雷达的发展论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
英文原文：
The development of radar
The basic concept of radar formed in the early 20th century. But it was not until, before and after the second world war LeiDaCai get rapid development. As early as the beginning of the 20th century, European and American scientists already know that electromagnetic waves are reflected by the object. In 1922, Italy g. Marconi radio waves may detect objects of papers published. U.S. navy lab found in double base continuous wave radar can be found in it by ship. In 1925, the United States can start work on ranging radar pulse modulation, and first use it to measure the height of the
ionosphere. The early 30 s, Europe and the United States some countries began to develop detection radar pulse modulation of the plane. In 1936, the United States developed the role is about 40 kilometers distance, resolution of 457 meters, pulse radar detection of aircraft. In 1938, the UK has been deployed on the nearby French native coast a chain of early warning radar observation of enemy planes.
During the second world war, due to operational needs, the development of radar technology is very fast. In terms of using spectrum, the pre-war devices and technology can only achieve tens of megahertz. Early in the war, Germany first developed into large power three, four tube, to increase the frequency to 500 MHZ and above. This not only improved the precision of radar search and guide the plane, but also improves the performance of anti-aircraft gun control radar, the anti-aircraft gun has a higher hit ratio. Work in 1939, the British invented in the 3000 MHZ power, ground and airplanes equipped with use of the magnetron microwave radar, the allied forces in the air combat and air - sea operations. Later in the war, the United States to further increase the frequency of magnetron to 10 gigahertz, realize the airborne radar miniaturization and to improve the accuracy of measurement. In terms of fire control, the development of precision automatic tracking radar SCR - 584, the anti-aircraft gun shooting from the early war thousands of rounds of shot down a plane, up to dozens of hit a plane.
Late 40 s moving target display technology, which is beneficial to the ground clutter and sex of discovery targets in clutter background. High performance of the moving target indication radar coherent signal must launch, so power is developed, such as, the forward wave tube device. Appeared high speed jet 50 s, 60 s appeared in the low altitude penetration aircraft and, long-range missiles and military satellite, promoted the rapid increase of radar performance. 60 ~ 70 s, computers, and large scale digital
integrated circuit is applied to the radar, the radar performance is greatly improved, while reducing the volume and the weight, improve the reliability. In LeiDaXin system, new technology, has been more widely adopted the 50 s and tracking moving target display, single pulse Angle measuring and pulse compression technology, etc.; In the '60 s appeared; In the 70 s solid phased array radar and pulse doppler radar.
In China, the radar technology grew out from the early 50 s. China's development of the radar has equipped the army. China has developed into a anti-aircraft two coordinates, and three coordinates alert to - air missile guidance radar, guidance radar, long-range missiles, the initial period of range measurement radar and reentry period of range measurement and recycling. Developed by China's large radar observations are also used in China and other countries to launch satellites. In civil, ocean-going ships sailing navigation and collision avoidance radar, the airport control of radar as well as weather radar have been production and application. China's development of airborne synthetic aperture radar have been able to obtain large clear map of surveying and mapping. China's development of a new generation of radar have been using a computer or microprocessor, and the application of medium and large scale integrated circuit of the digital information processing technology, frequency has been extended to millimeter wave band.
Radar, is due to Britain and Germany during World War II war, England need a detecting air metal objects radar (Technology) can help search for German aircraft in air defense battle. During World War II, radar has been ground to air, air-to-ground bombing (search), air-to-air (interception) radar fire control, IFF function.
After World War II, the development of the single pulse angle tracking radar, pulse Doppler signal processing, synthetic aperture and pulse compression with high resolution, IFF combined system, combined with
computer automatic fire control system, terrain avoidance and terrain following, passive or active phased array, frequency agility, multi-target detection and tracking new radar system.
Later, with the progress of microelectronics and other fields of science, the development of radar technology, its connotation and the research contents are constantly expanding. At present, means of detecting radar have formerly only radar a detector to the development of the infrared light, ultraviolet light, laser and other optical detection means integration cooperation.
Modern radar and ability of function makes the battlefield commander in various search and tracking of target scanning mode, and the interference error of automatic correction, and most of the control function is completed in the internal.
Automatic target recognition can enable weapon system to maximize the role of integrated radar system, airborne early warning aircraft and JSTARS this is battlefield identification friend or foe ability in fact has become the future battlefield information control center.
Radar, is due to Britain and Germany during World War II war, England need a detecting air metal objects radar (Technology) can help search for German aircraft in air defense battle. During World War II, radar has been ground to air, air-to-ground bombing (search), air-to-air (interception) radar fire control, IFF function.
After World War II, the development of the single pulse angle tracking radar, pulse Doppler signal processing, synthetic aperture and pulse compression with high resolution, IFF combined system, combined with computer automatic fire control system, terrain avoidance and terrain following, passive or active phased array, frequency agility, multi-target detection and tracking new radar system.
Later, with the progress of microelectronics and other fields of science, the
development of radar technology, its connotation and the research contents are constantly expanding. At present, means of detecting radar have formerly only radar a detector to the development of the infrared light, ultraviolet light, laser and other optical detection means integration cooperation.
Modern radar and ability of function makes the battlefield commander in various search and tracking of target scanning mode, and the interference error of automatic correction, and most of the control function is completed in the internal.
Automatic target recognition can enable weapon system to maximize the role of integrated radar system, airborne early warning aircraft and JSTARS this is battlefield identification friend or foe ability in fact has become the future battlefield information control center.
Radar and the role of the eyes and ears similar, of course, it is no longer a masterpiece of nature, at the same time, it is the information carrier of radio waves. In fact, whether visible light or radio waves, in essence is the same thing, is the electromagnetic wave propagation in a vacuum, the speed is the speed of light C, the difference is their different frequency and wavelength. The principle is that the transmitter radar equipment to electromagnetic energy into space in one direction through the antenna, electromagnetic wave reflection in this direction of objects encountered; radar antenna to receive the reflected wave, and sent to the receiving equipment for processing, extract some information about the object (target object to the range, range rate or radial velocity, range, etc.). Measurement of the distance is a measure of the actual transmitted pulse and the echo pulse time difference between, because the electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light, accurate distance which can be converted into the target.
Measurement of target azimuth is sharp beam position measurement using
antenna. Measurement of elevation on the narrow beam angle of elevation measurements. To calculate the target height according to the elevation and distance will be able to.
Measuring speed radar based on target frequency between itself and the principle of Doppler effect caused by relative motion. The radar target echo frequency and radar received different transmitting frequency, the difference between the two is called the Doppler frequency. One from the Doppler frequency can be extracted from the main message is the rate of change of distance between radar and target. When the same space target and clutter in radar resolution cell, among them Doppler frequency interference from the different clutter detection and target tracking using radar wave.
Radar has the advantages of both day and night to detect long-range goals, and not subject to fog, cloud and rain to stop, has the characteristics of all-weather, all-time, and a certain degree of penetration. Therefore, it has become not only the military electronic equipment essential, and is widely used in economic and social development (such as weather forecast, resource exploration, environment monitoring and so on) and scientific research (Astrophysics Research, atmospheric physics, ionospheric structure research.). Airborne and spaceborne synthetic aperture radar has become a very important sensor in remote sensing. The exact shape to the ground as the goal of the radar to detect the ground. The spatial resolution is up to a few meters to tens of meters, and is independent of the distance. Radar in the flood monitoring, sea ice monitoring, soil humidity survey, forest resource inventory, such as the geological survey shows a good application potential. [1]
The earliest used to search for 23cm radar electromagnetic wave length, the band is defined for the L band (English Long prefix), then the band center wave length is 22cm. When the wavelength of electromagnetic
wave 10cm is being used, the band is defined for the S band (English Short prefix, meaning of electromagnetic wave wavelength shorter than the original).
In the fire control radar is mainly used 3cm the occurrence of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic wave 3cm wavelength is known as the X band, because the X represents the coordinates of a point.
In order to combining the advantages of X band and S band, the gradual emergence of the use of center wavelength of 5cm radar, the band called the C band (C Compromise, English "with" a word prefix).
In Britain, the Germans began to independently develop their own radar, they chose 1.5cm as the center wavelength of their radar. The wavelength of the electromagnetic waves are called K band (K = Kurz, the German "short" prefix).
"Unfortunate", the Germans to the unique "accuracy" selection of the wavelength can be strongly absorbed by water vapor. The results of this band radar can not be used in rain and fog weather. The design of the radar in order to avoid the absorption peak, usually use frequency is slightly higher than that of K band and Ka band (Ka, English K above acronym, meaning in the K band, above) and lower (Ku, English K under acronym, meaning in the K band under the band).
英文翻译
雷达的发展
雷达的基本概念形成于20世纪初。但是直到第二次世界大战前后，雷达才得到迅速发展。早在20世纪初，欧洲和美国的一些科学家已知道电磁波被物体反射的现象。1922年，意大利G.马可尼发表了无线电波可能检测物体的论文。美国海军实验室发现用双基地连续波雷达能发觉在其间通过的船只。1925年，美国开始研制能测距的脉冲调制雷达，并首先用它来测量电离层的高度。30年代初，欧美一些国家开始研制探测飞机的脉冲调制雷达。1936年，美国研制出作用距离达40公里、分辨力为457米的探测飞机的脉冲雷达。1938年,英国已在邻近法国的本土海岸线上布设了一条观测敌方飞机的早期报警雷达链。
第二次世界大战期间，由于作战需要，雷达技术发展极为迅速。就使用的频段而言，战前的器件和技术只能达到几十兆赫。大战初期，德国首先研制成大功率三、四极电子管,把频率提高到500兆赫以上。这不仅提高了雷达搜索和引导飞机的精
度，而且也提高了高射炮控制雷达的性能，使高炮有更高的命中率。1939年，英国发明工作在3000兆赫的功率，地面和飞机上装备了采用这种磁控管的微波雷达,使盟军在空中作战和空-海作战方面获得优势。大战后期，美国进一步把磁控管的频率提高到10吉赫，实现了机载雷达小型化并提高了测量精度。在高炮火控方面，美国研制的精密自动跟踪雷达SCR-584,使高炮命中率从战争初期的数千发炮弹击落一架飞机，提高到数十发击中一架飞机。
40年代后期出现了动目标显示技术，这有利于在地杂波和云雨等杂波背景中发现目标。高性能的动目标显示雷达必须发射相干信号，于是研制了功率、、前向波管等器件。50年代出现了高速喷气式飞机，60年代又出现了低空突防飞机和中、远程导弹以及军用卫星，促进了雷达性能的迅速提高。60～70年代，电子计算机、、和大规模数字集成电路等应用到雷达上，使雷达性能大大提高，同时减小了体积和重量，提高了可靠性。在雷达新体制、新技术方面，50年代已较广泛地采用了动目标显示、单脉冲测角和跟踪以及脉冲压缩技术等；60年代出现了；70年代固态相控阵雷达和脉冲多普勒雷达问世。
在中国，雷达技术从50年代初才开始发展起来。中国研制的雷达已装备军队。中国已经研制成防空用的二坐标和三坐标警戒引导雷达、地－空导弹制导雷达、远程导弹初始段靶场测量雷达和再入段靶场测量与回收雷达。中国研制的大型雷达还用于观测中国和其他国家发射的人造卫星。在民用方面，远洋轮船的导航和防撞雷达、飞机场的航行管制雷达以及气象雷达等均已生产和应用。中国研制成的机载合成孔径雷达已能获得大面积清晰的测绘地图。中国研制的新一代雷达均已采用计算机或微处理器，并应用了中、大规模集成电路的数字式信息处理技术，频率已扩展至毫米波段。
雷达的出现，是由于二战期间当时英国和德国交战时，英国急需一种能探测空中金属物体的雷达（技术）能在反空袭战中帮助搜寻德国飞机。二战期间，雷达就已经出现了地对空、空对地（搜索）轰炸、空对空（截击）火控、敌我识别功能的雷达技术。
二战以后，雷达发展了单脉冲角度跟踪、脉冲多普勒信号处理、合成孔径和脉冲压缩的高分辨率、结合敌我识别的组合系统、结合计算机的自动火控系统、地形回避和地形跟随、无源或有源的相位阵列、频率捷变、多目标探测与跟踪等新的雷达体制。
后来随着微电子等各个领域科学进步，雷达技术的不断发展，其内涵和研究内容都在不断地拓展。目前，雷达的探测手段已经由从前的只有雷达一种探测器发展到了红外光、紫外光、激光以及其他光学探测手段融合协作。
当代雷达的同时多功能的能力使得战场指挥员在各种不同的搜索/跟踪模式下对目标进行扫描，并对干扰误差进行自动修正，而且大多数的控制功能是在系统内部完成的。
自动目标识别则可使武器系统最大限度地发挥作用，空中预警机和JSTARS这样的具有战场敌我识别能力的综合雷达系统实际上已经成为了未来战场上的信息指挥中心。
雷达的出现，是由于二战期间当时英国和德国交战时，英国急需一种能探测空中金属物体的雷达（技术）能在反空袭战中帮助搜寻德国飞机。二战期间，雷达就已经出现了地对空、空对地（搜索）轰炸、空对空（截击）火控、敌我识别功能的雷达技术。
二战以后，雷达发展了单脉冲角度跟踪、脉冲多普勒信号处理、合成孔径和脉冲压缩的高分辨率、结合敌我识别的组合系统、结合计算机的自动火控系统、地形回避和地形跟随、无源或有源的相位阵列、频率捷变、多目标探测与跟踪等新的雷达体制。
后来随着微电子等各个领域科学进步，雷达技术的不断发展，其内涵和研究内容都在不断地拓展。目前，雷达的探测手段已经由从前的只有雷达一种探测器发展到了红外光、紫外光、激光以及其他光学探测手段融合协作。
当代雷达的同时多功能的能力使得战场指挥员在各种不同的搜索/跟踪模式下对目标进行扫描，并对干扰误差进行自动修正，而且大多数的控制功能是在系统内部完成的。
自动目标识别则可使武器系统最大限度地发挥作用，空中预警机和JSTARS这样的具有战场敌我识别能力的综合雷达系统实际上已经成为了未来战场上的信息指挥中心。
雷达所起的作用和眼睛和耳朵相似，当然，它不再是大自然的杰作，同时，它的信息载体是无线电波。事实上，不论是可见光或是无线电波，在本质上是同一种东西，都是电磁波，在真空中传播的速度都是光速C，差别在于它们各自的频率和波长不同。其原理是雷达设备的发射机通过天线把电磁波能量射向空间某一
方向，处在此方向上的物体反射碰到的电磁波；雷达天线接收此反射波，送至接收设备进行处理，提取有关该物体的某些信息（目标物体至雷达的距离，距离变化率或径向速度、方位、高度等）。
测量距离实际是测量发射脉冲与回波脉冲之间的时间差，因电磁波以光速传播，据此就能换算成目标的精确距离。
测量目标方位是利用天线的尖锐方位波束测量。测量仰角靠窄的仰角波束测量。根据仰角和距离就能计算出目标高度。
测量速度是雷达根据自身和目标之间有相对运动产生的频率多普勒效应原理。雷达接收到的目标回波频率与雷达发射频率不同，两者的差值称为多普勒频率。从多普勒频率中可提取的主要信息之一是雷达与目标之间的距离变化率。当目标与干扰杂波同时存在于雷达的同一空间分辨单元内时，雷达利用它们之间多普勒频率的不同能从干扰杂波中检测和跟踪目标。
雷达的优点是白天黑夜均能探测远距离的目标，且不受雾、云和雨的阻挡，具有全天候、全天时的特点，并有一定的穿透能力。因此，它不仅成为军事上必不可少的电子装备，而且广泛应用于社会经济发展(如气象预报、资源探测、环境监测等)和科学研究(天体研究、大气物理、电离层结构研究等)。星载和机载合成孔径雷达已经成为当今遥感中十分重要的传感器。以地面为目标的雷达可以探测地面的精确形状。其空间分辨力可达几米到几十米，且与距离无关。雷达在洪水监测、海冰监测、土壤湿度调查、森林资源清查、地质调查等方面显示了很好的应用潜力。[1]
最早用于搜索雷达的电磁波波长度为23cm，这一波段被定义为L波段（英语Long的字头），后来这一波段的中心波长度变为22cm。当波长为10cm的电磁波被使用后，其波段被定义为S波段(英语Short的字头，意为比原有波长短的电磁波）。
在主要使用3cm电磁波的火控雷达出现后，3cm波长的电磁波被称为X波段，因为X代表坐标上的某点。
为了结合X波段和S波段的优点，逐渐出现了使用中心波长为5cm的雷达，该波段被称为C波段（C即Compromise，英语“结合”一词的字头）。
在英国人之后，德国人也开始独立开发自己的雷达，他们选择1.5cm作为自己雷达的中心波长。这一波长的电磁波就被称为K波段（K = Kurz，德语中“短”的字头）。
“不幸”的是，德国人以其日尔曼民族特有的“精确性”选择的波长可以被水蒸气强烈吸收。结果这一波段的雷达不能在雨中和有雾的天气使用。战后设计的雷达为了避免这一吸收峰，通常使用频率略高于K波段的Ka波段（Ka，即英语K－above的缩写，意为在K波段之上）和略低（Ku，即英语K－under的缩写，意为在K波段之下）的波段。
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
概率论毕业论文外文翻译
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
毕业论文外文翻译模版
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
毕业论文参考文献格式示例
例： 参考文献： [1]毛蕴诗. 跨国公司战略竞争与国际直接投资[M].广州: 中山大学出版社 [2]ALEXANDER N. International Retailing [M].Oxford:Blackwell Business,1997 .日本税法[M].战宪斌,郑林根,译.北京:法律出版社.信息技术与信息服务[M]//许厚泽,赵其国.信息技术与应用.,於方,蒋红强,等. 建立中国绿色GDP 核算体系:机遇、挑战与对策[C]//潘岳,绿色GDP 核算体系国际研讨会论文集. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2004:35-42. 黄祖洽.软凝聚态物理研究进展[J].北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2005,41(1) :N, MYERS H. European Retail Expansion in South East Asia[J].European 1999,34(2): 45-50. 丁文祥.数字革命与竞争国际化[N]. 中国青年报, 2000-11-20 (15). 张志祥.间断动力系统的随机扰动及其在守恒律方程中的应用[D].北京:北京大学数学学院,1998. 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管 道与压力容器的LBB 分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院莫少强.数字式中文全文文献格式的设计与研究[J/OL].情报学报,1999,18(4):https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a010464694.html,/periodical/qbxb/qbxb990407.htm. 奚纪荣,邱志方.武略文韬:军事知识趣谈[M/OL].上海: 汉语大词典出版社, 2001: [13]杜莲.“9·11”事件影响英国出版news/20010929/200109290016.htm. 英文作者姓名全部 用大写字母
毕业论文外文翻译模板
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
酒店管理系统中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 Hotel Management System Integration Services 1.Introduction It is generally accepted that the role of the web services in businesses is undoubtedly important. More and more commercial software systems extend their capability and power by using web services technology. Today the e-commerce is not merely using internet to transfer business data or supporting people to interact with dynamic web page, but are fundamentally changed by web services. The World Wide Web Consortium's Xtensible Markup Language (XML) and the Xtensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) are standards defined in the interest of multi-purpose publishing and content reuse and are increasingly being deployed in the construction of web services. Since XML is looked as the canonical message format, it could tie together thousands of systems programmed by hundreds of programming languages. Any program can be mapped into web service, while any web service can also be mapped into program. In this paper, we present a next generation commercial system in hotel industry that fully integrates the hotel Front Office system, Property Management System, Customer Relationship Management System, Quality Management system, Back Office system and Central Reservations System distributed in different locations. And we found that this system greatly improves both the hotel customer and hotel officer’s experiences in the hotel business work flow. Because current technologies are quite mature, it seems no difficulty to integrate the existing system and the new coming systems (for example, web-based applications or mobile applications). However, currently in hotel industry there are few truly integrated systems used because there
英语专业毕业论文翻译类论文
英语专业毕业论文翻译 类论文 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
毕业论文（设计）Title:The Application of the Iconicity to the Translation of Chinese Poetry 题目:象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用 学生姓名孔令霞 学号 BC09150201 指导教师祁晓菲助教 年级 2009级英语本科（翻译方向）二班 专业英语 系别外国语言文学系
黑龙江外国语学院本科生毕业论文（设计）任务书 摘要
索绪尔提出的语言符号任意性，近些年不断受到质疑，来自语言象似性的研究是最大的挑战。语言象似性理论是针对语言任意性理论提出来的，并在不断发展。象似性是当今认知语言学研究中的一个重要课题，是指语言符号的能指与所指之间的自然联系。本文以中国诗歌英译为例，探讨象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，从以下几个部分阐述：（1）象似性的发展；（2）象似性的定义及分类；（3）中国诗歌翻译的标准；（4）象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，主要从以下几个方面论述：声音象似、顺序象似、数量象似、对称象似方面。通过以上几个方面的探究，探讨了中国诗歌翻译中象似性原则的重大作用，在诗歌翻译过程中有助于得到“形神皆似”和“意美、音美、形美”的理想翻译效果。 关键词：象似性；诗歌；翻译
Abstract The arbitrariness theory of language signs proposed by Saussure is severely challenged by the study of language iconicity in recent years. The theory of iconicity is put forward in contrast to that of arbitrariness and has been developing gradually. Iconicity, which is an important subject in the research of cognitive linguistics, refers to a natural resemblance or analogy between the form of a sign and the object or concept. This thesis mainly discusses the application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry. The paper is better described from the following parts: (1) The development of the iconicity; (2) The definition and classification of the iconicity; (3) The standards of the translation to Chinese poetry; (4) The application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry, mainly discussed from the following aspects: sound iconicity, order iconicity, quantity iconicity, and symmetrical iconicity. Through in-depth discussion of the above aspects, this paper could come to the conclusion that the iconicity is very important in the translation of poetry. It is conductive to reach the ideal effect of “the similarity of form and spirit” and “the three beauties”. Key words: the iconicity; poetry; translation
大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
酒店收益管理系统(文献翻译)
为酒店群体顾客而设的技术收益管理系统 Pablo Cortés, Luis Onieva, Jesús Mu?uzuri 西班牙塞维利亚大学（作者承认由Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia，Spain.所给的财务支持） 文章信息 文章历史： 2008年4月1日投稿 2009年3月1日收到修订版 2009年4月1日接受发表 关键词： 收益管理 顾客群体 酒店 摘要 这篇文章讨论了收益管理：一种关注在决策环节使每个销售单位利润最大化的技术。新生的技术管理在收益管理的技术发展中承担着一个主要的角色。在技术管理方面，每个新的改进能带来更加有效的商业收益能力。现今，决策支持的收益管理系统和技术管理是在服务性行业取得成功的重要因素。在此文章中例举了酒店的群客群体的一些特殊案例。也介绍了一种能为酒店设定收益最大化标准的新的决策支持系统。上述的系统包括了一系列的顾客需求预测方法，同时讨论了单个顾客以及顾客群体的一般情况。收益管理系统也包含了确定性以及猜测性的数学模型来采取最优决策。实际上的收益取决于酒店采用的预约系统。收益管理系统运用一个仿真工具做了一个不同的房间库存管理比较，结果包含了性能指标，例如入住率、实用率以及销售量；通过比较结果，选择其中一个方法。通过实际数据的测试，收益管理系统证明了自身的适用性，从而成为一个创新和有效的酒店预订系统管理工具。 ?2009 Elsevier Inc。版权所有1.介绍 在不适合自身的情况下，许多公司仍然试图利用收益管理技术。由于公司想运用收益管理技术从越来越多的业务流程中获取利润，研究人员对这些需求作出了回应。在过去，不同行业最常运用以这种技术为基础的特点。脆弱的产业，比如面包师、杂货商、水果供应商和剧院经理，通过在不同的时间段设定不同的价格限定了顾客需求。 跟随着美国航空公司在1978年违反规定的行为，现今各个航空公司能够采用它们自身选择的任意航线任意时间的任意价格，Smith, Leimkuhler 和Darrow (1992)。这导致科学家们研发了一种称为“收益管理”的新的管理方法。在最初，收益管理假设乘客们都选择一个
毕业论文 外文翻译#(精选.)
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日
译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。
英语专业翻译类论文参考文献
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电子信息工程专业毕业论文外文翻译中英文对照翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师
Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish