机械加工——机械类外文翻译、中英文翻译

TOOL WEAR MECHANISMS ON THE FLANK SURFACE OF CUTTING

INSERTS

FOR HIGH SPEED WET MACHINING

5.1 Introduction

Almost every type of machining such as turning, milling, drilling, grinding..., uses a cutting fluid to assist in the cost effective production of pa rts as set up standard required by the producer [1]. Using coolant with some cutting tools material causes severe failure due to the lack of their resistance to thermal shock (like AL2O3 ceramics), used to turn steel. Other cutting tools materials like cubic boron nitride (CBN) can be used without coolant, due to the type of their function. The aim of using CBN is to raise the temperature of the workpice to high so it locally softens and can be easily machined.The reasons behind using cutting fluids can be summarized as follows.

? Extending the cutting tool life achieved by reducing heat generated and as a result less wear rate is achieved. It will also eliminate the heat from the

shear zone and the formed chips.

? Cooling the work piece of high quality materia l under operation plays an important role since thermal distortion of the surface and subsurface

damage is a result of excessive heat that must be eliminated or largely

reduced to produce a high quality product.

Reducing cutting forces by its lubricating e ffect at the contact interface region and washing and cleaning the cutting region during machining from small chips. The two main reasons for using cutting fluids are cooling and lubrication.

Cutting Fluid as a Coolant:

The fluid characteristics and condition of use determine the coolant action of the cutting fluid, which improves the heat transfer at the shear zone between the cutting edge, work piece, and cutting fluid. The properties of the coolant in this case must include a high heat capacity to carry away heat and good thermal conductivity to absorb the heat from the cutting region. The water-based coolant emulsion with its excellent high heat capacity is able to reduce tool wear [44]. Cutting Fluid as a Lubricant:

The purpose is to reduce friction bet ween the cutting edge, rake face and the work piece material or reducing the cutting forces (tangential component). As the friction drops the heat generated is

dropped. As a result, the cutting tool wear rate is reduced and the surface finish is improved.

Cutting Fluid Properties

Free of perceivable odor

Preserve clarity throughout life

Kind and unirritated to skin and eyes.

Corrosion protection to the machine parts and work piece.

Cost effective in terms off tool life, safety, dilution ratio, and fluid lif e.

[1]

5.1.1 Cutting Fluid Types

There are two major categories of cutting fluids

Neat Cutting Oils

Neat cutting oils are poor in their coolant characteristics but have an excellent lubricity. They are applied by flooding the work area by a pump and re-circulated through a filter, tank and nozzles. This type is not diluted by water, and may contain lubricity and extreme-pressure additives to enhance their cutting performance properties. The usage of this type has been declining for their poor cooling ability, causing fire risk, proven to cause health and safety risk to the operator [1].

? Water Based or Water Soluble Cutting Fluids

This group is subdivided into three categories:

1.Emulsion ` mineral soluble' white-milky color as a result of emulsion of oil in

water. Contain from 40%-80% mineral oil and an emulsifying agent beside corrosion inhibitors, beside biocide to inhibit the bacteria growth.

2.Micro emulsion `semi-synthetic' invented in 1980's, has less oil concentration

and/or higher emulsifier ratio 10%-40% oil. Due to the high levels of

emulsifier the oil droplet size in the fluid are smaller which make the fluid more translucent and easy to see the work piece during operation. Other

important benefit is in its ability to emulsify any leakage of oil from the

machine parts in the cutting fluid, a corrosion inhibitors, and bacteria control.

3.Mineral oil free `synthetic' is a mix of chemicals, water, bacteria control,

corrosion inhibitors, and dyes. Does not contain any mineral oils, and

provides good visibility

.23 to the work piece. bare in mind that the lack of mineral oil in this type of cutting

fluid needs to take more attention to machine parts lubrication since it should not leave an oily film on the machine parts, and might cause seals degradation due the lack of protection.

5.1.2 Cutting Fluid Selection

Many factors influence the selection of cutting fluid; mainly work piece material, type of machining operation, machine tool parts, paints, and seals. Table 5-1 prepared at the machine tool industry res earch association [2] provides suggestions on the type of fluid to be used.

5.1.3 Coolant Management

To achieve a high level of cutting fluids performance and cost effectiveness, a coolant recycling system should be installed in the factory. This system will reduce the amount of new purchased coolant concentrate and coolant disposable, which will reduce manufacturing cost. It either done by the company itself or be rented out, depends on the budget and management policy of the company [1].

Table 5-1 Guide to the selection of cutting fluids for general workshop applications.

Machining operation Workpiece material

Free machining and low - carbon Medium- Carbon steels High Carbon and alloy steels Stainless

and heat

treated Grinding

Clear type soluble oil, semi synthetic or chemical Turning General purpose, soluble oil, semi synthetic or synthetic fluid Extreme-pressure

soluble oil,

semi-synthetic or

synthetic

fluid Milling General purpose, soluble oil, semi synthetic or synthetic Extreme- pressure soluble oil, semi- synthetic or synthetic Extreme-pressure

soluble oil,

semi-synthetic or

synthetic

fluid(neat cutting oils

may be

Drilling

Extreme- pressure soluble oil, semi- synthetic or Gear

Shapping Extreme-pressure soluble oil, Neat-cutting oils preferable Hobbing

Extreme-pressure soluble oil, semi-synthetic or synthetic fluid (neat cutting oils may be Neat-cutti ng oils Bratching

Extreme-pressure soluble oil, semi-synthetic or synthetic fluid (neat Tapping Extreme-pressure soluble oil, semi-synthetic or Neat-cutti

ng

preferable

Note: some entreis deliberately extend over two or more columns, indicating a

wide range of possible applications. Other entries are confined to a

specific class of work material.

Adopt ed f rom Edw ard and Wri ght [2]

5.2 Wear Mechanisms Under Wet High Speed M achining

It is a common belief that coolant usage in metal cutting reduces cutting

temperature and extends tools life. However, this research

showed that this is not necessarily true to be generalized over

cutting inserts materials. Similar research was ca rried out on

different cutting inserts materials and cutting conditions

supporting our results. Gu et al [36] have recorded a

difference in tool wear mechanisms between dry and wet

cutting of C5 milling inserts. Tonshoff et al [44] also

exhibited different wear mechanisms on AL 2O 3/TiC inserts in

machining ASTM 5115, when using coolants emulsions

compared to dry cutting. In addition, Avila and Abrao [20]

experienced difference in wear mechanisms activated at the

flank side, when using different coolants in t esting

AL 2O 3lTiC tools in machining AISI4340 steel. The wear

mechanisms and the behavior of the cutting inserts studied in

this research under wet high speed-machining (WHSM)

condition is not fully understood. Therefore, it was the

attempt of this research to focus on the contributions in

coating development and coating techniques of newly

developed materials in order to upgrade their performance at

tough machining conditions. This valuable research provides

insight into production timesavings and increase in

profitability. Cost reductions are essential in the competitive

global economy; thus protecting local markets and consisting

in the search of new ones.

5.3 Experimental Observations on Wear Mechanisms of Un-Coated

Cemented Carbide Cutting Inserts in High Speed Wet

Machining

In this section, the observed wear mechanisms are presented of uncoated cemented carbide tool (KC313) in machining ASTM 4140 steel under wet condition. The overall performance of cemented carbide under using emulsion coolant has been improved in terms of extending tool life and reducing machining cost. Different types of wear mechanisms were activated at flank side of cutting inserts as a result of using coolant emulsion during machining processes. This was due to the effect of coolant in reducing the average temperature of the cutting tool edge and shear zone during machining. As a result abrasive wear was reduced leading longer tool life. The materials of cutting tools behave differently to coolant because of their varied resistance to thermal shock. The following observations recorded the behavior of cemented carbide during high speed machining under wet cutting.

Figure

5-1 shows the flank side of cutting inserts used at a cutting speed of 180m/min. The SEM images were recorded after 7 minutes of machining. It shows micro-abrasion wear, which identified by the narrow grooves along the flank side in the direction of metal flow, supported with similar observations documented by Barnes and Pashby [41] in testing through-coolant-drilling inserts of aluminum/SiC metal matrix composite. Since the cutting edge is the weakest part of the cutting insert geometry, edge fracture started first due to the early non-smooth engagement between the tool and the work piece material. Also, this is due to stress concentrations that might lead to a cohesive failure on the transient filleted flank cutting wedge region [51, 52]. The same image of micro-adhesion wear can be seen at the side and tool indicated by the half cone

27 shape on the side of cutting tool. To investigate further, a zoom in view was taken at

the flank side with a magnification of 1000 times and presented in Figure 5-2A. It shows clear micro-abrasion wear aligned in the direction of metal flow, where the cobalt binder was worn first in a hi gher wear rate than WC grains which protruded as big spherical droplets. Figure 5-2B provides a zoom-in view that was taken at another location for the same flank side. Thermal pitting revealed by black spots in different depths and micro-cracks, propagated in multi directions as a result of using coolant. Therefore, theii~ial pitting, micro-adhesion and low levels of micro-abrasion activated under wet cutting; while high levels of micro-abrasion wear is activated under dry cutting (as presented in the prev ious Chapter).

Figure 5-3A was taken for a cutting insert machined at 150mlmin. It shows a typical micro-adhesion wear, where quantities of chip metal were adhered at the flank side temporarily. Kopac [53] exhibited similar finding when testing HSS-TiN drill inserts in drilling SAE1045 steel. This adhered metal would later be plucked away taking grains of WC and binder from cutting inserts material and the process continues. In order to explore other types of wear that might exist, a zoom-in view with magnification of 750 times was taken as shown in Figure5-3B. Figure 5-3B show two forms of wears; firstly, micro-thermal cracks indicated by perpendicular cracks located at the right side of the picture, and supported with similar findings of Deamley and Trent [27]. Secondly, micro-abrasion wear at the left side of the image where the WC grains are to be plucked away after the cobalt binder was severely destroyed by micro-abrasion. Cobalt binders are small grains and WC is the big size grains. The severe distort ion of the binder along with the WC grains might be due to the activation of micro-adhesion and micro-abrasion

Figure 5-1 SEM image of (KC313) showing micro abrasion and micro-adhesion (wet).

SEM micrographs of (KC313) at 180m/min showing micro-abrasion where cobalt binder was worn first leaving protruded WC spherical droplets (wet).

(a)SEM micrographs of (KC313) at 180m/min showing thermal pitting (wet).

Figure 5-2 Magnified views of (KC313) under wet cutting: (a) SEM micrographs of (KC313) at 180mlmin showing micro-abrasion where cobalt binder

was worn first leaving protruded WC spherical droplets (wet ), (b) SEM

micrographs of (KC313) at 180.m/min showing thermal pitting (wet ).

SEM image showing micro-adhesion wear mechanism under 150m/min (wet).

(a)SEM image showing micro-thermal cracks, and micro-abrasion.

Figure 5-3 Magnified views of (KC313) at 150m/min (wet): (a) SEM image showing micro-adhesion wear mechanism under 150m/min (wet), (b) SEM image showing micro-fatigue cracks, and micro-abrasion (wet).

Wear at the time of cutting conditions of speed and coolant introduction. Therefore, micro-fatigue, micro-abrasion, and micro-adhesion wear mechanisms are activated under wet condition, while high levels of micro-abrasion were observed under dry one.

Next, Figure 5-4A was taken at the next lower speed (120m/min). It shows build up edge (BUE) that has sustained its existence throughout the life of the cutting tool, similar to Huang [13], Gu et al [36] and Venkatsh et al [55]. This BUE has protected the tool edge and extended its life. Under dry cutting BUE has appeared at lower speeds (90 and 60 m/min), but when introducing coolant BUE started to develop at higher speeds, This is due to the drop in shear zone temperature that affected the chip metal fl ow over the cutting tool edge, by reducing the ductility to a level higher than the one existing at dry condition cutting. As a result, chip metal starts accumulating easier at the interface between metal chip flow, cutting tool edge and crater surface to form a BUE. In addition to BUE formation, micro-abrasion wear was activated at this speed indicated by narrow grooves.

To explore the possibility of other wear mechanisms a zoom-in view with a magnification of 3500 times was taken and shown in Figure 5-4B. Micro- fatigue is evident by propagated cracks in the image similar to Deamley and Trent [27] finding. Furthermore, Figure 5-4B shows indications of micro-abrasion wear, revealed by the abrasion of cobalt binder and the remains of big protruded WC grains. However, the micro-abrasion appeared at this speed of 120m/min is less severe than the same type of micro-wear observed at 150

机械手机械设计论文中英文资料对照外文翻译

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(机械制造行业)机械英文翻译

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机械专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)

外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are

机械类外文翻译

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机械类外文翻译

Visualization of PLC Programs using XML Abstract - Due to the growing complexity of PLC programs there is an increasing interest in the application of formal methods in this area. Formal methods allow rigid proving of system properties in verification and validation. One way to apply formal methods is to utilize a formal design approach in PLC programming. However, for existing software that has to be optimized, changed, or ported to new systems .There is the need for an approach that can start from a given PLC program. Therefore, formalization of PLC programs is a topic of current research. The paper outlines a re-engineering approach based on the formalization of PLC programs. The transformation into a vendor independent format and the visualization of the structure of PLC programs is identified as an important intermediate step in this process. It is shown how XML and corresponding technologies can be used for the formalization and visualization of an existing PLC program.

机械图纸中英文翻译汇总

近几年，我厂和英国、西班牙的几个公司有业务往来，外商传真发来的图纸都是英文标注，平时阅看有一定的困难。下面把我们积累的几点看英文图纸的经验与同行们交流。 1标题栏 英文工程图纸的右下边是标题栏（相当于我们的标题栏和部分技术要求），其中有图纸名称（TILE）、设计者（DRAWN）、审查者（CHECKED）、材料（MATERIAL）、日期（DATE）、比例（SCALE）、热处理（HEAT TREATMENT）和其它一些要求，如： 1)TOLERANCES UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIAL 未注公差。 2)DIMS IN mm UNLESS STATED 如不做特殊要求以毫米为单位。 3)ANGULAR TOLERANCE±1°角度公差±1°。 4)DIMS TOLERANCE±0.1未注尺寸公差±0.1。 5)SURFACE FINISH 3.2 UNLESS STATED未注粗糙度3.2。 2常见尺寸的标注及要求 2.1孔（HOLE）如： （1）毛坯孔：3"DIAO+1CORE 芯子3"0+1; （2）加工孔：1"DIA1"; （3）锪孔：锪孔(注C＇BORE=COUNTER BORE锪底面孔); （4）铰孔：1"/4 DIA REAM铰孔1"/4; （5）螺纹孔的标注一般要表示出螺纹的直径，每英寸牙数（螺矩）、螺纹种类、精度等级、钻深、攻深，方向等。如： 例1.6 HOLES EQUI-SPACED ON 5"DIA (6孔均布在5圆周上（EQUI-SPACED=EQUALLY SPACED均布） DRILL 1"DIATHRO＇ 钻1"通孔（THRO＇=THROUGH通） C/SINK22×6DEEP 沉孔22×6 例2.TAP7"/8-14UNF-3BTHRO＇ 攻统一标准细牙螺纹，每英寸14牙，精度等级3B级 （注UNF=UNIFIED FINE THREAD美国标准细牙螺纹） 1"DRILL 1"/4-20 UNC-3 THD7"/8 DEEP 4HOLES NOT BREAK THRO钻 1"孔，攻1"/4美国粗牙螺纹，每英寸20牙，攻深7"/8,4孔不准钻通（UNC=UCIFIED COARSE THREAD 美国标准粗牙螺纹）

机械设计外文翻译中英文

. 机械设计理论机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人 类需求的应用技术科形状和详细结构的基本主要研究产品的尺寸、学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。机械设进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。还必须在机械制设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，计是一项创造性的工作。材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。工程材料、图、运动学、发现和科技机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、如前所诉，知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效必须先确定人们是否需因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，益。要这种产品。系统分析应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决式更为重要。定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。当新的方而且愿意承担一定的风险，一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，所花费法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为为要求屏弃许多陈旧的，的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，一位机由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。人们所熟知的方法。在此过程中应该认真选择原有械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也就没如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。即使产不受各种约束。应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，在设计的初始阶段，只有也会在设计的早期，生了许多不切实际的想法，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。 .. . 设计人员的基本职责是努心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。因为实际上并不存在着一个对力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作过程。在开始另一个重要问题，设计工程师必须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和磋商。这一并得到批准。阶段，设计人员必须就初步设计同管理人员进行交流和磋商，，需要解决般是通过口头讨论，草图和文字材料进行的。为了进行有效的交流下列问题：）所设计的这个产品

机械外文翻译中英文

英文资料 Limits and Tolerances The breakage of the machine spare parts ,generally always from the surface layer beginning of .The function of the product ,particularly its credibility and durable ,be decided by the quantity of spare parts surface layer to a large extent. Purpose that studies the machine to process the surface quantity be for control the machine process medium various craft factor to process the surface quantity influence of regulation, in order to make use of these regulations to control to process the process, end attain to improve the surface quantity, the exaltation product use the function of purpose . The machine processes the surface quantity to use the influence of the function to the machine (A) The surface quantity to bear to whet the sexual influence 1.Rough degree of surface to bear to whet the sexual influence A just process vice-of two contact surfaces of good friction, the first stage is rough only in the surface of the peak department contact ,the actual contact area is much smaller than theoretical contact area, in contact with each other the peak of the units have very great stress, to produce actual contact with the surface area of plastic deformation, deformation and peak between the Department of shear failure, causing serious wear. Parts wear may generally be divided into three stages, the initial stage of wear and tear, normal wear and tear all of a sudden intense phase of stage wear. Parts of the surface roughness of the surface wear big impact. In general the smaller the value of surface roughness, wear better. However, surface roughness value is too small, lubricants difficult to store, contact between the adhesive-prone elements, wear it to increase. Therefore, the surface roughness of a best value, the value and parts of the work related to increased work load, the initial wear increased, the best rough surface is also increased. 2.Cold Working hardening the surface of the wear resistance Processing the Cold Work hardening the surface of the friction surface layer of metal microhardness increase, it will generally improve the wear resistance. Cold Working but not a higher degree of hardening, wear resistance for the better, because too much will lead to hardening of the Cold Working excessive loose organization of

机械专业相关词汇中英文翻译大全

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机械类英文文献+翻译)

机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels. Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing