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三级语法

三级语法---------定语从句

定语从句全真试题

? 1. He never stopped trying to do something ______to do. (2001/6)

A. which he decided

B. that he had decided

C. he decides

D. he would decide

2. She spent a lot of time in that small town _____she was born.(2002/1)

A. which

B. that

C. when

D. where

? 3. The doctor _____ in the poverty-stricken village was popular with the villagers.(2003/1)

A. settled down

B. which settled down

C. who settled down

D. settling down

4. The investigation, _____ will soon be published, was made by Professor Smith.(1997/1)

A. at which the results

B. the results on which

C. whose results

D. of which results.

5. He spoke English confidently and fluently, _____ impressed me most.

(2003/12)

A. so that

B. it

C. that

D. which

6. The teacher told the students the final exam would be piece of cake,_____, on

the contrary, made the students even more nervous. （2009/6）

A. this

B. which

C. it

D. that

7. ____ can be seen from the comparison of the two charts, sales of automobiles

jumped 3.2 percent in October.(2006/12)

A. As

B. What

C. So

D. That

8. Many things---going abroad, owing a car, ____impossible in the past are now

very common. （2006/12）

A. being considered

B. to be considered

C. were considered

D. considered

定语从句

定语从句是三级考试中几乎每次必考的语法点。其用法比较复杂，以下从三个方面讲述定语从句。

一、关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句

1、定语从句可以由关系代词或关系副词引导。

关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that

关系副词：when, where, why

定语从句

e.g. 1. No one lives in the room whose windows are broken. (2000/1)

2. The book which /that you are reading is written by a contemporary American novelist.

3. He showed me a photo of the fancy hotel on the seashore where he stayed for a week.

2、关系代词which &that

关系代词which 和that 在从句中充当宾语成分，可以省略。

e.g. The bag (that/ which) my wife is carrying was bought in Italy.

定语从句中只能用that不能用which的情况

1）当先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none 等不定代词时：

Once they had fame, fortune, secure futures; now all ______ is left is poverty.(1999/1)

A. which

B. that

C. what

D. it

2）当先行词被最高级或序数词修饰时：

e.g. 1. This is the most important position that (不用which ) a graduate from the college has ever been offered.

2. The first place that they visited in London was Big Ben.

3) 当先行词既有人又有物时：

e.g. The old man and his dog that you saw along the river are close friends.

4）当先行词被first, last, any, only, few, much, no ,some, very, just等限定词修饰时：

e.g. 1.Please send me any information that you have about the subject.

2.This is the very house that I am after all these years.

定语从句中只能用which 不能用that的情况

1）在非限制性定语从句中，引导词只能是which (有时也用as),而不能用that。

e.g. The crime was not discovered till 48 hours later , which gave the criminal plenty time to get away

2）在“介词+关系代词”结构中，只能用which 不能用that：

e.g. I could not find the notebook on which I had wrote his address.

注意：in that 是状语从句连词，意为：“因为”

e.g. Privatization is thought to be beneficial in that it promotes competition.

3、关系代词whose

whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。

e.g. I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.

I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.

注意：指物时，whose 可以用“of which (the)”结构来代替：

The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

= The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?

=Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?

4.关系代词as

当先行词受such, as, the same 等修饰时，关系词常用as。

I’ve never heard as interesting a story as he tells.

He is not such a fool as he looks.

This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.

注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。

She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.

She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.

5. 关系代词but

but 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句,相当于“which /that/ who/whom +not” There are very few but admire his talents.

（but = who don’t）

There are no difficulties but can be overcome.

（but = that not）

二、“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句

掌握该语法点的要点如下：

1、该结构即可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句；

2、该结构中，关系代词只能是whom 或which ，不用that；

3、该结构中介词的选择可能要根据上下文的意思，或根据先行词的习惯搭配。

e.g. 1. We went up to the roof, from which we had a good view of the parade (2002/6)

2. Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book, of which none of us had ever heard.(1995/6)

3. This is the farm on which he has worked for more than 10years.

三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，对先行词起限定作用，如果省略会使原句意思残缺。

非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句隔开，修饰先行词或整个主句，仅仅对主句起补充说明作用，省略不改变原句意思的完整性。

e.g. 1. His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.

(非限制性定语从句修饰先行词)

2. The fellow I spoke to gave no answer, which puzzled me.(2004/6) (非限制性定语从句修饰主句)

试比较以下限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句在句意上的区别

I have a brother who is studying at Zhejiang University.

言外之意：我可能还有另外兄弟，但不在浙大上学。

I have a brother, who is studying at Zhejiang University.

言外之意：我只有一个在浙大上学的兄弟。

四、关系代词的省略

关系代词which, whom, who, that 在定语从句作宾语时可以省略。但以下情况例外：

1. 在“介词+关系代词” 结构中,连词不能省略

e.g. This is the headmaster with whom my father

was talking just now.

注意:当介词防在动词后时,连词可省

This is the headmaster (whom)my father was talking with just now

2. 在非限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词也不能省略.

e.g. Mr. Green, whom you know, is the tallest in our school.

3. 在the same…as, such…as, so…as, the same …that结构中,as和that即使做宾语也不可以省略

e.g. 1. I have bought the same book as you have (bought).

2. This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday.

4. 当由and, but, or等连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰一个先行词时,只有第一个关系代词可以省略

e.g. This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.

5. 关系副词的省略

(1)当先行词是reason, 而且在定语从句中作原因状语时, 关系副词why 可以省略

e.g. The reason (why) he failed was his laziness.

(2) 当先行词是way, 而且在定语从句中作方式状语时, 连词可以用in which , that, 也可以省略.

e.g. That was the way (in which/ that) she worked the problem out.

注意:以下情况连词不可省

e.g. I don’t know the way that/ which leads to the top of the moutain. (连词做主语)

五、定语从句&同位语从句

1. 同位语从句，即从句在句中作主语或宾语的同位语，是对句子主语或宾语的解释、说明。

e.g. We heard the news that our team had won.

The fact that the transport of the goods costs too much was not discussed.

其后常用同位语从句的名词主要是抽象名词，如：

belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news,

possibility, thought, message, problem,

promise, 等等。

2.同位语从句与定语从句的区别(比较)

同位语从句:

The suggestion that we discuss the problem all over again is a good one.

定语从句:

The suggestion that he gave at the meeting was a good one.

1.同位语从句是名词性从句, 他的作用是对名词进行补充说明;

定语从句是形容词性从句,他的作用是对先行词进行修饰限定,描述其性质或特征.

2.同位语从句中的连词that 在从句中不充当成分,只起到连词的作用,一般不可省略;

定语从句中的连词that在从句中充当主语或宾语，有实际意义,作宾语时还可以省略

让步状语从句

让步状语从句全真试题

1. ____good to China’s economic prospects are, we still have a long way to go.(1997/6)

A. Whatever

B. However

C. Even if

D. Although

2. Though the electric car is technically possible, _____not very profitable.(2003/1)

A. it is

B. but it is

C. and it is

D. however it is

3. The wooden house is still in good condition _____it was built over 100 years ago.(2005/12)

A. since

B. because

C. despite

D. though

4. Why do those rich people steal things _____ they could easily afford to buy them ?(2006/6)

A. that

B. because

C. if

D. when

5. Schools in the north tend to be better equipped, _____those in the south are relatively poor,(2006/12)

A. and

B. while

C. but

D. however

6. What you said was true. It was, ______ , a little impolite.(2006/6)

A. nevertheless

B. otherwise

C. thus

D. furthermore

让步状语从句通常用though, although, no matter, even if, if, even though, however, whatever等引起

1．although 和though 引导的让步状语从句：

①两个词同义，一般情况下可以互换使用，如：

He didn’t light the fire though / although it was cold.

②though可以和even 连用，但although 不可以，如：

Although (Even though) the traffic held us up, we got to the airport on time.

③though 可以放在句中或句末，通常用逗号隔开，如：

He said he would come; he didn’t, though.

④though引导的从句可用倒装语序（即把从句中的表语或状语等放在though之前），

而although 不能这样用，如：

Young though she is, yet she is fit for the job. (= Young as she is, …)

⑤有时可用副词yet, still, nevertheless (但不能用连词but) 来配合连接词though或

although，以加强语气，但不可用but, 如：

Though he is over seventy, yet / still / nevertheless he can ride the bike.

⑥当主句中的主语和从句中的主语指同一个人或物时，though和although后面的主语和

谓语动词be 可以省略，如：

Though (it was) cold, it was a fine winter morning.

Though (he was) severely wounded, yet he refused to leave the battle field.

Though (they were) very tired, they continued to march on.

2. even if, even though和if 引导的让步状语从句：

△even if 与even though同义，常用于强调让步概念，如：

I’ll do it, even if it takes me all the afternoon.

He was there even if we didn’t see him.

Even if you fail, you can try again.

I’ll help you, even if I don’t sleep for a night.

注：if 有时也可以用于让步含义，但要注意条件if 与让步if 的区别，试比较：If he is poor, how can he buy the house? (条件)

If he is poor, he is at least honest. (让步) (= even if)

If he is inexperienced, he won’t be able to accomplish it. (条件)

If he is inexperienced, he is at any rate eager to learn. (让步) (= even if)

If John had been there, I would have seen him. (条件)

If John was there, I didn’t see him. (让步) (= even if)

3.由as, that, though引导的特殊让步状语从句结构：

as可引导让步从句, 但as一般不置于句首，而将从句中的表语或状语置于句首。

（though, that与as一样，也可以用于这种结构），如下面几种情况：

①表语的倒装：

Tired as he was, he still went on with his work.

Old as I am, I can still fight.

Clever as you may be, you cannot do that.

Tall as / though he was, he couldn’t reach the top shelf.

Difficult though the task was, they managed to accomplish it in time.

②状语的倒装（这时状语之前不可加very, much等修饰语）

Much as I admire him as a writer, I do not like him as a man.

Hard as I studied, I could not catch up with them.

③谓语动词的倒装：

Try as he would, he could not remember a word of it. (= No matter how he

would tr y …)

Try as he might, he didn’t pass the exam.

Hate him as we may, we must admit his greatness.

Search as they would, they could find nothing in the room.

注意事项：

①如果是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语，不再用冠词，如：

Teacher as Michael is, he is not capable of teaching all subjects.

Child as / that he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.

Youngest as he is in our class, he speaks English the best.

Child as he is, he knows much.

②当作表语的形容词提前时，如果从句的主语是人称代词，那么它只能放在动词之前；如果从句的主语是名词，则可用倒装语序，也可用陈述语序，如：

Tired as were the workers(= Tired as the workers were), they did not stop.

Clever though / as you may be, you can’t do that.

③注意区别as 引导的原因从句与让步从句，试比较：

Lawyer as he is, he explains the reason clearly.

Lawyer as he is, he c an’t explain the reason very clearly.

4.由while (= although),引导的让步状语从句:

While you may be right, I can’t altogether agree.

While I admit that the problems are difficult, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.

注意比较下列各句中while 的用法：

While I understa nd what you say, I can’t agree with you. 让步

While I was reading, the light went out. 时间

He is idle, while his brother is diligent. 转折、对比

5.由whether…or…引导的让步状语从句

Whether he drives or (whether he) flies, he will be here on time.

Whethe r you like it or not, you’ll have to do it.

Whether or not it rains, I’m giving a party tomorrow.

We hold that all countries, (whether they are) big or small, (whether they are) rich or poor, should be equal.

Whether it rains or snows, I will go tonight.

6.由连接代词whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever引导的让步状语从句：

Whomever (= no matter whom) you are dealing with, this method is no good.

(whoever 既相当于连接词短语no matter 连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问代词who)

Whatever (= no matter what) happens, keep calm.

Whichever (= no matter which) you choose, we have no objection

7.由连接副词however, wherever 或whenever 引导的让步状语从句

However ( = no matter how) difficult the task may be, we will fulfil it on time.

( however 既相当于no matter 连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问副词how 修饰difficult。)

Wherever ( = no matter where) they went, they were warmly welcomed.

Whenever I’m unhappy, he cheers me up.

注意事项：

注意以上几种结构的省略形式：

However difficult the task (may be), it will be fulfilled on time.

However great the difficulties (may be), we will never retreat.

Whatever the difficulties (may be), they must and can be overcome.

1．London is the city _______ she is longing to visit.(2002/1)

A. where

B. in which

C. what

D. that

2. He stayed in Hangzhou for five days, _____ he toured all the major scenic spots.(2003/1)

A. during which

B. during when

C. during the time

D. during what

3. Rose told the teacher all ____ to Oliver.(2002/1)

A. which happened

B. that had happened

C. which had happened

D. what had happened

4. He never stopped trying to do something ______ to do.(2001/6)

A. which he decides

B. that he had decided

C. he decides

D. he would decide

5. The days ______ you could travel without a passport are a thing of the past.(1997/12)

A. which

B. on which

C. at which

D. when

6. All of the plants now raised on farm have been developed from plants _____wild.

A. once they grew

B. they grew once

C. that once grew

D. grew once

Do you think the reason _____ he gave is believable?

A. for which

B. which

C. what

D. to which

8. The hotel ____when I went sightseeing in Huangshang Mountain last summer was really poorly managed.

A. where I stayed in

B. at that I stayed

C. which I stayed

D. at which I stayed

9．The pilot lost contact with the military base, ____ the plane crashed in the desert.

A. by means of which

B. for which

C. among which

D. as a result of which

10. To a highly imaginative writer, ____is a pad of paper and pen.

A. all what is required

B. all required is

C. all is required

D. all that is required

.11 This is the girl ______ has been highly praised.

A. of whom handwriting

B. the hand writing of whose

C. who handwriting

D. whose handwriting

12. The speed _____ light travels is said to be the maximum in the universe.

A. in which

B. from which

C. by which

D. at which

13、He studied hard and later became a well-known writer, ____his father had expected.

A. that was what

B. which

C. which was what

D. what

14. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,of course, _____ made the others unhappy.

A. which

B. who

C. this

D. what

15. Please take any seat ____ is free.

A.which

B. where

C. in which

D. that

16. The old man has two sons, _______ is a soldier.

A. one of whom

B. both of them

C. all of whom

D. none of them

17. My home village is no longer the same _____ it used to be.

A.which

B. as

C. where

D. when

18. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., ______ many people have gone

home.

A. whose time

B. that

C. at which

D. by which time

19. Mr. Wang is a boss, ______ factory Li Ping worked.

A.in whose

B. whose

C. in whom

D. of which

20. _____ is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 year’s time.

A. What

B. That

C. As

D. It

21. Is this book _____ you want to borrow from the library?

A. that

B. which

C. the one

D. /

22. If a shop has chairs ______ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.

A. that

B. which

C. when

D. where

23.Make a mark _____ you have any doubts.

A. where

B. which

C. that

D.on which

24.Make a mark at the place _____ you have any doubts .

A. where

B. which

C. that

D. on which

25. ______we can’t get seems better than ______we have.

A.What; what

B. What; that

C. That; that

D. That; what

26. No one can be sure _____ in a million years.

A. what man will look like

B. what will man look like

C. man will look like what

D. what look will man like

27. Scientists have reached the conclusion _____the temperature on the earth is getting higher and higher.

A. when

B. but

C. for which

D.that

28.We have some doubt they can complete the task on time .

A. whether

B. when

C. that

D. if

29. ______ the size or nature of a business may be, its main goal is to earn a profit.

A. Whatever

B. Wherever

C. However

D. Whenever

30. He could not decline the invitation, ____ he was not interested in joining the society.

A. for

B. when

C. supposing

D. though

答案：1-5 DABBD 6-10 CBDDD

11-15 DDCAD 16-20 ABDAC

21-25 CDAAA 26-30 ADAAD

独立主格

1 独立主格

（一）：独立主格结构的构成：

名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；

名词(代词)+形容词；

名词(代词)+副词；

名词(代词)+不定式；

名词(代词) +介词短语构成。

（二）独立主格结构的特点：

1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

举例：

The test finished, we began our holiday.

= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.

考试结束了，我们开始放假。

The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.

= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.

总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.

如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。

This done, we went home.

工作完成后，我们才回家。

The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.

会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。

He came into the room, his ears red with cold.

他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。

He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.

他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆

2 With的复合结构作独立主格

表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。

with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语

举例: He stood there, his hand raised.

= He stood there, with his hand raised.

典型例题

The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。

A. being tied

B. having tied

C. to be tied

D. tied

答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.

注意:

1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：

当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但with 的复合结构不受此限制

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.

( hand前不能加his)。

2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。

He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

典型例题：

Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.

A permitted

B permitting

C permits

D for permitting

答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。

如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。

语法基础训练·非谓语动词（附解析）

1. The first textbooks _______ for teaching English as a foreign language cam

e out in the 16th century.

A. having written

B. to be written

C. being written

D. written

2. ---you were brave enough to raise objection at the meeting.

---Well, now I regret _______ that.

A. to do

B. to be doing

C. to have done

D. having done

3. We agreed _______ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.

A. having met

B. meeting

C. to meet

D. to have met

4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _ _____.

A. not to

B. not to do

C. not do it

D. do not do

5. Paul doesn’t have to be made _______. He always works hard.

A. learn

B. to learn

C. learned

D. learning

6. _______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A. Losing

B. Having lost

C. Lost

D. To lost

7. The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation.

A. to eat not

B. eating not

C. not to eat

D. not eating

8. The Olympic Games, _______ in 776 B.C., did not include women players unt il 1912.

A. first playing

B. to be first played

C. first played

D. to be first playing

9. I would love _______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hour s to finish a report.

A. to go

B. to have gone

C. going

D. having gone

10. European football is played in 80 countries, _______ it the most popular s port in the world.

A. making

B. makes

C. made

D. to make

11. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _______ “Sor ry to miss you; will call later.”

A. read

B. reads

C. to read

D. reading

12. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _______ it more d ifficult.

A. not make

B. not to make

C. not making

D. do not make

13. Robert is said _______ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.

A. to have studied

B. to study

C. to be studying

D. to have been studying

14. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______ the next year.

A. carried out

B. carrying out

C. carry out

D. to carry out

15. _______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up t he river.

A. Having suffered

B. Suffering

C. To suffer

D. Suffered

16. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains __ _____ whether they will enjoy it.

A. to see

B. to be seen

C. seeing

D. seen

17. The research is so designed that once _______ nothing can be done to ch ange it.

A. begins

B. having begun

C. beginning

D. begun

18. It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _______.

A. it what to do with

B. what to do it with

C. what to do with it

D. to do what with it

19. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen.

A. smoke

B. smoking

C. to smoke

D. smoked

20. She looks forward every spring to _______ the flower-lined garden.

A. visit

B. paying a visit

C. walk in

D. walking in

21. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person __ _____.

A. to send

B. for sending it

C. to send it to

D. for sending it t o

22. ---What do you think made Mary so upset?

---_______ her new bike.

A. As she lost

B. Lost

C. Losing

D. Because of losin g

23. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _______.

A. 20 dollars remained

B. 20 dollars to remain

C. remained 20 dollars

D. remaining 20 dollars

24. There are five pairs _______, but I’m at a loss which to choose.

A. to be chosen

B. to choose from

C. to choose

D. for choosing

25. _______ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the U nited States.

A. Being founded

B. It was founded

C. Founded

D. Founding

26. Fishing is his favorite hobby, and _______.

A. he’d like to collect coins as well

B. he feels like collecting coins, to o

C. to collect coins is also his hobby

D. collecting coins also gives him great pleasure

27. Finding her car stolen, _______.

A. a policeman was asked to help

B. the area was searching thoroughly

C. it was looked for everywhere

D. she hurried to a policeman for help

28. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving _______ their products more competitive.

A. to make

B. making

C. to have made

D. having made

29. Though _______ money, his parents managed to send him to university.

A. lacked

B. lacking of

C. lacking

D. lacked in

30. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _______ road conditions need _______.

A. that; to be improved

B. which; to be improved

C. where; improving

D. when; improving

31. The discovery of new evidence led to _______.

A. the thief having caught

B. catch the thief

C. the thief being caught

D. the thief to be caught

32. _______ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recov er from the operation.

A. Given

B. To give

C. Giving

D. Having given

33. The picture _______ on the wall is painted by my nephew.

A. having hung

B. hanging

C. hangs

D. being hung

34. Sandy could do nothing but _______ to his teacher that he was wrong.

A. admit

B. admitted

C. admitting

D. to admit

35. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _______ some schools for poor children.

A. set up

B. setting up

C. have set up

D. having set up

36. _______ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm.

A. To sleep

B. Sleeping

C. Sleep

D. Having

37. With a lot of difficult problems _______, the newly-elected president is h aving a hard time.

A. settled

B. setting

C. to settle

D. being settled

38. In some parts of London, missing a bus means _______ for another hour.

A. waiting

B. to wait

C. wait

D. to be waiting

39. In order to make our city green, _______.

A. it is necessary to have planted more trees

B. many more trees need to pla nt

C. our city needs more trees

D. we must plant more trees

40. ---How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the cu stomers?

---The key _______ the problem is to meet the demand _______ by the c ustomers.

A. to solving, making

B. to solving, made

英语语法大全(完整版)

【学英语必看】《英语语法手册》在实用英语备受青睐的现在，大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时，总是把听说读写放在首位，诚然，学习语言重在实践。但是，请不要忽视语法的作用，特别是在阅读和写作中，他能帮助你分析清楚句子结构，准确抓住句子的要点，更能帮你写出复杂而优美的长句。以下为你整理《英语语法手册》全集，不需背诵记忆，只要静下心阅读一遍，就能有所收获！宝宝更希望你能把他们融在平时的阅读写作里. [英语语法手册]关于词类和句子成分根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。一个句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词，在句子中作主语。词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类： 1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。

大学英语三级语法大全-II

大学英语三级语法大全 II 倒装：倒装句之全部倒装全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1） here， there， now， then， thus等副词置于句首，谓语动词常用be， come，go， lie， run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如： Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了。 Here is your letter. 你的信。 2）表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如： Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。 Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老妪。注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如： Here he comes. 他来了。 Away they went. 他们走开了。倒装：以否定词开头作部分倒装否定词如 Not only…but also， Hardly/Scarcely…when， No sooner… than等放在句首，后面要用倒装。例如： Not only did he refuse the gift， he also severely criticized the sender. 他没有收下礼物，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。 Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。 No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。典型例题 No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily. A. the game began B. has the game begun C. did the game begin D. had the game begun 答案 D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句（谓语前置）。这类表示否定意义的词有never， seldom， scarcely， little， few， not， hardly，以及not only…but （also）， no sooner…than， hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构，如Not only you but also I am fond of music. 倒装：倒装句之部分倒装

大学英语三级语法知识总结汇总

1.三级语法考点归纳 2.一．虚拟语气 3.1. if 句中虚拟形式 4.if 引导的非真实条件句（纯粹假设或发生的可能性不大）： 5.条件从句主句 6.与现在相反 did (be were) would/ should/ might/ could do 与将来相反 did (be were) would/ should/ might/ could do 7.与过去相反 had done would/ should/ might/ could have done 例句 8.If we left (leave) now, we should arrive in time. 9.If they hadn’t gone on vacation, their house wouldn’t have been broken (break) into. 2. 原形虚拟： 10.a. 表命令、决定、要求、建议等词语之后的that-分句中，用动词原形。 11.suggest, demand, advise, propose, order, arrange, insist, command, require, request, desire …… that ＋(should) do 12.例如 He suggested that we should leave early. My suggestion is that we should tell him. 13.b. It is (was) 形容词/名词that …… (should) do/ 14.例如 It is absolutely essential that all the facts be examined first. 3. 一些句型中的虚拟形式： 15.1. It’s (high, about, the first, etc.) time (that) …动词过去时…例如 It’s time we left. 例如 It is time we went to bed. 2 would rather/sooner 宁愿 as if/ though 好像 16.would rather/sooner 谓语用过去时与现在或者将来相反 as if/ though 谓语用过去完成时与过去相反 4．练习 17.1. I _______ try it again if I_______you. A. will； am B. should； am C. would；were D. would； had been 2. If it _______ not for the water， the plants _______live. 18.A. were； would not B. is； could not C. were； could D. did； could not 3. If I ___ ____ that chance to show my ability, I _______the president of this school. A. have not had； coul d not become B. had not had； would not have become C. did not have； could not become D. doesn’t have； will not become 4. He _______ by that burglar if you _______ to save him. 19.A. might have been killed； hadn’t come B. will be killed； didn’t come C. may be killed； did’t come D. could be killed； haven’t come 5. If it _______for your help， I _______that hard time with so little money. A. were not ； would not spend B. is not； can not spend 20.C. had not been； would not have spent D. have not been； will not spend 6. Where ____ ___ you go if war _______? 21.A. will； breaks out B. do； will break out C. would； were to break out D. will； is to break out 7. She wishes she _______ that humiliating thing. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.A. doesn’t do B. didn’t do C. haven’t done D. hadn’t done 8. The chairman suggested that the meeting _______ put off. 29.A. can be B. be C. is D. will be 9. It is vital that he _______ immediately.

薄冰实用英语语法详解

被动语态现在范畴一般现在时am/is/are made 现在进行时am / is /are being made 现在完成时has/have been made 过去范畴一般过去时was/were made 过去进行时was/werebeingmade 过去完成时had been made 将来范畴一般将来时shall/will be made 将来完成时shall/will have been made 过去将来时should/would be made 过去将来完成时should/would have been made 1. 被动语态的各种时态被动语态（The Passive Voice）是动词的一种形式，表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。被动语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍以及景物描写。被动语态没有将来进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时形式。 (1) 一般现在时的被动语态 I am not so easily deceived. 我不会轻易上当受骗的。 Computers are widely used in the world. 计算机在世界范围内得到广泛应用。 (2) 一般过去时的被动语态 The car was seriously damaged. 汽车受到严重损坏。 Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。 (3) 现在进行时的被动语态 The question is being discussed at the meeting. 这个问题现在正在会上讨论。 The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子们现在正由其姑妈照看。 (4) 过去进行时的被动语态 When I called, tea was being served. 当我来访时，正值上茶之际。 When they arrived，the experiments were being made. 他们到达时，实验正在进行。

国际日语3级语法总结(word版)

日语能力三级语法汇总 1)~は~より~です表示比较,谓语是形容词或形容动词 ~比~ 2)~は~ほど~くない/ではない助词ほど是以某一事例来表示状态,性质的。谓语用形容词或形容动词的否定形式 ~不如~ 3)AよりBのほうが~です助词より接在比较的对象后面。谓语上形容词或形容动词 ~比~更~ 4)AとBとでは、どちらが~ですか/AとBとどつらが~ですか表示询问A,B相比较时的句型 A和B哪个~ 5)~(の中)では、何がいちばん~ですか在~里,哪个最~ 6)AとBとCとでは(どれ/どこ/いつ/どの)~がいちばん~ですか

~和~和~,哪个/什么地方/什么时候/那种,最~ 7)~のあいで/あとで~する表示一个动作完成后再做另一个动作,或稍后进行某一动作~之后/稍后再~ 8)~たあとで ~之后 9)~たり、~たりする 1、表示在许多动作中,列举1、2例说明又~又~,一会~一会~ 2、表示举出一例,以示还有其他类似的情况 ~之类的 10)~ほうがいい表示劝说或建议还是~为好表示建议或劝诱 ~吗? 12)だから/ですから

表示原因或理由所以~ 13)けれども/けれど/だが/しかし表示逆态连接虽然~但是~,可是~ 14)~かもしれまい表示说话人的推测也许~ 15)く(に)なる/く(に)するく(に)なる表示自然或客观的变化变的~,会变~ く(に)する表示主观作用于某事物而使其发生变化把~弄成~,使~成为~ 16)~さ/~み使形容词或形容动词名词化

17)ください一般用于请或要求对方做某事请给我~ 18)て型略 19)ばかり 1、表示数量次数特别多尽~,只~ 2、表示反复连续做某事,几乎不做其他事尽~,光~ 3、表示大概的数量 ~左右 20)动词连用型て+から/动词过去式た+あとで表示一个动作之后,在进行另一个动作表示对某种动作的尝试 ~以下,~看 22)~てしまう

大学英语三级语法大全 II

大学英语三级语法大全II 倒装：倒装句之全部倒装全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1）here，there，now，then，thus等副词置于句首，谓语动词常用be，come，go，lie，run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如： Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了。 Here is your letter. 你的信。 2）表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如： Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。 Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老妪。注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如： Here he comes. 他来了。 Away they went. 他们走开了。倒装：以否定词开头作部分倒装否定词如Not only…but also，Hardly/Scarcely…when，No sooner…than等放在句首，后面要用倒装。例如： Not only did he refuse the gift，he also severely criticized the sender. 他没有收下礼物，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。 Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。 No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。典型例题 No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily. A. the game began B.has the game begun C. did the game begin D.had the game begun 答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句（谓语前置）。这类表示否定意义的词有never，seldom，scarcely，little，few，not，hardly，以及not only…but （also），no sooner…than，hardly…when scarcely…when等等。注意：只有当Not only…but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only…but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构，如Not only you but also I am fond of music. 倒装：倒装句之部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do，does或did，并将其置于主语之前。

全国公共英语三级常见语法

第一节动词的时态一、一般现在时： 1、由when、as soon as、the minute、the moment、till、until等引起的时间状语从句，以及由if、unless、provided that等引起的条件状语从句常常用一般现在时态表示将来的动作，而主句则用一般将来时态。例：They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they finish their exams. 2、当表示普遍的真理或者众所周知的客观事实，常常用一般现在时态。例：The earth is round. 地球是圆的。二、一般过去时：区分三个短语的用法： 1、used to do sth：过去常常做某事。 2、be/get used to doing sth：习惯做某事。 3、be used to do sth：被用于做某事。三、一般将来时： 1、be to+动词原形：表示安排或计划好了的动作。例：The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day. 2、be about to+动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。例：The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。 3、一些表示动作趋势，如开始、终结，以及一些表示动作方向，如往来的动词，常常用现在进行时态表示按照安排将于将来发生的事情，这类动词常见的有如：start，go，leave，come，arrive等。例：We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。四、进行时态：重点区分when和while引起的时间状语的用法。 When表示时间上的点，在考试中其引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“这时？”，主句多用进行时态；while引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“正当……时”，该从句用进行时态。例：One of the guards was sleeping when the general came in, which made him very angry. I fell and hurt myself while I was playing tennis. 五、现在完成时：

写作中真正实用的英语语法

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三级语法考点归纳一. 虚拟语气 1. if 句中虚拟形式 if 引导的非真实条件句(纯粹假设或发生的可能性不大) 条件与现在相反与将来相反与过去相反 done 例句 If we left (leave) now, we should arrive in time. If they hadn ' t gone on vacation, their house wouldn 2. 原形虚拟： a. 表命令、决定、要求、建议等词语之后的that-分句中，用动词原形。 suggest, dema nd, advise, propose, order, arran ge, in sist, comma nd, require, request, desire that (should) do 例女口 He suggested that we should leave early. My suggesti on is that we should tell him. b. It is (was)形容词 /名词 that ......... (should) do/ 例女口 It is absolutely essential that all the facts be examined first. 3. 一些句型中的虚拟形式： 1. It ' s (high, about, the first, etc.) time (that)词过去时 … … 例如 It ' s time we left. 2 would rather/so oner as if/ though would rather/sooner 反 as if/ though 4?练习 1. I _______ t ry it agai n if I ______ you. A. will ； am B. should; am would ； had been 2. If it _______ n ot for the water , the pla nts _ A. were ； would not B. is ； could not could not 3. If I school. A. have not had; could not become 从句 did (be > were) did (be * were) had done 主句 would/ should/ might/ could do would/ should/ might/ could do would/ should/ might/ could have 't have been broken (break) into. 例女口 It is time we went to bed. 宁愿好像谓语用过去时与现在或者将来相谓语用过去完成时与过去相反 C. would ； were D. live. C. were ； could D. did ； that chanee to show my ability, I the preside nt of this B. had not had ； would not have

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大学英语三级语法概要英语语法是英语各项语言技能的基础，是语言学习的关键。语法贯穿整个英语学习的全过程。语法在大学英语三级考试中所占比重较大，应予以重视。熟练掌握基本的语法知识是必要的，如果能了解语结构题的特点，掌握——些必要的解题技巧，就可以做到事半功倍。第一节大学英语三级考试语法部分简介一、大纲要求大学英语三级考试大纲对语法的要求是:进一步加深和扩大中学学过的语法知识，侧重其在阅读和翻译中的应用。二、考查范围三级语法考题的涉及面广。考试范围为《浙江省高等学校英语三级考试大纲》所附结构表的内容。在语法结构表中，详细列出了高等专科英语课程教学阶段需要进一步巩固加深的语法项目，主要涉及如下语法点:限定词、名词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、介词、动词、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、一致关系、句子种类(简单句、并列句和复合句)、强调句型、省略、倒装、构词法和标点等十七个方面。本书逐一介绍各类试题的设计特点(题型)及解题技巧。在大学英语三级考试中，虽然题目千变万化，但是万变不离其宗，只要仔细分析，就会发现这些题目其实基本上都是时态、形容词与副词、名问、一致关系和虚拟语气、非谓语动词、倒装句、复合句(连接手段)的各种变化形式。本书在逐一介绍各类试题的设计特点(题型)及解题技巧的同时，还侧重对上述几类语法变化形式在历届真题中的考点作详细分析。三、2002年1月一2004年6月题目类型统计与分析

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大学英语三级语法大全

We heard the news that our team had won. 比较：whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代： 1. whether引导主语从句并在句首 2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语 4. 从句后有"or not" Whether he will come is not clear. 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。 It is not important who will go. It is still unknown which team will win the match. 名词性wh-从句名词性wh-从句 1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why 等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：

实用英语语法大全-anyone还是whoever

实用英语语法大全-anyone还是whoever anyone还是whoever 请看下面的题目： _________ with any common sense can tell the difference between the two. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever 【陷阱】容易误选B。【分析】答案为C。有的同学误选B主要是因为受以下这类句子的影响： Whoever comes will be welcome. 任何人来都欢迎。 Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。 Whoever gets the job will have a lot of work. 谁要是得到这份工作就有很多事要做。以上三句中 whoever 引导的均为主语从句，其中的 whoever均可换成 anyone who，但是不能换成 anyone。以上试题从表面上看，与以上各例很相似，其实它们有本质的不同，即 _____ with any common sense 中没有谓语动词，所以我们不能选 whoever。此题的准确答案为C，anyone 为句子主语，with any common sense 为修饰anyone 的定语。现将此题稍作改动如下，答案选B： _______ has any common sense can tell the difference between the two. A. Who B. Whoever

C. Anyone D. Who ever

日语三级语法汇总

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14)～かもしれまい表示说话人的推测也许～ 15)く(に)なる/く(に)するく(に)なる表示自然或客观的变化变的～，会变～く(に)する表示主观作用于某事物而使其发生变化把～弄成～，使～成为～ 16)～さ/～み使形容词或形容动词名词化 17)ください一般用于请或要求对方做某事请给我～ 18)て型略 19)ばかり１、表示数量次数特别多尽～，只～２、表示反复连续做某事，几乎不做其他事尽～，光～３、表示大概的数量～左右 20)动词连用型て+から/动词过去式た+あとで表示一个动作之后，在进行另一个动作 21)～てみる表示对某种动作的尝试～以下，～看 22)～てしまう表示完了尽了，或者表示意外无可挽回的遗憾心情～完了，～光了，～了 23)～ておく表示预先作好某种准备，后者表示继续保持某种状态，放任不管～预先，让它～ 24)～てほしい/～てもらいたい表示想请对方为我或我方做某事请（你）～ 25)～てくる１、表示主体在说话人的视线中，从远往近移动～过来２、表示某种变化已经开始了～起来了 26)～ていく

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大学英语三级语法大全 Pleasure Group Office【T985AB-B866SYT-B182C-BS682T-STT18】

大学英语三级语法大全名词性从句概述名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：that, whether, if（不充当从句的任何成分）连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 连接副词：when, where, how, why 不可省略的连词： 1. 介词后的连词 2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 What she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won. 比较：whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代： 1. whether引导主语从句并在句首 2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语 4. 从句后有"or not" Whether he will come is not clear. 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。It is not important who will go. It is still unknown which team will win the match. 名词性wh-从句名词性wh-从句 1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：主语： How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize. 俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。同位语：I have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么时候回来。形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go. 那取决于我们去哪儿。 2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：

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