为申雪一切诉冤，并为修正、加强与维护法律起见，国会应时常集会。 彼等(即灵俗两界贵族与众议员等)并主张、要求与坚持上述各条为彼等无可置疑之权利与自由；凡上开各条中有损人民之任何宣告、判决、行为或诉讼程序，今后断不应据之以为结论或先例。

英国议会的历史演变

英国议会的历史演变 摘要：英文议会Parliament一词，源于法文Parler（原意为谈话），它的拉丁文形式为Parliamentum(意为会谈) 。英国议会的开端一般认为始于1263年，英王亨利三世无视大宪章，以亲信取代具有否决权的15人会议。在国王与贵族的冲突中，S.de孟福尔为首的贵族反对派在内战中获胜。1265年在威斯特敏斯特宫召集会议，出席者有僧俗贵族和每个郡两名骑士代表，每个大城镇两名市民代表，史称“孟福尔议会”.1295年，爱德华一世为筹集战费召集议会，史称“模范议会”。“模范议会”的召开，标志着议会的最终诞生。中世纪的议会在国王与贵族的冲突中不断增长其限制王权的重要作用，并在日后长久的历史发展过程中，逐步确立和完善自身体制。 英国是世界上最早确立议会制的国家，其制度不仅对英国自身的民主政治体系具有十分重要的意义，而且对美国等西方国家民主政治体系，甚至中国的人民代表大会制度都具有十分广泛而深远的影响。本文系统详细地介绍了英国议会的历史发展过程，及其产生的历史背景，并简明扼要地阐述了其对美中两国民主政治制度的影响。 关键词: 资本主义君主政治议会弹劾贵族 Abstract：The word “Parliament”in English came from the French word “Parler”(means conversation) and is written as “Parliamentum”(means discussion) in Latin . It is generally believed that the parliament was started in 1263 when Henry Ⅲ, the king ,replaced the 15 person meeting which had the veto with his trusted followers , ignoring the great completely .In the clash between the king and the aristocracy , the aristocratic opposition faction led by Simon de Monfort , won the civil war finally . A meeting , was held in Westminster Abbey palace in 1265 ,with the attendants consisting of religion aristocrats , two knights from every county and two citizens from every big town . In 1295 , a Parliament “ Model Parliament ” was called by Edward Ⅰfor collecting war funds . During the Middle Ages , the Parliament was becoming more and more important in restrain the power of the sovereign in the conflict between the king and the aristocracy . The Parliament system was first established in Britain . It is not only meaningful to the democratic political system of Britain itself , but also to some western countries , such as the system of US . And it even has extensive and profound influence on the political system of China . This thesis elaborates the development process and the origin of the British Parliament in history , and also talk briefly about its influence on the democratic political system of both US and China . Key words: capitalism monarchy parliament impeach noble 1. 引言 英国议会是资产阶级议会的鼻祖，它起源于中世纪，大约在13世纪中期，贵族在同英王亨利三世的斗争中获胜，成立议会，议会制度形成。13世纪末以后，议会经常召开，议员由贵族、市民和骑士组成，由于各个阶层的利益不同，常常不在一起开会，14世纪以后，议会逐渐分成上下两院：上议院由贵族和教会代表组成，又称贵族院；下议院由乡绅和市民代表组成，又称平民院。国王是议会的召集人。即由英王、上院和下院三部分共同构成英国的议会政体。此后，下院的权力不断扩大，并最终发展成为近代史上的代议制议会。 那么，英国议会制度是怎样形成和发展起来的呢？它所产生的历史背景又是怎样的呢？以及议会对当今世界又产生了怎样的影响呢？下面，我将把全文分为五节来对上述问题进行讨论。2、3、4节将着重分析前两个问题，第5节具体阐述第三个问题。 2. 英国议会产生的历史背景 与大多数国家一样，英国曾经有过较长的封建社会时期，和与之相伴随的封建君主制。可以说，议会就是在同封建君主不断地抗争，夺权的背景下产生的。 2.1 英国的贤人议会

权利法案中英文对照

权利法案原文 第一条 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 译文：国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止信教自由； 剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会和向政府请愿伸冤的权 利。 第二条 A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed. 译文：纪律严明的民兵是保障自由州的安全所必需的，人民持有和携带 武器的权利不可侵犯。 第三条 No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 译文：未经房主同意，士兵平时不得驻扎在任何住宅；除依法律规定的 方式，战时也不得驻扎。 第四条 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 译文：人民的人身、住宅、文件和财产不受无理搜查和扣押的权利，不 得侵犯。除依据可能成立的理由，以宣誓或代誓宣言保证，并详细说明 搜查地点和扣押的人或物，否则不得发出搜查和扣押状。 第五条

英国早期的历史背景

英国早期人文历史常识 （一） 英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。 地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。 大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。 政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。 联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。 大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。 不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。 英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附属国组成的联合体。英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。 （二） 英国地势西北高、东南低。其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。 英格兰占据了大不列颠南面的最大部分土地，那里地势平缓，多为平原、丘陵和沼泽地。特别是英格兰东部沿海地区，土地肥沃，适于耕种。 苏格兰多为山地、湖泊和岛屿，它拥有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地以及南部山陵。不列颠最高峰尼维斯峰（Ben Nevis）便座落于此，高1,343米。威尔士亦是多山地区，6%的土地被森林覆盖，大部分村庄以放牧为主。 北爱尔兰北部为多岩石、荒蛮的海岸，曲折蜿蜒。其东北部多为高地，东南部为山区，而中部则是低浅的盆地。 不列颠是个岛屿国家，四面环海，它隔着英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆遥遥相望。位处英法两国之间的英吉利海峡最窄之处被称作多佛海峡（Straits of Dover），仅有33公里宽度。 1985年英国政府和法国政府决定在多佛海峡处修建海峡隧道。总长153公里的隧道于1994年五月竣工通车，使得欧洲公路网得以连成一体，被誉为人类工程史上的一个伟业。 英国河流分布细密。塞文河（the Severn）是英国第一大河流，长338公里，它同西岸的克莱德河（the Clyde）、默塞河（the Mersey）一同承载着将工业原材料运输至内陆工业城市的使命。而东岸的特维德河（the Tweeds）、泰恩河（the Tyne）、蒂斯河（the Tees）以及著名的英国第二大河、长336公里的泰晤士河（the Thames）不仅面向欧洲大陆的北海各大港口，并且形成了富饶的渔场。 英国最大的湖泊是位于北爱尔兰的内伊湖（Lough Neagh）；而位处英格兰西北部、威尔士北部的湖区（the Lake District）则为其15个湖泊的秀丽风光成为著名的旅游胜地，那里还诞生了19世纪英国著名的湖畔诗人（the Lake poets）。 （三）

17世纪西方文化

17世纪的文化成就 目录 哲学：怀疑论和经验论 科学：理性的勃兴 宗教：自然神论 文学：古典主义 时代精神：人性的觉醒 一哲学：怀疑论和经验论 1.普遍怀疑的思想方法 1). 从怀疑出发，确立无可怀疑的真实世界 2). 不是否定外在世界的真实性，而是要颠覆中世纪基督教神学的虚假世界，在经验事实的基础上建立一个真实的世界 2.代表人物： 培根：实验科学，外在经验 笛卡尔：理性反省，内在经验 笛卡尔： 1). 代表作《方法论》《沉思录》 2).“笛卡尔式怀疑““我思故我在”强调每个个体“我”的精神世界的真实性、确定性； 精神和物质平行、独立 3). 解析几何发明者 3. 近代思想与中世纪的对比 1)本体论研究转向认识论研究 2)思想方法的不同： 中世纪：超理性的信仰与形式主义的推理 近代：以经验为出发点，在实验观察的基础上，进行逻辑演绎，以理性为真理可靠性的唯一标准 二科学：理性的勃兴 1.对自然的发现 作为自然界的自然秩序 哥白尼的“日心说”; 伽利略（推翻了亚里士多德“物体下落速度和重量成比例”的学说、发明天文望远镜、“哥伦布发现了新大陆，伽利略发现了新宇宙”。) 开普勒：行星运动三定律;被誉为“天空的立法者” 牛顿：万有引力定律 《自然哲学的数学原理》 运动三定律：惯性、加速度、作用于反作用定律 机械论的世界观：把力学原理当做解释一切自然现象的纲领。（取代

了中世纪的目的论世界观） 牛顿墓志铭： 自然和自然律隐没在黑暗中。 上帝说“要有牛顿”，万物俱成光明。 （荷兰）雷汶胡克：显微镜 （英国）哈维：人体血液循环 (荷兰)惠更斯：光波动说 牛顿、莱布尼茨（德国）：微积分 2..近代科学兴盛包含的哲学意义: 1)物质运动世界具有客观规律性 2)．人类在宇宙中地位的观念,发生了深刻的变化 3.理性给西方社会带来的两大信念： 自然秩序;天赋观念 三宗教：自然神论（理神论） 1. 英国自然神论之父。赫尔伯特 2. 自然神论： 松散的思想群体 基本观点：强调基督教的理性本质，基督教信仰的道德含义，提倡宗教宽容，突出每个人可凭自己的自然理性认识基督教真理。 自然神论的上帝观-理性的创世者 上帝与自然界相互独立；上帝按理性原则创造世界 尼德兰（荷兰）斯宾诺莎（1632-1677）：上帝等同于自然 莱布尼茨：单子论中的元单子-上帝 普列汉诺夫把自然神论称作一种特殊的“天上议会制” 宗教统治和科学兴起背景中的哲学，由于受到宗教和科学的双重影响，从总体上说，其基本特征是调和，即调和哲学与宗教、理性与信仰。 四文学与艺术 1..古典主义 古典主义的特点： 强调形式的规范:三一律 以理性驾驭情感 摹仿古希腊 讲究对称和谐 雍容华贵、推崇高雅、赞颂荣誉，烘托出讲究规则的理性精神。

第8课 权利法案(1)

第三单元第8课英国的制度创新 【课标要求】了解《权利法案》制定和责任内阁制形成的史实，理解英国资产阶级君主立宪的特点 【课前思考】18世纪中叶英国著名政治家老威廉?庇特在一次演讲中说的：在英国，由于财产权是神圣的，再贫穷的人在他的寒舍里也敢于对抗国王的权威。风可以进这所房子，雨可以进这所房子，房子甚至会在风雨中飘摇，但是国王不能踏进这所房子，国王的千军万马不敢踏进这所门槛已经破损了的破房子。 思考：那么国王神圣不可动摇的地位是从什么时候开始动摇的呢？国王是如何一步步丧失其权利的？ 【体系构建】 一、英国君主立宪制的确立 1、背景（1）历史传统 第17条一般诉讼应在一定地方审间，无需追随国王法庭请求处理。 第34条自此以后，不得再行颁布强制转移土地争执案件至国王法庭审讯之敖令，以免自由人丧失其司法权。 第39条除非经过同等之人的合审判，否则不得任意逮捕拘禁、放逐或剥夺自由人法律上的保护，或以任何手段摧残自由人。——英国《大宪章》 思考：《大宪章》签署的目的是什么？对英国君主立宪制的确立有什么影响？除此之外，英国还有什么限制王权的机构？ 目的：限制王权影响：《大宪章》是全人类历史上第一部宪法的雏形；随着社会的发展，它规定的封建贵族权利已逐步演化成普遍的宪法权利；它树立了法律高于国王之上，连国王也不得违反的原则；它彰显的是限定王权的思想，为君主立宪制的确立提供法律依据。 机构：议会制雏形 （2）王位沉浮与权力转移------英国光荣革命 材料一“是国王创造了法律，而非法律创造了国王。”“议论上帝是渎神，议论国王是叛逆”。 ------詹姆士一世 上述材料反映了17世纪时英国社会中存在着什么矛盾？这一矛盾产生的根源是什么？英国人是如何解决这一矛盾的？ 材料二英国?光荣革命?(实际是一次政变)大概是我心目中最完美的一次政治设计。它在一个长期专制统治的国家找到了一个摆脱革命与专制的循环，能有效地控制控制者?的办法。……这大概是改造专制制度以进行制度创新、摆脱专制的革命循环、走向长治久安的最完美的例子。这个例子对中国有意义，而美国在英国民主制度的基础上发展民主制度的历史对中国意义不大，因为中国不是像美国这类?没有历史的国家?。——杨小凯《中国政治随想录》 材料中认为英国光荣革命是“以进行制度创新、摆脱专制的革命循环、走向长治久安的最完美的例子”，这种说法是否正确？试分析光荣革命对英国的影响？“光荣革命”创造了什么完美的政治设计？该设计是如何有效控制“控制者”的？ 判断：说法不正确理由：光荣革命只是一场宫廷政变，不具备制度创新。 影响：否定了君权神授，确立了国王的权力来源于议会。 设计：君主立宪政体 控制：颁布《权利法案》，确立选律至上、议会主权的原则，君主变为虚君 2、确立---《权利法案》的颁布 材料议会之演说自由、辩论或议事之自由，不应在议会之外任何法院或任何地方，受到弹劾或询问。 议会议员之选举应是自由的。 为伸雪一切诉冤，并为修正、加强与维护法律起见，议会应经常集会——《权利法案》 问题：对照课本结合上述材料，归纳概括限制了哪些王权、保障了议会的哪些权力？分析“《权利法案》吸取了《大宪章》的什么思想？它有什么局限性？ 探究一：“《权利法案》颁布前后，英国国王和议会权力有什么变化？

英国社会救助的发展及现况

1、社会救助(Social Assistance)：指国家和其他社会主体对于遭受自然灾害、失去劳动能力或者其他低收入公民给予物质救助或者精神救助，以维持其基本生活需求，保障其最低生活水平的各种措施。从内容上看，社会救助包括贫困救助、自然灾害救助、城市生活无着落的流浪乞讨人员临时性救助、医疗救助、流浪儿童救助、住房救助、法律援助和司法救助、农村扶贫以及其他救助。 2、济贫法产生之前早期的救助方式 （1）教会慈善救济 基督教会以博爱与慈善的思想为指导，对社会弱势群体寄予深深的怜悯，它关爱弱者，对受压迫和垂死之人表现出极大的同情心。主要表现为：对待战争中的孤儿，先后办起了孤儿院和育婴堂照顾孤儿；对中世纪妇女社会地位的提高发挥着重要作用；基督教还表现为对老年人的关爱，教会办起了养老院来收养老人，中世纪的“养老之家”主要是由教会创办并管理的。与此同时，基督教会还利用自己的收入，通过修道院与城市慈善组织救济穷人和丧失劳动能力者、流浪汉等。（2）民间慈善救济和政府立法救济 医院是这一时期民间救助的主要机构，它不仅仅是治病救人的医疗场所，而且还发挥着福利院的救助功能。这些医院向孤儿、老人、无家可归者提供救助。 随着社会的发展，贫困问题出现了新的情况，单纯的民间救助不能解决出现的越来越多的贫困问题。为了社会的稳定，政府逐渐通过的立法的方式去解决贫困问题。1531 年亨利八世颁布救济物品法令，拉开了政府负责救济贫民措施的序幕。1536年亨利八世颁布的贫穷法规定，地方团体负责办理救贫事业，把老弱、病残以及失业者作为救济对象。都铎政府在 1572 年强制征收济贫税，来救助贫民。 （3）行会救济 中世纪初兴起的城市商人行会组织在救济方面也发挥着举足轻重的作用。“行会章程”明确规定了贫困救助的方式，确保每个会员的基本生活。但是行会救济实施的对象仅仅是行会成员内部，很明显，没有教会慈善救济实施的覆盖面广、影响力大。 3、济贫法颁布到工业革命前的救助方式 郑功成认为，“以政府介入的程度或制度化作为依据，社会保障在人类社会发展上的发展实践可以划分为以下三个大的阶段：一是慈善事业时代或前社会保障阶段，二是济贫制度的形成与发展阶段，三是现代社会保障阶段。”很显然，“国家通过立法形式介入济贫事务，是社会保障发展史上的一个重要里程碑，这个里程碑的标志便是英国1601 年《济贫法》。 1601 年，伊利莎白一世颁布了《济贫法》。该法案对接受救济者

英国王室与权利法案(中)

英国王室与《权利法案》（二） 作者：备份0316 中世纪的英国王室一直存在强势国王与弱势国王两种情况，比较明显的强势国王有亨利二世（1154~1189）、爱德华一世（1272~1307）、爱德华三世（1327~1377）、亨利五世（1413~1422），弱势国王有亨利三世（1216~1272）、爱德华二世（1307~1327）、亨利六世（1422~1461），不知是否巧合，强弱都在隔代遗传，而且泾渭分明。 例如，亨利三世（1216~1272）就继承了父亲约翰性格中优柔寡断的一面，遇到突发事情时总喜欢选择逃避。亨利不像父亲那样刚愎暴虐，但仍然狡猾善变，这一切导致亨利三世时期国王在与贵族的较量中始终无法乾纲独断。 在与亨利三世国王抗衡的贵族中，领头的人物是德·孟福尔伯爵，孟福尔伯爵是亨利三世的妹夫，也是国王早期的宠臣，曾负责总督英格兰在法国仅保留下来的加斯科涅地区。 不过，这时崛起的贵族不止国王妹夫一家，还有亨利三世的母亲家族，国王的王后家族，以及亨利的同母异父兄弟吕西尼昂家族，另外，与亨利作对的还包括国王的儿子爱德华王子。 在所有这些贵族中，最不得人心却又最受国王宠信的是来自法国的吕西尼昂家族，这点和诺曼征服前的“忏悔者”爱德华非常相似，

当年的爱德华国王因为受不了国内贵族的掣肘，求助法国的表亲诺曼底公爵，结果引狼入室，诺曼底公爵在入侵英国后，把本土的英格兰贵族血洗个底朝天。 吕西尼昂兄弟骄横跋扈，因为和大主教产生矛盾而殴打大主教的仆人，还纵容手下抢劫王后顾问的庄园。由于受到国王的袒护，吕西尼昂兄弟在每次激烈冲突后总能逃脱惩罚。 如此恶劣状况持续数年，其他的贵族们终于忍无可忍，决定发起一次“清君侧”的行动。 为什么行动仅限于“清君侧”，是因为欧洲封建社会（包括英国）的运行基础是契约，国王是契约制度的根基，对王权的僭越是欧洲传统文化最无法接受的部分，这也是当初“失地王”约翰时期贵族的反叛最后带来《大宪章》、而非推翻国王的原因。 尽管如此，这次行动仍然是革命性的，因为除了《大宪章》的那次贵族们公开反叛，这是贵族第一次直接面向自己的君王进行申诉。 1258年4月30日清晨，一大群贵族、骑士和他们的扈从向威斯敏斯特宫的御座厅走来，虽然贵族们在前厅解下了自己随身武器，但仍然身着戎装，而且未经门卫的允许径直来到国王面前。 面对贵族们来势汹汹的气势，亨利三世着实被吓得不轻，国王颤抖地问道：“大人们，这是怎么回事？我被俘虏了吗？”当国王得到

第六章 十七世纪英国政治思想

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