英语翻译chapter 3
Chapter 3 Lexical Translation:
Abstraction & Specification
1. Introduction
No one is satisfied with his favoritism in his work.
Any discourtesy shown to Chinese persons by any official of the Government will be the cause for immediate dismissal.
人民都拥戴他/支持他。
她是一个冰雪聪明的女孩。
One’s own past may become a gradually increasing weight.
曲曲折折的荷塘上面，弥望的是田田的叶子。
Every life has its roses and thorns .
别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全，真是个顺风耳啊！
⑴要用英语和外国人交流，你还得提高你的口语水平。
⑵那我们谈谈文艺问题。
⑶那谈谈对目前文艺形式的感想，好吗？
3.1 The Features of the Chinese and the English languages:
3.2 Abstract into Concrete
EC Translation
A. Abstract nouns
A firm’s involvement in exporting products can range from a minimal commitment all the way to considering exports as necessary for the firm’s survival and growth.
The financing of the sale often involves bills of exchange and documentary credits.
There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems; more than transient everydayness. Advertisers must realize that people usually are motivated by the goal of satisfying some combination of two or more needs, and the needs may be both conscious and unconscious.
B. Abstract adverbs
No wonder the multinationals have been growing fantastically and now dominate many sections of the international market.
C. Abstract adjectives
Multinational corporations have become so dominant in some foreign markets that they are now object of political and economic scrutiny.
Because some hand gestures and body movements are acceptable in one culture yet deeply offensive in another culture, they are rarely an appropriate communications aid in international negotiations.
Throughout the past two decades, GATT (the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) has been increasingly preoccupied with the trading problems and needs of the developing countries, which account for more than two-thirds of its membership.
3.3 Concrete into Abstract:
暴力事件混乱状态
发展活动准确性
耐心态度过敏反应
傲慢态度解决方法
隔离政策不公正的现象
主要观光旅游场所波士顿的知识界人士
1) 逻辑引申
Our unique concept was a response to buyer needs, bringing greater reliability, higher-quality output, exceptional user-friendliness and operational ease.
You remind me very much of Lenin, whom I met in this very building fifty-two years ago.
The emergence of the peoples of the third world and their struggle for identity will lead to the flowering(开花，兴旺，繁荣) of diverse concepts of life in the future.
2) 语用引申
The new father wore a proud smile.
He started to his feet with the intention of awaking the sleepers, for there was no time to lose.
Clever heads than mine might have seen his drift（动向，趋势）
But I suspected that if I tried to release the wolf, she would turn aggressive and try to tear me to pieces.
3）修辞引申
See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next for weeks was never distinct.
Last night an uninvited guest turned up to make five for bridge. I had the kind of paper book at hand to make being the fifth at bridge a joy.
He wouldn’t tell them, but keep them in suspense all day.
Every time I come back from a business trip it makes a new man of me.
It is very much like communicating with an accurate robot who has a very small vocabulary and who takes everything literally.
4) 概念范围的调整
Poetry suffers in translation—and the reader suffers with it.
Tocello, which used to be lonely as a cloud, has recently become an outing from Venice.
How they bow to that Cleole because of her hundred thousand pounds!
5) 词义引申的层次
And now for the good news: Stockholm residents enjoy sunbathing in November. Antarctic tourism is booming. Siberia has become the world’s breadbasket.
In order to get a large amount of water power we need a large pressure and a large current.
A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses, his theories, and his conclusion.
3. 4 Discussion
●我们要重视沿海与内地的贫富差距问题。
●我们必须与腐败和各种不公正现象作斗争。
●你必须提出一些解决方案。
●想起他年轻时的一些事情，他心里感到安慰。
●他等着她来，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。
3.1.6 Summary
●抽象名词在英语中的使用相当普遍，在现代英语中它的重复率很高，而其词义多变，搭配灵活，
在很多文体中都能适用。英译汉时，要“化虚为实”，提高转换的可能性。汉语中有很多表示具体意义的名词，在翻译过程中要译成抽象名词，这是从译入语的表达习惯上去考虑的。
Chapter 3
翻译下列句子，注意词语的具体化、概括化和褒贬色彩
1. Because they know where they’ve come from, they know where they’re at, and they know where they’re going.
2. I committed myself to make up for past mistakes to fight corruption and injustices and to form a national government to carry out free election.
3. I’m afraid she’s too far from the cradle for you.
4. A conference of developing countries and richer industrialized states has convened in Washington, attempting to identify priorities for improving life among poor areas of the world.
5. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.
6. Even his closest colleagues profess not to know whether he is a hawk or a dove.
7. I was not one to let my heart rule my head.
8. Under those conditions, all international morality or international laws become impossible.
9. It is the champion of the colonial regime and of apartheid.
10. Your country is a consistent and resolute champion of all the people who struggle against imperialist aggression, oppression and tyranny.
1 翻译下列短文，注意词义的引申
Observing laws may help investors to gain the protection of the government which is the most powerful and dependable guarantee. But as no key can open every lock, codes can only deal with specific hazards. So it is necessary for personal experience and expert advice to make up for the weakness. Personal experience and expert advice include past performances, professional education and training, and communication with policy makers, facility owners and users. For years, personal experience and expert advice have been widely used in managing risk and have proved to be very useful and practicable. During the process of designing Shanghai Pudong Airport in 1995, a coastologist, after careful investigations and scientific analysis, came up with the suggestion that the airport should be built on the seabeach instead of behind the sea wall. Later this suggestion proved to be practicable and saved 360 million yuan. With the emergence of new computer-based tools new methods of managing risk are continuously coming out universities and research laboratories into general application. To achieve better safety and more benefits at reasonable costs people should also improve their self-qualities continuously to keep up with the technique development. In addition, both the government and the public should not only adopt a risk-based approach but also be fully prepared to deal effectively with potentially severe risks.
英语翻译3
(1)对于是否应该在大学期间详细规划自己的未来，学生们意见不一。 Students differ about whether they should have their future mapped out when they are still at university . 有的人认为对未来应该有一个明确的目标和详细的计划为日后可能遇到的挑战做好充分准备 Some think they should have a definite goal and detailed plan, so as to brace themselves for any challenges, 有的人则认为不用过多考虑未来，因为未来难以预料。 whereas some others think they don’t have to think much about the future , because future is full of uncertainties. (2)经过仔细检查，这位科学家得知自己患了癌症 After a very careful check-up ,the scientist was told he had got a fatal disease . 虽然知道自己将不久于人世，但他并没有抱怨命运的不公，而是准备好好利用剩下的日子 Although he knew that his life was ticking away ,instead of complaining about the fate ,the scientist decided to make the best of the remaining days , 加速推进由他和同事们共同发起的那个研究项目以提前结项。 and speed up the research project he and his colleagues initiated ,and have a shot at completing it ahead of schedule. (1)在火车站上，有一位老人给我讲述了他参加解放战争的经历，那些战斗故事对我有着极大的吸引力。 At the railway station , an old man told me his experience in the Liberation War , the fighting stories of which were of great fascination to me . 后来他上了车，列车从我身边隆隆地开走了。可那些故事仍然是那么清晰可见，对于英雄们的壮举，我钦佩不已。 Then he got up on the train and it roared past me . But the stories were so real and definite that I greatly marveled at the courageous deeds of those war heroes. (2)行之有效的环保政策不仅能创造良好的生态环境，还能大大降低能源消耗。 Effective environmental policy might bring about a good environment , as well as reducing energy consumption . 回顾这个地区近年来的发展情况，我们惊喜地发现地区政府强制实行的环保政策 Looking back on the recent development of this region , we find , to our pleasant surprise , that little exception has been taken to the environmental policy of the local government , 不但没有受到任何批评，还促使居民增强了环保意识，尽其所能节约能源。 and the policy has raised the environmental awareness of the local residents and prompted them to save energy as possible as they could. (1)随着婚礼的临近，苏珊变得非常焦虑。他说不清楚是什么让自既然如此烦恼。 As the wedding ceremony was approaching, Susan had become quite anxious. She could not pin down what exactly was troubling her. 在同好友凯特长谈了一次后，她才意识到，尽管自己已经28岁了 After a long talk with her close friend Kate, she realized that, although she was 28 years old, 但在感情方面还不够成熟，还没有为婚姻做好准备，也不知道这桩婚姻是否会给自己带来美满的家庭生活。she was not emotionally mature enough to be ready for marriage and she was not sure whether the marriage would guarantee her a happy family life.
英语原文及其翻译
Exploring Filipino School Counselors’ Beliefs about Learning Allan B. I. Bernardo [Abstract] School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement.But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreementwith 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors thatinfluence this process.A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors:(F1)social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs,and (F3) individual difference factors.The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement. [Key words]beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, Philippines School reform efforts in different parts of the world have focusedon students’learning. In particular,most school improvement programsnow aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive globaleconomy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). I n this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g.,Bransford,Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards.For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003;Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educational assessment systems (Black & Wiliam2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise,the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms ofwhether these are effectively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007). In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). Inthe United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all
(英语)英语翻译专项习题及答案解析含解析
（英语）英语翻译专项习题及答案解析含解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．美食是人们造访上海的乐趣之一。（visit） 2．街头艺术家运用创意将鲜艳明亮的色彩带进了老社区。（bring） 3．在你生命中，如果有一个人你需要对他说对不起，那么就去向他道歉吧。（apology）4．这个游戏的独特之处在于它让孩子学会如何应对现实生活中的问题。（what） 5．申请材料需要精心准备，这样你心仪的学校才会对你的能力有全面、准确地了解。（in order that） 【答案】 1．Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2．Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3．If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4．What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5．The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【解析】 【分析】 1．本句重点考察两个知识点。一个是乐趣之一，说明此处的乐趣应该用复数，必须是可数名词，因此选择pleasure。另一个是题目中给出的visit，需要谨慎处理，是用做动词还是名词。此处我们给出一个时间状语从句when people visit Shanghai，同时还可使用其他从句进行处理。所以答案是Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2．本题难度不大，重点是明亮的色彩的表达，可以使用bright colors, 也可以使用bright and vivid colors. 所以答案是Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3．本题考查there be + 定语从句从而构成条件状语从句。另外考察“道歉”用“make apology to sb.”。所以答案是If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4．本题考察what引导的主语从句，以及“be peculiar to”的用法。所以答案是What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5．本题主要考固定词组的掌握，为了使用in order that引导出的目的状语从句。另外也考查 preferred school，have…knowledge/ understanding of…，overall，accurate等。所以答案是The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【考点定位】翻译句子
英语翻译3--5
Translation Exercises 3 1.There are two classes of people: the selfish and the selfless; these are respected, while those are looked down upon. 有两种人：自私的人和无私的人；前者招人唾弃，后者受人尊重。 2．Chinese thinkers of the pre-Qin days (over 2,000 years ago) advanced the doctrine “loving people and treating neighbors kindly are most valuable to a country”. 先秦时代（大约2000年以前）的中国学者提出学说“关爱别人，友善邻里是一个 国家最宝贵的东西。” 3.Men and nations working apart created these problems: men and nations working together must solve them. 人民和国家分离开来产生了这些问题，人民和国家团结起来一定能解决问题。 4. He was astounded but highly pleased that the man who presided over the destinies of the mighty British Empire should come pleading to him. 他很震惊但非常高兴主持英帝国命运之神的人将迎接他。 5. He put forward some new ideas to challenge the interest of all concerned. 他提出一些新的想法去挑战所有人都关心的利益。 6. A shy, retiring man known to his Columbia University students as a dull lecturer, he had the brilliance of mind that made him the teacher of his time, respected by presidents and philosophers alike. 被哥伦比亚大学学生认为迟钝的羞涩的退休老人有卓越的才华，这使他成为当时的学者，被院长和类似的哲学家尊重。 7. This was the last place the colonialists would leave, for in it lay riches and natural resources. 这是殖民主义者最后被解放的地方，因为这儿有丰富的自然资源。
文献翻译英文原文
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ac8045315.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
英语翻译题目及答案
1)你应该适当花一点时间休息和锻炼。(reasonable) You should spend a reasonable amount of time relaxing and exercising. 2) 总的来说，孩子们比过去任何时候都更健康，受到了更好的教育。(in general) In general, children are healthier and better educated than ever before. 3) 待适当的机会来临，他就能抓住。(come along) Wh en the right opportunity comes along, he’ll take it. 4）每天他都留出点时间跟家人在一起，享受生活。(set aside) Every day he sets aside some time to be with his family and enjoy life 5) 我记得那些黑暗的街道以及同父亲手拉手走路的情景。(hand in hand) I remember those dark streets and walking hand in hand with my father 6) 他最终辜负了父母的期望。(live up to) He finally failed to live up to his parents’ expectations. 相比之下，我们的用油量大幅度上升了。(in contrast) In contrast, our use of oil has increased enormously. 8) 经过努力，他成功地克服了自己的致命弱点。(overcome) He succeeded in his efforts to overcome his fatal weakness. 1) 人们认为，悲观常常会导致绝望、疾病和失败。 It is believed that pessimism often leads to hopelessness, sickness and failure. 2) 与此相反，乐观主义能使你幸福、健康和成功。 Optimism, by contrast, can make you happy, healthy and successful. 3) 当你做某件事失败时，把失败当作一种学习的经历从中汲取益处。 When you fail in something, profit from the failure as a learning experience ) 在问题或困难面前，要想想自己的长处并树立起自信心。 Think about your strengths and build up self-confidence in front of problems or difficulties. 5) 不要让消极的想法阻碍你。 Don’t let negative thoughts hold y ou back. 6) 每个人都经历过失败和失望，因此不要过多地责怪自己。 Everyone has experienced failures and disappointments, so don’t blame yourself too much. 1) She wore a dress ____with a pattern of rose__________ (有玫瑰图案) on it. 2) Helen had ____prepared a wonderful/good meal for us_ (为我们准备了一顿丰盛的饭菜). 3) Ann _______promised faithfully___ (信誓旦旦地保证) that she would never tell. 4) Could you ____deliver this letter__ (把这封信送到) to the accounts department? 5) We were offered ____a selection of milk and plain____chocolate (精选的牛奶巧克力和纯巧克力). 6) Tell the children to ___keep out of mischief / behave themselves_____(别胡闹). 7) We could hear _____the sound of distant thunder_____ (远处打雷的声音). 8) The project has now __received approval from the government (得到政府的批准). 9) Kelly loved her husband ____in spite of the fact that he drank too much (虽然他喝酒太多). 10) Experts seem unable to ____agree whether the drug is safe or not_ (就这个药是否安全取得一致意见). 1. Not every bomb has hit its target. 并非每个炸弹都击中了目标。 2. We can have one or the other but not both simultaneously. 我们能够得到其中一个，但不能同时两个都有。 3. She wanted nothing more than work. 她只想要工作。 4. You cannot be too careful. 你越仔细越好。 5. I have yet to receive an apology from a child who just ran over my foot while chasing a sibling. 有个小孩在追逐自家的兄弟姐妹时踩了我的脚，却仍未向我道歉。 1. 并非所有父母都和你一样能提供很多情况。 Not all parents are as informative as you
英语原文及翻译
高速视频处理系统中的信号完整性分析 摘要：结合高速DSP图像处理系统讨论了高速数字电路中的信号完整性问题，分析了系统中信号反射、串扰、地弹等现象破坏信号完整性的原因，通过先进IS工具的辅助设计，找出了确保系统信号完整性的具体方法。 关键词：高速电路设计信号完整性 DSP系统 深亚微米工艺在IC设计中的使用使得芯片的集成规模更大、体积越来越小、引脚数越来越多；由于近年来IC工艺的发展，使得其速度越来越高。从而，使得信号完整性问题引起电子设计者广泛关注。 在视频处理系统中，多维并行输入输出信号的频率一般都在百兆赫兹以上，而且对时序的要求也非常严格。本文以DSP图像处理系统为背景，对信号完整性进行准确的理论分析，对信号完整性涉及的典型问题[1]——不确定状态、传输线效应、反射、串扰、地弹等进行深入研究，并且从实际系统入手，利用IS仿真软件寻找有效的途径，解决系统的信号完整性问题。 1 系统简介 为了提高算法效率，实时处理图像信息，本图像处理系统是基于DSP+FPGA结构设计的。系统由SAA7111A视频解码器、TI公司的TMS320C6701 DSP、Altera公司的EPlK50QC208 FPGA、PCI9054 PCI接口控制器以及SBRAM、SDRAM、FIFO、FLASH等构成。FPGA是整个系统的时序控制中心和数据交换的桥梁，而且能够对图像数据实现快速底层处理。DSP是整个系统实时处理高级算法的核心器件。系统结构框图如图1所示。 在整个系统中，PCB电路板的面积仅为15cm×l5cm，系统时钟频率高达167MHz，时钟沿时间为0．6ns。由于系统具有快斜率瞬变和极高的工作频率以及很大的电路密度，使得如何处理高速信号问题成为一个制约设计成功的关键因素。 2 系统中信号完整性问题及解决方案 2．1 信号完整性问题产生机理 信号的完整性是指信号通过物理电路传输后，信号接收端看到的波形与信号发送端发送的波形在容许的误差范围内保持一致，并且空间邻近的传输信号间的相互影响也在容许的范围之内。因此，信号完整性分析的主要目标是保证高速数字信号可靠的传输。实际信号总是存在电压的波动，如图2所示。在A、B两点由于过冲和振铃[2]的存在使信号振幅落入阴影部分的不确定区，可能会导致错误的逻辑电平发生。总线信号传输的情况更加复杂，任何一个信号发生相位上的超前或滞后都可能使总线上数据出错，如图3所示。图中，CLK为时钟信号，D0、D1、D2、D3是数据总线上的信号，系统允许信号最大的建立时间[1]为△t。在正常情况下，D0、D1、D2、D3信号建立时间△t1<△t，在△t时刻之后数据总线的数据已稳定，系统可以从总线上采样到正确的数据，如图3(a)所示。相反，当信号D1、D2、D3受过冲和振铃等信号完整问题干扰时，总线信号就发生
全新版大学英语3翻译
1.我们的计算机系统出了毛病，但我觉得问题比较小 We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it is fairly minor. 2.父亲去世时我还小，不能独立生活。就在那时，家乡的父老乡亲接过了养育我的责任 My father died when I was too young to live on my own. The people of my hometown took over responsibility for my upbringing at that point. 3.这些玩具必须得在达到严格的安全要求后才可以出售给儿童 The toys have to meet strict safety requirements before they can be sold to children. 4为新闻和舆论的载体，广播和电视补充了而不是替代了报纸 Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriers of new and opinion. 5.至于这本杂志，它刊载了世界各地许多报纸杂志上文章的摘要 When it comes to this magazine, it is a digest of articles from many newspapers and magazines around the world.. 1.虽然受到全球金融危机后果的巨大影响，但是我们仍然相信我们能够面对挑战，克服危机。Though greatly affected by the consequences of the global financial crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis. 2.在持续不断的沙尘暴的威胁下，我们被迫离开我们喜爱的村庄，搬迁到新的地方 Under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement. 3.根据最近的网上调查，许多消费者说他们也许会有兴趣考虑购买电视广告中播放的产品According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider buying products shown in TV commercials. 4.看到卡车司机把污染的废弃物倒在河边，老人马上向警方报告 Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once. 5.一些科学家坚信人们总有一天会喜欢转基因农作物的，因为它们能够提高产量，帮助发展中国家战胜饥荒和疾病 Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world. 1.无论是在农村还是城市，因特网正在改变人们的生活方式 The Internet is changing the way people live, no matter whether they are in urban or rural areas. 2.和大公司相比，中小公司更容易受到全球经济危机的威胁 Medium-sized and small companies are more vulnerable to the threat of the global economic crisis than large ones. 关于期末论文，教授要求我们先分析失业图表，然后对国家的经济发展提供批评性的见解With regard to our term papers, the professor asked us to analyze the chart of unemployment first, and then provide critical reflections on the nation’s economic development. 4.她从来也没有想到他们队会以大比分赢得那场篮球赛 It never occurred to him that their team would win the basketball match by a large margin. 5.回顾二十年的中学教学，我把我的成功归结为耐心，才能和不断对知识的不断追求Looking back on my twenty years’ teaching in high school, I attributed my success to patience,
英文翻译(原文)
GRA VITY RETAINING?WALL 1. INTRODUCTION Retaining walls are structures used to provide stability for earth or other material where conditions disallow the mass to assume its natural slope, and are commonly used to hold back or support soilbanks,coal or ore piles, and water. Retaining walls are classified, based on the method of achieving stability, into six principal types (Fig.1). The gravity-wall depends upon its weight, as the name implies, for stability. The cantilever wall is a reinforced-concrete wall that utilizes cantilever action to retain the mass behind the wall from assuming a natural slope. Stability of this wall is partially achieved from the weight of soil on the heel portion of the base slab. A counterfort retaining wall is similar to a cantilever retaining wall, except that it is used where the cantilever is long or for very high pressures behind wall and has counterforts, which tie the wall and base together, built at intervals along the wall to reduce the bending moments and sheers. As indicated in Fig.1c, the counterfort is behind the wall and subjected to tensile forces. A buttressed retaining wall is similar to a counterfort wall, except that the bracing is in front of the wall and is in compression instead of tension. Two other types of walls not considered further are crib walls, which are built-up members of pieces of precast concrete, metal, or timber and are supported by anchor pieces embedded in the soil for stability, and semigravity walls, which are walls intermediate between a true gravity and a cantilever wall. (a)(b)(e)
英语翻译专项习题及答案解析含解析
英语翻译专项习题及答案解析含解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Directions：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．晚上别喝太多的咖啡，会睡不着觉的。（or） 2．事实证明，保持快乐的心态会降低得心脏病的风险。（It） 3．乐观的人不会过分怀念美好的旧时光，因为他们正忙着创造新的回忆。（create）4．追求稳定并不是什么坏事，很多时候这样的态度在促使我们提升自我、挑战难度、攀登高峰。（when） 【答案】 1．Don’t drink too much coffee at night, or you won’t be able to sleep. 2． It is proved that keeping a happy mind reduces the risk of heart diseases. 3．Optimistic people don’t miss the good old days too much, because they are busy creating new memories. 4． The pursuit of stability is not a bad thing. (and) There are many times when such an attitude drives us to improve ourselves, challenge difficulties, and climb peaks. 【解析】 【分析】 本题考查翻译，用括号所给的词将中文翻译成英文。翻译要注意句子的时态和语法的运用。 1．考查祈使句。祈使句 + and/or，前面的祈使句表示条件，or或and引导的分句表示结果这里表示转折关系，故用or。故答案为Don’t drink too much coffee at night, or you won’t be able to sleep. 2．考查名词性从句。翻译时句中用it作形式主语，真正的主语为从句thatkeeping a happy mind reduces the risk of heart diseases.，从句翻译时要注意动名词作主语。故答案为It is proved that keeping a happy mind reduces the risk of heart diseases. 3．考查动词。翻译时注意短语be busy doing忙于做……，时态用一般现在时。故答案为Optimistic people don’t miss the good old days too much, because they are busy creating new memories. 4．考查定语从句。先行词为times，在定语从句中作时间状语，故用关系副词when引导。故答案为The pursuit of stability is not a bad thing. (and) There are many times when such an attitude drives us to improve ourselves, challenge difficulties, and climb peaks. 2．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．即使天气再热，也不要整天待在空调房间里。(stay) 2．一旦一个人学会了换位思考，就表明他正在走向成熟。(indicate) 3．直到他听了那个讲座才意识到自己对于该领域的知识是如此的匮乏。(It)