语言学练习
Chapter 1 & 2
I. Multiple Choices
1. The study of language development at some point in time is generally termed as ___________
linguistics.
A. comparative
B. applied
C. synchronic
D. diachronic
2. N. Chomsky is a famous _____________ linguist.
A. American
B. British
C. Greek
D. Swiss
3. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar for it is mostly _________.
A.prescriptive
B.descriptive
C. subjective
D. Latin-based
4. In the following sounds ___________ is a voiceless frictive.
A. [d]
B.[l]
C. [f]
D. [w]
5. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stop?
A. [p]
B. [m]
C. [b]
D. [t]
6.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?
A. bang
B. photo
C. typewriter
D. rumble
7. In English, “pill” and “bill” are ___________.
A. a phonemic contrast
B. complementary distribution
C. assimilation D a minimal pair
8. Which of the following is a minimal pair? ( )
A./\'\'aiiSo/ /\'\'i:iSo/
B. /pen/ /hen/
C. /pet/ /bit/
D./fi:l/ /li:v/
II. Fill in the blanks
1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be
d__________.
2. The description of a language as it changes through time is a d_________ study.
3. Similar to Saussure’s distinc tion between langue and parole is the distinction between
c________ and performance by the linguist N. Chomsky.
4. Language is c________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new
signals by its uses.
5. The English sounds [m],[n] and [N] are called n_______ consonants.
6. Language is a system of a ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication.
7. According to the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure, p___________ refers to the realization of
language in actual use.
8. The three branches of phonetics are labelled a____________ phonetics, auditory phonetics
and acoustic phonetics respectively.
III. True or false
1. Competence and performance mean, to N. Chomsky, much the same thing.
2. The basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that in the pronunciation of the
former it is characterized by the absence of obstruction of the airstream and it does not have a place of articulation in the same sense as a consonant.
3. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language.
4. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called
broad transcription.
5. All the phones in complementary distribution are considered to be allophones of the same
phoneme.
6. Assimilation is often used synonymously with coarticulaton.
7. The principal suprasegmental features are stress, tone, and intonation.
Chapter 3：Morphology
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.
3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.
4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.
5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.
6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.
7. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.
8. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
1. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language in grammar.
2. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a l____ meaning.
3. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
4. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.
5. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.
6. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.
7. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
8. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m___________ rules.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
1. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.
A. bound morpheme
B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free morpheme
2. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of
__________.
A. the first element
B. the second element
C. either the first or the second element
D. both the first and the second elements.
3. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other
morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
A. Free morphemes
B. Bound morphemes
C. Bound words
D. Words
4. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
A. Syntax
B.Grammar
C. Morphology
D. Morpheme
5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.
A. lexical
B. morphemic
C. grammatical
D. semantic
6. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.
A. have to be used independently
B. can not be combined with other morphemes
C. can either be free or bound
D. have to be combined with other morphemes.
7. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the
original word.
A. Prefixes
B. Suffixes
C. Roots
D. Affixes
8. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the
linguists.
A. Words
B. Morphemes
C. Phonemes
D. Sentences
9. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.
A. a derivative affix
B. a stem
C. an inflectional affix
D. a root
Chapter 4：Syntax
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Syntax is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the
combination of morphemes into words.
2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.
3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.
4. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
5. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the
same syntactic category.
6. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.
7. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.
8. There are three tenses in English, i. e. present tense, past tense and future tense.
9. The class of signs which are in paradigmatic relation are sometimes called structure.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
1. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form
a complete statement, question or command.
2. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.
3. The relation between a sentence and its component elements, is generally referred to as the relation between a c________ and its c________, in which a very important notion is immediate constituent analysis.
III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
1. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the
mind of native speakers.
A. right
B. wrong
C. grammatical
D. ungrammatical
2. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
A. recursive
B. grammatical
C. social
D. functional
3. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences
D. All of the above.
4. The sentence structure is ________.
A. only linear
B. Only hierarchical
C. complex
D. both linear and hierarchical
5. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
A. large
B. small
C. finite
D. infinite
Chapter 5 Semantics
I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.
1. The relationship between “human/body” and “face/nose” is hyponymy.
2. One merit of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words,
it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.
3. The British English word “autumn” and the American English word “fall” are called stylistic
synonyms.
4. Conceptualists maintain that there is no direct link between linguistic form and what it refers to.
This view can be seen by the Semantic triangle.
5. The relation between the words “male” and “female” is gradable antonyms.
6. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning. They are two
related but different aspects of meaning.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
1. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.
2. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it
refers to.
3. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the
relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
4. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.
5. C_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the
two items.
6. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into
meaning components.
7. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________
restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.
8. The term a__________ is used for oppositeness of meaning.
9. Sentence meaning is the combination of the meanings of the component words and the meaning
of its s________.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
1. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning
components, called semantic features.
A. Predication analysis
B. Componential analysis
C. Phonemic analysis
D. Grammatical analysis
2. “alive” and “dead” are ______________.
A. gradable antonyms
B. relational opposites
C. complementary antonyms
D. None of the above
3. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.
A. grammatical rules
B. selectional restrictions
C. semantic rules
D. semantic features
4. The pair of words “let’ and “rent” is called ___________.
A. relational opposites
B. gradable antonyms
C. complementary antonyms
D. co-hyponyms
5. Which description of the meaning components of the word “woman” is right.
A. [+human, +adult, +male]
B. [-human, +adult, +male]
C. [+human, +adult, -male]
D. [+human, -adult,-male]
6. The semantic relationship between carnation and rose is _______.
A. hyponyms
B. hyponymy
C. co-hyponyms
D. superordinate
7. “John killed Bill but Bill didn’t die” is a (n) _______.
A. entailment
B. presupposition
C. anomaly
D. contradiction
8. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity?
A. hot/cold
B. doctor/patient
C. single/married
D. husband /wife
Chapter 6：Pragmatics
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect
successful communication
2. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.
3. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language
use was left unconsidered.
4. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning
the context of use is considered.
5. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.
6. The meaning of an utterance is de-contexualized, therefore stable.
7. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.
8. Perlocutio nary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
1. P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful
communication.
2. What essentially distinguishes s_______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning
the context of use is considered.
3. The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
4. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it
becomes an u___________.
5. The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontexualized.
6. C________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
7. P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not
verifiable.
8. A l_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal
meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
9. An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in
saying something.
10. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim
of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best
complete the statement:
1. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.
A. Pragmatics
B. Semantics
C. Sense relation
D. Concept
2. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.
A. contextual
B. behaviouristic
C. intrinsic
D. logical
3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.
A. reference
B. speech act
C. practical usage
D. context
4. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.
A. pragmatic
B. grammatical
C. mental
D. conceptual
5. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.
A. constative
B. directive
C. utterance
D. expressive
6. Which of the following is true?
A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.
B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.
C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.
D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.
7. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. A locutionary act
B. An illocutionary act
C. A perlocutionary act
D. A performative act
8. __________ is advanced by Paul Grice
A. Cooperative Principle
B. Politeness Principle
C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar
D. Adjacency Principle
9. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.
A. impoliteness
B. contradictions
C. mutual understanding
D. conversational implicatures
Keys
Chapter 1 &2
I. C A B C C B D B
II. 1.descriptive 2. dychronic 3. competence 4. creativity 5. nasal
6.arbitrary
7. parole
8. articulatory
III. F T F F F T F
Chapter 3
I.T F T T T T F T
II. 1. morpheme 2. lexical 3. bound 4.derivational 5. derivational
6. compound
7. morphological
III. D B B D C D A B C
Chapter 4
I. F T F T T T F F F
II. 1. sentence 2. subject 3. construction, constituents
III. D A D D C
Chapter 5
I.T T T T F T
II. 1.Semantics 2. direct 3.Reference 4. synonyms 5. converse
6. componential
7. selection
8. antonymy
9. structure
III. B C A A C B D C
Chapter 8
I. F F T T F F T F
II. 1. Pragmatics 2. semantics 3. context 4. utterance 5. abstract
6. Constatives
7. Performativs
8. locutionary
9. illocutionary 10. quantity III. A C D B C B D A D
(完整版)语言学练习题及答案
练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only 11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p 12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ] 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ] 14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ] 15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ] 16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel 17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English word A. [r∧b ] B. [ l? b ] C. [m?sta:∫] D. [lm?p] 18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides 19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788 20. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound 1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F 2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T 4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T
语言学Chapter4课后练习答案
ChaPter 4 ReViSiOn EXerCiSeS 1.What is syntax? SyntaX is a branch Of IinglnStiCS that StIldieS how WOrdS are Conlbined to fbnn SelltenCeS and the nιles that govern the fbnnation Of SelltenCeS ? 2.What is PhraSe StrUCtUre rule? The grammatical mechanism that regulates the aιτangement Of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and COmPlenIentS) that make UP a PhIaSe is Called a PIUaSe StlllCnUe rule. The PIIraSe StrUCtUraI nιle for NR VR AR and PP Can be Written as follows: NPf(Det)N(PP)… VPf(Qual)V(NP)… AP-*(Deg) A (PP) ... PP-*(Deg)P(NP) ... We Can fbπnulate a Single general PIlIaSal StnICtlIral IlIIe in WliiCh X StandS for the head N, \； A Or P. Tlle XP nιle: XP-*(specifier) X (COmPlement) 3.What is category? HOW to determine a word,s category? CategOIy refers to a group Of IinglIiStiC items WIliCh fulfill the Sanle or similar ftinctions iιι a PartiCUIar IanglIage SUCh as a SenteIice, a IloUn PIIraSe Or a Verb. TO deteπιιine a WOrd,s category, tlιree Criteria are USUalIy employed, IlameIy meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable Of detemiining a word's CategOry is its distribution? 4? What is COOrdinate StrUCtUre and What PrOPertieS does it have? TlIe StnICtlire fbnned by joining two Or more elements Of the Same type Witll the IIelP Of a COlIJunCtiOn is CaIled COOrdillate structure. It has four important properties: 1)there is no Iimit On the InUnber Of COOrdinated CategorieS that Can appear prior to the COlymICtiOn? 2) a CategOIy at any IeVel (a head Or an entire XP) Can be COOrdinated ? 3)COOrdinated CategOrieS must be Of the Same type. 4)the CategOIy type Of the COOrdinate PIIlaSe is identical to the
语言学答案整理
Q1：Give an elaborate account of the evolution of the models of the spoken language structure Language Structure…..pragmatics……use medium of transmission grammar meaning(semantics) phonetics phonology morphology syntax semantics lexicon In first level One end is structure, the other use, and in the middle pragmatics. Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that deals with the meanings and effects that come from the use of language in particular situation. Meaning intended---- what you want to say Meaning realized---- what you actually say. If meaning realized matches meaning intended, you succeed in expressing your meaning. The present model shows the complexity of the language. We can see from the model how many different levels can be set up to explain the way the spoken language structure is organized. Q2：What do you know about the nature/characteristic of language? 1.purely human, for the possession of language distinguishes human beings from other animals. 2.systematic: meanings and sounds are linked into a system for the purpose of communication and social interaction. The use of language is a patterned behavior. It?s rule-governed. 3.spoken or written: 2 different channels of language 4.arbitrary and conventional: naming is arbitrary. The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. In any language there are certain sequences of sounds that have a conventionally accepted meaning. Those words are customarily used by all speakers with the same intended meaning and understood by all listeners in the same way. 5. a set of habits: like any other habits, it?s easily formed in an early age and difficult to change. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a713588459.html,plex, abstract and productive Q3：How do we justify the position that all languages and corresponding all dialects are equally good? Every language so far studied, no matter how …backward? or …uncivilized? the people speaking it, has proved on investigation to be a complex and highly developed system of communication. All languages and corresponding dialects are equally good, equally abstract, equally complex, equally productive and equally adequate to the communicative purposes. No language can be said to be …richer? than another: each is adapted to the characteristic pursuits of its users. Q4：What are major functions of language. (举例子) 1.phatic function: language is used to establish or maintain social contacts and to express sociability rather than specific meaning. You ask question for the sake of question. And the answer to the question is already known. Typical examples include greeting, farewell or comments on weather. 2: directive function: language is used to get the hearer to do something. Typical examples: the imperative sentence, would you please…, do you mind… 3: informative function: language is used to give or offer information. A typical example is the
语言学大题
32. What is the function of context in communication? Try to explain the following utterances rather than just state facts. (1) The room is messy. (2) It would be good if she had a green skirt on. Context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by both the speaker and the hearer, such as cultural background, situation (time, place, manner, etc.), the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, etc. Context determ ines the speaker’s use of language and also hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him. The context often helps in understanding the particular meaning of the word, phrase, etc. It may also be the broader social situation in which a linguistic item is used. (1) a. A mild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room. b. In a language class where a student made a mistake, for he intended to say “tidy.” c. The room was wanted for a meeting. (2) a. A mild way to express disagreement with someone who has complimented on a lady’s appearance. b.A regret that the customer had not taken the dress. c.That she wore a red shirt was not in agreement with the custom on the occasion. Suprasegamental feature(definition, category) S uprasegmental features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, pitch etc. ⑴Stress: definition is the intensity or prominence given to a syllable at the word level right (argument; Example;explain how) at the sentence level peter left direction for mary to follow peter left direction for mary to follow (argument; Example;explain how) (The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives, adverbs, etc. are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect.(argument) Take the sentence “He is driving MY car.” for example.To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun “my”, which under normal circumstances is not stressed. (explain how) ⑵Pitch: (definition;argument; Example;explain how) ⑶Tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.(definition;argument; Example;explain how) ⑷(definition;argument; Example;explain how) ⑸Intonation:When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black. 2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain
语言学纲要修订版练习题及答案
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