计算机专业毕业外文翻译
计算机专业毕业外文翻译
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系部名称：计算机科学系专业班级：网络05班
学生姓名：邓敏学号：
指导教师：教师职称：
2009年3月16日
摘要：本文拟在提出一种可以区分protocol指纹识别的方法，用帧描述指纹识别代替建立帧系统获得主机信息与系统配对从而分辨出主机操作系统的类别。实验的结果表明这种方法能够有效的辨别操作系统，这一方法比其他例如nmap 和 xprobe的系统更为隐秘。b5E2RGbCAP
关键词：传输控制）协议/ 协议指纹识别操作系统
辨别远程主机的操作系统，这是一个很重要的领域。了解主机操作系统可以分析和获取一些信息，例如记忆管理，CPU的类型。这些信息对于计算机网络的攻击与防御非常重要。p1EanqFDPw
主要的辨别是通过TCP/IP指纹识别来完成的。几乎所有的操作系统的定制他们自己的协议栈都通过以下的RFC。这种情况导致一个实例，每个协议栈会有细节上的不同。这些不同的细节就是所知道的使辨别操作系统称为可能的指纹识别。DXDiTa9E3d
Nmap、Queso在传输层里使用指纹。他们将特殊数据包发送到目标并分
析返回的数据包，在指纹库中寻找配对的指纹，以便得到的结果。指纹库
中的信息受指定的探测信息的影响.很难区分类似的操作系统<例如：windows98/2000/xp）RTCrpUDGiT
Xprobe主要是利用ICMP协议，这是利用五种包来识别操作系统。它能够提供的在所有可能的情况下确实是操作系统的概率。主要不足是它过分依赖ICMP协议议定书。5PCzVD7HxA
SYNSCAN是在应用协议中与目标主机联系时，使用的一些典型的指纹识别方法。指纹库对在这个领域有限制。jLBHrnAILg
Ring，Ttbit查明操作系统所使用TCP / IP 的性能特点。因为这种性能受网络环境极大。其结果往往是不完全确定的。xHAQX74J0X 文献分析资料中的行动而获得的拦截<如一些同步的要求，一个封闭的端口如何响应连接请求）。虽然这种方式是有效，它在少数特定操作系统区分LDAYtRyKfE
上述的各种系统，都没有完整的描述指纹系统，引起他们进行分辨的主要是依靠部分的TCP/IP。这篇文章的目的就是要简绍一种新的方法来解决这些问题。Zzz6ZB2Ltk
它们都被吓跑的方式来描述指纹的OS integrallty ，造成诉讼程序的确定只能依靠部分TCP / IP协议。本文提出了一种新的方法来解决这一问题：它是指纹操作系统，是通过利用科技来获取一些信息，获取的信息的一些技术，查明操作系统。dvzfvkwMI1
第二章我们提出一些基本的方法的概念，第三章用帧技术来提出描述和匹配协定指纹，第四章，是完成这种方法的算法，第五部分，利用实验来验证他的有效有效性并分析结果最后第六部分是总结全文，及未来的发展方向。rqyn14ZNXI
该程序是为了获取信息，提取指纹和匹配的指纹库里的记录，以便知道类型。本节确定获取信息的方法，采取的做法和通信的状况，还区分指
纹。这些工作为下一节如何建立一个帧系统来识别指纹做好准备EmxvxOtOco
要插入“表”或“数字” ，请粘贴下文所述数据。所有表格和数字必
须使用连续数字< 1 ， 2 ， 3等），并有一个标题放在下面的数字<
“ FigCaption ” ）或在表的上面< “ FigTalbe ” ）用8pt字体和从
风格兰中下拉菜单中的类别中选择指定的样式“标题”。SixE2yXPq5在本文中，我们提出了一个方法，以确定操作系统的远程主机。该方法使用帧技术来识别指纹，弥补探针和监控获得的信息和从资料中摘取信息来与指纹库中的匹配，最后识别操作系统。通过实验，该方法与nmap and xprobe. 相比，能准确识别远程的主机的操作系统。6ewMyirQFL 在未来，我们计划为每个种操作系统汇编更多的指纹，使算法<规则系统）将更加智能化，以提高识别的精度<准确性）。kavU42VRUs This paper present a method that classify the fingerprint of protocol<电脑之间通信与资料传送所遵守的规则）, use the frame to describe the fingerprint in order to create the frame system, get the information of host<主机）to match the system to identify the type of OS in remote host. Result from experimental<实验性的）appears that this method can identify the OS effectively, the action of is more secretly than other systems such as nmap and xprobe Key words: TCP/IP Fingerprint OS It is an important field that identify what OS in remote host. Mastering the OS can analyse and acquire some information such as memory management、the kind of CPU. These information is important for computer network attack and computer network defense.M2ub6vSTnP The main way to identify is through the TCP/IP fingerprint to finish. Nearly all kind of OS customize<定制）their own’s protocol stack by following the RFC. This instance cause the fact that every protocol stack has some different details during implementing. These details are known as fingerprint which make it possible to identify the OS .0YujCfmUCw Nmap、Queso[1] use the fingerprint in transport layer. They send the particular packets to the target and analyse the retured packets, matching the fingerprint in the fingerprint warehouse in order to get the result. The information in the warehouse is affected by the specified message for probing. It hardly to distinguish the similar OS (eg.windows98/2000/xp>.eUts8ZQVRd Xprobe[2] mainly use the ICMP which make use of five kinds of packets in ICMP to identify OS. It can give the probability of all possible situation which maybe the indeed OS. The main shortage is it excessively depend on ICMP Protocol.sQsAEJkW5T SYNSCAN[3] use some typical fields’ fingerprint to identify when it communicaties with target host in application protocol. The warehouse of fingerprint have limited types of field. GMsIasNXkA Ring 、Ttbit[5][6] identify the OS using the performance character of TCP/IP. Because this kind of character is affected by network environment greatly. The result is often not exactly.TIrRGchYzg Literature[7] analysis the action in messages which are acquired through interception(eg. The number of SYN request, a closed port how to response a connection request>.Although this way is availability, it only distinguish a few given OS7EqZcWLZNX Above all the kinds of system, they all be scare of a way to describe the fingerprint of OS integrallty, which cause the proceeding of identify only depend on a part of TCP/IP . This paper propose a new method to resolve the problem: it uniformly the fingerprint of OS, acquire the message by some technology, identify the OS at last. lzq7IGf02E The rest of the paper is organized as followed: Section Ⅱ we present based concept of this method. Section Ⅲ present how to describe and match the protocol fingerprint using frame technology. Section Ⅳpresent an algorithm to implement the method and Section Ⅴ use experiment to validate its effectiveness and analysis the result. Finally Section Ⅵ present the concluding remark and possible future work.zvpgeqJ1hk The proceeding of identify is to acquire message, extract the fingerprint and match the record of fingerprint warehouse, in order to know the type. This section define the measure which are to acquire message, the action and status of communication, also classify the fingerprint. These work are all prepared for the next section which how to built a frame system describing the fingerprint.NrpoJac3v1 To insert “Tables” or “Figures”, please paste the data as stated below. All tables and figures must be given sequential numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.> and have a caption placed below the figure (“FigCaption”> or above the table(“FigTalbe”> being described, using 8pt font and please make use of the specified style “caption” from the drop-down menu of style categories1nowfTG4KI Conclusion In this paper, we have presented a method for identifying OS of remote host. The method use frame technology to express the fingerprint, make up of Probe and Monitor to get message and abstract the information from the message to match the warehouse of fingerprint, identify the OS at last. Through experiment, this method can exactly identify the OS of remote hose with more secretly and less number of packets comparing with nmap and xprobe. fjnFLDa5Zo In the future, we plan to collect more fingerprint for each kind of OS, make the algorithm(规则系统> to be more intelligent, in order to improve the precision(准确性> of identify.tfnNhnE6e5无论是日本媒体的打算激发一种民族自强不息的人，或者是美国媒体进一步宣扬“中国威胁论”总之，最近，一些外国媒体一直鼓吹中国已经成为“世界工厂” 。这样的“鼓吹”看起来并不是空穴来风，并不是可笑的。然而可靠的数据足以让我们“沾沾自喜”中国制造已经深入了世界每 个角落，仅仅2001年中国的出口总额就达到了2660个亿，其中90%属于制造产品，同时，有80%的世界500强的跨国公司进入令人中国市场，外商投资的390000个公司在中国开始运营，中国成为世界第二大外资直接投资的地方。HbmVN777sL 陈兴东作为法国百富勤在中国的主席，在 7月28日世界工业发展大会以及中国经济展望的大会上说：’中国成为世界第四大的工业产品生产中心。现在在国外有一个很时髦的说法：“走，去中国，分享中国发展的果实“。然而，经叔平，副主席全国委员会中国人民政治协商会议<政协）和主席的中华全国工商联指出。国外媒体的说法是有一点夸张过于的，他认为并没有那么的理想，这些是可以用很多有力的数据证实的，在过去的19世纪60年代英国被称为是世界工厂，他的世界工业产品输出量达到了世界总数的20%那是中国只占世界总数的50%。同时，英国生产了占世界53%的铁和50%的煤。在2001年，在中国出口普通煤铁的价值40亿美元但是同时他进口了97亿的优质和特殊的煤铁产品，贸易赤字达到57亿，在2001年，在世界500强的企业中中国有11家企业，但没有一家企业是制造型企业， V7l4jRB8Hs 是什么让我们在吃睡的时候感到不安呢？是因为我们的企业很少有质量优势，都是低质量的产品在全球的工业产业链中，中国处于中等偏下的水平。中国企业大多是采用OEM的制造方式。在中国前200强的企业中，有74%的出口贸易额是通过加工贸易实现的。83lcPA59W9 因此在最近的学术讨论大会上，前瞻性的判断以及企业家感觉，中国还不是世界工厂。 全国政协副主席陈金华在大会上说世界工厂的顺序是英国，美国日本。我认为根据全球优势的的判断，有质量和竞争力的制造业是自动化核心技术。中国与先进的国家相比还有很长的路要走。mZkklkzaaP 当然，我们渴望成为一个“世界工厂” ，这不仅是因为我国的现代化建设离不开强大的制造业，更重要的是，这个行业提供了一个最好的机会来解决转移我国农村剩余劳动力。据高尚全我国经济体制改革研究所主席，我国成为世界工厂的间接意义超越其直接的意义，他指的恰恰是我国的3月从传统的农业国的几千岁至一个工业化国家。然后，将中国成为“世界工厂” ？ AVktR43bpw 目前，我国已具备了有利的条件成为了“世界工厂” 。我们集中精力，发挥我国的比较优势，”在未来10-20年。我国有可能成为“世界工厂”。ORjBnOwcEd 我国最大的比较优势是其庞大的特遣队的劳动力和廉价的劳动力成本。巴黎的法国公司预测，在未来的二十年里，中国将能够维持一个强大的劳动力队伍，大量的新增劳动力就足以控制劳动成本处于低水平。虽然大学生的比例还是相对较低的。在2000年初中文化程度占总人口的48.7%。随着不断增加教育支出，年轻人受教育的水平将会增加。2MiJTy0dTT 此外，我国经济的高速增长创造了有利的投资环境。最近，大量的外国商界人士已建立了研究开发中心在中国，中国预计将成为“世界实验室” ，同时，外国企业加强了在华采购力，建立零部件生产和购买网络。消息人士说，通用电气，惠普，戴尔，柯达公司和其他跨国公司最近宣布，他们打算设立采购中心在中国。 gIiSpiue7A 专家与深圳综合开发研究院说，这一概念的“世界工厂”是很不同于前，它不再是一些国家孤军作战，而是许多国家走到一起，做一个“世界工厂“ 。 uEh0U1Yfmh 此外，在信息时代是“世界工厂“的主要特征与工业时代是不同的，这是由于信息技术革命，它关系到延长和扩大世界工厂的时代工业化。但 不同与工业化时代的世界工厂，在信息化时代的世界工厂并不是意味着国家全部制造能力，他更像一个世界工厂的商店，在世界工厂国家的整体制造能力。在信息化时代，一个“世界工厂”不是完全基于培养国内市场，而是它的全球网络生产和网络购买的功能，是一种根据要求的加工性的制造业。IAg9qLsgBX 与此同时，在“世界工厂”时代的信息化和科技创新中心似乎是独立的，相互借鉴，形成一个新的一体化趋势和建立一个网络研究和开发中心，并建立一个跨国公司的全球生产和发展的中心系统并加快了这一进程的分离。 WwghWvVhPE 立足新的信息化时代的理解，专家认为，在成为世界工厂的过程中” ，中方有条件，成为双重性质的世界工厂：一方面，中国为突出体现了自己特点方面，传统的制造业，另一方面，它已经历了信息技术和高科技产品的快速发展。 asfpsfpi4k 事实上，中国有巨大的消费市场不容忽视。 目前专家们认为最有希望，成为“世界工厂” 的地区是珠江河和长江三角洲与集中工业，而核心力量非政府组织和外国投资。 ooeyYZTjj1然而，有关的问题，是中方能否成为一个“世界工厂”和它是否能够成为“世界工厂”的结论，毕竟，不能通过研究，讨论和分析而得到。正如信息中心和国家经贸委的汪中溟主任，在东道国最近的大会上，他总结说，一个“世界工厂”是将我们这个时代和社会的力量发展成一种历史。您是否希望，历史总是固执地表达其意愿，如果世界工厂来，没有人可以阻止它。BkeGuInkxI 许多人们相信经过20多年的市场经济改革和对外开放，中国能成为世界工厂，这是由日本对外贸易会首次提出来的，但是，一些人却认为中国目前仅仅是世界加工厂。中国生产高技术含量的能力还不是那么的强，全 球的竞争力还不高，中国目前只是一个来料加工而不是所谓的制造中心。这是由现有的制造水平决定的。中国与世界先进的制造水平还存在着巨大的差距，包括经济实力，质量和制造领域的竞争力，特别是核心科技的比例。PgdO0sRlMo 事实上中国的制造业很大程度上集中于劳动密集型，简单的加工和组装，，中国目前是世界供应链的重要组成部分，是世界最大的纺织品，电话，彩电，及微波炉的制造商，跨国公司在中国建立了生产基地，仅仅上海就是世界多家跨国公司的主要投资基地，中国面临的挑战并不是要成为世界供应链的一部分，而是要改变他供应链的价值，在世界市场上，中国临近的国家正敬畏与崇拜着中国正在进入没有挑战地位的世界工厂。3cdXwckm15 汪中盟说建立一个世界工厂是一个历史的过程，以及一个复杂的系统工程。许多专家一致认为，目前中国仍然不是一个“世界工厂” ，我们需要做许多准备工作，其中涉及的问题有关的财产权利，所有权，技术进步，管理和改善劳动者的素质。该系统的工程有许多触角，有着广泛的联系，并涉及各个方面，这也是注定是把世界工厂变成现实我国不能一蹴而就。h8c52WOngM 本文摘译自《Beijing time》2002年2月 Whether Or Not China Has Become a 'World Factory' Abstact: In fact, much of manufacturing in China is heavily concentrated on labor intensive, China today is a vital part of the global supply chain simple processing and assembly operationschallenge for China now is not just to be a part of the global supply chain, but to move up the value chain as well.v4bdyGious Key words ：industry manufacture technology world factoryJ0bm4qMpJ9 Be it is that the media of Japan intend to inspire a sense of national self-improvement in its people, or that the US media further play up the “theory of China threat” as raised by some Americans, in short, recently, some foreign media have all along been preaching that China has become a “world factory”. XVauA9grYP It seems that this kind of“preaching” is not wind coming from hollow cave-being not a groundless rumor, perhaps reliable data are enough to make us “feel complacent”: “China-made” products have penetrated into every corner of the world, in 2001 alone, the volume of China's export commodities reached US$266 billion, of which 90 percent belonged to industrial manufactured products. At the same time, 80 percent of the world top 500 transnational enterprises have entered China, 390,000 foreign-funded enterprises have been operating in China, China has leapt to second place in the world in the absorption of foreign direct investment. China has become the world's fourth largest manufacturing industrial center, said Chen Xingdong, chief representative of French Peregrine in China, at the "Forum on the Development of the World Manufacturing Industry and the Outlook of China's Economy concluded on July 28, currently there is a fashionable word abroad-go to China, share the fruit of China's development. However, Jing Shuping, vice-chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC> and chairman of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, indicated in response to the preaching of foreign media, “I think their preaching is a bit too exaggerated”. What he said was not imagination, but was supported by most convincing data. During and after the 60s of the 19th century, Britain was the “world factory”, with the proportion of its manufacturing industrial output value reaching 20 percent of the world total, while that of China at present is only 5 percent of the world total。 at that time, Britain produced 53 percent of the world's iron and 50 percent of coal, while in 2000, China's export of ordinary steel and iron was worth US$4 billion, while at the same time it had to import US$9.7 billion worth of fine-quality and special steel and iron, with trade deficit reaching US$5.7 billion。in 2001, in the placing of the world top 500 enterprises, 11 were Chinese enterprises without a single one being manufacturing enterprises. What made one feel more uneasy even when eating and sleeping was that China's manufacturing enterprises were not only few in quantity but poor in quality. In the production chain of global manufacturing industries, Chinese enterprises are swaying on the middle and low sides. Chinese enterprises mostly adopt the OEM manufacturing method, around 74 percent of the export value of 200 top Chinese foreign trade enterprises are registered through the method of processing trade. Therefore, at the recent forum, scholars, based on their forward-looking judgment and entrepreneurs, based on their sensitivity, came to a sober-minded conclusion: Currently, China is still not a “world factory”. Vice-Chairman Chen Jin hua of the CPPCC National Committee said at the forum, in the history of world economy, countries called the "world factory" coming in order, were Britain, the United States and Japan, “in my opinion, judged by comprehensive national strength, the quality and competitive capability of the manufacturing industry, particularly the possession of automatic core technologies, China, compared with advanced industrial countries, still has a long way to go.”bR9C6TJscw Of course, we are longing to become a “world factory”, this is not only because China's modernization cannot be achieved without a strong manufacturing industry, what is more, this industry provides a best opportunity for solving the transfer of China's surplus rural labor force. According to Gao Shangquan, president of the China Economic Restructuring Research Institute, the indirect significance of China's becoming a world factory outdoes its direct significance, what he refers to precisely is China's march from a traditional agricultural country。of several thousand years old to an industrialized country. Then, will China become a “world factory”? At present, China has possessed the favorable conditions for making a “world factory”. Concentrating our energy to give play to China's comparative advantages will make it possible for the country to become a “world factory”in the next 10-20 years. China's biggest comparative advantages are its mammoth contingent of labor power and cheap labor cost. The Paris Company ofFrance predicts that in the coming two decades, China will be able to maintain a strong contingent of labor force, the large quantity of newly added labor power is enough to control the labor cost at a low level. Although the proportion of Chin's university students is relatively low, people with a secondary school education made up 48.7 percent of the total population in 2000, along with the steady increase in education expenditure, the education level of the younger generation will further rise. pN9LBDdtrd In addition, China's high economic growth has created a favorable investment environment. Recently, large numbers of foreign business people have set up research and development centers in China, China is expected to become a “world laboratory”, at the same time, foreign enterprises have intensified their procurement efforts in China, setting up parts and components production and purchase networks. Sources say that the General Electric, Hewlett-Packard, Dell, Kodak and other transnational corporations have recently declared their intention to establish purchasing centers in China. Experts with the Shenzhen Comprehensive Development Research Institute said that the conc ept of “world factory” is quite different from what it was before, it is no longer something for which a country fights a lone battle, but rather many countries come together to make a “world factory”. Moreover, the main characteristics of a “world factory” in the information age are different from that in the epoch of industrialization: It is caused by the revolution of information technology, it is related to the extension and expansion of a world factory in the epoch of industrialization. But, unlike the “world factory” in the epoch of industrialization, the “world factory”in the information age does not mean the comprehensive rise of a country's overall manufacturing capacity, but rather it serves more as a "workshop of a world factory". In the epoch of informationization, a “world factory” is not based entirely on the cultivation of the domestic market, but rather it takes global networking production and networking purchase as its features, it is a manufacturing base for processing according to requests. At the same time, the “world factory” in the epoch of informationization and science and technology innovation center appear to be separate from each other and form a tendency of new integration and establish a networking research and development center, and the establishment of a system for the transnational corporations' global research and development center has quickened the process of this separation. Basing themselves on the new understanding of the epoch of informationization, experts believe that in the process of its march toward a “world factory”, China has the conditions to become a “dual world factory”-the “duality” characteristic has manifested itself: On the one hand, China gives prominent expression to itself in the aspect of the traditional manufacturing industry。on the other hand, it has experienced rapid development in the manufacturing of information technology and other high-tech products. The fact that China has a huge consumer market must not be neglected. It is the view of experts that regions most hopeful to become the “world factory” are currently the Pearl Rive and the Yangtze River deltas with a concentration of industries。whereas the core force is non-governmental and foreign investments. However, in regard to the question of whether or not China is a “world factory” and whether or not it can become a “world factory”, the conclusion, after all, cannot be drawn through study, discussion or analysis. Just as Wang Zhongming, director of the InformationCenter of the State Economic and Trade Commission, one of the host units of the recent forum, said in his summary, a “world factory” is the will of our times and the strength of social logic on the development of a kind of history. Whether you want it or not, history invariably and stubbornly express its will, if the world factory is to come, nobody can block it. DJ8T7nHuGT Many people believed that with more than two decades of market reforms and opening up, China has become a “world factory”, a title first given by the Japan ese Ministry of International Trade and Industry in a white paper and adopted by other countries time and again. However, some argue that China now is only a “world workshop” as the capability of manufacturing sophisticated products in China is not strong and the overall competitiveness is not high. China is still a material processing center instead of a manufacturing center due to the current manufacturing level, particularly the big gap between the level of China's manufacturing industries and that of the world's advanced, in terms of the overall economic strength, quality and the competitive power of the manufacturing sector, especially proportion of possession of patented core technologies. QF81D7bvUA In fact, much of manufacturing in China is heavily concentrated on labor intensive, simple processing and assembly operations. China today is a vital part of the global supply chain for it is the world's largest producer in a range of products including textiles and clothing, telephones, color TVs and microwave ovens. Multinationals have kept establishing procurement centers across China. Shanghai alone is home to procurement organizations founded by many multinationals. The challenge for China now is not just to be a part of the global supply chain, but to move up the value chain as well. China's neighboring countries are following with awe and veneration as China is undergoing change into a “world factory” with its unchallenged position on many world markets for manufactured goods4B7a9QFw9h Wang Zhongming said creation of a world factory is a historical process as well as a complicated system engineering. Many experts agree that presently China is still not a “world factory”, we need to do many preparations, which involve problems related to property rights, ownership, technological progress, management, and the improvement of laborers' qualities. This system project has many tentacles, has extensive connections and involves various aspects, this is also destined that to turn the world factory into a reality in China cannot be accomplished at one stroke. ix6iFA8xoX 申明： 所有资料为本人收集整理，仅限个人学习使用，勿做商业用途。 Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population. Automobile Brake System The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic c omponents: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure). 外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI） On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28 摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参 吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology 1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。 农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。 本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 译文： ASP ASP介绍 你是否对静态HTML网页感到厌倦呢？你是否想要创建动态网页呢？你是否想 要你的网页能够数据库存储呢？如果你回答：“是”，ASP可能会帮你解决。在2002年5月，微软预计世界上的ASP开发者将超过80万。你可能会有一个疑问什么是ASP。不用着急，等你读完这些，你讲会知道ASP是什么，ASP如何工作以及它能为我们做 什么。你准备好了吗？让我们一起去了解ASP。 什么是ASP? ASP为动态服务器网页。微软在1996年12月推出动态服务器网页,版本是3.0。微软公司的正式定义为:“动态服务器网页是一个开放的、编辑自由的应用环境,你可以将HTML、脚本、可重用的元件来创建动态的以及强大的网络基础业务方案。动态服务器网页服务器端脚本,IIS能够以支持Jscript和VBScript。”(2)。换句话说,ASP是微软技术开发的,能使您可以通过脚本如VBScript Jscript的帮助创建动态网站。微软的网站服务器都支持ASP技术并且是免费的。如果你有Window NT4.0服务器安装,你可以下载IIS（互联网信息服务器）3.0或4.0。如果你正在使用的Windows2000,IIS 5.0是它的一个免费的组件。如果你是Windows95/98,你可以下载(个人网络服务器(PWS),这是比IIS小的一个版本，可以从Windows95/98CD中安装，你也可以从微软的网站上免费下载这些产品。 好了，您已经学会了什么是ASP技术，接下来，您将学习ASP文件。它和HTML文 件相同吗？让我们开始研究它吧。 什么是ASP文件？ 一个ASP文件和一个HTML文件非常相似，它包含文本，HTML标签以及脚本，这些都在服务器中，广泛用在ASP网页上的脚本语言有2种，分别是VBScript和Jscript，VBScript与Visual Basic非常相似，而Jscript是微软JavaScript的版本。尽管如此，VBScript是ASP默认的脚本语言。另外，这两种脚本语言，只要你安装了ActiveX脚本引擎，你可以使用任意一个，例如PerlScript。 HTML文件和ASP文件的不同点是ASP文件有“.Asp”扩展名。此外，HTML标签和ASP代码的脚本分隔符也不同。一个脚本分隔符,标志着一个单位的开始和结束。HTML标签以小于号(<)开始(>)结束，而ASP以<%开始，%>结束，两者之间是服务端脚本。 外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华 外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文 应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。 外文翻译 通常，应变计应用在两个方面：在机械和结构的实验力分析中和应用力，扭矩，压力,流量以及加速度传感器结构中。非粘贴丝式应变计通常是当作专门的转换器来使用，其结构是使用一些有预载荷的电阻丝连接成惠斯登电桥，如图4.11： 在最初的预载荷中，四根金属丝的应变和电阻在理论上是相等的，它们组成一个平衡电桥，并且e0 = 0 （参考第10章电桥电路特性）。输入端一个小的位移（满量程≈0.04 mm）将会使两根金属丝的拉力增大而使另外两根的拉力减小（假设金属丝不会变松弛），引起电阻阻值的变化，电桥失衡，输出电压与输入位移成比例。金属丝可以由砷镍、镍铬和铁镍等多种合金制造，直径约为0.03 mm，可以承受的最大应力仅为0.002 N，灵敏系数为2到4，每个桥臂的电阻为120Ω到1000Ω, 最大激励电压5到10V，满量程输出典型值为20到50mV。 粘结丝式应变计（现在主要被粘贴箔式结构的应变计取代）应用于应力分析和作为转换器。具有很细丝式敏感栅粘贴在待测试件表面，来感受应变。金属丝被埋入矩形的粘合剂中，不能弯曲从而如实地反映待测试件的压缩和拉伸应力。因为金属丝的材料和尺寸与那些非粘贴应变计相似，所以灵敏度和电阻具有了可比性。 粘贴箔式应变计采用与丝式应变计相同或类似的材料，现在主要用于多用途力分析任务及多种传感器中。 其感应元件是利用光腐蚀工艺加工成厚度小于0.0002的薄片，当其形状改变时，它具有很大的灵活性。如图4.12： 例如，这三个线形敏感栅应变计被设计成端部宽大的形状。这种局部的增大将会减小横向灵敏度，以及在测量应变沿敏感栅单元的长度方向的分量时产生的干扰输入信号。在丝式应变计中，这种端部形状也应用在纵向单元的连接处，以便增加横向抗干扰能力。并且在制造过程中也非常方便在图4.12上的全部四个应变计上焊接焊盘。 软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the 毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日 译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。 《专业英语》课程教学大纲 课程代码：040642703 课程英文名称：Professional English 课程总学时：32 讲课：32 实验：0 上机：0 适用专业：信息管理与信息系统 大纲编写（修订）时间：2017.06 一、大纲使用说明 （一）课程的地位及教学目标 本课程是一门职业基础课，其主要任务是通过本课程的学习，使学生应掌握信息管理与信息系统的专业英语词汇，能读懂英文的专业资料并能达到一般专业知识的英汉互译水平，将学生培养成为复合型人才，为他们今后走上工作岗位从事实际工作打下必要基础。 通过本课程的学习，学生将达到以下要求： 1、掌握基本的信息管理与信息系统专业领域英语词汇； 2、能阅读英文的专业资料； 3、有一定的英汉互译水平。 （二）知识、能力及技能方面的基本要求 1.基本知识：掌握初级的商务英语表达能力，了解信息管理与信息系统专业的常见名词，能够对其进行英汉互译。词汇量要求为200个。 2.基本理论和方法：复习巩固基础英语中所学的语法知识。能用所学词汇和语法知识正确理解与课文难度相仿的文章，能初步掌握英译汉的基本方法和技巧，能借助词典将与专业有关的英文资料译成汉语，基本通顺。能听懂句子结构简单、语言材料熟悉的句子，能用英语进行简单的日常会话并能回答教师提出的简单问题，能组成意思完整的简单句子。 3.基本技能:掌握信息管理与信息系统专业的常见的听书读写的能力。 （三）实施说明 1．教学方法：课堂讲授中要重点对基本语法和生僻词句进行讲解；采用启发式教学，培养学生思考问题、分析问题和解决问题的能力；引导和鼓励学生通过实践和自学获取知识，培养学生的自学能力；开展讨论课，调动学生学习的主观能动性；注意培养学生提高利用标准、规范及手册等技术资料的能力。讲课要联系实际并注重培养学生的创新能力。 2．教学手段：本课程属于技术基础课，在教学中采用电子教案、CAI课件及多媒体教学系统等先进教学手段，以确保在有限的学时内，全面、高质量地完成课程教学任务。 （四）对先修课的要求 本课程的教学必须在完成先修课程之后进行。本课程主要的先修课程有电子商务、市场营销学、管理学。 （五）对习题课、实践环节的要求 1．对重点、难点章节（如：The Internet Marketing 、Foundations of Electronic Commerce）应安排讨论课，启发学生思维。 2．课后作业要少而精，内容要多样化，作业题内容包括基本词汇的书写，长难句的练习，以及常见专业相关知识的英汉互译。对作业中的重点、难点，课上应做必要的提示，并适当安排课内讲评作业。学生必须独立、按时完成课外习题和作业，作业的完成情况应作为评定课程成绩的一部分。 3．安排大作业，大作业成绩作为平时成绩的一部分。毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
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