公开阅读2006高考英语复习专题：如何提高阅读能力

2012年全国高考模拟参考部分

北京四中

审稿：李俊和责编: 隋瑜

如何提高阅读能力

认真研读近几年高考阅读理解题，我们不难发现其共同特点：文章都是五篇，其所选材料的题材、体裁多样，均取材于英文原版书籍，语言地道、内容新颖，文化意味浓厚；其试题设计均重语篇理解，与以前的高考试题相比，命题者很明显加大了阅读理解试题的考查强度。

㈠近几年高考英语阅读理解测试新动向：

⒈阅读的词汇量增加，越来越强调提高阅读速度

近年来，高考五篇文章的阅读总词量一直保持着递增的趋势，这就意味着考生在有限的时间内完成这样的阅读量，必须提高阅读速度。

⒉文章的生词量增多

文章的生词量增多，主要表现在由构词法产生的新词和教学大纲不作要求的生词增多。这就导致阅读材料文字难度增大，考生往往要反复几遍才能读懂。再加之材料行文表达使用比较正式的语言，结构复杂的长句及省略和插入语等较复杂的语言现象在文章中随处可见。这不仅减慢了阅读速度，而且也影响了根据文章内容去进行推理和判断。

⒊选材面宽，贴近生活，保持原汁原味

近几年的高考阅读文章选材更贴近生活实际、更富有时代气息，题材新颖，包括故事、传记、人物、传说、生活常识、社会文化、天文、史地、科普知识、政治、经济及名人逸事等。体裁也不一，有记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等。而且文章多是属于原汁原味的文章，其中文章习语用得较多，涉及英美人的文化生活习惯。

⒋深层理解及推理判断型题持续增加

一篇文章围绕一个中心，或者是某一话题展开，文中绝大部分的篇幅都围绕这个主题来说明它，反映它。弄清细节，获取信息是正确把握主旨中心的前提。在以往的高考试题中，往往掌握文中细节的直接理解在试题中所占比例较大。但在近些年的高考试题中已明显减少，而推理、判断、综合类试题大大增加了。要求考生能从字里行间理解文章的深层含义，即作者的态度、意图、倾向等，而且能把握全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的关系，并且能据此进行合乎逻辑的推理和判断。

㈡高考对考生的阅读理解能力的要求：

⒈掌握所读材料的主旨大意，以及用以说明主旨大意的材料和细节。

⒉既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念。

⒊既理解字面的意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态度、意图等。

⒋既理解某句、某段的意义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。

⒌既能根据材料所提供的信息，也能结合中学生应有的常识去正确判断生词和短语的含义。

㈢近几年高考阅读的主要考点：

高考阅读题通常分为两大类：客观性理解试题，即考查短文大意的试题，事实细节描述题，短文、句子、短语、单词意义理解题；主观性试题，即通过阅读文章，对文章的中心思想、立意主旨、作者观点、态度等有更深入的理解。一般说来，高考阅读理解对考生的测试角度表现在以下几个方面：

⒈猜测词义。

这类题要求考生能根据上下文正确理解灵活多变的词义。在做这类题时，应对上下文中已知部分进行逻辑上的推理，必要时还要进行语法分析，尤其是词与词之间的关系，有时还要依据常识和经验进行猜测。

⒉理解主旨大意。

一篇文章通常是围绕着一个中心思想展开的。阅读时，我们不可忽视短文中开头和结尾的段落或句子的含义。因为它们往往是文章中心的概括和总结。对于没有明显主题句的文章段落要根据文段中所陈述的事实或提供的线索加以概括总结，从而判断出四个选项中哪一个为最佳选择，说明了文章的中心。

⒊推理判断。

这类题要求考生能通过文章表面文字信息去推测文章隐含的意思，要求考生对文章的情节发展，以及作者的态度、意图等做出合乎逻辑的推理和判断。

⒋对文章的细节理解。

⒌数据推算。

㈣提高阅读理解能力的具体办法：

⒈注意扩大词汇量。

阅读是理解和吸收书面信息的能力。应该说，词汇量越大，掌握的词汇越多，阅读的基础就越好。所以我们要采取多种手段并尽可能快地扩大自己的词汇量。另外，阅读各种题材、体裁的文章的同时也会迅速地扩大我们的词汇量。

⒉掌握一定的英语文化背景知识。

研究和实践表面，背景知识在阅读过程中起着很重要的作用。阅读时若缺乏相关的背景知识，阅读就会很困难；反之，若具有相关的背景知识，阅读就会变得简单。比如，遇到物理、化学方面的文章，理科的学生读起来要比文科的学生省力。同样，文科的学生在历史、政治等方面占有一定的优势。可见，学生的背景知识越丰富，阅读理解题做得就越好。特定的文化产生了各具特色的语言背景。把英语作为外语来学习的学生除具备一定的英美历史和语言文学知识外，还要了

解和熟悉一些讲英语的国家的生活习惯、文化背景、风土人情与生活方式等，为提高阅读质量打下基础。

⒊掌握构词法。

应掌握一些构词方法，如词缀法、转换法、合词法、逆成法及缩略法等。另外在词汇复习过程中，不仅要注意词汇的表面含义，而且要注意到词汇背后所蕴含的社会历史、文字艺术等语言文化知识。因为词义反映了一定的客观世界和社会实践，它们还随社会文化、民族习惯、语言环境、社会发展等因素而变化。

⒋改掉不良的阅读习惯。

在英语阅读过程中，有一些不良的阅读习惯必须改掉。如：用手指、笔、尺子等指着单词进行阅读，这样会影响阅读速度，还容易忽略了文章所反映的信息内容；“声读”也是一种不良的阅读习惯，有关专家研究发现，一个人的默读速度是他声读速度的两倍。“声读”不仅影响了阅读速度，更不利于理解文章所表达的信息。

⒌选材广泛，体裁多样。

选材时，注意做到题材广泛、体裁多样，要面广，内容要丰富。它们主要包括新闻、电讯、书信、评论、广告、幽默故事、人物传记、科普常识、史地资料、旅游杂记、风土人情等。

⒍培养逻辑推理能力。

阅读一篇短文时，准确地认知文章所表达的信息，只是阅读的初步要求。把握上下文的逻辑关系，领会文中的有关暗示，推敲其特定的内涵，洞察其深层意义，推断作者的“言外之意”，则是阅读的高层次的要求。一般来说，作者不可能把他所要表达的全部思想和内容都体现在字面的意思上，很多内容是需要在阅读时通过思考、推理才能正确理解的。逻辑推理就是指在阅读时，根据自己已有的各方面知识以及篇章上下文所出现的某些信息，推导判断出隐含在文章中但没有表达出来的意思。逻辑推理能力是提高阅读能力的一种必不可少的基本技能。在做逻辑推理判断时，不能脱离文章的主旨，凭空想象，一定要言之有理，言之有据。

如：

“…One day, Merlin received an invitation to attend a fancy dress ball. He was very pleased and a little excited. As the day of the party came near, Merlin began to think how to make a grand entrance at the party. He had an idea. He thought he would get a lot of attention if he could skate into the room. Merlin tried different ways to make himself roll. Fina lly, he decided to put two wheels under each shoe. These were the first roller skates.…”

问题：Merlin put wheels under his shoes in order to ______.

A. impress the party guests

B. arrive at the party sooner

C. test his invention

D. show his skill in walking on wheels.

该题要求透过表面的文字信息去推测文章的隐含意义。我们可以从“Merlin began to think how to make a grand entrance at the party.”和“He thought he would get a lot of attention if he could skate into the room.”中看出，Merlin把滚轮置于鞋下，用滚轴溜冰的方式进入晚会厅，其目的是为了给参加晚会的人留下深刻的印象，所以答案为A.

⒎注意抓文章的中心思想。

文章的中心思想是全篇文章的核心。它体现作者的基本观点、态度和意图。作者是通过多种手段告诉我们文章中心思想的。一般来说，含有中心思想的“主题句”会出现在文首，也就是说，作者先在篇章的开头就点出中心，然后再作进一步的扩展和论说。如：Every city and town must have water. The people in a town need water to drink. They need water for other uses, too. They use water for bathing and for washing things.这段文字中的第一句就是主题句，后面是对它的扩展。有时候，作者为说明或论证一个较难理解的观点，也可能先举例说明，然后再提出自己的观点，也就是说，把主题句放在文尾。有时，主题句既不在文首，也不在文尾，而是在文章的中间，或者是隐含在篇章中，需要通过阅读，自己总结出来。在平时阅读时，应有意地在这方面加以训练。

⒏养成快读的习惯。

阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。在快读中，不要把眼睛和注意力放在某一个词或短语上，而是按意群整体把握文章意思，把注意力放在题目所涉及的重点细节和信息上。要运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。

⒐培养猜词能力。

阅读短文过程中，有时会遇到似熟非熟的单词，这类词往往一词多义，在句子中难以辨别与理解。在平时读训练时，尽量不要去查字典，可以通过上下文、上下句、句子结构等猜出所表示的词义来。至于有些与题目无关的生词，如：表示人名、地名的词，只须知道其所表示的范围，不必翻译出来。掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，对排除阅读中某些生词的干扰，降低生词率，提高阅读速度和理解能力是必不可少的。培养猜词的技巧可从以下几方面进行：

⑴根据构词法来猜测生词词义：

应熟练掌握三种常见的构词法：转换、派生和合成。高考中属于这几种类型的生词是不会注出中文意思的，所以掌握构词法能使阅读化难为易，丰富词汇，从而达到一定的阅读理解程度。如：familiar（形容词）熟悉的，familiarity（名词）熟悉，familiarize（动词）使熟悉，unfamiliar （形容词）不熟悉的，unfamiliarly（副词）不熟悉地。

⑵根据普通常识来猜测生词词义：

如：

The Olympic games were to be completed in good spirit. The idea was to participate and not to win….根据常识，可以判断participate 有“参与”的意思。因为奥运会提倡良好的比赛精神，其宗旨是参与，而不是论输赢。

⑶利用上下文提供的同义词来猜测生词的词义：

如：

Influenza is sometimes called flu or a bad cold. 根据上下文可以猜出：influenza是bad cold的同义词，意为：流感。

⑷根据上下文提供的反义词来猜测词义：

如：Most dentists’office are drab places, but Emilion’s new office is a bright and dreadful place.根据上下文可以猜出，drab是cheerful或bright的反义词，意为：死气沉沉的，阴暗的。

⑸根据语法结构、标点符号等猜测生词的词义：

如：

①The scientists who study insects are called entomologists. 根据定语从句提供的线索可以猜出entomologists意为：昆虫学家。

②Suddenly they became the parents of quintuplets, four girls and a boy.根据逗号后的解释可以猜出quintuplets意为：五胞胎。

⑹根据上下文具体的语境猜测生词的含义：

如：

The influence of TV on the life of the people is incalculable: it can influence their thoughts and their way of life. It can also add to their store of knowledge. Educational TV stations offer teaching in various subjects. Some hospitals use TV for medical students to get close-up views of operations. 通过这段话的描述，我们知道电视对人们的生活影响很大，所以我们猜测incalculable的意思为“大的，不可计算的”。

⒑掌握科学的阅读理解题的解题方法：

首先，迅速阅读理解的问题。

通过阅读问题，可以大致推断文章的大意，从而为尽快了解文章的内容做好了准备，增强了在将来读文章时的针对性，突出了重点，提高了做题效率。这种方法特别适用于图形表格类题材的理解。读问题时，最好能判断哪些问题与文章存在直接关系即可在文章中直接找出答案，哪些需要推理，哪些需要做结论等。这一步骤的目的主要就是要让自己知道应该找什么。

其次，快速阅读全文。

带着问题，尽量快速地阅读完整个文章，如果遇到了与某问题相关的材料，就用铅笔划出来，并写上题号，然后继续往下阅读。阅读中如果遇到了不懂的句子，不要停下来去深思熟虑。这一步骤的目的是对文章的内容结构有一个总体的了解，知道一些重点词、事实或有关材料在文中的位置。

第三，重读问题。

重新阅读问题，理解问题，并与文中相关的材料相对照。此时，每次要阅读一个问题，并弄懂问题。如果读了问题后，能在原文中找到相关的材料，就要重读一次相关材料，并可依此作出选择。这一步骤的目的就是将较容易的问题选择完，以便能更集中精力解决较难的问题。

第四，重新阅读全文。

这是第二次也是最后一次阅读全文，应带着问题（尤其是还未解决的问题）一字不漏地读完全文。这次阅读与第二步骤的阅读不同，因为此时已对文章有了总体的理解，所以这遍阅读将会注意到文章中的一些细微之处，将有助于解答难题。

最后，再次阅读尚未解决的问题。

对于仍未解决的问题，此时应再次认真理解并依照对文章的更透彻的理解，做出最终的选择。

㈤典型试题剖析：

①

A merica is growing older. Fifty years ago, only 4 out of every 100 people in the United States were 65 or older. Today, 10 out of every 100 A mericans are over 65. The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways----education, medicine, and business. Quietly, the graying of American has made us a very different society----one in which people have a quite different idea of what kind of behavior is suitable at various ages.

A person’s age no longer tells you anything about his/ her social position, marriage or health. There’s no longer a particular year in which one goes to school or goes to work or gets married or starts a family. The social clock that kept us on time and told us when to go to school, get a job, or stop working isn’t as strong as it used to be. It doesn’t surprise us to hear of a 29-year-old university president of a 35-year-old grandmother, or a 70-year-old man who has become a father for the first time. Public ideas are changing.

Many people say, “I am much younger than my mother —or my father —was at my age.”No one says “Act your age”any more. We’ve stopped looking with surprise at older people who act in youthful ways.

1. It can be learnt from the text that the aging of the population in A merica _______.

A has made people feel younger

B has changed people’s social position

C has changed people’s understanding of age

D has slowed down the country’s social development.

分析：这是考查主旨大意的深层理解题。文章第一段最后一句“…people have a quite different idea of what kind of behavior is suitable at various ages”点明了主题。文章后两段也是围绕着这一主题展开叙述的：人口老龄化给社会，特别是给人们对年龄问题的理解带来了变化。所以C项是正确答案。

2. The underlined word “one”refers to ________.

A a society

B A merica

C a place

D population

分析：这是词义理解题。one代替的是上文中提到的一个名词。是指different society，而不是指不同社会，所以，A项为正确答案。

3. “Act your age”means people should _________.

A be active when they are old

B do the right thing at the right age

C show respect for their parents young or old

D take more physical exercise suitable to their age

分析：这也是词义理解题。“Act your age”是第一段最后一句所提到的an idea of what kind of behavior is suitable at various ages（在不同的年龄，什么样的行为是合适的），也就是B项所表示的：the right thing at the right age.此处的right就是suitable的意思。所以正确答案是B。

4. If a 25-year-old man becomes general manager of a big firm, the writer of the text would most probably consider it ________.

A normal

B wonderful

C unbelievable

D unreasonable

分析：这是推理判断题。要求推测作者的态度。第二段最后两句话与最后一句话都反映了作者的态度。由于人们对年龄问题的看法发生了变化，25岁的年轻人成为一家大公司的经理，已不再是稀罕事。所以正确答案为A.

②

At 9:00 Dick Spivak’s bank telephoned and said his payment was late. “The check is in the post,”Dick replied quickly. At 11:45 Dick left for a 12:00 meeting across town. Arriving late, he explained that traffic had been bad. That evening, Dick’s girlfriend wore a new dress. He hated it. “It looks just great on you,”he said.

Three lies in one day! Y et Dick Spivak is just an ordinary man. Each time, he told himself that sometimes the truth caused too many problems. Most of us tell much the same white lies, harmless untruths that help to save trouble. How often do we tell white lies? It depends in part on our age, education, and even where we live. According to one U.S. study, women are more truthful than men, and honesty increases as we get older.

While most people use little white lies to make life easier, the majority of A mericans care about honesty in both public and personal life. They say that people today are less honest than they were ten years ago. Although it is believed that things are getting worse, lying seems to be an age-old human problem. The French philosopher V auvenarges, writing in the eighteenth century, touched on the truth when he wrote, “All men are born truthful and die liars.”

1. When the writer says “Dick Spivak is just an ordinary man”, he means ________.

A it is common that people tell white lies

B Dick could do nothing about bad traffic

C it is common that people delay their payment

D Dick found it hard to deal with everyday problems

分析：这道题属于推理判断的深层理解题。作者一方面明确指出Dick一天之内说了三次谎话，另一方面又不加掩饰地指出Dick只是个普通人而已。仅从文字表面就可以推出作者对于Dick 的所谓谎话的真实态度或理解的程度，更何况作者下面对这类谎言做了相对明确的论述，这样，只能确定答案A,其他选项所表达的内容仅仅是针对个别问题的。

2. According to the text, most Americans _________.

A hate white lies

B believe white lies

C value honesty

D consider others dishonest

分析：这是一道细节理解题。该题涉及美国人对诚实与说谎的看法或态度的评价问题，回答

该问题的关键是认真读短文，第三段中第一句比较清楚地说明了美国人对在公共生活和个人生活方面的诚实的重视。后面又通过目前与过去对比说明了他们的态度。所以正确答案为C。

3. V auvenarges’remark suggests that ________.

A lying is an age-old human problem

B dishonesty increases as people get older

C people were dishonest in the eighteenth century

D it is social conditions that make people tell lies

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