语言学复习提纲
Understanding linguistic terms
1. Blending; Acronym，back-formation
2. sociolinguistics speech community, speech variety, regional dialect, sociolect, idiolect, ethnic dialect, register, standard dialect, pidgin and creole, bilingualism and diglossia
3. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, intercultural communication
4. language acquisition, CPH (Critical Period Hypothesis); N. Chomsky’s LAD;
Telegraphic speech
5. learning strategies; interlanguage; comprehensible input; language aptitude;
motivation; language transfer; cross-association; contrastive analysis;
SLA(second language acquisition)
6. Neurolinguistics; cerebral Cortex; Broca’s Aphasia; Spoonerism, priming experiment; syntactic parser garden path sentence; psycholinguistics Question Answering
1. What are the major causes of language change?
2. Give examples to show vocabulary change.
3. Give at least three examples to show the influence of American English on British
English.
4. What are the three major theories of child language acquisition?
5. Give brief account of the important role that linguistic environment plays in child
language development.
6. What is the role of native language in second or foreign language learning?
7. What are the individual differences in second or foreign language acquisition?
8. Describe Levelt’s speech production model in your own words.
9. What are the major psycholinguistics methods?
10. Describe the major symptoms of Broca’s aphasia.
11. what is the significance of cultural teaching and learning?
Part I. Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5 30 marks)
Directions: Complete the flowing statements concerning some basic linguistic concepts.
1.According to Chomsky, when we determine a word’s category, three criteria are
usually employed, namely ____________, inflection and ____________.
2.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a ____________
study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a ____________ study. In modern linguistics, the former approach seems to enjoy priority over the latter..
3.According to Paul Grice’s Cooperative Principle, there are four maxims in
natural conversation, including the maxim of ____________, the maxim of quality, the maxim of ___________ and the maxim of manner.
4.The syntactic category of the specifier differs depending on the category of
the head. Determiners serve as the specifiers of Ns while __________ typically function as the specifiers of Vs and degree words as the specifiers of As and sometimes __________ .
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a612573935.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal ____________ used for human
____________ .
6.N. Chomsky, the American linguist, proposed the distinction between ____________
and ____________, the former is defined as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and the latter defined as the actual realization of his knowledge in linguistic communication
7.According to the American linguist Charles Hockett, human language differs from
any animal system of communication in that it has its design features, such as arbitrariness, productivity, ____________, displacement and cultural ____________.
8.Sentence can be defined as a sequence of words arranged in a certain ____________
in accordance with a certain _____________ rules.
9.Phonetics is defined as the study of the____________ medium of language; it is
concerned with all the _____________ that occur in the world’s languages. 10.In the study of semantics, sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the
linguistic form. It is the collection of all the ____________ of the linguistic form; it is ____________ and de-contextualized.
Part II. True or False ( 10 x 1 = 10 marks)
Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
1. According to transformational syntax, the phrase “talk about”has two elements, of which the V “talk” belongs to major lexical category and the P “about”belongs to minor lexical category. ( )
2. According to lexical sense relations, the words ‘give’and ‘take’are
complementary antonyms. ( )
3. Semantically, the sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.”is
a contradiction. ( )
4. Concerning the sense relation, the word “table” is the hyponym of the word “furniture”. ( )
5. According to John Searle, threatening, like “Your money or your life!”belongs to directive. （）
6. According to the morphology, the word “disagreement”contains three morphemes:
dis + agree + ment, among which the morpheme “agree”belongs to free morpheme and “dis, ment” are bound morphemes. ( )
7. A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the word
always falls on the first element, and the second element receives secondary stress, such as greenhouse, hotdog.( )
8. According to the sense relations between sentences, the sentence “He has been
to Hungary”is an entailment of the sentence “He has been to Europe.”
( )
9. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive rather than descriptive. ( )
10. In terms of place of articulation, the English consonants [p] and [b] belong
to bilabial while [f] and [v] are labiodental. ( )
Part III. Understanding of Linguistic Terms ( 4 x 5 = 20 marks) Directions:Please give a brief explanation of the following linguistic terms.
1.Pragmatics
2.Phoneme
3.Polysemy
4.Syntactic category
Part VI. Question Answering
Directions: Please answer the following questions briefly.
1.The XP rule is usually described as:
XP (specifier) X (complement*)
Please explain the above rule in simple English. (10 points)
2.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? (15 points)
3.Smith said to his classmate:
“John, you have been keeping my notes for a whole week now.”
According to Austin’s speech act theory, explain the three acts (locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary) that Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points)
Key to the Test A
Part I Blanking filling:
1. symbols communication
2. competence performance
3. duality transmission
4. speech sounds
5. meaning distribution
6. synchronic diachronic
7. quantity relation
8. order gramatical
9. qualifiers Ps
10. features abstract
Part II True or False
1. F
2. F
3. T.
4. T
5. T.
6. T.
7. T
8. F
9. F 10 T Part III Understanding of linguistic terms
1.Pragmatics: a general definition is the study of how speakers of a language use
sentences to effect successful communication. As the process of communication is
essentially a process of conveying and understanding meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study. Including deixis, speech acts, indirect language, conversation, politeness, cross-cultural communication, and presupposition.
2.Phoneme: A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is a abstract unit. It is not any
particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.
3.Polysemy: While different words may have the same or similar meaning , the
same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such word is called a polysemic word.
4.Syntactic category: Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill
the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. A fundamental fact about words in all human languages is that they can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic category..
Part VI Question answering:
1. The XP rule is usually described as:
XP (specifier) X (complement*)
Please explain the above rule in simple English. (10 points)
X stands for a head, i.e. any major word-level category, such as N, V, A and P.
The arrow means “ consists of” or “branches into”.
The parentheses ( ) mean the element in them can be omitted and the asterisk * indicates that one or more category can occur. The rule can be described as follows: Any phrase consists of a head and maybe a specifier on the left side of the head, and maybe one or more complement on the right side of the head.
2. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? (15 points)
Naming theory; Representative: Plato; Major opinion: Words are just names and labels for things.
The conceptualist view; Representative: Ogden and Richards; the concept is the meaning of the word.
Contexualism; Representative: J.R. Firth; the meaning of a word is determined by its use in the context, including situational context and linguistic context.
Behaviorism; Representative: Bloomfield; the meaning consists in the relation between speech and the practical events.
3. Smith said to his classmate:
“John, you have been keeping my notes for a whole week now.”
According to Austin’s speech act theory, explain the three acts (locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary) that Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points)
(omitted)
Part I. Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5 30 marks)
Directions: Complete the flowing statements concerning some basic linguistic concepts.
11.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of ____________. It
is scientific because it is based on the systematic _________________ of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.
12.The Swiss linguist, F. de Saussure, made the distinction between langue and
parole, the former refers to the __________ linguistic system sheared by all the members of a speech community, while the latter refers to the realization of langue in actual __________.
13.According to the American linguist Charles Hockett, human language differs from
any animal system of communication in that it has its design features, of which displacement is one, which means language can be used to refer to __________ removed from the immediate situations of the __________.
14.An initial classification in phonetics will divide the ____________ sounds in
English into two broad categories: ____________ and consonants.
15.According to Chomsky, when we determine a word’s category, three criteria are
usually employed, namely ____________, inflection and ____________.
16.The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is
generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the ____________ and the __________.
17.According to Paul Grice, in making conversation the participants must first of
all be willing to ___________; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the ___________.
18.A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of ___________ value.
It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound , but rather it is represented or realized by a certain __________ in a certain phonetic context.
19.According to transformational syntax, phrases that are formed of more than one
word usually contain three elements. The word around which a phrase is formed is termed head. The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as ___________________. The words on the right side of the heads are ________________.
20.Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the
collection of all the ____________ of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of __________.
Part II. True or False ( 10 x 1 = 10 marks)
Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
1. According to transformational syntax, prepositions like “near” or “about”belong to minor lexical category. ( )
2. The words ‘male’ and ‘female’ are complementary antonyms. ( )
3. The sentence “The table has bad intentions.”is semantically anomalous.
( )
4. Concerning the sense relation, the word “rose” is the hyponym of the word “flower”. ( )
5. According to John Searle, promising, like “I’ll bring you the book tomorrow without fail.” belongs to commissive. （）
6. According to the morphology, the word “undesirable” contains four morphemes:
un + desire + able + ity, among which the morpheme “desire” belongs to free morpheme and “un, able, ity” are bound morphemes. ( )
7. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic
study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, a diachronic approach seems to enjoy priority over
a synchronic one.( )
8. According to the sense relations between sentences, the sentence “John’s
computer needs repairing”is an entailment of the sentence “John has a computer.” ( )
9. According to G. Leech’s predication analysis, the sentence, “Henry sent Mary
an e-mail” is a two-place prediction containing two arguments. ( ) 10. In terms of manner of articulation, the English consonants [p] and [t] belong
to stops or plosives while [f] and [s] are fricatives. ( )
Part III. Understanding of Linguistic Terms ( 4 x 5 = 20 marks) Directions:Please give a brief explanation of the following linguistic terms.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a612573935.html,nguage
6.Phonology
7.Homonymy
8.Morphology
Part VI. Question Answering
Directions: Please answer the following questions briefly.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a612573935.html,e tree diagram to show the deep structure of the question “Will the train
arrive on time?”. (10 points)
5.What is the difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? (15
points)
6.Prof. Smith said to his student:
“John, you have left the door wide open.”
According to Austin’s speech act theory, explain the three acts (locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary) that Prof. Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points)
Key to the Test A
Part I Blanking filling:
1. language investigation
2. abstract use
3. contexts speaker
4. speech vowels
5. meaning distribution
6. speaker hearer
7. cooperate talk
8. distinctive phone
9. specifier complement
10. features experience
Part II True or False
1. F
2. T
3. T.
4. T
5. T.
6. T.
7. F
8. F
9. F 10 T Part III Understanding of linguistic terms
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a612573935.html,nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
communication.
6.phonology: Phonology is the scientific study of sound of language, which aims
to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication
7.Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have
the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
Homonyms include homophones, homographs and complete homonyms.
8.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by
which words are formed.
Part VI Question answering:
1. Use tree diagram to show the deep structure of the question “Will the train
arrive on time?”. (10 points)
S
NP Infl VP
Det N V PP
P N
The train will arrive on time
2. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? (15 points)
Naming theory; Representative: Plato; Major opinion: Words are just names and labels for things.
The conceptualist view; Representative: Ogden and Richards; the concept is the meaning of the word.
Contexualism; Representative: J.R. Firth; the meaning of a word is determined by its use in the context, including situational context and linguistic context.
Behaviorism; Representative: Bloomfield; the meaning consists in the relation between speech and the practical events.
3. Prof. Smith said to his student:
“John, you have left the door wide open.”
According to Austin’s speech act theory, what are the three acts that Prof. Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points)
(omitted)
Part I. Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5= 30 marks)
Directions: Complete the flowing statements concerning some basic linguistic concepts.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a612573935.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal _____________ used for human
____________.
2.Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form _____________
and how these sounds are used to convey _____________ in linguistic communication.
3.Every word in a language is composed of one or more morphemes. There are
____________ morphemes and bound morphemes. And bound morpheme can be further classified into ________________ and inflectional morphemes.
4.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether the
______________ of use in the study of ___________________ is considered.
5.According to Austin’s speech act theory, a locutionary is the action of making
the utterance, illocutionary refers to the speaker’_____________, while perlocutionary is the __________________ of the utterance.
6.Sociolinguistics is the sub-field that studies the relation between
__________________ and ____________________, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.
7.An American linguist Martin Joos distinguishes five stages of formality, namely,
intimate, _______________, consultative, ____________, and frozen.
8.Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters people’s perception and the way
they categorize experiences. This interdependence of ___________________ and
_____________________ is known as Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (SWH).
9.According to transformational syntax, phrases that are formed of more than one
word usually contain three elements. The word around which a phrase is formed is termed head. The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as ___________________. The words on the right side of the heads are ________________.
10.According to Halliday’s register theory, there are three social variables that
determine the register: ___________________ of discourse, tenor of discourse, and ________________ of discourse.
Part II. True or False ( 10 x 1 = 10 marks)
Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
1. According to transformational syntax, preposition belongs to miner lexical category. ( )
2. “Rose” is a hyponym of “flower”. ( )
3. The sentence “The table has bad intentions”is semantically anomalous.
( )
4. The meaning of an utterance is abstract, and decontextualized, while the meaning of a sentence is concrete and context-dependent. ( )
5. According to John Searle, threatening, like “Your money or your life!”belongs to directive. （）
6. The judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are
social rather than linguistic. ( )
7. Standard dialect is based on a selected variety of the language, usually it is
the local speech of an area which is considered the nation’s political and commercial center. ( )
8. According to the sense relations between sentences, the sentence “He has been
to France”is an entailment of the sentence “He has been to Europe.”
( )
9. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive. ( )
10. The details of any language system are generally transmitted, and do not have
to be taught and learned. ( )
Part III. Understanding of Linguistic Terms ( 4 x 5 = 20 marks) Directions:Please give a brief explanation of the following linguistic terms.
9.Sentence
10.Phoneme
11.Antonymy
12.Bilingualism
Part VI. Question Answering ( 4 x 10 = 40 Marks) Directions: Please answer the following questions briefly.
7.What is the scope of linguistics?
8.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?
9.How is language related to society?
4. Why is it necessary to learn culture while learning a foreign language?
华北煤炭医学院2006～2007学年第1学期考试
试卷标准答案及评分标准
年级：04 专业：英语（本科）课程名称：语言学概论（A）卷教研室主任签字：系主任签字：教务处长签字:
一、标准答案
Part I Blanking filling:
1. symbols communication
2. patterns meaning
3. free, derivational
4. context, meaning
5. intention, effect / consequence
6. language society
7. casual formal
8. language thought / thinking
9. modifiers complements
10. field mode
Part II True or False
1. F
2. T
3. T.
4. F
5. T.
6. T.
7. T
8. F
9. F 10 F Part III Understanding of linguistic terms
9.Sentence: Sentence is defined as a series of words that are arranged in a certain
order according to certain grammatical rules.
10.Phoneme: is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an
abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented and realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.
11.Antonymy: The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning; words that
are opposite in meaning are antonyms, including gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and relational opposites.
12.Bilingualism: It has been observed that in come speech communities, two
languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. This constitutes the situation of bilingualism.
Part IV Question answering:
1.Within the area of linguistics: phonetics and phonology, morphology, semantics,
pragmatics;
When linguistics is associated with other fields, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, applied linguistics.
2.The naming theory; the conceptualist view, contextualism and behaviorism.
3.Omitted
4.Omitted
二、评分标准
I．填空题：
原则上每空只填一个词，所填词不一定是教材上的原词，只要意义正确及可给分；拼写错误，原则上不给分。
II．正误判断：客观题
III．名词解释：
重点从给出的要点和关键词来评判，决定加分或减分。
1、key words: a series of words, certain order, grammatical rules
2、key words: phonological unit, distinctive value, abstract, realized in phonetic
context
3、key points: oppositeness of meaning, gradual, complementary, relational,
better with examples
4、key points: two languages, speech group/community, play different roles,
IV. 简答题：
第一、二题内容相对比较固定，答案要求抓住要点，并适当展开说明一下。
1、Key points: phonetics and phonology, morphology, semantics, pragmatics;
sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, applied linguistics etc., with proper extension and explanation
2、Key points: naming theory; the conceptualist view, contextualism and
behaviorism, with proper extension and explanation
第三、四题灵活性很大，学生可根据所学知识以及个人的经验和理解来答
华师在线-网院-英语语言学复习资料(考试题库)
Which of the following forms a minimal pair? A.fear, pear B.tip, pit C.food, foot D.beat, bit 答案:D The word "realization" consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes. A.five/five B.five/four C.four/three D.four/four 答案:C Which of the following best describes the relations between “Alice is a vegetarian” and “Alice prefers eating steak”? A.The former is synonymous with the latter. B.The former is inconsistent with the latter. C.The former entails the latter. D.The former presupposes the latter. 答案:B Which of the following underlined parts is a free morpheme? A.understandable B.eastward C.otherwise D.without 答案:D Which of the following is a directive? A.Your money or your life! B.You are fired! C.The earth is round. D.Thank you very much. 答案:A How many arguments are there in “I’m not feeling very well”? A.no B.one C.three D.five 答案:B The word “boatel” is a(n) ____. A.acronym B.blend C.clipped word D.coined word 答案:B ‘Parent’ and ‘child’ are ___. A.gradable antonyms B.ungradable opposites C.relational opposites https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a612573935.html,plementary synonyms 答案:C Which of the following is the head of the phrase ‘often read science fictions’? A.often B.read C.science D.fictions 答案:B ‘That is a box’ is a ___-place predication. A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:B The word “DINK” is a(n) ____. A.acronym B.blend C.clipped word D.coined word 答案:A Around the time of their second birthday, children begin to produce ____ utterances. A.one-word B.two-word C.three-word D.four-word 答案:B Which of the following underlined parts is NOT an inflectional morpheme? A.teeth B.speaking C.taken D.chaos 答案:D The design features of human language include the following features EXCEPT____. A.duality of structure B.genetic feature C.arbitrariness D.displacement 答案:B ‘Like’ and ‘dislike’ are ___. A.gradable antonyms B.ungradable opposites C.relational opposites https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a612573935.html,plementary synonyms 答案:A Which of the following is an expressive? A.The earth is a globe. B.Your money or your life! C.I’m very grateful for your help. D.I fire you. 答案:C ‘Slim’ and‘skinny’ are ___. A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonyms D.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:D Which of the following best explains the relationship between “I like Beijing opera” and “I dislike Beijing opera”? A.inconsistency B.anomaly C.contradiction D.entailment 答案:A The chief exponent of the behaviorist view of language acquisition is ____. A.Bloomfield
语言学纲要 第三章练习题
第三章语音 一、单选题 1、语音的四个物理要素中，区别不同的意义起着最为重要的作用的是( ) A、音高 B、音强 C、音长 D、音色 2、元音和辅音本质区别是( ) A、元音的发音可以延长，辅音不可以 B、元音发音响亮，辅音不响亮 C、元音发音时气流不受阻，辅音一定受阻 D、发元音时，发音器官的各个部分均衡紧张；辅音则不然 3、[ε]的发音特征是( ) A、舌面前高不圆唇 B、舌面后高不圆唇 C、舌面前半高不圆唇 D、舌面前半低不圆唇 4．关于语音四要素，下列说法不正确的一项是（） A．在任何语言中，音高变化都是语调的主要构成要素 B．能起区别语言意义作用的是绝对的音高、音强和音长 C．音长是由发音体振动的持续时间决定的 D．音强是由发音体振动的振幅大小决定的 5．下列关于区别特征的表述中，不正确的一项是（） A．音位是通过区别特征相互区别的 B．区别特征完全取决于语音的自然属性 C．音位的辨义功能由区别特征负担 D．区别特征通常都表现为二项对立 6．关于“复辅音”，下列说法不正确的一项是（） A．复辅音是一个音节内两个或几个辅音的组合 B．复辅音内的几个辅音彼此之间有过渡音联结 C．复辅音内的几个辅音的音质变化是突变式的 D．复辅音并不是所有语言中都存在的语音现象 7、有甲乙两个声波图，甲声波比乙声波振动次数少，乙声波比甲声波振幅小，
因此（） A、甲声音低，乙声音弱 B、甲声音高，乙声音弱 C、甲声音低，乙声音强 D、甲声音弱，乙声音低8．（）组字母表示的音素，汉语拼音与国际音标是一致的。 A. b p d B．t k g C. y u m D．i u f 9、下列舌面元音中，属于圆唇音的是（） A、[Y] B、[α] C、[A] D、[a] 10、[e]的发音特征是（） A、舌面前半低圆唇元音 B、舌面前半高圆唇元音 C、舌面前半高不圆唇元音 D、舌面前半低不圆唇元音 11、[u]的发音特征是（） A、舌面后高圆唇元音 B、舌面后高不圆唇元音 C、舌面后半高圆唇元音 D、舌面后半高不圆唇元音 12、辅音[x]的发音特征是（） A、舌面中清擦音 B、舌面前不送气清塞音 C、舌面后不送气浊塞音 D、舌根清擦音 13、辅音[η]的发音特征是（） A、舌面中不送气清音 B、舌面后浊鼻音 C、舌面中浊鼻音 D、舌前中送气浊塞音 14、辅音[kh]的发音特征是（） A、舌根不送气清塞音 B、舌根送气浊塞擦音 C、舌面后送气清塞音 D、舌面后不送气浊塞音 15、辅音[θ]的发音特征是（） A、舌叶清擦音 B、舌叶浊擦音 C、齿间浊擦间 D、齿间清擦音 16、下列辅音类中，属于响辅音的是（） A、塞音 B、半元音 C、擦音 D、塞擦音
英语语言学讲解
《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。
三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。
语言学概论复习大纲讲课讲稿
语言学概论复习大纲
导言 一、解释以下概念并指出其区别 语言学语文学小学 二、语言学理论在指导语言实践上有哪些作用？ 第一章第一节 一、名词解释 语言的主观性 二、举例说明 1、语言的两大社会功能 2、信息传递中接受存在的方式 三、论述：语言是人类社会传递信息第一性的、最重要的手段第一章第二节 一、名词解释 语言能力 二、举例说明：语言的民族性 三、简答 1、语言和思维的关系 2、语言思维功能的生理基础 3、聋哑人的语言问题与思维特点 四、论述 1、儿童语言习得与思维的发展过程基本一致
2、思维能力的普遍性和思维方式的特殊性 第二章第一节 一、名词解释 1、征候 2、心理现实 二、辨析概念的区别与联系（定义区别相同点分点答题） 1、语言和言语 2、征候与符号 3、语言与符号 三、简答 1、语言符号与心理现实之间的关系（分点答题不举例） 2、怎么理解“人的心理现实是不断增量的” 第二章第二节 一、名词解释 1、语言符号的线条性 2、语言符号的组合关系 3、语言符号的聚合关系 二、举例说明：语言符号的任意性 三、论述 1、语言符号系统是一种分层装置 2、语言层级装置靠语言单位的组合和替换来运转
第二章第三章 一、名词解释 语言能力 二、简答 1、人的语言能力是先天具备的，但后天的语言环境决定着人的语言能力的现实和维持 2、语言是其他动物与人类之间无法逾越的鸿沟 三、论述 人类语言符号和其他动物“语言”的根本区别 第三章第一节 一、名词解释 1、音标 2、国际音标 二、辨析区别和联系 语音学和音乐学 三、简答 1、语音与自然界声音的异同 2、语音学研究的诸方面 第三章第二节 一、名词解释 1、纯音
英语语言学复习资料
英语语言学复习资料 注: 1.试题类型为选择题,填空题,语料分析题和问答题. 2.未标习题的章节为一般了解. Chapter 1Language and Linguistics: An Overview 1.1 What is language? 1.2 Features of human languages (i) Creativity (or productivity) Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language. _________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language. A. Duality B. Arbitrariness C. Creativity D. Displacement (ii) Duality ( ) Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing. (iii) Arbitrariness ( ) The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent. (iv) Displacement ( ) Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive. ( ) Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future. (v) Cultural transmission (vi) Interchangeability (vii) Reflexivity 1.3 Functions of language (i) The ideational function (ii) The interpersonal function (iii) The textual function Which of the following does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by
修订版《语言学纲要》第三章语音和音系答案
第三章语音和音系 一、名词解释 语音四要素——音高、音重（强）、音长、音质。 音素——是从音质的角度划分出来的最小的线性的语音单位 音位——具体语言中有区别词的语音形式的作用的最小的语音单位。也是按语音的辨义作用归纳出来的音类，从语言的社会属性划分出来的语言单位 音位变体——处在互补关系中的相似的音素彼此不对立，即不起区别词的语音形式的作用，我们可以把它们归并为一个音位。如果它们被归并为一个音位，则处于互补关系中的各个音素就被看成为同一音位在不同位置上的代表，是同一个音位的不同的变异形式，所以我们把它们叫做音位变体。 非音质音位——非音质音位指具有区别词的语音形式的作用的音高、音重、音长等。例如汉语普通话声调中的阴平、阳平、上声、去声，是由音高的变化形成的而不是音质变化形成的，就是非音质音位。 区别特征——具体语言中有区别音位的作用的发音特征，叫做该语言的区别特征。每一个音位都可以分解为几个不同的区别特征。运用区别特征比较容易说清楚音位在具体语言中的特点和具体语言语音系统的组织方式。 音节——由音位组成的语音中最小的结构单位，也是从听觉上感受到的最自然的单位。 语流音变——音位和音位组合的时候，由于受说话时快慢，高低、强弱的不同和邻音的影响，可能发生不同的临时性的变化。这种变化，我们叫做语流音变。 音步——语言的一种节奏中，语流是大致每隔两个音节就有一次小的轻重、高低、长短或松紧的交替，形成语流中大致等距离出现的两音节的节奏单元。这种节奏单元叫做音步。 二、填空或简答 1、画一张元音舌位图，用国际音标标出八个基本元音。 八个基本元音[i][e][ ][a][u][o][?][ɑ]
英语语言学概论大纲(DOC)
一、课程性质及其设置目的与要求 （一）课程性质和特点 《英语语言学概论》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）的一门重要的专业理论课程，其任务是培养应考者系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识，掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论，了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用，熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物；通过该课程的学习，考生可以从不同的角度了解语言（的性质），了解语言学习和语言教学，为日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学实践和语言学研究打下扎实基础。本课程的特点是：专业术语多，概念多，内容抽象，所以，考生最好在学习本课程之前先学习提高语言读写能力的课程，如高级英语、泛读（三）、写作等，这样可以减少语言障碍，有利于学好语言学的理论知识。 （二）本课程的基本要求 本课程共分为本书共分四编，计十三章。第一编（一至二章）介绍了语言和语言学；第二编（三至八章）介绍了语言学的主要分支—语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学；第三编（九至十二章）为跨学科领域与应用—话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学，以及语言学理论与外语教学；第四编（十三章）介绍了现代语言学流派。通过对本书的学习，要求应考者对英语语言学有一个全面和正确的了解。具体应达到以下要求： 1、掌握语言的性质、功能，以及语言学的研究范围、语言学的分支和重要的语言学概念； 2、掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论； 3、了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用； 4、熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物。 （三）本课程与相关课程的联系 英语语言学概论是一门基础理论课程，其含盖范围很广，既涉及语言系统内部的语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学，又涉及许多交叉学科，如话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语用学（包括语言学理论与外语教学），以及本教程未涉及的神经认知语言学、计算机语言学、人工智能与机器翻译等。语言学的进一步研究甚至会涉及到哲学、逻辑学等领域。 在自考课程中，词汇学与语言学关系最为密切，词汇学的许多概念、理论和研究方法都来源于语言学。高级英语、泛读（三）、写作、翻译等课程则是学好语言学的基础。文学与语言学并非对立的关系，这两个领域的研究方法可以互相补充、互相借鉴，日后无论从事语言学还是文学研究，这两个领域都必须同时涉猎。 二、课程内容与考核目标
语言学概论复习大纲
导言 一、解释以下概念并指出其区别 语言学语文学小学 二、语言学理论在指导语言实践上有哪些作用？ 第一章第一节 一、名词解释 语言的主观性 二、举例说明 1、语言的两大社会功能 2、信息传递中接受存在的方式 三、论述：语言是人类社会传递信息第一性的、最重要的手段 第一章第二节 一、名词解释 语言能力 二、举例说明：语言的民族性 三、简答 1、语言和思维的关系 2、语言思维功能的生理基础 3、聋哑人的语言问题与思维特点 四、论述 1、儿童语言习得与思维的发展过程基本一致 2、思维能力的普遍性和思维方式的特殊性 第二章第一节 一、名词解释 1、征候 2、心理现实 二、辨析概念的区别与联系（定义区别相同点分点答题） 1、语言和言语 2、征候与符号 3、语言与符号 三、简答 1、语言符号与心理现实之间的关系（分点答题不举例） 2、怎么理解“人的心理现实是不断增量的” 第二章第二节 一、名词解释 1、语言符号的线条性 2、语言符号的组合关系 3、语言符号的聚合关系 二、举例说明：语言符号的任意性 三、论述 1、语言符号系统是一种分层装置 2、语言层级装置靠语言单位的组合和替换来运转 第二章第三章 一、名词解释
语言能力 二、简答 1、人的语言能力是先天具备的，但后天的语言环境决定着人的语言能力的现实和维持 2、语言是其他动物与人类之间无法逾越的鸿沟 三、论述 人类语言符号和其他动物“语言”的根本区别 第三章第一节 一、名词解释 1、音标 2、国际音标 二、辨析区别和联系 语音学和音乐学 三、简答 1、语音与自然界声音的异同 2、语音学研究的诸方面 第三章第二节 一、名词解释 1、纯音 2、乐音 3、噪音 4、基音 5、陪音 6、基频 7、共振频 二、简答 1、语音四要素中哪个要素是基本的？为什么？ 2、怎么理解音高、音重、音长的变化是相对的，音质的变化是绝对的？ 3、声学分析软件运行的基本原理是怎样的 第三章第三节 一、名词解释 1、元音舌位图 2、基本元音 3、颤音 4、闪音 二、简答 1、为什么人能灵活地发出复杂多变的音而动物不能？ 2、近音与半元音的异同点是什么？ 3、各民族发音的共性和特性怎样？ 三、绘制元音舌位图 第三章第四节 一、举例说明 1、音位的定义 2、什么是音位变体？它有哪些种类？它同音位的关系是怎样的？ 3、举例分析音质音位与非音质音位的区别 4、举例分析音位理论的实践意义 二、论述
英语语言学下复习资料
一、填空 Chapter 5 1. One difficulty in the study of Meaning is that the word “meaning” itself has different meanings. In their book The Meaning of Meaning written in 1923, C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards presented a “representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favoured”. 2. G.Leechin a more moderate tone recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics, first published in 1974. 3. There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, namely, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation. Chomsky’ of Syntactic Structure(1957) helped to ignite the cognitive revolution. 5. The exist three approaches to the study of language and cognition: the formal approach, the psychological approach and the conceptural approach. 6. The most important research subjects are acquisition, comprehension and production. 7.From a psychological point of view, we store a great deal of information about the properties of words in our mental lexicon心理词库, and retrieve this information when we understand language. 8.Similarity and frequency both play important roles in processing and comprehending language, with the novel items being processed based on their similarity to the known ones. 9.According to cohort model集群理论proposed by Marslen- wilson and Welsh in 1990. Chapter 7 *四个代表人物 10.Malinowski马林洛夫斯基claimed that” In its primitive uses, language functions as a link in concerted human activity…” 11.Firth福斯,a leading figure in a linguistic tradition later known as the London School, tried to...In the end, he developed his own theory of Context of Situation. 12.M.A.K. Halliday韩礼德，whose contributions to sociolinguistics could be …. , and his linguistic model in the study of literature. 13. Eugene Nida尤金奈达, a well-known linguist and traditional theorist, concerning the relationship between language and culture. 14.Hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. 15. Cross-cultural communication跨文化交际中，there are five types of sub-culture 五种次文化形态we should be fully aware of: (1)ecological culture (2)linguistic culture (3)religious culture (4)material culture (5)social culture.[Nida,1964] 16.During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a monistic一元观or autonomous pursuit自治性of an independent science. Chapter 8
语言学纲要思考题(第三章)
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人们说话，要发出一连串的音，这些是人的发音器官连续活动产生出来的，像一股水流，我们把这一连串音称之为语流。把语流中的音按音质（音色）来切分，分到不能再分的时候，这个最小单位的音就是音素。因此，音素是人类语音从音质角度划分出来的最小单位。 音素的划分是分辨语音和分析语音的基本步骤，也是字母拼音的基础。 4.音素和字母有什么区别？ 音素不同于字是很明显的，要注意的是音素也不同于字母。两者的区别如下： 1)字母是书写的最小单位，而音素是语音的最小单位。 2)通常用一个字母表示一个音素，如汉语中：(d)-[t], (t)-[t?], (n)-[n], (l)-[l]等。但如果字母不够用的话，就以两个字母表示一个音素。 3)可以用同一个字母表示几个不同的音素。 附：普通话音素表 5.什么是音标？汉语拼音是不是音标，为什么？
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