英语语法讲解试题及答案
英语语法
第一章名词
名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：
名词专有名词不可数名词
普通名词物质名词
抽象名词
集体名词
可数名词
个体名词
1.1 名词复数的规则变化
情况构成方法读音例词
一般情况加-s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps
浊辅音和元音后读/z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾加-es 读/iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等结尾加-s 读/iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾变y 为i再加es 读/z/ baby---babies
1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化
1）以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如：
two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
2）以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如：photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。
3）以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 加s，如：belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。
1.3 名词复数的不规则变化
1）child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：由一个词加man 或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2）单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：
people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，
a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。
b. news 为不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5）表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜）trousers,clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair（对，双）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。
1.4 不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。
比较：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。（不可数）
These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。（可数）
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。例如：
This factory produces steel.（不可数）
We need various steels.（可数）
c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如：
Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2）抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如：
four freedoms 四大自由the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如：
a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice一则建议。
5. 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。例如：
sports meeting 运动会students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌the foreign languages department 外语系
2）man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如：men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3）有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如：
goods train （货车）arms produce武器生产
customs papers 海关文件clothes brush 衣刷
4）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：
two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划
1.6 不同国籍人的单复数
国籍总称（谓语用复数）单数复数
中国人the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士人the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亚人the Australians an Australian two Australians
俄国人the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人the Italians an Italian two Italians
希腊人the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美国人the Americans an American two Americans
印度人the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德国人the Germans a Germans two Germans
英国人the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
1.7 名词的格
英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1）单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。
2）若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle工人的斗争。
3）凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。
5）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。例如：
John's and Mary's rooms（两间）John and Mary's room（一间）
6）复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：a month or two's absence
1.8 练习
1. 1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______. a．a．little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages
2. 2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war.
a. a. an ash
b. the ash
c. ash
d. ashes
3. 3.The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year.
a. a. many preparations
b. much preparation
c. preparations
d. preparation
4. 4.Painting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities.
a. a. oil
b. an oil
c. oils
d. the oil
5. 5.In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn’t ____ oil here.
a. a. much
b. lots of
c. a great deal of
d. many
6. 6.The large houses are being painted, but ______.
a. of great expense
b. at a great expense
c. in a lot of expenses
d. by high expense
7. 7.The room was small and contained far too ______.
a. a.much new furniture c. much new furnitures
b. b.many new furniture d. many new furnitures
8. 8.Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
a. rooms number
b. room number
c. room’s numbers
d. room numbers
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a611399624.html,puters can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself.
a gr eat many…many c. much…a great deal
b. a great deal of…much d. many…a great many
10. 10.She didn’t know _____ he had been given.
a. a. how many information c. how many informations
b. b. the number of information d. how much information
11. 11.He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.
a. a. comrade-in-arms c. comrades-in-arm
b. b. comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm
12. 12.All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.
a. a. women doctors c. woman doctors
b. b. women doctor d. woman doctor
13. 13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_____.
a. a. growns-ups c. growns-up
b. b. grown-up d. grown-ups
14. 14.The police investigated those _____ about the accident.
a. a. stander-by c. standers-by
b. b. stander-bys d. standers-bys
15. 15.The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp.
a. a.prisoner-of-wars c. prisoners-of-war
b. b.prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war
16. 16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately.
a. a. new reel
b. news reel
c. new-reels
d. news reels
17. 17.Mary’s dress is similar in appearance to her ______.
a. elder sister
b. elder sister’s
c. elder sisters
d. elder sisters dress
18. 18.All the people at the conference are ______.
a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacher
b. b.mathematics teachers d. mathematic’s teachers
19.Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance.
a. a. some property c. properties
b. b. some properties d. property
20. 20.Physics _____ with matter and motion.
a. a. deal
b. deals
c. dealing
d. are
21. 21.He has written several books, but his last works _____ well known among his friends.
a. a. have
b. have been
c. is
d. are
22. 22.After he checked up my ______ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.
a. a. father-in-law’s c. father’s-in-law
b. b. father-in-law d. father’s-in-law’s
23. 23.He told me _____ would come to his birthday party.
a. a. many Jack friend s c. many Jack’s friend
b. b. Jack’s many friends d. many friends of Jack’s
24. 24.I had my hair cut at the _____ around the corner.
a. a.barber
b. barbers
c. barber’s
d. barbers’
25. 25.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at ______.
a. a. Peter and Helen’s c. Peter and Helen
b. b. Peter and Helens d. Peter’s and Helen’s
26. 26.______ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the sun’s energy.
a. a. The earth’s surface c. The surface of earth
b. b. The surface earth d. The earth surface
27. 27.Numerous materials are available to ______.
a. a. today of designers c. today’s of designers
b. b. today’s designers d. toda y designers
28. 28.Why did you speak to Peter that way? Don’t you know he is an old friend of ______?
a. a. my brother
b. my brothers
c. my brother’s
d. my brother’s friend
29. 29.______ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.
a. a. This John’s old friend c. That’s Jahn’s old friend
b. b. This old friend of John d. This old friend of John’s
30. 30.______ is too much for a little boy to carry.
a. a.A bike’s weight c. The w eight of a bike
b. b.The weights of a bike d. Bile’s weight
31. 31.Generally there are ______ television programs for children on Saturday.
a. a. little
b. much
c. a large number of
d. a large amount of
32. 32.When they got to the lecture-room, there were ______ left.
a. a. only few seats
b. a very few seats
c. only a few seats
d. so a few seats
33. 33.______ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.
a. a. A little mail
b. A piece of mail
c. A mail
d. A small mail
34. 34.The Department purchased ______ to improve the working conditions there.
a. a. a new equipment c. new equipments
b. b. a new piece of equipment d. new pieces of equipments
35. 35.The boy tried hard but there has been ______ in his work.
a. a. little improvement c. many improvements
b. b. a little improvement d. few improvements
36. 36.Today’s modern TV cameras require ______ light as compared with the earlier models.
a. a. only a few
b. only few
c. only a little
d. only little
37. 37.No country can afford to neglect ______.
a. a. an education
b. educations
c. education
d. the education
38. 38.Please write the answers to the questions at the end of ______.
a. a. eighth chapter
b. chapter eight
c. eight chapter
d. chapter the eight
39. 39.______ is only surpassed by that of monkeys’ and apes’.
a. a. The intelligent dog c. The intelligence of dogs
b. b. The dogs whose intelligence d. The dogs being intelligent
40. 40.All ______ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.
a. a. business student
b. business’s students
c. business students
d. business’s student
41. 41.______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.
a. a. Three minutes call c. A three-minutes call
b. b. Three-minute call d. A three-minute call
42. 42.The ______ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem.
a. a. public’s chief concern c. chief public concern
b. b. public chief concern d. chief concern of public’s
43. 43.______ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transcontinental railroad.
a. Chinese were
b. The Chinese was
c. Chinese was
d. The Chinese were
44. 44.______ can get a better view of the game than the participants.
a. a. Looker-on
b. Lookers-on
c. Looker-ons c. Lookers-ons
45. 45.A group of spectators was dispersed by the police who ______ at the scene of the accidents within minutes.
a. a. were
b. have been
c. was
d. has been
46. 46.Our livestock ______ not as numerous as they used to be.
a. a. is
b. are
c. be
d. been
47. 47.One of the most surprising things is that ______ may come from petroleum.
a. a. much of tomorrow food c. many of tomorrow’s food
b. b. much of the food of tomorrow d. much of tomorrow’s food
48. 48.Scott is an orphan but he received ______.
a. a. very good education c. a very good education
b. b. very good educations d. many good educations
49. 49.After several day’s hardworking, we have made ______ on the design.
a. a. much improvement c. many improvement
b. b. several improvements d. some improvement
50. 50.The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a ______ yesterday.
a. a. shoes shop
b. shoe shop
c. shoes’s shop
d. shoe’s
51. 51.Eggs, though nourishing, have ______ of fat content.
a. a. large number
b. a large number
c. a high amount
d. the high amount
52. 52.He has done some ______ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.
a. a. research
b. a research
c. researches
d. the researches
53. 53.Recently, he has lost all his ______.
a. a. wage and saving at card c. wages and saving at card
b. b. wages and savings at card d. wages and savings at cards
54. 54.The country’s wealth comes chiefly from its many ______.
a. a. herd of cattle
b. heard of cattles
c. herds of cattle
d. herds of cattles
55. 55.In Britain the ______ are all painted red.
a. a. letter boxes
b. letters box
c. letters boxes
d. letters’s box
56. 56.Ten years had passed. I found she had ______.
a. a. a little white hair c. a few white hair
b. b. some white hair d. much white hair
57. 57.All his ______ far from satisfaction
a. a. conduct is
b. conduct are
c. conducts is
d. conducts will be
58. 58.Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, ______ was done.
a. a. a few damages
b. few damages
c. little damage
d. a little damage
59. 59.He was ______ what to do.
a. a. at his wit end
b. at his wits end
c. at his wit’s end
d. at his wits’s end
60. 60.Would you like to have a cup of tea and ______ with me?
a two toasts b. two pieces of toast c. two piece of toasts d. tow pieces of toasts
61. 61.Accurate ______ covering the fact are not obtainable.
a. a. datum
b. datums
c. data
d. datas
62. 62.On Monday morning some teachers exchanged a few ______.
a. a. how-are-yous c. how-are-you’s
b. b. of how-are-you’s d. of how are you
63. 63.Albert said he met the girl ______
a. a. at his uncle’s Smith room c. at his uncle Smith’s room
b. b. at Smith’s his uncle’s room d. at the room of his uncle’s Smith’s
64. 64.It is four months since I last saw Keats ______.
a. a. at Mrt Smith’s ,the book seller c. at my aunt’s, a book seller
b. b. at my aunt’s, Mrs Palmer’s d. at Mrs Palmer’s, the book seller’s
65. 65.This room is ______.
a. a. the editor’s-in-chief’s office c. the editor-in-chief’s office
b. b. the editor-in-chief office d. the editor’s-in-chief office
66. 66.My old classmate, Comrade Sun ,works at ______.
a. a. a teacher college c. a teacher’s college
b. b. a teachers’s college d. a college of a teacher’s
67. 67.The policemen put the criminal ______.
a. a. in a iron
b. into a iron
c. in irons
d. into a pair of iron
68. 68.Our teacher gave me ______.
a. a. an advice
b. the advice
c. many advice
d. much advice
69. 69.My mother cut the cloth with ______ scissors.
a. a. a
b. two
c. a couple of
d. a pair of
70.My house is within ______ from the railway station.
a. a stone’s throw
b. a throw of a stone
c. stone’s throw
d. the stone’s throw
附：介词练习
1. 1. She is such an irritating woman, I don’t know how you can ______ her.
a. put up
b. stand up to
c. stand with
d. put up with
2. 2. To get my traveler’s check I had to ______ a special check to the bank for the total amount.
a. make for
b. make out
c. make off
d. make up
3. 3. Little boys are easily ______.
a. taken in
b. taken away
c. taken out
d. taken over
4. 4. The company is going to hand ______ the free samples tomorrow.
a. up
b. out
c. on
d. down
5. 5. It was purely ______ chance that the mistake was discovered.
a. in
b. for
c. by
d. from
6. 6. The magician picked several persons ______ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.
a. by accident
b. on occasion
c. on average
d. at random
7. 7. I left for the office earlier than usual this morning ______ traffic jam.
a. in case of
b. in line with
c. for the sake of
d. at the risk of
8. 8. Some areas, _______ their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated.
a. but for
b. in spite of
c. due to
d. with regard to
9. 9. Visitors are asked to comply ______ the regulations.
a. at
b. in
c. with
d. on
10. 10. He ______ so much work that he couldn’t really do it efficiently.
a. put on
b. took on
c. brought on
d. turned on
11. 11. In order to save time, I ______ my shopping to once a week.
a. cut off
b. cut out
c. cut up
d. cut down
12. 12. The idea has ______ that science cannot be wrong.
a. piled up
b. picked up
c. grown up
d. put up
13. 13. he did everything he could to prevent if from ______ into fighting.
a. breaking off
b. breaking up
c. breaking out
d. breaking of
14. 14. The construction of the new building will cost ______ 1,000,000 dollars, and it’s not easy to get so
much money.
a. at last
b. at most
c. at least
d. at large
15. 15. The thief ran away as fast as he could ______ the policeman.
a. in sight
b. within the sight of
c. within sight
d. at the sight of
16. 16. For too long, European can makers have fought to ______ old ways and old privileges.
a. hang on to
b. have access to
c. refer to
d. see to
17. 17. Whoever ______ a full night’s sleep will be more than rewarded in heightened productivity, creativity and focus.
a. invests at
b. invests in
c. invests by
d. invests with
18. 18. Prior ______ his departure, he wrote a letter to his mother.
a. of
b. from
c. to
d. in
19. 19. The company is very famous ______ the high quality of its products.
a. in
b. for
c. by
d. with
20. 20. Once he was given a chance to improve his position in the firm, he seized it ______ both hands and is now on his way to the top.
a. on
b. at
c. in
d. with
21. 21. These misfortunes almost deprived him ______ his future career.
a. with
b. of
c. from
d. beyond
22. 22. I don’t ______ the expense; I want the party to be a real success.
a. care for
b. care about
c. be in care of
d. take care of
23. 23. We must get the roof mended before the wet weather sets ______.
a. about
b. on
c. up
d. in
24. 24. The car pulled ______ beside me and the driver asked me to way to the Great Wall.
a. down
b. off
c. up
d. out
25. 25. After the war, many warships were laid ______ as they were not needed any longer.
a. up
b. aside
c. down
d. over
26. 26. When the rebellion died ______ things quickly returned to normal.
a. out
b. away
c. down
d. through
27. 27. I’ll pick you ______ at your college gate and take you straight to the station.
a. on
b. off
c. out
d. up
28. 28. Will you please see ______ our luggage when I am away?
a. to
b. in
c. with
d. for
29. 29. ______ they reached the small village before dusk.
a. Towards the end
b. By the end
c. In the end
d. At the end
30. 30. Mary has left the book on the table ______ purpose so that you can read it.
a. with
b. on
c. in
d. out of
31. 31. That noise is getting louder because the engineers are ______ the engine to see if the plane is ready to fly.
a. doing with
b. running up
c. turning in
d. trying for
32. 32. The government is looking ______ new methods of raising money without increasing taxes.
a. down on
b. upon
c. out for
d. around
33. 33. Man is superior to the animals ______ he sues language to convey his thoughts.
a. and that
b. in that
c. so that
d. in order that
34. 34. Not long ago, a person who I know every well was ______ an accident.
a. related to
b. included in
c. involved in
d. subject to
35. 35. I ______ to him for the error.
a. excused
b. pardoned
c. forgave
d. apologized
36. 36. Though we have no interests ______ common, we are good friends.
a. on
b. in
c. for
d. at
37. 37. The purse has returned to the original owner ______.
a. in a long time
b. in a long run
c. in no time
d. at no time
38. 38. We can’t hope to catch up with that car ______ us.
a. in advance of
b. in the front of
c. at the frontier of
d. ahead of
39. 39. Some animals will modify their behavior to ______ their environment.
a. adapt to
b. adopt to
c. suit to
d. conform to
40. 40. Don't ______ going abroad this summer, we may not have enough money.
a. count on
b. come on
c. attend upon
d. frown upon
41. 41. Don’t suspect your daughter ______ dishonesty.
a. of
b. for
c. with
d. to
42. 42. At the head of the valley we turned right and ______ the summit.
a. set up
b. took up
c. made for
d. went for
43. 43. Her type of women can ______ life much more easily.
a. cope with
b. take advantage of
c. take care of
d. look after
44. 44. The manager accused one of the hotel servants ______ stealing the money.
a. for
b. with
c. of
d. about
45. 45. It is difficult to _____ the implication between the lines.
a. get to
b. get into
c. get over
d. get at
46. 46. While living there, she ______ the local accent.
a. picked on
b. picked at
c. picked up
d. picked out
47. 47. We adopted the new method _____ raising our efficiency.
a. in the event of
b. on account of
c. with a view of
d. with regard to
48. 48. ______ the light of what you have told me, I will say that it is he who came here yesterday.
a. By
b. In
c. Of
d. Under
49. 49. They will place China in the front ranks of countries of the world ______ the output of major industrial products.
a. in support of
b. in connection with
c. in terms of
d. by means of
50. 50. When they had finished playing, the children were made to ______ all the toys they had taken out.
a. put off
b. put away
c. put up
d. put out
51. 51. He failed to supply the facts relevant ______ the case in question.
a. for
b. with
c. of
d. to
52. 52. In Britain, and on the Continent too, the Japanese are viewed _______ a threat to domestic industries.
a. like
b. as
c. with
d. for
53. 53. When Jack was eighteen he ______ going around with a strange set of people and staying out very late.
a. took up
b. took for
c. took to
d. took on
54. 54. While in London, we paid a visit to the hospital founded ______ the nurse Florence Nightingale.
a. in line with
b. in favor of
c. in place
d. in honor of
55. 55. A poor man has to ______ many thing which a rich man regards as almost necessaries in life.
a. go through
b. go without
c. go over
d. go about
56. 56. Digital computers are practical ______ their high speed of operation.
a. instead of
b. because of
c. regardless of
d. in spite of
57. 57. _____ the many hours of study that he devoted to the subject, he still found the subject matter difficult.
a. After
b. Due to
c. Despite
d. As for
58. 58. The early part of the concert ______ comparatively satisfactorily.
a. went after
b. went down
c. went off
d. went up
59. 59. Mary is _______ her face ready for the party.
a. clearing up
b. holding up
c. keeping up
d. making up
60. 60. _______ a prolonged spell of fine weather, they were able to complete the film within the month.
a. As to
b. Thanks to
c. In relation to
d. With respect to
61. 61. One day people will be able to go to the moon _____ holiday.
a. on
b. during
c. for
d. in
62. 62. How did it come _____ that you made a lot of mistakes in your homework?
a. about
b. after
c. with
d. to
63. 63. Whatever the rule is, you may be sure he will keep _____ it.
a. on
b. in
c. off
d. to
64. 64. In one firm alone over three hundred people were laid _____ during the last month.
a. in
b. out
c. on
d. off
65. 65. The safety of shops ______ sea depends much on the warnings given by lighthouses.
a. in
b. across
c. on
d. at
66. 66. The mass of an object is multiplied by the speed of light squared, _____ other words , the speed of light is multiplied by itself.
a. by
b. for
c. in
d. with
67. 67. The new system encourages companies to compete with each other ______ equal terms.
a. on
b. in
c. with
d. for
68. 68. You should stick _____ the point in debate.
a. to
b. at
c. in
d. for
69. 69. Tom has been sad recently, for his plan to go to college _____ at the last moment.
a. fell out
b. fell behind
c. fell in
d. fell through
70. 70. David likes country life and has decided to ______ farming.
a. go in for
b. go into
c. go through
d. go after
71. 71. The police haven’t caught the murder alive yet, but they are convinced that the really importan t facts of the case will soon ________ .
a. come into force
b. come into contact
c. come into light
d. come down to earth
72. 72. The teacher expects us to do all the exercises, to study the spelling list and to get our paper ______ time.
a. in
b. on
c. at
d. by
73. 73. Having been told bad weather was on the way, the climbers decided to ______ their attempt on Mount Tai until the following week.
a. give up
b. deny to
c. put off
d. refuse to
74. 74. Bill did not hear the telephone because he was completely ______ his reading.
a. absorbed for
b. absorbed by
c. absorbed on
d. absorbed in
75. 75. Unwanted tickets can be given ______ at the theatre office window up to half an hour before the performance.
a. in
b. out
c. off
d. over
76. 76. Science was ______ regarded as a part of philosophy.
a. at time
b. at all time
c. at a time
d. at one time
77. 77. The newly designed machines are high ______ quality.
a. on
b. in
c. for
d. with
78. 78. Some quite artistic, yet inexpensive fabrics are now being _____ from British mills.
a. turned over
b. turned out
c. turned up
d. turned off
79. 79. The mother scolded the boy ______ not cleaning up his room.
a. to
b. with
c. at
d. for
80. 80. ______ my car is being made ready for a long journey.
a. In the moment
b. For the moment
c. At the moment
d. By the moment
81. 81. I’m bad ______ remembering faces.
a. at
b. in
c. with
d. on
82. 82. Oil drilling in that area has now stopped because the company has ______ money.
a. come out of
b. come off
c. run out of
d. run down
83. 83. The doctor was always ______ the poor and the sick, often giving them free medical services.
a. reminded of
b. absorbed in
c. tended by
d. concerned about
84. 84. The company will send a representative to ______ their business in that region.
a. attend to
b. attempt at
c. associate with
d. approve of
85. 85. Milk is ______ memories of home and mother so people away from home drink more milk.
a. bound to
b. kept to
c. referred to
d. tied to
86. 86. Despite the traffic lights ahead, the car continued ______ full speed.
a. with
b. in on d. at
87. 87. Something strange seems to be _____ me since I have been taking this drug.
a. running into
b. coming across
c. happening to
d. falling on
88. 88. The shopkeeper was ______ inside his own shop, and all the day’s money was stolen.
a. held over
b. held up
c. held out
d. held off
89. 89. Earth-like planets are extremely common in the Universe, ______ the latest computer simulation of the formation of the Solar System.
a. according to
b. in addition to
c. in regard to
d. thanks to
90. 90. In Brazil, spending on science and technology ______ just 0.6 percent of gross national product.
a. makes for
b. makes up for
c. accounts for
d. stands for
91. 91. ______, wherever he lives, a man belongs to some society.
a. For short
b. In short
c. Of short
d. On short
92. 92. A man who could ______ such treatment was a man of remarkable physical courage and moral strength.
a. bear upon
b. insist on
c. stand up to
d. persist in
93. 93. Is his action consistent ______ his principles?
a. with
b. in
c. of
d. by
94. 94. He is by far the best player ______ the team.
a. for
b. on
c. in
d. to
95. 95. A foreign firm has bought more than half of the shares in his company and ______.
a. got over it
b. overtaken it
c. taken it over
d. overcome it
96. 96. After a heated bargaining they agreed ______ the price for the car.
a. to
b. with
c. on
d. in
97. 97. _______ all the difficulties and discomforts, they went on working at the design.
a. Because of
b. In proportion with
c. As a result of
d. In spite of
98. 98. all questions left ______ by history must be settled one by one.
a. alone
b. off
c. out
d. over
99. 99. It is just three o’clock p.m. The plane just _____ five minutes ago.
a. took off
b. took up
c. took out
d. took in
100. 100. The government warned the people living in the forest to be ______ fire.
a. with regard to
b. on guard
c. on guard against
d. in regard to
101. 101. During sleep blood pressure is normally ______ its lowest.
a. in
b. for
c. at
d. by
102. 102. The parents and the children will have to leave the country ______ good.
a. with c. over c. on d. for
103. 103. Neither their parents nor their friends have approved ______ their marriage yet.
a. for
b. of
c. to
d. with
104. 104. Classroom testing, if well done, most certainly ______ a stimulus to study and real learning.
a. acts for
b. acts on
c. acts as
d. acts to
105. 105. In the experiment we kept a watchful eye ______ the developments and recorded every detail.
a. in
b. at
c. for
d. on
106. The French pianist who had been praised very highly ______ to be a great disappointment.
a. turned up
b. turned in
c. turned out
d. turned down
107. 107. In the advanced course students must take performance tests ______ monthly intervals.
a. in
b. over
c. at
d. between
108. 108. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are ______.
a. out of work
b. out of reach
c. out of practice
d. out of stock
109. 109. In the United States professors have many other duties ______ teaching, such as administrative or research work.
a. besides
b. except
c. but
d. with
110. 110. he attempted ______ to set up a company of his own.
a. with vain
b. on vain
c. in vain
d. of vain
111. 111. On hearing the news that her father died, she ______ tears.
a. burst out
b. burst in
c. burst into
d. burst forth
112. 112. She was annoyed at his comment, thinking that he visitor _____ her.
a. looked down
b. looked highly of
c. looked low at
d. looked down upon
113. 113. ______ comparison to my boyhood, my undergraduate years in Oklahoma were paradise.
a. In
b. With
c. By
d. For
114. 114. The United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any ______ its own.
a. on
b. for
c. of
d. to
115. 115. The accounts have always been handled ______ the banks policies.
a. in accordance with c. in connection with
c. in contrast with
d. in line with
116. 116. His inability to learn foreign languages was an obstacle ______ his career.
a. of
b. to
c. for
d. as
117. 117. The purpose of the official inquiry is to ______ the true facts leading to the loss of the ship at sea.
a. come at
b. come for
c. come into
d. come over
118. 118. Business picked up in the stores during December, but ______ again after Christmas.
a. dropped off
b. dropped out
c. dropped over
d. dropped on
119. 119. Many words associated with life in the West are Spanish ______ origin.
a. on
b. in
c. at
d. from
120. 120. The custom of visiting friends, relatives and neighbors on New Year’s Day is one the Old World traditions that has ______ a new form in the United States.
a. taken up
b. taken on
c. taken over
d. taken off
121. 121. Some workers fear the loss of social identity that can ______ not having a job.
a. result in
b. result from
c. bring up
d. bring on
122. 122. Most of the leading food shops have promised to ______ prices until after the new year.
a. keep off
b. keep down
c. keep out
d. keep back
123. 123. ______ classical music, which follows formal European traditions, jazz is a spontaneous and free form. a. In comparison with b. In connection with c. In contrast to d. In regard to
124. Alice ______ when a crowd from a train rushed through the gate.
a. looked after
b. looked in
c. looked over
d. looked up
125. 125. The news of important events is broadcast often _______ over television.
a. on the average
b. on the contrary
c. on the spot
d. on the whole
第二章冠词和数词
2.1 不定冠词的用法
冠词本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词，另一种是不定冠词，还有一种是零冠词。
不定冠词a （an）与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。
1）表示"一个"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。例如：
A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 有位姓凌的先生在等你。
2）代表一类人或物。例如：
A knife is a tool for cutting with. 刀是切割的工具。
Mr. Smith is an engineer. 史密斯先生是工程师。
3）组成词组或成语，如a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try /keep an eye on / all of a sudden 等。
2.2 定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那（这）个"的意思，但意义较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1）特指双方都明白的人或物。例如：
Take the medicine.把药吃了。
2）上文提到过的人或事。例如：
He bought a house.I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
3）指世上独一物二的事物，如the sun，the sky，the moon，the earth等。
4）与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。
5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面。例如：
Where do you live?I live on the second floor.你住在哪？我住在二层。
That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。
6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体。例如：
They are the teachers of this school.（指全体教师）
They are teachers of this school.（指部分教师）
7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如：
She caught me by the arm..她抓住了我的手臂。
8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。例如：
the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国
the United States美国
9）用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如：
She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。
10）用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人。例如：
the Greens格林一家人（或格林夫妇）
11）用在惯用语中。例如：
in the day, in the morning （afternoon，evening）,the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday,the next morning,
in the sky （water，field，country）
in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,
in the middle （of）,in the end,
on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre
2.3 零冠词的用法
1）国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary。
2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词。例如：
They are teachers. 他们是教师。
3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词。例如：
Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。
4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词。例如：Man cannot live without water.离开水人就无法生存。
5）在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词。例如：We go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词。例如：
The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词，如have breakfast，play chess。
8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词。例如：
I can't write without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。
9）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词，如by bus，by train。
10）有些个体名词不用冠词，如school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。例如：
go to hospital去医院看病
go to the hospital去医院（并不是去看病，而是有其他目的）
11）不用冠词的序数词；
a. 序数词前有物主代词时。
b. 序数词作副词。例如：He came first in the race. 他跑步得了第一。
c. 在固定词组中，如at（the）first, first of all, from first to last等。
2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构
1）两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同的人或物。例如：
He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
The black and the white cats are hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。
2）如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一人或一物。例如：
He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。
2.5 冠词位置
1）不定冠词位置
不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：
a. 位于such，what，many，half等形容词之后。例如：
I have never seen such an animal. 我从来没见过这样的动物。
Many a man is fit for the job. 许多人适合这岗位。
b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。例如：
It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. 我从未这么高兴过。
So short a time 如此短的时间
Too long a distance 距离太远了
c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可，如：rather a cold day/a rather cold day。
d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后。例如：
Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。
2）定冠词位置
定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all，both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。例如：
All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。
2.6 数词
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
一、基数词
1）基数词一般可写成如345或three hundred and forty-five。
2）基数词一般是单数形式，但遇下列情况，常用复数：
a. 与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用，如scores of people 指许多人；
b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里。例如：
They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到了。
c. 表示"几十岁"。
d. 表示"年代"，用in +the +数词复数。
e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如Three fives is（are）fifteen。
二、序数词
序数词的缩写形式如first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st等。
三、数词的用法
1）倍数表示法
a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as。例如
I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。
b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size （amount，length…）of…。例如：
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。
c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…。例如：
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍。例如：
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍。
2）分数表示法的构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数。例如：
1/3 one-third；3/37 three and three-sevenths.
2.7 冠词练习
1.When Linda was a child, her mother always let her have ______ bed.
a. a. the breakfast in
b. the breakfast in the
c. breakfast in
d. breakfast in the
2. 2.He has promised to give up ______ hundreds of times.
a. a. a tobacco
b. tobacco
c. the tobacco
d. tobaccos
3. 3.______ usually go to church every Sunday.
a. a. The Brown
b. A Brown
c. Browns
d. The Browns
4. 4.The train is running fifty miles ______.
a. a. an hour
b. one hour
c. the hour
d. a hour
5. 5.He can play almost every kind of music instrument but he is good ______.
a. a. at the flute
b. at flute
c. at a flute
d. at that flute
6. 6.The investigators found that more should be done for ______ in India.
a. a. those poor
b. a poor
c. poor
d. the poor
7. 7.You look in high spirit. You must have ______ during your holiday.
a. a. wonderful time
b. a wonderful time
c. the wonderful time
d. some wonderful time
8. 8.The city assigned a policeman to the school crossing because ______ traffic there was so heavy.
a. a. a
b. an
c. the
d. one
9. 9.A new teacher was sent to the village in place of ______ one who had retired.
a. a. a
b. the
c. an
d. its
10. 10.Virtue and vice are before you;______ leads you to happiness,______ to misery.
a. the former…latter
b. a former…a latter
c. c. the former…the latter
d. former…latter
11. 11.The children in the kinder-garden soon took ______ to their teachers.
a. a. quite fancy
b. a quite fancy
c. quite a fancy
d. the quite fancy
12. 12.______ tend to bemoan the lack of character in the young generation.
a. a. The old
b. Old
c. Elderly
d. Older
13. 13.A man suffering from a chock should be given ______.
a. a. hot sweet tea
b. a hot sweet tea
c. the hot sweet tea
d. one hot sweet tea
14. 14.He answered my questions with ______ not to be expected of an ordinary schoolboy.
a. a. his accuracy
b. a accuracy
c. the accuracy
d. an accuracy
15. 15.If you go by train you can have quite ______ comfortable journey.
a. a. the
b. one
c. a
d. that
16. 16.We’re going to ______ with ______ today, aren’t we?
a. a. the tea…the Smiths
b. tea…those Smiths
c. a tea…a Smith
d. tea…the Smiths
17. 17.I want an assistant with ______ knowledge of French and ______ experience of office routine.
a. a. the…the
b. a…the
c. a…an
d. the…an
18. 18.Ann’s habit of riding a motorcycle up and down the road early in the morning a nnoyed the neighbors and ______ they took her to the court.
a. a. in the end
b. at the end
c. in an end
d. in end
19. 19.It is reported that today ______ president will have lunch with ______ President Omon.
a. a. the…the
b. a…a
c. the…/
d. /…/
20. 20.Tianan Men Square and ______ Great Wall are tow of the places everyone should see in ______ People’s Republic of China.
a. a. the…the
b. /…/
c. the…/
d. /…the
21. 21.It has long been known that there is an electric field ______.
a. a. inside the earth
b. inside earth
c. inside an earth
d. on earth
22. 22.______ much harder work, the volunteers were able to place the raging forest fire______.
a. By the means of…under the control
b. By means of…un der control
c. c.By means of…under a control
d. By a means of…under control
23. 23.No sooner had the man departed than the tree began dropping coffee beans ______.
a. a. by the thousand
b. by a thousand
c. by thousands
d. by thousand
24. 24.He expressed ______ of their having ever been married.
a. a. the doubt
b. a doubt
c. doubt
d. an doubt
25. 25.He saw through the little boy’s tricks ______.
a. a. at glance
b. at the glance
c. at some glance
d. at a glance
26. 26.Their victory is ______,for they’ve lost too many men.
a. a. out of question
b. out of the question
c. out question
d. of question
27. 27.Many a girl wants to become ______.
a. a. some secretary
b. a secretary
c. secretary
d. secretaries
28. 28.He grabbed me ______ and pulled me onto the bus.
a. a. a arm
b. an arm
c. the arm
d. by the arm
29. 29.I’ll come in ______ minute; in fact I’ll come ______ moment I’m through.
a. a./…the
b. a…the
c.the…a
d. /…/
30. 30.This is one of ______ interesting books on your subject.
a. a. the most
b. the most of the
c. most
d. most of the
31. 31.He enjoys life ______ the “Queen Anne”.
a. a. on a board b . on board c. in the board d. board
32. 32.He lost his fob and ______ his wife left him.
a. a. on that top
b. on top of that
c. on a top of that
d. on the top
33. 33.Most of the representatives think that ______ the meeting was very successful.
a. a. on whole of
b. on a whole
c. on the whole
d. on the whole that
34. 34.Under no circumstances will there be wage control while I am ______ of the government.
a. a. the head
b. a head
c. head
d. that head
35. 35.Like his sister, David needed ______ from some generous person in order to get home.
a. a. a ride
b. some ride
c. ride
d. the ride
36. 36.The brain’s left hemisphere controls logic and language, while ______controls intuitive talents and musical ability.
a. a. the right
b. a right
c. that right
d. right one
37. 37.______ is setting up a research team to see how children react to video games.
a. a. The Japan’s Health Ministry
b. Japan’s health Ministry
b. b. A Japan’s health Ministry d. Japan health Ministry
38. 38.Unlike Americans, who seem to prefer coffee,______ a great deal of tea.
a. a. English drink
b. The English drink
c. English man drink
d. the English drinks
39. 39.Hundreds of people are ______ now, so there are about 50 people trying for the same position.
a. a.out of the work
b. out work
c. out of work
d. out of a work
40. 40.His mother taught ______ ,but his father was only a blue-collar worker.
a. a. piano
b. an piano
c. the piano
d. a piano
41. 41.Contrary to what I had expected, he lost for ______.
a. a. second time
b. a second time
c. second times
d. the second time
42. 42.Fashions change and people change too, but the old feeling remains ______.
a. a. the same
b. same
c. that same
d. as same
43. 43.We are going to dine tomorrow with ______ to celebrate Christmas Day.
a. a. the Cunning
b. Cunnings
c. The Cunnings
d. Cunning’s
44. 44.This is ______ which is collected before the first rain in Spring.
a. a. one tea
b. a tea
c. the tea
d. that tea
45. 45.______ is known by its note,______ is known by his talk.
a. a. A bird/a man
b. One bird/one man
c. The bird/the man
d. Bird/man
46. 46.Never travel with ______ who leaves you in case of danger.
a. a. the friend
b. that friend
c. a friend
d. friend
47. 47.Do you think it possible for the North Pole to have ______ a few thousand years from now?
a. a. Shanghai
b. a Shanghai
c. the Shanghai
d. one Shanghai
48. 48.I don’t think ______ is a better car than our makes.
a. a. a Ford
b. Ford’s
c. the Ford
d. Ford
49. 49.I didn’t know why he looked angry when I patted him ______.
a. a. on the head
b. on head
c. on a head
d. on his head
50. 50.he never fails to give you ______ when you are in trouble.
a. a. his helping hands
b. the helping hand
c. helping hands
d. a helping hand
51. 51.The historical events of that period are arranged ______.
a. a. in alphabetical order
b. in an alphabetical order
b. b. in the alphabetical orders d. in a alphabetical orders
52. 52.The like to take a vacation ______.
a. a. one time the year
b. one time in a year
c. once a year
d. once in a year
53. 53.“What is Todger?” “He is ______.”
a. a. a poet and novelist
b. a poet and a novelist
b. b. poet and novelist d. the poet and novelist
54.“How did you pay the workers?”
“As a rule, they are paid ______.”
a. a. by an your
b. by the hour
c. by a hour
d. by hours
55. 55.The DMZ extends about two hundred kilometers ______.
a. from east to west
b. from the east to west
c. from the east to the west
d. from eastern to western
56. 56.What ______ are you planning to buy?
a. a. make of car
b. make of the car
c. make of a car
d. make of cars
57. 57.______,you can’t fool her.
a. a. The child though Rowena is
b. Though child Rowena is
b. b. As child Rowena is d. Child as Rowena is
58. 58.What’s ______ is to get information about the situation first.
a. a. the wisest
b. a wisest
c. the wiser
d. wisest
59. 59.The differences between ______ are gradually being eliminated.
a. a. the town and the country
b. town and country
b. b. a town and a country d. a town and the country
60. 60.Scientists hope to send an expedition to Mars during ______.
a. the 1990s
b. the 1990
c. 1990s
d. 1990’s
2.8 数词练习
1. 1.______ martyrs have heroically laid down their lives for the people.
a. Thousand upon thousand of
b. Thousand and thousands of
c. Thousands upon thousands of
d. Thousand and thousand of
2. 2.They received ______ of letters about their TV programs.
a. dozen
b. dozen and dozen c score d. dozens
3. 3.Who is that man,______ in the front row?
a. one
b. the one
c. first
d. the first
4. 4.We have produced ______ this year as we did in 1993.
a. as much cotton twice
b. as twice much cotton
c. much as twice cotton
d. twice as much cotton
5. 5.The earth is about ______ as the moon.
a. as fifty time big
b. fifty times as big
c. as big fifty time
d. fifty as times big
6. 6.The population of many Alaskan cities has ______ in the past three years.
a. more than doubled
b. more doubled than
c. much than doubled
d. much doubled than
7. 7.The moon is about _____ in diameter as diameter as the earth.
a. one-three as large
b. one three as large
c. one-third as large
d. one third as large
8. 8.Five hundred yuan a month _____ enough to live on.
a. is
b. are
c. is being
d. has been
9. 9.______ of the buildings were ruined.
a. Three fourth
b. Three four
c. Three-fourths
d. Three-four
10. 10.Consult _____ for questions about earthquakes.
a. the six index
b. index six
c. sixth index
d. index numbering six
11. 11.She went to the countryside ______.
a. a. in the morning at nine/on June first,1968
b. on June first,1968/in the morning at nine
b. b. at nine in the morning/on June first,1968 d. on June first,1968/at nine in the morning
12. 12.Three-fourths of the surface of the earth ______ covered with water.
a. are
b. is
c. were
d. be
13. 13.This month the production of stainless steel in our steelworks has increased ______ 2,000 tons.
a. a. with
b. in
c. on
d. by
14. 14.With the miniaturization of the structural components the weight of these electric devices has decreased ________ 30 percent.
a. as
b. with
c. in
d. by
15. 15.The Olympic Games are held ______.
a. a. every four years
b. every four year
c. every fourth years
d. every four-years
16. 16.As he is not in good health, he goes to his factory only ______ just to learn something about the progress of experiment.
a. a. once a week
b. one week
c. one time a week
d. one a week
17. 17.Three students ______ in this university come from the South.
a. of ten
b. out of in ten
c. out of ten
d. in tens
18. 18.Strings of the same thickness made of nylon are ______.
a. a. five times stronger than those
b. five time stronger than those
b. b. five times strong than those d. five times stronger as those
19.the wheels of the old wagon are nearly ______ those of a modern car.
a. a. twice the size of
b. twice size of
c. twice sizes of
d. twice the size of
20. 20.One day on the moon is ______.
a. a. two Earth week long
b. two Earth weeks long
b. b. two Earth weeks longer d. two Earth weeks length
附：限定词练习
1. 1.My hand was hurt. Could you do ______ typing for me?
a. a. some
b. many
c. such
d. any
2. 2.There were ______ students in the reading room.
a. a. neither
b. not
c. no
d. none
3. 3.If it is of ______ use to you, please take it.
a. a. some
b. many
c. no
d. any
4. 4.I’ve invited five people to tea this afternoon. Out of them, only John and Mary can come,______ can’t.
a. a. other
b. the other
c. others
d. the others
5. 5.Most English people go to Spain for the sea, the sun and all the ______ things associated with a relaxing holiday.
a. a. any
b. another
c. some
d. other
6. 6.______ were ironed by my mother yesterday.
a. a. The all sheets
b. all of sheets
c. All the sheets
d. Sheets of all
7. 7.As usual,______ man was given his individual assignment.
a. a. every
b. each
c. all
d. both
8. 8.They saw ______ girls the day before yesterday.
a. a. both the other two
b. the two other both
c. the both other two
d. the both two other
9. 9.One uses the freezer, the computer and the business school to manufacture ______ dishes in never a tick longer than 100 seconds.
a. a. such others
b. other such
c. such other
d. other such a
10. 10.______ boxer was strong, but ______ had a good build and was light on his feet.
a. a.Either/every
b. Neither/each
c. Both/both
d. All the/all
11. 11.______ was astonished to find himself rooting and shouting in a most undignified manner.
a. Many elderly man
b. A many elderly men
c. Many an elderly man
d. Many elderly men
12. 12.I know now, of course, there is ______ as love.
a. a. no such a thing
b. not such thing
c. not a thing
d. no such thing
13. 13.As there were ______ life-boats for everybody,40 lives were lost.
a. a. as little
b. so little
c. too few
d. very few
14. 14.He was brave;_____ soldiers fought so bravely in that battle.
a. a. no others
b. no another
c. no other
d. not other
15. 15.I don’t think we have met before. I’m afraid you’re confusing me with ______.
a. a. some other
b. some other person
c. other person
d. one other
16. 16.Weekends last from Friday evening to Sunday night.______ days are week-days.
a. a. The other
b. Another
c. Other
d. Every other
17. 17.We had ______ good time that we hated to leave the party.
a. a. such a
b. such
c. so
d. pretty
18. 18.Paris is ______ that we can hardly visit all the beautiful parks in two or three days.
a. such large a city
b. so a large city
c. such a large city
d. a such large city
19. 19.Deputies to the National People’s Congress are elected_______.
a. every four year
b. each four years
c. every of four years
d. every four years
20. 20.There is hardly ______difference between the two libraries.
a. no
b. any
c. much
d. some
21. 21.For young people, Carpenter is ______ singer.
a. most their popular
b. most popular of theirs
c. c.their most popular
d. most popular of their
22. 22.______ are about the American Independent War.
a. a. Both book
b. Both books
c. All the two book
d. all of two books
23. 23.When I am in trouble, my friends will give me their hands without ______ hesitation.
a. a. some
b. a
c. any
d. the
24. 24.You’re welcome to my house ______ time you’d like.
a. a. the
b. any
c. no
d. some
25. 25.He was very much disappointed because ______ went to his wedding party.
a. a. no his friends
b. all no his friends
c. none his friends
d. none of his friends
26. 26.You shouldn’t stop your car here since there is a sign ‘______’.
a. a. Not Parking
b. No Park
c. No Parking
d. Not a Park
27. 27.I cannot invited ______ of you, since I’ve got only one extra ticket.
a. a. either
b. both
c. some
d. one
28. 28.______ the idioms are not easy to remember and use.
a. a. Every
b. Some
c. All
d. Each
29. 29.There is a line of trees in ______ side of the river.
a. a. every
b. each
c. per
d. none
30. 30.______ our countries are developing countries.
a. a. Each
b. Either
c. Every
d. Both
31. 31.The scientist wrote a number of books, but ______ books were novels.
a. a. last two his
b. his last two
c. two his last
d. last two of his
32. 32.Have you got ______ copies to go around?
a. a. much c. a large amount of c. enough d. great
33. 33.You can never use my car. ____ time should you touch it.
a. a. At no
b. At any
c. any
d. No
34. 34.My brother is going on the picnic with ______ friends.
a. a. his two little other
b. other his two little
c. his other little two
d. his two other little
35. 35.Those examples are not enough, you should give ______ examples to make your argument convincing.
a. a. some
b. any
c. some more
d. any more
36. 36.______ feels entitled to more in life than just housework.
a. a. Many women
b. A lot of woman
c. Many a woman
d. A few woman
37. 37.You will have to practice ______ times before you can do it.
a. a.many more
b. more many
c. more often
d. more several
38. 38.It is ______ work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.
a. a. a so unusual
b. such an unusual
c. so unusual
d. such unusual
39. 39.This cake is delicious, but I can’t eat ______.
a. a. some
b. no
c. any
d. much
40. 40.Here are some books by American writers. You can read ______ you like.
a. any
b. which
c. what one
d. whichever one
第三章代词
代词是代替名词的词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。
一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表：
数单数复数
格主格宾格主格宾格
第一人称I me we us
第二人称you you you you
第三人称he him they them
she her they them
it it they them
例如：He is my friend.他是我的朋友。
It's me.是我。
二、物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，其人物和数的变化见下表。
数单数复数
人称第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称
形容词性物主代词my your his/her/its our your their
名词性物主代词mine yours his/hers/its ours yours theirs
例如：I like his car. 我喜欢他的小汽车。
Our school is here，and theirs is there. 我们的学校在这儿，他们的在那儿。
三、指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this，that，these，those等。例如：
That is a good idea.那是个好主意。
四、表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我们自己"、"你们自己"和"他们自己"等的代词，叫做自身代词，也称为"反身代词"。例如：
She was talking to herself.她自言自语。
五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other 和one another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么大的区别。例如：
They love each other.他们彼此相爱。
六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代词，如anybody，something，no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语。例如：
--- Do you have a car?--你有一辆小汽车吗？
--- Yes，I have one.--是的，我有一辆。
--- I don't know any of them.他们，我一个也不认识。
七、疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）例如：Tell me who he is.告诉我他是谁。
八、关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（先行词）。例如：
He is the man whom you have been looking for.他就是你要找的那个人。
3.1 人称代词的用法
1）人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语。例如：
John waited a while but eventually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中。例如：When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2）人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语。例如：
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。（her做宾语，them做介词宾语，her做主语补语）
a. -- Who broke the vase?--谁打碎了花瓶？
b. -- Me.--我。（me做主语补语= It's me.）
说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
3.2 人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1）宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。
---- I like English.--我喜欢英语。
---- Me too.--我也喜欢。
---- Have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗?
---- Not me.--我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.
2）主格代替宾格
a. 在介词but，except 后，有时可用主格代替宾格。
b. 在电话用语中常用主格。
---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。
---- This is she.--我就是玛丽。
注意：在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
I thought it was she.我以为是她。（主格----主格）
I thought it to be her.（宾格----宾格）
I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。（主格----主格）
They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。（宾格----宾格）
3.3 代词的指代问题
1）不定代词anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone，someone，everyone，no one，及whoever和person 在正式场合使用时，可用he, his, him代替。例如：
Nobody came, did he?谁也没来，是吗?
2）动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。例如：Give the cat some food. She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
3）指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。
3.4 并列人称代词的排列顺序
1）单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：第二人称－> 第三人称－> 第一人称，即you－> he/she; it -> I。例如：
You, he and I should return on time.
2）复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：第一人称－> 第二人称－> 第三人称，即we－>you－>they。
注意：在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。
a. 在承认错误，承担责任时，
It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称，如：
I and you try to finish it. 我和你去弄好它。
c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时。
d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
3.5 物主代词
1）物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用。例如：
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性（my, your等）和名词性（mine, yours等）两种，形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的--'s属格结构。例如：
Jack's cap意为The cap is Jack's。
His cap意为The cap is his。
2）名词性物主代词的句法功能
a. 作主语。例如：
May I use your pen? Yours works better. 我可以用一用你的钢笔吗？你的比我的好用。
b. 作宾语。例如：
I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 我深爱我的祖国就像你深爱你的祖国一样。
c. 作介词宾语。例如：
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的去解释。
d. 作主语补语。例如：
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours.我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。
3.6 双重所有格
物主代词不可与a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。公式为：a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。例如：
完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结
英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. ：who, she, you, it . 主要用来代替名词。如)： 2、代词(pron.3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I'm Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接 宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)
英语语法基本基础知识——时态
英语的时态问题 英语的时态可以分为：“时”(time) 和“体”(aspect)（又称为态）。时是指动作发生的时间，体是指动作发生时的状态。时间与体就象是坐标里的横轴和纵轴，它们的结合交织出了瞬息万变的时空，也构成了英语动词的时态问题。 时间分为：过去，现在，将来，过去将来 体分为：一般（在某个时间点）， 进行（延续某个时间段）， 完成（完成某个时间段） 完成进行（延续某个完成的时间段） 如此以来，英语中就有16种时态变化，现在就用动词为write例，看看它们的形式。 注意：里面的斜体字部分，由于时态过于复杂，几乎没有人真正去应用它们，可以忽略不记。 下面就常用的12种时态，（其中还有三种相对用的较少的，请注意）。具体分析一下。 一．一般现在时 表示现在的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态，常用于以下的情况 1、经常重复发生的动作或存在的状态，多与often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, 等时 间状语连用。 He takes a walk after supper everyday My mother and father work at the same company. 2、表示性格，特征，能力。 Mr. Smith hates fish and never eats any. 3、表示客观真理或者普遍事实。
The sun rises in the east. 二．一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或者状态，常和表示过去某个时间“点”的时间状语(yesterday, last week, 3 years ago, in 1987)连用 She bought a car last week. He came to help me at that time. 三．一般将来时 表示将来的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态。 The train will arrive soon. We shall know the news tomorrow. 四．过去将来时 过去某个时间“点”上将要发生的动作或状态。 I asked her where she would spend her holiday. I told my father that I should go home next Monday. 五．现在进行时 表示现在的时间“段”上正在延续进行的动作或者状态。 I’m doing some washing. What are you doing? 六．过去进行时 在过去某一个时间“段”正在延续进行的动作。 I was working in my office at eight o’clock yesterday evening. He was making a phone call when I saw him. 七．将来进行时 在将来某个时间“段”正在发生的动作，一般表示一种猜测和未来的计划，一般不太常用。What will you be doing at 3 o’clock tomorrow afternoon? （明天下午三点你将在做什么哪） 八．现在完成时 表示动作在一个时间“段”的完成，而且这个时间段是从过去某一点延续到现在的。经常跟时间状语since 1987，for 10 hours , by the last year相连。 My brother has been ill for 3 days. I have not seen her since 1991. 九．过去完成时 在过去的某个时间“段”里动作的完成，从过去的一点再到过去的另一点。或者称为过去的过去。 He said that he had written her a letter. Helen rang me up after I had gone to sleep.
英语语法基础知识大全
第一部分语法框架 词类：名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词 语句子成分：主、谓、宾，定、状、补，同位、表 法主语+谓语 句简主语+谓语+宾语 法单主语+谓语+宾语(间宾)+宾语(直宾) 按句主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 结主语+系动词+表语 构并列句：简单句+并列连词+简单句 分定语从句 复合句：主句+从句状语从句 句名主语从句 子词宾语从句 结性 构从同位语从句 句表语从句 陈述句：肯定句/否定句 按疑一般疑问句：将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成 语问特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般疑问句 气句选择疑问句：一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句(通常省去与前句相同的内容) 分反义疑问句：前肯后否;前否后肯 祈使句：用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等，以动词原形开头 What +名词+主语+谓语! 感 What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语! 叹 How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语! 句 How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语! How +主语+谓语! 第二部分词类 名词 Noun (n.) 专有名词 首字母大写的人名、地名、组织名、机构名等，如：Qi Baishi, New York, the USA 普通名词 可数名词 (单/复数) 个体名词：能分成单个独立个体的名词，如：pen, apple, student, tree 集体名词：由几个个体组成的小集体的名词，如：group, class, family
不可数名词 物质名词：不能分为个体的物质，通常为气体、液体，如：water, gas, air 抽象名词：不具体，看不见，莫不着的事物，如：advice, information 动词 Verb (v.) 实义动词/行为动词(具体动作的发出 ) 及物动词(vt.)：需要带宾语的动词，即：该类词后必须有名词、代词等可以作宾语的词，如：finish tasks, run(经营) a company, read a novel 不及物动词(vi.)：不需要带宾语的的动词，即：该类词后没有名词、代词等可以作宾语的词，如：He(主) runs(谓) quickly(状). 若要在不及物动词后接宾语，则需要加上相关介词，如：They arrived in London at 9 p.m. 情态动词 表示说话人语气和态度的词：can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, need, ought to, dare。其后的动词用原形，“情动+动原”一起构成句子的谓语。 助动词 帮助构成时态、语态或改变句子结构的动词，如：be(am, is, are, was, were), have(has, had), do, does, did等。 第二部分 1.as...as...引导的比较级： (1)“as +形容词或副词原级+as+被比较对象”结构。例句： He studies as hard as you. 他像你一样学习努力。 (2)在否定句或疑问句中可用 not so…as…. 例句：He can notrun so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。 2.only引导的倒装句型：only +状语 (或状语从句)位于句首时，句子部分倒装。 例句： Only by diligence and honesty can one succeed inlife. 只有勤奋、正直，一个人在生活中才能成功。 注意：但 only修饰主语时，不倒装。例句： Onlythat girl knew how to work out the problem. 只有那位女生知道怎样解那道题。 3.wish引导的虚拟语气：wish 后面的从句，当表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望时，其宾语从句的动词形式为： ⑴表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式表示，be 的过去式用were. I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道。) ⑵表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词用had +过去分词。
初中英语语法大全汇总
初中英语语法大全汇总 （一） 一.词类( ) 名词英文名称(缩写为n.) 表示人或事物的名称例词等 冠词英文名称(缩写为.) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人和或事物。例词a() 代词英文名称(缩写为) 用来代替名词、形容词或是数词例词 形容词英文名称(缩写为.) 用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征 例词. 数词英文名称(缩写为.) 表示数量或是顺序。例词 动词英文名称(缩写为v.) 表示动作或状态。例词() 副词英文名称(缩写为.) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。例词 介词英文单词(缩写为.) 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系。例词. 连词英文单词(缩写为.) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句。例词. 感叹词英文单词(缩写为.) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。例词. 二.名词() 1.总的说来,名词分专有名词和普通名词两类。 专有名词: 表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。 中国亚洲北京。 专有名词的第一个字母要大写。 普通名词: 表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如: 老师茶改革 普通名词又可进一步分为四类 1) 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物。 马汽车房间苹果风扇照片 2) 集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。 人们家庭军队政府集团 3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 火钢空气水牛奶 4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。 劳动健康生活友情耐力 2.名词按其所表现的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词( )有复数形式,如: a 不可数名词( )一般没有复数形式. 抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。 沙糖 有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。 玻璃玻璃杯纸报纸,文件 名词的功能 名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。
初中英语语法知识—形容词的基础测试题及答案解析
一、选择题 1．Susan never gets upset when she has to wait in line. She is very ______ . A．shy B．honest C．funny D．patient 2．I looked at a few printers, and among them the one from China was ________ to use. A．easy B．easier C．easiest D．the easiest 3．- Do you like the western food, Li Li? - No, I think Chinese food is______ than that of western countries. A．more delicious B．the most delicious C．not as delicious D．much delicious 4．Mother’s Day ______ we are looking forward to is coming. We are going to write a lett er to our mothers in order to show our best love and thank for their_____ care for us. A．which, 15-year B．when, 15 years’C．that, 15-years 5．Choice is life’s ________ gift. It is the ability to choose some actions from a set of things to achieve a goal. A．greater B．greatest C．the greatest 6．All of us are ______ about the ______ news that Beijing will hold the Winter Olympics in 2022. A．excited; exciting B．exciting; excited C．excited; excite D．exciting; excite 7．—Sonia, do you think you are different from Linda? —Yes. I'm ______ at drawing than her. A．better B．good C．well D．best 8．—Judy, what do you think of your junior high school life? —I think it is one of ______ periods in my life. A．wonderful B．the most wonderful C．more wonderful 9．—I really like to watch the TV program I AM A SINGER. —Me, too. It’s one of the ________ TV programs I’ve ever seen. A．least boring B．least interesting C．most boring D．most interesting 10．A walk every day is enough to keep you healthy and in good shape． A．30-minute B．30-minutes C．30 minute's D．30-minutes' 11．Mr. Black’s memory is getting . As a result, he often leaves his keys at home. A．older B．poorer C．greater D．better 12．—How is your head teacher? —Our head teacher is _________ with us and we usually feel nervous in his lesson. A．kind B．pleased C．strict D．good 13．We've got a bedroom, if you'd like to stay.
人教版高中英语【必修二】[语法讲解
人教版高中英语必修二 知识点梳理 重点题型（常考知识点）巩固练习 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 概念引入： He is a person who never gives up. 他是个永远不服输的人。 I found him in the woods, where has a well-known tree. (我是在树林里找到他的，那里有一棵很有名的树。) Our guide,(who was a Frenchman, ) was an excellent cook. 我们的导游是个很优秀的厨师，他是个法国人 She was not on the train which arrived just now。 她没在刚刚到达的那辆车上 语法点拨 什么是定语从句？ 修饰主语、宾语、表语的句子就叫做定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有： 关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that 关系副词：when, where, why 我们把下面两个句子组合成一个复合句： 1. This is our school. It is beautiful. →This is our school which is beautiful. 2. This is our school. We study in our school. →This is our school which we study in. →This is our school in which we study. →This is our school where we study. 3. Do you know the room? It is made of amber. →Do you know the room which is made of amber? 4. I have read the newspaper. It carries the important news. →I have read the newspaper which carries the important news. 从上述定语从句的组合我们可以看出： 先行词和关系词的关系：关系代词实际上是先行词的复指；关系词whose 实际上是先行词的所有格。 1. A plane is a machine that can fly. the machine = that 2. The boy who broke the window is called Wangkai. the boy =who 3. The boy whose parents are working outside was brought up by his grandfather. the boy’s =whose 【高一英语语法（二）定语从句（二）356521限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句】
初中生中考必须掌握的英语语法大汇总
语法知识是在掌握一定量的单词和短语的基础上才能获得的。因此，单词的形态变化是语法学习的基础之基础。而九种基本时态和含有不复杂的状语从句及宾语从句的复合句是初中生学习的重点也是语法学习的难点。 总之，语法部分是英语学习的重点和难点。语法知识掌握得好，将大大加快英语学习的进程。本文帮大家归纳了词法、九种基本时态以及初中生需要掌握五种基本从句，希望对广大中学生有所帮助。 1词法 ▊ 1.名词 1.1 名词的可数与不可数 可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目，来统计，都成为不可数名词。 不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。要表示“一个……”这一概念，就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。 1.2 名词复数的规则变化 A.一般情况下加-s。 B.以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-es C.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es D.以f，fe结尾的，去掉f或fe，变成v再加-es 1.3 名词的所有格 A.单数名词词尾加’s，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加’s。 如：the worker's bike，the Children’ s ball
B.表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后’ s。 如：This is Lucy and Licy’ s room. These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms. C. 如果是通过在词尾加—s构成的复数形式的名词，只加’。 如:the students’ books，the girls’ blouses (另外：名词+of+名词名词是有生命的，我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。) ▊ 2.代词 人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词 2.1 人称代词 第一人称单数 I me my mine myself 复数we us our ours ourselves 第二人称 单数you you your yours yourself 复数you you your yours yourselves 第三人称 单数he him his his himself
英语语法知识详解
高中英语语法知识表解 一．名词 I. 名词的种类： 1. 规则名词的复数形式： 名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成：
用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法：
三．代词： I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：
1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every: each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上， 而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no： no等于not any，作定语。 none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如： I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all和both, neither和either
英语语法知识难点解读
英语语法知识难点解读 词性 一、实词 1.名词(nouns）n.： 名词是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指代人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。 2.代词（pronoun）pron.： 代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。 3.数词（numeral）Num.： 表示“多少”和“第几”的词，叫数词。其用法相当于名词或者形容词。数词分为基数词和序数词两种。 4.形容词(adjective）adj.或a.； 很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。主要用来修饰名词的词，表示事物的特征。形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏，与否。 5.副词（adverb)adv.： 是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。副词可分为：时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词、频率副词和说明性副词等。 6.动词（Verb）v.： 动词，就是用来形容或表示各类动作的词汇。基本上每个完整的句子都有一个动词，要表示第二个动作时可使用不定词、动名词、对等连接词、从属连接词或增加子句等方法连结。 二、虚词 7.冠词（article) art.： 冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。 冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。表示的主语数量或者特征。 8.介词（preposition）prep.： 介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词，或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词。 9.连词（conjunction）conj： 连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为4类：并列连词、转折连词、选择连词和因果连词。 10.助词： 助词是附着在词，短语，句子的前面或后面，表示结构关系或某些附加意义的虚词。助词有结构助词，时态助词，语气助词三种。 11.叹词：（interjection）interj.： 叹词是语法学术语。表示感叹、呼唤、应答的词。
英语语法基础知识大全.doc
v1.0可编辑可修改 英语语法基础知识大全 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词 类（ parts of speech）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词 和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词 (noun) 是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner 外国人 soap肥皂Newton 牛顿 law法律freedom 自由peace 和平 英语名词可分为两大类： 1。普通名词 (common noun) 是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如： teacher 教师market 市场 rice大米 magazine 杂志sound 声音 production生产 2。专有名词 (proper noun) 是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须 大写。例如： Hemingway 海明威Russia俄罗斯 New York 纽约United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun) 与不可数名词 (uncountable noun) 两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s 或 -es 。例如：shop→shops 商店bus→buses 公共汽车library→libraries图书馆 toy →toys玩具leaf →leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→men 男人 tooth →teeth牙齿datum→data数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。 （二）冠词
初中英语语法大全精华版
初中英语语法大全 语法网络图 一．名词 I. 名词的种类： II. 1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, 2.
III. 名词的所有格： 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s 2. ’s
3. of所有格的用法： 用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. That boy is rather a Lei Feng. II.
III. 三．代词： I. 代词可以分为以下七大类： II. 不定代词用法注意点： 1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask.
高一英语语法基础知识
基础知识 专题一：英语句子的考点集汇，讲解和训练 一. 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法 1. 陈述句： 陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子。通常用降调，句末用句号“.”。 Tom has a new car. The flower isn’t beautiful. 二. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法 祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号“！”或句号“.”。朗读时一般用降调。 1. 肯定的祈使句： （1）祈使句主语是you时，you常省略，但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以 有主语或称呼语。 Be quiet. You be quiet! （2）“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求，do起强调作用。 Do come back at once! Do be careful. 2. 否定祈使句通常以Don’t或Never开头。其结构 通常是：“Don’t(Never)+动词原形+其他成分” 例如： Don’t do that again! Never leave today’s work for tomorrow! Don’t be late next time! 三. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法 1. 一般疑问句： （1）一般疑问句的肯定形式
一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have（有）开始，通常要求以 yes，或no来回答的疑问句，一般疑问句读时 通常用升调。 Do you know Mr. Smith? Can you swim? 2. 特殊疑问句 特殊疑问句由“疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句”构成，句子一般用倒装语序，但如果主语是疑问代词或由疑问代词修饰时，用陈述句的语序。 特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答，读时用降调。 例如： Who is on duty today? How long have you been in Beijing? What time do you get up every morning? What must I do now? 3. 选择疑问句： 选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况，让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“疑问句+选择部分”。选择部分由or连接，or前面的部分读升调，or后面的部分读降调。 选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答，而必须具体的选择答复。 Is your bag yellow or black? It’s black. Would you like some tea or coffee? Either will do. Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better. 4. 反意疑问句： 反意疑问句是指在陈述句之后附加一个意思与之相反的简短问句，问对方是否赞同的疑问句。附加问句的否定式必须缩写。
英语语法入门大全.doc
英语基础语法知识（一） 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作 的分类叫词类（ parts of speech ）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、 介词、连词和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词 ( noun) 是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner 外国人soap 肥皂Newton 牛顿 law 法律freedom 自由peace 和平 英语名词可分为两大类： 1。普通名词 ( common noun) 是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如：teacher 教师market 市场rice 大米 magazine 杂志sound 声音production 生产 2。专有名词 ( proper noun ) 是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必 须 大写。例如： Hemingway海明威Russia 俄罗斯 New York 纽约United Nations 联合国 名词又可分为可数名词 ( countable noun ) 与不可数名词 ( uncountable noun ) 两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s 或-es 。例如： shop→shops 商店bus→buses公共汽车library→libraries图书馆 toy → toys玩具leaf →leaves 树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→ men男人tooth →teeth牙齿datum→data 数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。 （二）冠词 冠词 ( article ( indefinite article ) 放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词 ) 和定冠词 ( definite article ) 两种。
高中英语语法(全英详细讲解)
必修一 语法点一：Be+v.ing表将来 use the present continuous tense for future plans In English, we have lots of ways of talking about the future. The most common ways of talking about the future we encounter use ‘will’ or ‘be going to’ followed by an infinitive（动词原形）, and we tend to use ‘be going to’ most often for talking about future plans. Sometimes, we also use the present continuous tense to talk about future plans. Ex. ①we are going to Mexico next Sunday. ② Are you coming to the cinema? ③ He is leaving for London in two hours. ④ We are spending next winter in Australia. Only some verbs can be used in this situation, such as: go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay, return, play, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet, etc. 扩展： What’s the difference between using ‘be going to’ and the present continuous to talk about future plans? Let’s look at some more examples: “I’m going to play football on Saturday” You have made a plan in your head but possibly not taken any real action to confirm it. Also, playing football on Saturday is probably not a regular event for you. “I’m playing football on Saturday” You have made a plan and taken some real action to confirm it (e.g. called your friends or booked a place to play). In this case, it’s likely that playing football on Saturdays is a common activity for you. 语法点二：Direct speech and indirect speech(直接引语和间接引语) Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa. You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways: by repeating the words spoken (direct speech) by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech). Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words. Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not used. 1、declarative sentence陈述句 ①Change in pronoun:The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change. In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed
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