现代语言学
全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题课程代码：00830
I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or D in the brackets. (2%×10=-20％)
1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ；phonology tells us that they function as ______，acting to contrast words. ( )A. sounds units B. sound features C. phonemes D. allophones
2. Alphabetic spelling represents the pronunciation of words；but it is often the case that the sounds of the words in a language are rather unsystematically represented by ______·( )A. writing B. orthography C. transcription D. phonology
3. ______morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word. ( )A. Bound B. Free C. Inflectional D. Derivational
4. _______ categories refer to combination of words of different categories，such as noun phrases(NP)，verb phrases(VP)in English. ( )A. Lexical B. Phrasal C. Semantic D. Logical
5. In semantic analysis of a sentence，a(n)______ is a logical participant in a predication，largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence. ( )A. argument B. subject C. object D. attribute
6. Of the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking，linguists are most interested in the ______ act because it is identical with the speaker’s intention. ( )、
A. performative
B. constative
C. illocutionary
D. perlocutionary
7. Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England under William the Conqueror in 1066. For about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest，Middle English was heavily influenced by French，most noticeably in large and central areas of ______. ( )A. vocabulary B. pronunciation C. morphology D. syntax
8. Depending on the demands of a particular communicative situation，bilingual or multilingual speakers may change between language varieties in the middle of speech or even in the middle of a sentence. Such a situation is known as ______. ( )
A. bilingualism
B. multilingualism
C. diglossia
D. code-switching
9. Language disorder resulting from a damage to ______ area in the brain reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax. ( )A. Wernicke’s B. Broca’s C. Gage’s D. Genie’s
10. Studies on the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks EXCEPT ______. ( )
A. planned speech
B. writing
C. career-oriented exam
D. casual and spontaneous conversation
II. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)
l1. M linguistics，unlike the linguistic study normally known as “grammar”which sets models and rules for language users to follow，is mostly descriptive，i.e.，it attempts to describe the language people actually use，be it “correct”or not.
12. Many languages，including English，have vowels called d ，which could also be described as a sequence of two vowels.
13. A r is often seen as part of a word；it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning；it must be combined with another similar form or an affix to form a word.
14. In a complex sentence，the incorporated，or subordinate，clause is normally called an e clause.
15. In the English vocabulary there are two categories of words：n words and borrowed words.
16. “Your money or your life!”aims to threaten，and it is a specific instance of d ·
17. Back formation refers to a process by which new words are coined from already existing words by taking away an a thought to be part of the old word，for example，edit derived from editor on the mistaken assumption that “-or”was the agentive suffix.
18. In the 1969 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary，examples used to illustrate the meaning of words include “manly courage’’and “masculine charm. ’’Women do not fare as well. as exemplified by “womanish tears’’and “feminine wiles.’’This indicates that language reflects s in society.
19. The c period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.
20. Although they lack grammatical morphemes，t sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.
III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.
21. ( )Animal communication system also possesses the feature of displacement. In other words，it can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations.
22. ( )V owels usually constitute the nucleus of syllable，so they are typically syllabic. Consonants cannot be syllabic. The same is true of English consonants.
23. ( )X-bar theory and phrase structure rules are similar, and they play the same roles in explaining the internal structures of language.
24. ( )Transformational rules are the rules that we use to generalize the syntactic movement that occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new position.
25. ( )A grammatically well-formed sentence may be a semantically ill-formed sentence.
26. ( )While conversation participants nearly always observe the Cooperative Principle，they do not always observe these maxims strictly.
27. ( )The Great Vowel Shift did not lead to the discrepancies between the pronunciation and the spelling system of Moden English.
28. ( )Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation，in which there exists a strict grammatical differentiation between a high variety or H-variety and a low variety or L-variety.
29. ( )Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the right hemisphere of the brain.
30. ( )No language is inferior or superior to any other language，and no single human，except those with mental or physical impairments，is a better or worse language acquirer than any other human.
IV. Directions：Explain the following terms，using one or two examples for illustration，if necessary. (3％×10=30％)
31. arbitrariness、
32. distinctive features
33. Universal Grammar
34. Move
35. contextualism
36. comparative reconstruction
37. speech community
38. interpersonal communication
39. 1inguistic determinism and relativism
40. 1anguage acquisition
V. Directions：Answer the following questions. (10％×2=20％)
41. Use appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences.
1) The naughty boy cheated his teacher.
2) The old man put the book on the table.
3) I think that you are from the South.
42. Distinguish sentence meaning and utterance meaning by using examples.
全国2008年1月高等教育自学考试
现代语言学试题
课程代码：00830
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the bracket.(2%×10=20%)
1. The phonetic form of the prefix meaning “not” is phonetically variant; it is before a vowel or an alveolar consonant, before
a labial consonant, and before a _____, for example, inoperable , indiscrete , impossible , and inconceivable . ( )
A. velar
B. palatal
C. fricative
D. stop
2. Tones are pitch variations that refer to morphologically defined segments to the extent that different _______ in a language are distinctive. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.( )A. sounds B. patternsC. pitches D. features
3. Some of the ______ rules are productive; they can be used freely to form new words.( )
A. syntactic
B. morphological
C. semantic
D. phonological
4. VP, AP and PP share similar syntactic properties with NP in that they allow for _______ and complements in phrases. ( )
A. heads
B. specifiers
C. lexical items
D. obligatory words
5. Bloomfield drew on _______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms. ( )
A. contextual
B. conceptualist
C. behaviorist
D. mentalist
6. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in _______. ( )
A. sense
B. concept
C. sentence
D. context
7. The languages of the world belong to families and bear offspring. When we examine the languages of the world, we perceive similarities and differences among them that provide further evidence for the “______” relatedness we know exists.( )、
A. geographical
B. genetic
C. typological
D. functional
全国2011年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830
I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )
1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguistic performance. ( )
A. creation
B. communication
C. comprehension
D. perception
2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced ______,respectively. ( ) A. affricates B. stopsC. velars D. palatals
3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and case are called _______ morphemes. ( )A. free B. bound C. derivational D. inflectional
4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain head, ______and complement. ( )A. modifier B. determiner C. qualifier D. specifier
5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( )
A. Reference, sense
B. Sense, referent
C. Sense, reference
D. Referent, sense
6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of expressi ng the speaker’s intention. ( )A. prelocutionary B. locutionaryC. illocutionary D. perlocutionary
7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( )
A. in word-initial
B. in word-middle
C. in word-final
D. in syllable-initial
8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as________. ( ) A. a regional dialect B. a social dialect C. a situational dialect D. an ethnic dialect
9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( )
A. the motor area
B. Broca’s area
C. Wernicke’s area
D. the angular gyrus
10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( ) A. prelinguistic B. one-wordC. two-word D. multiword
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.
11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.
12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds produced in speech is known as a phonetics.
13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to create the same meaning change.
14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.
15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingy are different in their e meaning.
16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i .
17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness,
then rule e occurs.
18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.
19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called 1 .
20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language.
III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% × 10=20% )
21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as, ou t of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.
22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashes／／for phonetic segments and square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments．
23．( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word．
24．( )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function．
25．( )The word“flower”and “flour”，which are identical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，are homophones．
26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.
27．( )The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“I’m too fond.” She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening．
28．( ) In sociolinguistics，speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community.
29．( )Generally speaking，the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from，the right side of the body．、30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’ “the younger the better”
IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate.
31.displacement
32.voicing
33.morpheme
34.finite clause
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a513666065.html,ponential analysis
36.declarations
37.epenthesis
38.speech variety
39.linguistic relativism
40.the nativist view of language acquisition
V. Directions: Answer the following questions.
41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a distinction?
42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them.、
全国2008年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830
I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
1.The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.( )
A. American linguist N. Chomsky
B. Swiss linguist F. de Saussure
C. American linguist Edward Sapir
D. British linguist J. R. Firth
2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.( ) A. stops B. fricatives C. affricates D. plosives
3.In the word unreliable, the prefix "un-" is a(n) ___ morpheme.( ) A. free B. bound C. root D. inflectional
4.Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical _______, commonly known as parts
of speech.( ) A. verbs B. nouns C. phrases D. categories
5.The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are _______.( ) A. complete homonyms B. homographs C. hyponyms D. homophones
6. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.( )
A. directives
B. expressives
C. commissives
D. representatives
7. Grimm pointed out that certain phonological changes must have occurred early in the history of the Germanic languages, which did not take place in _______, Greek, or Latin.( ) A. English B. Sanskrit C. German D. Danish
8. Language planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across _______ boundaries.( )
A. social
B. regional
C. cultural
D. political
9. The case of Phineas Gage showed us that _______.( )
A. human language ability is not located in the braain because Phineas' brain was so damaged and he could still speak
B. human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brain
C. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the back
D. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front
10. The Chinese sound/d/in English interlanguage pronunciation of "dat" for "that" belongs to _______ error.( ) A. fossilization B. transfer C. interference D. overgeneralization
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as
a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)
11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d_______.
12. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.
13. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. "snow" and "fall." This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_______.
14. A c_______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and," "but," "or."
15. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r_______ opposites.
16. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i_______ point, but they differ in their strength or force.
17. The [d] of spindle is developed between an adjacent [n] and [l]. Such a process or change in which successive sounds are separated by an intervening segment is known as e_______.
18. The two (or possibly more) groups use their native languages as a basis for a rudimentary language of few lexical items and "straightforward" grammatical rules. Such a m _______ language is called pidgin.
19. The brain's neurological specialization for language is called linguistic l_______, which psycholinguists are particularly interested in.
20. Within the framework of C_______ Analysis, second language learning was believed to be a matter of overcoming the differences between L 1 and L2 systems.
III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
21.( ) The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.
22.( ) When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf.
23.( ) The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the words in the compound.
24.( ) The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as surface structure.
25.( ) The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogative forms.
26.( ) Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s.
27.( ) Derivation covers various processes of word formation by the addition of affixes, such as the creation of adjectives from nouns (professional < profession), nouns from verbs (computer < compute), adjectives from verbs (conceivable < conceive), and verbs from nouns (eulogize < eulogy).
28.( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, such as He don't know nothing. Such double negation constructions indicate that speakers of Black English are deficient because they use language "illogically."
29.( ) The right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body.
30.( ) Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language.
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3% ×10=30%)
31. displacement
32. general linguistics
33. assimilation rule
34. derivational affix
33. hierarchical structure
36. semantic triangle
37. grammatical meaning
38. cooperative principle
39. high variety
40. right ear advantage V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)
41. New words can be formed in many ways. Please illustrate borrowing, compounding, blending and back-formation, each with two examples.
42. Describe briefly what stages children go through in their first language acquisition.
全国2010年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830
I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2% × 10=20% )
1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many
other factors over and above their linguistic ______. ( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. Performance
2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords
3. The word “manuscript” is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. ( )
A. two roots
B. a root and a prefix
C. a root and a suffix
D. a root and a free morpheme
4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )
A. phrases
B. clauses
C. sentences
D. constituents
5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” was proposed by ______. ( )A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield
6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. ( )
A. prelocutionary
B. locutionary
C. illocutionary
D. perlocutionary
7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian
8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )
A. conceptual meaning
B. connotative meaning
C. cultural meaning
D. social meaning
9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing. （）A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back
10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition suggest that formal instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.( )
A. planned speech
B. writing
C. casual and spontaneous conversation
D. career-oriented examination
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%) 11. Double a refers to the property of language which means language is composed of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meaningful.
12. In the production of v , the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the soft palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.
13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of s to form a new word.
14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.
15. The words such a s “pop” meaning a certain sound and “pop” meaning popular are in relationship of c homonyms.
16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.
17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.
18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict f
differentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.
19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l .
20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of second language acquisition.
III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% × 10=20%)
21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols." Most linguists today accept the view of language as a set of "habitually used symbols."
22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in principle longer than a word, in other words, when pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. 23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify the meaning of the original word but usually do not change its part of speech.
24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure, we do not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different. Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so the representations of the two levels look different.
25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.
26.（）John Searle made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and “performatives”.
27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By analogy to foe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the plural of cow instead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not occur when words are borrowed from foreign languages.
28.（）The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g., Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President), Title alone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings, between friends, neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred.
29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere are able to transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquire the lost linguistic skills with relatively little disruption.
30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )
31. design features
32. narrow transcription
33. bound morphemes
34. deep structure
35. hyponymy
36. commissives
37. sound assimilation
38. idiolect
39. Wernicke's area
40. interference
V. Directions: Answer the following questions.( 10% ×2=20% )
41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English language with examples.
42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order to understand the relationship between language and thought.from:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a513666065.html,
北京大学中文系推荐免试研究生必读书目读后有感
查看文章 【收藏】北京大学中文系推荐免试研究生必读书目读后有感 2009-09-29 11:07 北京大学要求不严，北京大学中文系要求不严，它崇尚的是一种学习的自由。但学习在那种大师和名校的气氛中，学习在那种图书众多和无数讲座的亲切交谈中，你自己就已经沐浴在她的朝霞中，你自己就已经在鞭策自己不要辜负了这个学校的名字和那些已逝的大师。 北京大学中文系接受全国优秀免试生为直升研究生，但要经过严格的面试和笔试进行选拔，在北京大学中文系的校园网上它挂出了这些书目。看着这些书目我觉得自己读书是如此的浅薄和单一。我想，与我有同一感想的朋友颇多，遂把它陈列出来，作为我们的参考。 古语有云：修身齐家治国平天。又云，达则兼济天下，穷则独善其身。诸葛亮说：非淡泊无以名志，非宁静无以致远。然后在浮躁的今天，这已经是我们可望不可及的梦想，或者是想像古代文人读书的一种渴望方式。也许，多读几本书还是可以享受一下自己的乐趣，陶冶自己的情操。所以我们不妨读读北京大学中文系的推荐书目，尤其是致力于考研究生的朋友。 很多书我们无法在短时间里面读完，这不要紧，把书名、作者、出版社能够顺利背出来，这也是一件很好的事情。古代很多士大夫的学习和钻研就是从背篇目开始。 附录： 文艺学专业必读书目（推荐免试学生使用） 1．《文心雕龙注》上下范文澜注人民文学出版社 2．《文心雕龙研究史》张少康汪春泓等著北京大学出版社 3．《文学理论的未来》（美）拉尔夫﹒科恩主编中国社会科学出版社4．《苏联文学学学派》彭克巽主编北京大学出版社 5．《路德维希﹒费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》恩格斯著 人民出版社 6．《批评理论和叙事阐释》詹姆逊文集2 中国人民大学出版社 2004年 7．《文学理论学导论》董学文著北京大学出版社 8．《中国文艺理论百年教程》毛庆耆等著广东高等教育出版社 9．《叙事学与小说文体学研究》申丹著北京大学出版社 10．中外经典文学名著三部 语言学及应用语言学专业必读书目（推荐免试学生使用） 1．《语法答问》朱德熙 2．《现代汉语语法研究》朱德熙 3．《中国文法要略》吕叔湘 4．《汉语语法分析问题》吕叔湘 5．《汉语语法论》高名凯 6．《上古音研究》李方桂 7．《汉语语音史》王力 8．《现代语言学教程》霍凯特
现代语言学 词汇表
现代语言学词汇表 A abbreviation缩写法acculturation语言文化移入acoustic phonetics声学语言学acronym词首字母缩略词address term称谓语addresser发话人addressee受话人adjacency毗邻 Adjacency Condition毗邻条件Adjacency Parameter毗邻参数Affix词缀 Affixation加词缀法Affricate塞擦音Afroasiatic非亚语系agreement rule一致关系规则allophone音位变体alveolar齿龈音 alveolus齿龈 angular gyrus角形脑回antonymy反义现象antonym反以词 apocope词尾音脱落aphasia失语症 aphasic失语症患者 applied linguistics应用语言学arbitrariness任意性argument论元 articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 articulatory variable发音变项aspiration送气assimilation同化approximation近似化auditory phonetics听觉语音学Austronesian…语系 B Babbling咿呀学语 back-formation逆向构词法back vowel后元音 Behaviorism行为主义 Behaviorist learning theory 行为主义学习理论 Behaviorist Psychology行为主义 心理学 Bilabial双唇音 Bilingualism双语现象 Black English黑人英语 Blending混合法 Borrowing借用 bound morpheme黏着语素 brain lateralization 大脑左右半球侧化 branching node分叉点 broad transcription宽式音标 Broca’s area布罗卡区 C caretaker speech保姆语 case格 Case Condition格条件 case marking格标志 causative verb使役动词 central vowel中元音 cerebral cortex大脑皮层 cerebral plasticity大脑弹性 channel渠道 classical language古典语言 clipping略写法 closed class word封闭类词 code代码 code-switching代码切换 cognate同源词 co-hyponyms并列下义词 coinage创新词 color word色彩词 combinational rule组合规则 commissives承诺类 communicative competence 交际能力 comparative reconstruction 比较重建法 competence语言能力 complement补语 complement construction补足语 complementarity互补性反义现象 complementary distribution 互补分布 complex sentence复合句 componential analysis 成分分析法 components of meaning 意义成分 compound word复合词 compounding复合法 computational linguistics 计算语言学 concept概念 conceptualist view意念观 consonant辅音 constituent成分 constituent structure成分结构 constraint制约 construction结构 content word实词 context语境;上下文 contextualism语境论 Contrastive Analysis对比分析法 conversational implicature 会话含义 co-operative principle合作原则 coordinate sentence并列句 creativity创造性 critical period关键期;临界期 cultural transmission文化传播 D declaration宣告类 deep structure深层结构 dental齿音 derivation派生法 derivational morpheme派生语素
课本答案网址大全——免费
不用买参考书了！大学课本答案网址大全！留着绝对有用，赶紧转吧！ ?分享 ?复制地址 转载自郑静 2010年10月13日 00:13 阅读(1) 评论(0) 分类：为人处世权限: 公开 ?字体：大▼ o小 o中 o大 ?更多▼ o设置置顶 o权限设置 o推荐日志 o转为私密日志?删除 ?编辑 不用买参考书了！大学课本答案大全！--爱死你了！（为什么大四才发现啊）2008-12-18 16:50 |(分类:默认分类)注册可用 公共课程 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a513666065.html,/forum-6-1.html 新视野大学英语读写教程第四册答案 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a513666065.html,/thread-7-1-1.html 新视野大学英语读写教程第三册答案 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a513666065.html,/thread-6-1-1.html 新视野大学英语读写教程第二册答案 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a513666065.html,/thread-5-1-1.html 新视野大学英语读写教程第一册答案 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a513666065.html,/thread-4-1-1.html 新视野大学英语视听说答案3-2 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a513666065.html,/thread-175-1-1.html 新视野大学英语视听说答案3-1 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a513666065.html,/thread-174-1-1.html 《马克思主义基本原理概论》习题答案参考 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a513666065.html,/thread-13-1-1.html 全新版大学英语听说教程mp3下载 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a513666065.html,/thread-11-1-1.html 《马克思主义基本原理概论》复习思考题参考答案
语言学名著选读
【语言学名著选读】 课型/编号专业选修课/161007251 学时/学分 36/2 课程简介 语言学名著选读是汉语国际教育专业 和汉语言文字学专业的专业必修课。语言学名著选读课属于语言学范畴，主要向学生介绍古今中外在语言学史上有重大贡献的书籍。 教学目的 开设语言学名著选读课，主要目的不光是让学生认识阅读这些名著，更重要的是对语言学的发展脉络有清楚的认识，从而拓宽学生的思路，对于今后的语言学研究有很大帮助。 教学内容 分为两大部分，汉语语言学名著和西方语言学名著。汉语语言学名著包括：《马氏文通》、《中国文法要略》、《新著国语文法》、《现代汉语》、《语法讲义》、《语法答问》等；西方语言学名著包括：《论人类语言结构的差异及对人类精神发展的影响》、《普通语言学教程》、《语言论》、《句法结构》、《现代语言学教程》等。通过泛读这些经典语言学名著，让学生对语言学有整体上的把握，为今后的语言学研究打下基础。 教学方式 课上以教师授课为主，辅以课堂讨论，课后学生阅读名著，做研究报告等形式。 考核方式 论文或考试节课。成绩比例为平时成绩和期中成绩占40%，期末考试成绩占60%。 使用教材 自编讲义。 参考书目 1.马建忠：《马氏文通》，商务印书馆，1983。 2.吕叔湘：《中国文法要略》，商务印书馆，1956。 3.黎锦熙：《新著国语文法》，湖南教育出版社，2007。 4.王力：《中国现代语法》，商务印书馆，1985。 5.朱德熙：《语法讲义》，商务印书馆，2003。 6.朱德熙：《语法答问》，商务印书馆，1985。 7.[瑞士]索绪尔：《普通语言学教程》，商务印书馆，1980。 8.[德]威廉·冯·洪堡特：《论人类语言结构的差异及其对人类精神发展的影响》，商务印书馆，1999。 9.[美]爱德华·萨丕尔：《语言论》，商务印书馆，1985。 10.[美]布隆菲尔德：《语言论》，商务印书馆，1998。 11.[美]乔姆斯基：《句法结构》，中国社会科学出版社，1984。 12.[美]霍凯特：《现代语言学教程》，北京大学出版社，2003。
中国语言学必读必备书目400种
中国语言学必读必备书目400种 北京大学语言学院推荐 （英）The Categories(范畴)：亚里士多德 （英）THE DEVIL’S DICTIONARY(魔鬼词典)-- AMBROSE BIERCE(阿姆布诺斯·比尔斯) （英）The Foolish Dictionary(愚蠢的词典)-- Gideon Wurdz(吉顿·伍兹) （英）表述和意义：言语行为研究[美]塞尔[Searle,J.R.] （英）词汇、语义学和语言教育[英]哈切（Hatch,E （英）从语言学的角度看语言习得 （英）当代句法理论通览 （英）当代语义理论指南--[美]拉宾（Lappin,S.）著 （英）德里达--诺利斯 （英）汉语方言的连续变化变调模式--陈渊泉 （英）话语分析入门：理论与方法[美]吉（Gee,J.P.）著 （英）会说话的哺乳动物：心理语言学入门 （英）剑桥语言百科词典 （英）交际语言教学论 （英）句法：结构、意义与功能 （英）跨文化交际：语篇分析法[美]斯科隆（Scbllon,R.）等著 （英）历史语言学 （英）普通语言学教程--索绪尔 （英）乔姆司基的普通语言学教程 （英）人类语言学入门 （英）认知语言学入门 （英）社会语言学教程 （英）言语的萌发：语言的起源和进化 （英）言语行为：语言哲学论[美]塞尔（Searle,J.R.）著 （英）应用语言学研究方法与论文写作 （英）英诗学习指南：语言学的分析方法[英]利奇（Leech,G.N.）著 （英）语法化学说 （英）语料库语言学 （英）语料库语言学入门[新]肯尼迪（Kennedy,G.）著 （英）语言和人 （英）语言类型学与普通语法特征--Croft （英）语言论：言语研究导论--Sapir （英）语言迁移：语言学习的语际影响[美]奥德林（Odlin，T.）著 （英）语言心理学[美]卡罗尔（Carroll,D.W.）著 （英）语言学和第二语言习得 （英）语言学教程--Radford （英）语言学课题：语言研究实用指南 （英）语言学理论：对基要原著的语篇研究 （英）语言学入门[英]普尔（Poole,S.C.）著 （英）语言学习和语言使用中的错误：错误分析探讨
对外汉语教学考试复习点
对外汉语教学考试复习点
对外汉语教学考试复习点： 教学计划：教学计划是根据教育目的和培养目标所制定的全面指导某专业教与学活动的规范性文件。教学大纲：是根据教学计划、以纲要形式制定的、对具体课程的教学目的、教学内容、教学进度和教学方法进行规范的指导性文件。 对外汉语教学：是指对外国人的汉语教学，也包括
第一语言不是汉语的海外华人进行的汉语教学。 中介语：是指在第二语言习得的过程中，学习者通过一定的学习策略，在目的语输入的基础上所形成的以中既不同于其第一语言也不同于目的语、随着学习的进展向目的语逐渐过渡的动态的语言系统。信度：又称可靠性，指测试结果的可靠程度或稳定性，也就是考试成绩是否反映了受试者的实际水
平。 区分度（性）：指测试区分受试者知识和能力差别的性能，是试题的质量标准。泛化：当某一反应与某种刺激形成条件联系后，这一反应也会与其它类似的刺激形成某种程度的条件联系，这一过程称为泛化。对比分析:是将两种语言的系统进行共时比较，以揭示其相同点和不同点的一种语言分析法。 偏误分析：是对学习者在
第二语言习得过程中所产生的偏误进行系统的分析，研究其来源，揭示学习者的中介语体系，从而了解第二语言习得的过程和规律。 语法翻译法的知识要点：概念：又称传统法，是使用学生的母语来教授第二语言/外语，并以系统地教授语法知识为教学基础的一种第二语言/外语教学法。语法——翻译法主张在L2教学过程中学生的
母语语目的语并用，通过翻译和系统那个的语法知识的讲授学习L2。 语法——翻译法是最古老的教学法，最初用来学习古希腊文和拉丁文这类死的语言。盛行于18世纪末。代表人物：德国语言学家奥伦多夫语言学理论基础：机械语言或历史比较语言学心理学理论基础：联想心理学 基本原则和特点：语法是教授L2、外语的基础。
2018南京师范大学外国语言学及应用语言学(外应)考研初试经验
2018南京师范大学外国语言学及应用语言学（外应）考研初试经验 本科国际政治专业，跨考南师大外国语学院外国语学院外国语言学及应用语言学专业，初试总分410，复习那么久有了收获，感谢一直帮助我的那位上一届学姐，这里我也分享一些复习准备的经验，希望对19级考外应或者英语语言文学的学弟学妹们一点帮助。 这个专业对我来说相当于一张白纸，尤其是语言学，所以我开始得比较早，大三寒假确定了考研的学校和专业，上学期开学的时候买好了参考书以及一些复习资料，然后就着手慢慢复习了。前期的进度比较慢，基本上是以看书和做笔记为主，下半学期才进入完全的背记阶段。这里我分科说一下。 1/政治 政治考了68，比我预期的高。虽然我是学政治的，但是真的一点优势也没有（因为我对自己的专业真的一点兴趣也没有，学得也不好），政治可以说是复习得比较不上心的一门。我全程是跟着肖秀荣走的，但是我开始得比较晚，舍友七月份就开始看了，我九月份才开始看精讲精练，中途也断断续续的，最后可以说是赶进度才看完。所以学弟学妹们一定要把握好进度，不要过快也不要过慢。所有的资料都是肖秀荣教授的，从七八月份到十二月份，每个阶段都有每个阶段要看的内容。前期精讲精练一定要看仔细，但不需要完全背诵下来，主要练的是选择题，大题前面不用担心，到十一二月直接背肖四肖八就好。 精讲精练配套的1000题是要做好几遍的，我是看完大概两三章做一次题的，第一遍可以用铅笔写，然后把错题勾出来，再做一遍，最后一个月再把那些错题拿出来反复看。错题的价值是很高的，有些多选题我看了两三遍都还是会错。 大题最后直接背肖四肖八就好啦，肖四是必须要背的，不背写不出来，然后大题的平均分都差不多，所以选择题的正确率决定了最后的分。 2/二外 我的二外是日语，考了92分。日语可以说是救了我，考完专业课的时候真的崩溃，所以总分其实也就是日语捞了我一把。 我本科是外国语大学，然后专业课也没什么兴趣，大一下学期就修了日语双学位并且坚持上完了，三年级上学期准备了N2考试，所以这一门基本上没怎么操心，也没花太多时间。
南开大学中文系阅读书目
南开大学中文系阅读书目 一、语言学类 普通语言学教程（瑞士〕索绪尔著高名凯译 语言（法）房德里耶斯著岑麟祥、叶蜚声译 语言论（美〕布龙菲尔德著袁家骅等译 语法哲学（丹麦）叶斯柏森著何勇等译 马克思主义与语言学问题（苏联）斯大林著李立三等译语言分析纲要（美）布洛赫、特雷杰著赵世开译） 句法结构（美）诺姆乔姆斯基著邢公畹等译 现代语言学教程（美）霍凯特著索振羽、叶蜚声译 西方语言学名著选读胡明扬主编 国外语言学概述一流派和代表人物赵世开主编 语言论高名凯著 语言学纲要叶蜚声、徐通锵著语言学概论马学良主编 语言学概论石安石、詹人凤著普通语音学纲要罗常培、王均著 世界字母简史周有光著 历史语言学徐通锵著 语义论石安石著 汉藏语概论马学良主编邢公畹等著 文化语言学邢福义主编 语言学史概要岑麟祥著 中国语言学史王力著 中国理论语言学史邵敬敏、方经民著 二、现代汉语类 现代汉语教程邢公畹主编现代汉语（增订本）胡裕树主 编 现代汉语参考资料胡裕树主编 现代汉语语音概要吴宗济主编 语音常识董少文著 汉语词汇讲话周祖谟著 现代汉语同汇符淮青著 汉语描写词汇学刘叔新著 词语的意义和结构周荐著 同义词语和反义词语刘叔新、 周荐著 同义词语的研究周荐著 胡同及其他张清常著 异文化的使者——外来词史有 为著 中国现代语法王力著 中国语法理论王力著 汉语语法纲要王了一（王力） 著 中国文法要略吕叔湘著 双语语法分析问题吕叔湘著 现代汉语语法讲话丁声树著 汉语口语语法赵元任著吕叔 湘译 语法答问朱德熙著 语法讲义朱德熙著 八十年代中国语法研究陆俭明 著 汉语语法专题研究高更生著 汉语词法论陈光磊著 汉语动同和动词性结构马庆株 著 现代汉语句型李临定著 现代汉语特殊句式宋玉柱著 现代汉语复句新解王维贤等著 现代汉语祈使句研究袁毓林著 现代汉语空语类研究沈阳著 语法修辞讲话吕叔湘、朱德熙 著 实用语法修辞于根元、苏培实、 徐枢、饶长溶著 修辞学发凡陈望道著 现代汉语修辞学张弓著 语篇的衔接与连贯胡壮麟著 汉语方言概要袁家骅著 汉语方言调查基础知识邢公畹 著 现代汉语方言詹伯慧著 汉语方言调查手册李荣编著 方言调查字表（修订本）中国 社会科学院语言研究所编 中国文字学唐兰著 文字学概要裘锡圭著 汉字改革概论周有光著 三、古代汉语类 汉语史稿王力著 古代汉语（修订本）王力主编 古代汉语教程解惠全主编 说文解字（东汉）许慎著 说文解字注（清）段玉裁撰 说文通训定声（清）朱骏声著 文字蒙求（清）王筠著 说文解字通论陆宗达著 广韵（北宋）陈彭年等著 中原音韵（元）周德清著 汉语音韵学导论罗常培著 汉语音韵王力著 汉字古音手册郭锡良著 诗词格律王力著 释名（东汉）刘熙著 尔雅义疏（清）郝懿行著 尔雅今注徐朝华著 广雅疏证（清）王念孙著 经义述闻（清）王引之著 古书疑义举例（清）俞樾著 训诂简论陆宗达著 古汉语词汇纲要蒋绍愚著 经传释词（清）王引之著 助字辨略（清）刘淇著 马氏文通（清）马建忠著 古汉语语法及其发展杨伯峻 何乐士著 社科中文工具书使用邓宗荣著
现代语言学
一、语言和语言学 1.语言学的核心：语音学Phonetics，音位学 Phonology，形态学Morphology，句法学Syntax，语义学Semantics，语用学Pragmatics. 2.瑞士语言学家索绪尔Saussure提出的langue语言 vs parole言语.他是现在语言学之父 3.语言的功能：the instrumental function,the regulatory function,the heuristic function,the interactional function,the personal function,the imaginative function,the imformative function 4.美国生成语法的创始人乔姆斯chomsky提出的 competence语言能力vs performance语言运用 5.语言的普遍特征：arbitrariness任意性,productivity 多产性,duality双层结构,displacement移位性,cultural transmission文化传播性 6.语用学研究的是上下文context中语言运用的情况 7.Crash 拟声词onomatopoeic word 8.现代语言学和传统语言学的不同点是：描写性/规定 性descriptive vs prescriptive，口语/书面，非拉丁语框架/拉丁语框架non-Latin-based framework vs Latin-based framework 9.把语言学原理principle和理论theories应用到语言 教学和学习的语言学是应用语言学applied linguistics 10.语言文体学linguistic stylistics是介于语言学和文学 之间的研究领域 11.数学语言学mathematical linguistics，人类语言学 anthropological linguistics，神经语言学neurolinguisitics 12.孩子先学会说话再学会写字，表明语言是发声的基 础 13.心理语言学研究儿童如何习得母语，运用语言是大 脑如何工作，交流时如何处理接收到的信息 14.语言的随意性说明语言在意义和声音方面没有逻 辑关系 15.语言的双层结构包含两种：声音结构和语法结构 16.形态学和句法学主要研究语法层面上的意义study the units at the grammatical level 17.Johnson 的大辞典为英语的用法和拼写制定了统 一的标准 二、语音学和音位学 语音学三大分支：articulatory phonetics发音语音学,auditory phonetics听觉语音学,acoustic phonetics声学语音学 辅音consonants的分类： 根据发音方式：爆破音stops，摩擦音fricatives，破擦音affricates，鼻音nasals，滑音glides 根据发音部位：bilabials双唇音，labiodentals唇齿音，dentals齿间音，alveolars齿龈音，palatals上颚音，velars 软腭音，glottal声门音 超音段音位suprasegmental phonology：stress重音,tone 音调,intonation语调 三、形态学 形态学主要研究单词的内部构造以及构成规则 封闭性词汇closed class words：连词conjunction，介词preposition，冠词article，代词pronoun 开放性词汇open class words：名词noun，动词verb，形容词adjective，副词adverb 词素morpheme是语言中音义结合的最小单位，也是语法分析的最小单位 自由词素free morphemes，粘着词素bound morphemes，词干stem，词根root，外来词a borrowed one 构词法包括：合成compound和派生derivation，指的是自由词素 屈折变化inflection指的是粘着词素,主要用于语法方面四、句法学 句法学研究句子结构，揭示构成某一语言句子的内在规则 深层结构deep structure：指抽象的句法结构 表层结构surface structure：是深层结构通过一系列转换规则之后得到的最后的结果，就是人实际说出的句子 英国语言学家韩礼德M.A.K.Halliday发展的系统功能语法，主要关注语言和社会之间的关系 简单句a simple sentence，并列句a coordinate sentence，复杂句a complex sentence 一个词组主要包含：head中心语,specifier标志语,compliement补足语 决定词类范畴category的有意义meaning，屈折变化inflection，分布distribution 句法成分syntax component给句子提供了结构 五、语义学 语义学指语言产生意义的方法的系统研究，主要研究对象是词义和句义 同义词synonymy，反义词antonymy，多义词polysemy，（同音异义(一语双关)homophones，同形异义homographs，同音同形异义complete homonyms）都是homonymy，上下义hynonymy， 同义词包括：方言性同义词dialectal synonyms，风格性同义词stylistic synonyms指的是适用场合不同，感情色彩不同的同义词emotive synonyms，搭配不同的同义词collocational synonyms X entailing Y包含关系，X presupposing Y前提关系
福师1203考试批次现代语言学复习题及参考答案
福师1203考试批次《现代语言学》复习题及参考答案一 本课程复习题所提供的答案仅供学员在复习过程中参考之用，有问题请到课程论坛提问本复习题页码标注所用教材为： 如学员使用其他版本教材，请参考相关知识点 1.Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves. 2.There is a three-word sentence stage in first language acquisition. 3. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. 4. A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a513666065.html,nguage is entirely arbitrary. 6.The naming theory of meaning was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a513666065.html,pounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words. 8.All utterances take the form of sentences. 9.Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech. 10.The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. II. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement.
现代语言学教程选读
语言系统的构成 ——《现代语言学教程》选读 内容摘要：本文概括了霍凯特关于美国结构主义语言学的基本原理和方法，主要介绍了语言的五个分系统，即语法系统、音位系统、语素音位系统、语义系统、语音系统以及它们的关系。使我们初步了解了语言的基本构造及其特征，为我们了解语言演变的规律和探索语言演变过程提供了原则和方法。 关键字：语法系统、音位系统、语素音位系统、语义系统、语音系统。 《现代语言学教程》是美国结构主义语言学集大成的一部理论著作，又是论述语言学各方面问题的一部综合教材。本书的作者查尔斯?弗朗西斯?霍凯特早年受到美国结构主义语言学的三位创始人鲍阿斯、萨丕尔、布龙菲尔德的指导，目的是给初学者讲解语言学的概况，综述当时语言学界关于各个课题的一般看法。 本书总结了美国结构主义语言学三十余年的发展成果，归纳了语言学的十二个大问题。它们分别是：一.通过声音发信号：音系；二.音系和语法：不同的模式层面；三.语法系统；四.语素音位系统；五.习语；六.共时方言学；七.语言的个体发生；八.种系发生；九.语言的史前状况；十.文字；十一.文学；十二.人在自然界中的地位。前四个问题论述的是语言的结构以及分析语言的方法和原则，可称之为“描写篇”，后八个问题主要论述的是语言演变的规律和探索语言演变过程的原则和方法，可称之为“历史篇”。 因为语言是人类最重要的思维工具和交际工具，所以在这里，我想主要探讨的是属于第二个大问题的语言的构造问题：语言的五个分系统——语法系统、音位系统、语素音位系统、语义系统、语音系统，以及它们的关系。 霍凯特认为，语言是一个复杂的习惯系统。整个语言系统能分成五个主要的分系统： 1.语法系统——语素的总和以及语素出现的配列。霍凯特说：“一种语言的语法或语法系统就是：一是该语言里所使用的全部语素；二是这些语素在话语中出现时彼此相关的配列。” 这就是说，描写一种语言的语法必须包含两项基本内容：首先是确定语素（morpheme），然后是说明语素出现的配列。语素是语法系统中的基础单位。同一语素有时表现为这一个音位形状，有时表现为另一个音位形状，这些音位形状处于彼此交替中。语素的每一个表现形式是一个语子（morph），语子是某个语素的音位变体（allomorph）。语素有片段语素（只作为词的一部分或整体而出现的语素）和超片段语素（不属于词的部分的语素，如语调等）两种。霍凯特始终认为，“发现语素”必须使用形式和意义双重标准，其程序是切分话语，得出语子，然后从语子中归并语素。
现代语言学名词解释
现代语言学名词解释 现代语言学 一绪论 1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language 2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants 3 Phonology” : T he study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means d ifferent context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are
自学考试《现代语言学》模拟试题及答案2017
自学考试《现代语言学》模拟试题及答案2017 2017 年自学备考正在开展中，考生们要扎扎实实地复习，一步一步地前进，以下是搜索整理的一份《现代语言学》模拟试题及答案，供参考练习，希望对大家有所帮助!想 了解更多相关信息请持续关注我们! I .Multiple Choice Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2% x 10=20%) 1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow”are ___.( ) A. gradable opposites B.relational opposites C.co-hyponyms D.synonyms 2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .( ) A. Jacob Grimm B.Rasmus Rask C.Franz Bopp D.Sir William Jones 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( ) A.unusual B.something to be feared C.abnormal D.natural 4. __produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.( ) A.Broca's aphasic B.The linguistic deprivation C.The damage on the angular gyrus D.Wernicke's aphasic 5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night ” as “light ”.This shows: .( ) A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called __word.( ) A.a polysemous B.a synonymous C.an abnormal D.a multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it? ” is __.( ) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a513666065.html,rmative B.phatic C.directive D.performative
北大中文系硕士必读推荐书目
文艺学专业必读书目（推荐免试学生使用） 1．《文心雕龙注》上下范文澜注人民文学出版社 2．《文心雕龙研究史》张少康汪春泓等著北京大学出版社3．《文学理论的未来》（美）拉尔夫﹒科恩主编中国社会科学出版社4．《苏联文学学学派》彭克巽主编北京大学出版社 5．《路德维希﹒费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》恩格斯著 人民出版社 6．《批评理论和叙事阐释》詹姆逊文集2 中国人民大学出版社2004年 7．《文学理论学导论》董学文著北京大学出版社 8．《中国文艺理论百年教程》毛庆耆等著广东高等教育出版社9．《叙事学与小说文体学研究》申丹著北京大学出版社 10．中外经典文学名著三部 语言学及应用语言学专业必读书目（推荐免试学生使用） 1．《语法答问》朱德熙 2．《现代汉语语法研究》朱德熙 3．《中国文法要略》吕叔湘 4．《汉语语法分析问题》吕叔湘 5．《汉语语法论》高名凯 6．《上古音研究》李方桂
7．《汉语语音史》王力 8．《现代语言学教程》霍凯特 9．《语言论》萨丕尔 10．《句法结构》乔姆斯基 汉语史专业必读书目 王力《中国语言学史》（《王力文集》12卷 山东教育出版社） 吕叔湘《汉语语法分析问题》商务印书馆 蒋绍愚《古汉语词汇纲要》北大出版社 唐作藩《音韵学教程》北大出版社 齐佩瑢《训诂学概论》中华书局 胡明扬《西方语言学名著选读》中国人民大学出版社 索绪尔普通语言学教程商务印书馆 说文解字注（选读） 《论语》（或《孟子》） 史记选 现代汉语专业必读书目（推荐免试学生使用） 陆俭明：现代汉语语法研究教程（修订版），北京大学出版社，2004年
马真：现代汉语虚词研究方法论，商务印书馆，2005年 吕叔湘：汉语语法分析问题 赵元任：汉语口语语法（吕叔湘译）或：中国话的文法 （丁邦新译） 朱德熙：语法讲义 朱德熙：语法答问 王理嘉：音系学基础，语文出版社，1991年 符淮青：词义的分析和描写，语文出版社，1996年 太田辰夫：《中国语历史文法》（修订译本），蒋绍愚、徐昌华译，北京大学出版社，2003年 蒋绍愚：《近代汉语研究概况》，北京大学出版社，1994年 中国当代文学专业必读书目（推荐免试学生使用） 1.《新文学大系导言集》（鲁迅等） 2.《中国小说史略》（鲁迅） 3.《五十年之中国文学》（胡适） 4.《中国新文学的源流》（周作人） 5.《中国当代文学史料选》（谢冕、洪自诚） 6.《中国当代文学思潮》（朱寨） 7.《马克思主义文论教程》（董学文主编）
20世纪现代汉语语法八大家
20世纪现代汉语语法八大家 现代汉语八大家20世纪现代汉语语法八大家:吕叔湘选集_吕叔湘20世纪现代汉语语法八大家:朱德熙选集_朱德熙20世纪现代汉语语法八大家:王力选集_王力20世纪现代汉语语法八大家:胡裕树、张斌选集_胡裕树、张斌20世纪现代汉语语法八大家:邢福义选集_邢福义20世纪现代汉语语法八大家:陆俭明选集_陆俭明20世纪现代汉语语法八大家:黎锦熙选集_黎锦熙三个平面的语法观_范晓中国语法学史稿_龚千炎俗语小词典_董小玉修辞学发凡_陈望道吕叔湘全集:中国文法要略_吕叔湘吕叔湘全集:吕叔湘语文论集_吕叔湘吕叔湘全集:汉语语法论文集_吕叔湘吕叔湘全集:汉语语法论文续集_吕叔湘吕叔湘全集:现代汉语八百词_吕叔湘吕叔湘全集:语文教学论著_吕叔湘吕叔湘全集:语文散论_吕叔湘吕叔湘全集:语法修辞讲话_吕叔湘吕叔湘全集:语言和文字_吕叔湘实用现代汉语语法_刘月华新华字典(第10 版)_商务方言与中国文化_周振鹤、游汝杰普遍语法原则与汉语语法现象_徐杰朱德熙文集(第1卷)_朱德熙朱德熙文集(第2卷)_朱德熙朱德熙文集(第3卷)_朱德熙朱德熙文集(第4卷)_朱德熙李临定自选集_李临定汉字形义分析字典_曹先擢、苏培成汉语与中国文化_申小龙汉语功能语法研究_张伯江、方梅汉语口语语法_赵元任汉语和汉语研究十五讲_陆俭明、沈阳汉语复句研究_邢福义汉语成语词典_宋永培汉语描写词汇学_刘叔新汉语方言及方言调查_詹伯慧汉语方言学_李如龙汉语方言学导论_游汝杰汉语方言概要_袁家骅汉语方言语法的参数理论_邓思颖汉语比较变换语法_李临定汉语语义语法范畴问题_马庆株汉语语法专题研究_邵敬敏汉语语法分析问题_吕叔湘汉语语法学史稿_邵敬敏汉语语法理论研究_杨成凯现代汉字学纲要_苏培成现代汉语(上)_黄伯荣、廖序东现代汉语(下)_黄伯荣、廖序东现代汉语_北大现代汉语教研室现代汉语_胡裕树现代汉语八百词_吕叔湘现代汉语千题解_刘小南现代汉语句法论_陆俭明现代汉语空语类研究_沈阳现代汉语虚词散论_陆俭