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托福全真试题

８９－１８９年ＴＯＥＦＬ听力

1. (A) He looked at me.　

(B) He borrowed my book.

(D) I told him to look at me.

2. (A) Bob became a doctor.

(B) Bob came in with the teacher.

(D) Bob is a teacher.

3. (A) I never worry about what to say.

(B) I haven't spoken to anyone yet.

(D) His last words were hard to hear.

4. (A) Gary's starting to share my opinion.

(B) Gary wants me to come to the point.

(D) Gary's beginning to like the scenery.

5. (A) Wait until you see how long the line is!

(B) This is the seventh movie I've seen at this theater.

(D) Don't be surprised if you have to stand to see the movie.

6. (A) The last biography I read was much better than this one.

(B) I've only written half of the bibliography.

(D) The graph he drew ifs twice as good as the one I did.

7. (A) The story is very enjoyable.

(B) I wonder which story it is.

(D) Is it a wonderful story?

8. (A) George helped prepare the peas.

(B) George served him another slice.

(D) George served everyone the pizza.

9. (A) Anybody can use the dictionary in the office.

(B) Is every one of those books a dictionary?

(D) To practice diction by oneself is useful.

10. (A) This one isn't any larger than mine.

(B) This is larger than a piece of luggage.

(D) This suitcase isn't large enough.

11. (A) Bill and Mary are engaged to be married.

(B) Bill and Mary canceled the meeting.

(D) Bill and Mary were angry about the cancellation.

12. (A) You must try to be quieter.

(B) The volume is much too low.

(D) The noise is coming from outside.

13. (A) They go alone to school.

(B) They arrive at school on time.

(D) They find their own way to school.

14. (A) I'm typing the essay for Lisa.

(B) That type of essay is easy to write.

(D) Typing the essay is only a minor problem.

15. (A) I wanted Pamela to continue her project.

(B) Pamela was discouraged from working on her art project.

(D) Pamela has a lot of courage to take on such a large project.

16. (A) I can never keep a secret from Beth.

(B) I told Beth we were going to surprise her.

(D) I don't think we should tell Beth about the party.

17. (A) Sarah put on her makeup.

(B) Sarah hoped to take the test another time.

(D) Sarah took a free sample of makeup.

18. (A) Does everyone have a copy of the assignment?

(B) Can you turn the sheet around?

(D) Do the sheets have enough information?

19. (A) I think that was the city bus, don't you?

(B) Was that supposed to be the city bus?

(D) I don't know why the city bus is so late.

20. (A) No one has a nose as sore as poll's.

(B) No one here knows much about the subject of politics.

(D) She doesn't know anybody here.

21. (A) She doesn't know when they will go.

(B) She believes there is a road detour.

(D) She wants the man to go away.

22. (A) Sit sown.

(B) Remain standing.

(D) Pick up the chair.

23. (A) The electrician came to repair the lamp.

(B) The lamp was taken to the repair shop.

(D) The lamp was replaced.

24. (A) Not hanging the poster.

(B) Peeling off the wallpaper.

(D) Not hiding the damage.

25. (A) Both chemistry courses are difficult.

(B) Few chemistry courses are hard.

(D) He has only had one chemistry course.

26. (A) Studying.

(B) Watching television.

(D) Going to the movies.

27. (A) She was unable to have her picture taken.

(B) She has not chosen a picture for it.

(D) She had gone to a photography class instead.

28. (A) He would prefer calling her next week.

(B) He will let her decide about the next meeting.

(D) He definitely wants to know about the meeting.

29. (A) Eating in a cafeteria.

(B) Buying something in a store.

(D) Getting money at a bank.

30. (A) She'd rather take a break later.

(B) She likes the suggestion.

(D) She doesn't think he's serious.

31. (A) There are six sections of each class.

(B) He has to leave since it's almost one o'clock.

(D) It doesn't matter which class the woman takes.

32. (A) She's lent the texts for just a few days.

(B) She kept the texts that are still up to date.

(D) She moved her science texts away from the other books.

33. (A) He would like to know what happened.

(B) He can help the woman.

(D) He would have helped if he had the time.

34. (A) To order some medicine for their aunt Margaret.

(B) To get some exercise.

(D) To see their aunt.

35. (A) Dick is practically the only one who thinks so.

(B) Most people play football differently.

(D) Dick is disappointed in football games.

36. (A) In a professor's office.

(B) In a medical doctor's office.

(D) In a gym.

37. (A) Just before the semester begins.

(B) After the first week of classes.

(D) On the last day of class.

38. (A) She had promised that she would.

(B) She has been sick.

(D) She must verify his plans.

39. (A) It wasn't a requirement.

(B) She already knew the material.

(D) Her course load was too heavy.

40. (A) The woman's musical background.

(B) The woman's economic situation.

(D) The woman's decision to take on so much work.

41. (A) The replacement of the harpsichord by the piano.

(B) The development of electronic musical instruments.

(D) The performance of classical music on synthesizers.

42. (A) At the beginning.

(B) In the middle.

(D) Just after the end.

43. (A) He is surprised by it.

(B) He disagrees with it.

(D) He is alarmed by it.

44. (A) In the early nineteenth century.

(B) In the late nineteenth century.

(D) In the mid-twentieth century.

45. (A) The electronic instrument is much more expensive.

(B) The electronic instrument is slightly more expensive.

(D) The piano is much more expensive.

46. (A) The conversion of volcanic waste to fertilizer.

(B) The menace of currently dormant volcanoes around Mount Saint Helen's.

(D) The elimination of volcanic ash by natural means.

47. (A) The crops were obliterated for the entire year.

(B) The crops nutritional value was considerably lessened.

(D) The loss was not as bad been anticipated as had.

48. (A) It served as a fertilizer for crops.

(B) It formed a new mountain.

(D) It destroyed various insect pests.

49. (A) It's lethal upon contact.

(B) It has relatively little harmful effect.

(D) It dries up the skin.

50. (A) Interest.

(B) Disappointment.

(D) Anger.

ＥＸＥＲＣＩＳＥ　ＯＮＥ　

1. The flexibility of film allows the artist __________ unbridled imagination to the animation of

cartoon characters.

(A) to bring

(B) bringing

(D) brings

2. Traditionally, __________in New England on Thanksgiving Day.

(A) when served is sweet cider

(B) when sweet cider is served

(D) sweet cider is served

3. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent __________, or pronghorn.

(A) it is the American antelope

(B) the American antelope is

(D) the American antelope

4. Lillian D. Wald, public health nurse and __________, was born in Cincinnati Ohio, in 1867.

(A) reforming society

(B) social reformer

(D) her social reform

5. Copper sulfate, spread in judicious amounts, kills algae __________ harming fish or aquatic

invert-ebrates.

(A) does not

(B) but does no

(D) without

6. Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people __________long enough

to see it return in the twenty-first century.

(A) will they live

(B) they will be living

(D) living

7. __________that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.

(A) Anthropologists have discovered

(B) Anthropologists discovering

(D) Discovered by anthropologists

8.In 1964__________of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution.

(A) was a major collection

(B) that a major collection

(D) a major collection

9. __________irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been

largely discontinued.

(A) Its

(B) Where its

(D) Because of its

10.In order to remain in existence,__________must, in the long run, produce something

consumers consider useful or desirable.

(A) a profit-making organization

(B) a profit-making organization which

(D) whichever a profit-making organization

11.The greater the population there is in a locality,__________for water, transportation, and

disposal of refuse.

(A) the greater the need there is

(B) greater need

(D) the great need

12. A historical novel may do more than mirror history; __________future events.

(A) even influencing

(B) it may even influence

(D) that it may even influence

13. __________a child, sculptor Anne Whitney showed an eager intellect and artistic talent that

her parents recognized and encouraged.

(A) Has been

(B) It was while

(D) As

14. It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes__________round

shape into a teardrop shape.

(A) of the drop

(B) the drop's

(D) drops their

15.__________modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to

personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.

(A) If

(B) But

(D) Once

16. Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when Frances

A B C

Perkins became secretary of labor.

17. The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival.　

A B C D

18. Too much electric current may flow into a circuit as a result either of a fault in the circuit and

A B C D of an outside event such as lightning.

19. The Appalachian Trail, extending approximately 2,020 miles from Maine to Georgia, is the

A B

longer continuous marked footpath in the world.

C D

20. For years, elephants were hunted for food and ivory, and as a result theirs numbers have been

A B C

greatly reduced.

21. Barges which carrier most of the heavy freight on rivers and canals are usually propelled by

A B C

towing.

22. Although afflicted by serious eyesight problems, Alicia Alonso was one the principal stars of

A B C

the American Ballet Theater and later formed her own dance company.

23. The ritual combat of animals are triggered by precise signals.　

A B C D

24. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effective than to employ flowery but vague

A B C D expressions that only obscure one's meaning.

25. Different species of octopuses may measure anywhere from two inches to over thirty feet in

A B C D long.

26. According to some theories derived from psychoanalysis, life is supposedly easier and mo

A B C

re pleasant when inhibitions overcoming.

27. When rainbows appear, they are always in the part of the sky opposite directly the Sun.

A B C D

28. Benjamin Franklin drew a political cartoon that is credited raising 10,000 volunteers for the

A B C D American Revolutionary War.

29. The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of medieval

A B C D

lchemists.

30. In many pieces of music there is a dominant theme on which the restful of the composition is

A B C

centered.　

31. Luminescence refers to the emission of light by means another than heat.　

A B C D

32.In a representative democracy, the people election delegates to an assembly.

A B C D

33.George Washington Carver found hundred of uses for the peanut, the sweet potato, and the

soybean and thus stimulated the cultivation of these crops.　

B C D

34. A citadel, a fortress designed for the defense of a city, usually standed on top of a hill.

A B C D

35. Conservative philosophers argue that the very structure of society is threatening by civil

A B

disobedience, while humanists stress the primacy of the individual conscience.

C D

36. Since 1971 the regional corporations set up in Alaska by Congress managing everything from

A B C

fishing to banking.

37. A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets carry a supply that last just a few seconds.

A B C D

38. Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities.　

A B C D

39. The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century.

A B C D

40. Gulls can often be see swooping over large bodies of water.

A B C D

（35 minutes）　

Passage 1

The novelist Robert Herrick was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on April 26, 1868. His oldest American ancestor, a nephew of the author of Hesperides, had settled at Salem in 1638; he was related to the Hales, the Mannings, the Hawthornes, and the Peabodys; his immediate forebears were lawyers, teachers, and clergymen. At Harvard, he was a contemporary of Santayana. William Vaughn Moody,Norman Hpgood, and Robert Morss Lovett; he nearly wrecked the Harvard Monthly when he sullied its chaste pages with the first English translation of lbsen's ludy from the Sea. His teaching began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but William Rainey Harper lured him to the new University of Chicago, where he remained officially for exactly a generation and where his students in advanced composition found him terrifyingly frigid in the classroom but sympathetic and understanding in their personal conferences. During his later years the spot of earth dearest to his heart was York Viliage, Maine, but after his retirement from teaching he brought his career to a rather amazing close as government secretary of the Virgin islands, He died at St. Thomas on December 23, 1938.

1. To which of the following families was Herrick related?

(A) The Santayanas

(B) The Hawthornes

(D) The Hapgoods

2.In lines 3-4, the phrase "immediate forebears" could best be replaced by which of the following?

(A) closest ancestors

(B) wealthiest relatives

(D) earliest forefathers

3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a profession of Herrick's relatives?

(A) Farmer

(B) Teacher

(D) Lawyer

4. Herrick moved to the University of Chicago at the request of

(A) the Hales

(B) the Mannings

(D) William Rainey Harper

5. According to the passage, Herrick's students thought he was

(A) gifted in English translation

(B) unfair in his grading

(D) kind during personal contact

6. In which of the following activities was Herick involved during the last years of his life?

(A) University teaching

(B) Government work

(D) Lecturing

Passage 2

There are two main kinds of sloth; the two-toed and the three-toed. Of these, the three-toed is considerably the more slothful. It hangs upside down from a branch suspended by hook-like claws at the ends of its long bony arms. It feeds on only one kind of leaf, Cecropia, which happily for the sloth grows in quantity and is easily found. No predators attack the sloth-few indeed can even reach it-and nothing competes with it for the Cecropia. Lulled by this security, it has sunk into an existence that is only just short of complete torpor. It spends eighteen out of twenty-four hours soundly asleep. It pays such little attention to its personal hygiene that green algae grow on its coarse hair and communities of a parasitic moth live in the depths of its coat producing caterpillars which graze on its mouldy hair. Its muscles are such that it is quite incapable of moving at a speed of over a kilometer an hour even over the shortest distances and the swiftest movement it can make is a sweep of its hooked arm. It is virtually dumb and its hearing is so poor that you can let off a gun within inches of it and its only response will be to turn slowly and blink. Even its sense of smell, though it is better than ours, is very much less acute than that of most mammals. And it sleeps and feeds entirely alone.

1. The purpose of the passage is to

(A) compare the two-toed and the three-toed sloths

(B) explain the parasitic relation of a type of moth to the sloth

(D) condemn the way the sloth takes care of itself

2. It can be inferred from the passage that the sloth uses its hooked claws mainly to

(A) hang on tree branches

(B) clean its coat

(D) swing from one place to another

3. What does the sloth eat?

(A) Caterpillars

(B) Cecropia

(D) Algae

4. How does the sloth spend most of its time?

(A) Eating

(B) Sleeping

(D) Finding food

5. It can be inferred from the passage that if a person makes a loud noise near a sloth, the sloth

will

(A) attack the person

(B) run away as fast as it can

(D) become deaf

6. The author's discussion of the sloth focuses primarily on the animal's

(A) solitary nature

(B) physical handicaps

(D) inactivity

Passage 3

The Montessori method of educating children is guided by perhaps a half–dozen major principles of education. The first affirms the biological programming of child development, the child's capacity for self – realization, for "auto-education." The second calls for "scientific pedagogy." A science of childhood based on observation. The third demands a natural environment in which self-development can be expressed and observed. Montessori believed that the school could be made into such an environment, thus becoming a laboratory for scientific pedagogy. This environment should be determined scientifically. In order to expand, children, left at liberty to exercise their activities, ought to find in their surroundings something organized in direct relation to the children's internal organization. All of these principles imply the next, which Montessori calls the " biological concept of liberty in pedagogy": the child must be free to act spontaneously and to interact with the prepared environment. The entire program is concerned with the individual child; the spontaneity, the needs, the observation, the freedom are always those of the individual. Finally, the modus operandi of the method is sensory training.

1. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

(A) Principles of the Montessori Method

(B) Modern Principles of Education

(D) Stages of Child Development

2. In line 6, the phrase "such an environment" refers to which of the following kinds of

environment?

(A) Biological, accompanied by specimens

(B) Scientific, accompanied by experiments

(D) Natural, in which self-expression prevails

3. According to the passage, the Montessori method focuses on

(A) the individual child

(B) pairs of children

(D) large groups of children

4. It can be inferred from the passage that the Montessori method was named after a

(A) school

(B) town

(D) book

5. Which of the following would NOT be advocated by the Montessori method?

(A) Tightly controlling children's group activities

(B) Carefully teaching children to listen and observe

(B) Permitting children to work at their own pace

Passage 4

In an experiment designed to study the effect of majority opinion, even when it is contrary to fact, small groups of subjects observed a standard straight line, and then judged which of three other lines equaled it in length. One of the other lines was longer, one shorter, one equal to the

standard; the differences were great enough that threshold judgments were not involved. All but one member of each group had been instructed to agree upon a wrong answer for a majority of the trials. The experimental subject was thus pitted against a majority, and the subject's problem was whether to disagree with the majority, or to doubt his or her own judgment and agree. Many subjects refused to change, and continued to hold to their independent appraisals. But a substantial number yielded under pressure from the others' apparent judgments. The amount of yielding depended upon the clarity of conditions (lack of clarity led to conformity to majority opinion), individual differences, and the size and unanimity of the opposition. With the opposition of only one other person there was very little yielding; with tow against one the amount of yielding became pronounced; and a majority of three was nearly as effective as larger majorities against the lone dissenter.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The accuracy of threshold judgments.

(B) The inability of groups to estimate correct line length.

(D) The necessity of clear conditions in conducting successful experiments.

2. A total of how many lines were shown to each group of subjects?

(A) Two

(B) Three

(D) Five

3. Why did all but one of the members of each group choose the wrong line?

(A) They could not accurately judge which lines were equal in length.

(B) They were told to do so for the purposes of the study.

(D) They did not understand the instructions.

4. It can be inferred from the passage that the main purpose of the experiment was to examine

the tendency that many people have to

(A) compete

(B) conform

(D) communicate

5. The experiment described in the passage was most likely carried out by

(A) physicists

(B) mathematicians

(D) psychologists

Passage 5

This vertical movement of the fieldstones is not simply an artifact of soil erosion, it is the result of frost heaving. In the fall the soil freezes first beneath stones, because stones are a better conductor of heat than soil. Or, put another way, soil is a better insulator than rock in a sea of insulation, stones are chilly islands.

Because most glacial till has a fairly high water content, ice forms beneath fieldstones when they freeze, and the expansion of this ice forces them upward. Even when the ice thaws, the stones do not return to their original positions because during thawing particles of soil seep into

the cavity beneath, partially preventing the stones from dropping. Like a ratchet on a car jack each freeze-thaw cycle gradually lifts the fieldstones toward the surface. Ina very cold winter there may actually be two thrusts per freeze. Ice expands when it initially forms, but as the temperature plummets, the ice contracts. In the reverse process, when this very cold ice finally melts, it must expand a second time, pushing the stone once more.

In theory, the upward movement of fieldstones should result in pure soil, all the stones above the frost line having been pushed to the surface and carried away. What a vision! Acres of pure, deep soil and crowbars rusting away unused. Alas, the fastest stones move only an inch or so a year, and most are orders of magnitude slower.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The effect of frost heaving on stones

(B) The water content of various types of soil

(D) Seasonal variations in ground temperature

2. What statement was most probably made in the paragraph preceding this pasage?

(A) Pure soil is quickly eroded.

(B) Fieldstones are lifted to the top of the soil.

(D) Ancient cultural artifacts are buried deep in the soil.

3. Where does the soil freeze first in the fall?

(A) On the tops of stones

(B) In areas of pure, deep soil

(D) On islands

4. In the first paragraph, the author gives an example of

(A) glacier movement

(B) soil erosion

(D) heat conduction

5. According to the passage, why do fieldstones remain raised in the soil when the ice thaws?

(A) Melting ice erodes the soil around them.

(B) Soil fills in under them

(D) The frost line under which they are resting moves upward.

6. The author refers to a car jack in an analogy that illustrates how

(A) stones are pushed upward

(B) heavy rocks press down on deep levels of soil

(D) automobile parts freeze in cold weather

7. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the third paragraph?

(A) Stones above the frost line will quickly be pushed upward.

(B) The number of stones surfacing each year is decreasing.

(D) New stones will continue indefinitely to surface at a slow rate.

8. In line14, the author exclaims "What a vision!" to express an attitude of

(A) fear

(B) disgust

(D) romance

Passage 8

A summary of the physical and chemical nature of life must begin, not on the Earth, but in the Sun; in fact, at the Sun's very center. It is here that is to be found the source of the energy that the Sun constantly pours out into space as light and heat. This energy is liberated at the center of the Sun as billions upon billions of nucl ei of hydrogen atoms collide with each other and fuse together to form nuclei of helium, and, in doing so, release some of the energy that is stored in the nuclei of atoms. The output of light and heat of the Sun requires that some 600 million tons of hydrogen be converted into helium in the Sun every second. This the Sun has been doing for several thousands of millions of years.

The nuclear energy is released at the Sun's center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength. This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun, to be re-emitted at slightly longer wavelengths. This radiation, in its turn, is absorbed and re-emitted. As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the x-ray part of the spectrum, eventually becoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space, without being absorbed further by solar atoms. Avery small fraction of the Sun's light and heat is emitted in such directions that, after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, it hits the Earth.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) the production of solar light and heat

(B) the physical and chemical nature of life

(D) Radiation in the x-ray part of the spectrum

2. According to the passage, energy is released in the Sun when

(A) helium atoms bind with each other

(B) gamma radiation escapes from the spectrum

(D) nuclei of hydrogen atoms collide

3. The passage indicates that, in comparison to radio waves, gamma waves

(A) produce louder sound

(B) are less magnetic

(D) are not as long

4. According to the passage, through which of the following does the energy released in the

Sun pass before it becomes light?

(A) The x-ray part of the spectrum

(B) Electromagnetic space

(D) Interplanetary space

5. It can be inferred from the passage that the Sun's light travels

(A) through solid objects in space

(B) in many different directions

(D) further in summer than in winter

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老托福阅读真题及答案解析托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。 Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest. 1. What is the main idea of the passage ? (A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment. (B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs. (C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots. (D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation. 2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to

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托福（TOEFL）考试阅读模拟试题（4） Questions 11-20 Philosophy in the second half of the 19th century was based more on biology and history than on mathematics and physics. Revolutionary thought drifted away from metaphysics and epistemology and shifted more towards ideologies in science, politics, and sociology. Pragmatism became the most vigorous school of thought in American philosophy during this time, and it continued the empiricist tradition of grounding knowledge on experience and stressing the inductive procedures of experimental science. The three most important pragmatists of this period were the American philosophers Charles Peirce (1839-1914), considered to be the first of the American pragmatists, William James (1842-1910), the first great American psychologist, and John Dewey (1859-1952), who further developed the pragmatic principles of Peirce and James into a comprehensive system of thought that he called “experimental naturalism”, or “instrumentalism”. Pragmatism was generally critical of traditional western philosophy, especially the notion that there are absolute truths and absolute values. In contrast, Josiah Royce (1855-1916), was a leading American exponent of idealism at this time, who believed in an absolute truth and held that human thought and the external world were unified. Pragmatism called for ideas and theories to be tested in practice, assessing whether they produced desirable or undesirable results. Although pragmatism was popular for a time in Europe, most agree that it epitomized the American faith in know-how and practicality, and the equally American distrust of abstract theories and ideologies. Pragmatism is best understood in its historical and cultural context. It arose during a period of rapid scientific advancement, industrialization, and material progress; a time when the theory of evolution suggested to many thinkers that humanity and society are in a perpetual state of progress. This period also saw a decline in traditional religious beliefs and values. As a result, it became necessary to rethink fundamental ideas about values, religion, science, community, and individuality. Pragmatists regarded all theories and institutions as tentative hypotheses and solutions.

TOEFL全真试题

TOEFL全真试题为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理了托福练习试题,下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 TOEFL全真试题1 Reading Comprehension Time: 55 minutes (including the reading of the directions). Now set your clock for 55 minutes.Question 1-12 Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms, in which the usual male and female reproductive organs are fused in a single structure called the column. The column is designed so that a single pollination will fertilize hundreds of thousands, and in some cases millions, of seeds, so microscopic and light they are easily carried by the breeze. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes. The most noticeable of the petals is called the labellum, or lip. It is often dramatically

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0308 托福试题阅读( 55minutes ) Question 1-11 seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15) structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen If food is allowed to stand for some time, putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful spontaneous generation microbiologist Louis showed that structures present in air closely found not that it to be seen in such process by which of the theory of French chemist and opponent was the Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur resemble the microorganisms

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托福真题：《1997年10月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》-托福真题

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2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（6）【托福】 Although only 1 person in 20 in the Colonial period lived in a city, the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America. They were at the cutting edge of social change. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared — the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coat or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. "The cities predicted the future," wrote historian Gary. B. Nash, "even though they were but overgrown villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe, the Middle East and China." Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century. In the fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775, more than 200,000 immigrants arrived on North American shores. This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every year, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast. Philadelphia's population nearly doubted in those years, reaching about 30,000 in 1774, New York grew at almost the same rate, reaching about 25,000 by 1775. The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities. The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century it

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2015 13 1.25 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? When working on a project, it’s better for classmates or colleagues to communicate face to face than sending emails. 2.1 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Movies and televisions have more negative influences than positive influences on young people's behavior. 3.7 2 Some people think that it is an important part of a child’s education to go on field trips (for example, museums), other people think a child’s time is better spent learning in a classroom at school. What is your opinion? 3.28 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It's better to complete a project and then start another one than to do several things at the same time. 4.12 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should spend money helping more people access the Internet instead of improving public transportation. 6.13 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It's better to spend money enjoying life like going on vacation than to save money for the future. 6.29 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: it's better to make friends with intelligent people than with people who have a sense of humor? 9.5 In order to attract more tourists, the government could either improve safety by hiring more police or improve its appearance by repairing old buildings and streets. Which way do you think is more effective? 9.12 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order to achieve success, we must be more similar to others than be different from others. 10.10 Which is better for children's education: 9-month study and 3-month break or 3-month study and 1-month break? 10.11 Instead of spending money on exploration of outer space, government should 10.25

托福真题(附答案)

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression 1. crumbles readily when exposed to a moist, acid atmosphere, but the stone is durable in adry atmosphere. (A) The surface of marble is (B) The surface of marble, which (C) Although the surface of marble (D) The surface of marble 2. By using their trunks, elephants can tell the shape of an object and is rough or smooth, orhot or cold. (A) it (B) whether it (C) how (D) since it 3. In 1989 Carret Hongo was chosen as for the Pulitzer Prize in poetry. (A) his being one of the finalists (B) to be one of the finalists (C) one of the finalists (D) the one finalist who 4. The Moon is much closer to Earthis the Sun, and thus it had greater influence on the tides. (A) unlike (B) than (C) but (D) where 5. The brain of an average adult is one of the largest organs of the body, about three pounds. (A) weighs (B) is weighed (C) weighing (D) to weigh it 6. Throughout history different representations for numbers and for the basic process ofcounting. (A) have been many (B) there have been many (C) many (D) when many 7. Democratic governments constantly face the problem of balancing the individual with theneeds of society. (A) the rights of (B) to the rights for (C) for the rights to (D) with the rights by 8. Connecticut was the fifth of the original thirteen states the Constitution of the UnitedStates. (A) ratified (B) ratify (C) to ratify (D) have ratified 9. The chemical composition of sandstone is the same as (A) that of sand (B) that sand is (C) sand is that (D) what of sand 10. Hydrofoils can exceed 75 miles per hour, as compared with conventional watercraft, whosemaximum speeds approach 50 miles per hour. (A) are rarely (B) rarely (C) of rarely (D) they rarely 11. It was novelist and poet in 1968 founded Jackson State University's Institute for theStudy of the History, Life, and Culture of Black People. (A) Margaret Walker did (B) Margaret Walker (C) Margaret Walker who (D) Margaret Walker and 12. Before the Europeans arrived, American Indians were using virgin copper into ornaments,knives, and other artifacts. (A) Which was hammering (B) which hammered (C) was hammered (D) hammered 13. In western North America, form the Great Divide, which separates the areas fromwhich waters flow either eastward to the Atlantic or westward to the Pacific. (A) the Rocky Mountains (B) where the Rocky Mountains (C) the Rocky Mountains in which 1

历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案

0308 托福试题阅读（55minutes） Question 1-11 If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.1 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they could not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originated from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that

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