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Memo_China%20Foreign%20Investment[1]

中华全国律师协会路伟国际律师事务所

ACLA Lovells

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Prepared by Lovells for instructional and reference purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice. All rights

ACLA-Lovells Foreign Investment Memo Template (English Only)

"O VERVIEW OF C OMMON F OREIGN I NVESTMENT V EHICLES AND

T RANSACTION S TRUCTURES IN C HINA —O RIGINAL N OTE AND A DDENDUM "

(Prepared by Lovells for instructional and reference purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice. All rights

reserved. Last updated in July 2004. All content involving interpretation of the laws of the People's Republic of China reflects

the results of consultation with EastBright Law Firm.)

This sample memo has been prepared as part of the All China Lawyers Association ("ACLA ") -

Lovells Legal Skills Training Series ("Training Series "), which have covered skills ranging from

contract/memo drafting, commercial negotiation, law firm management and corporate law

department management. Since the first ACLA-Lovells Legal Skills Training Seminar in January

2003, more than 2,500 lawyers from law firms and corporate law departments all over China have

attended over 250 hours of live training programmes prepared and presented by senior lawyers

from Lovells International Law Firm and Chinese legal practitioners.

If you have any comments or suggestions regarding this sample memo, please contact the two

chief instructors of the Training Series: Robert Lewis (Foreign Expert, ACLA Education

Committee/Managing Partner, Lovells Beijing) at robert.lewis@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a314962078.html, ; or John Jiang

(Director, ACLA-Lovells Legal Skills Training Series/Partner, EastBright) at john.jiang@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a314962078.html, .

For information on DVDs, audio PowerPoint presentations and transcripts of prior ACLA-Lovells

training seminars as well as information on future ACLA-Lovells training seminars and similar

training products (including additional bilingual standard contract templates), please contact the

ACLA Training Department by email at acla@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a314962078.html, , or cle@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a314962078.html, .

A Microsoft Word version of this template is available together with the audio PowerPoint

presentation of "Seminar on Contract and Legal Memo Drafting" on a CD-ROM, published by the

All China Lawyer's Association. Please contact the ACLA Training Department by email at acla@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a314962078.html, , or cle@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a314962078.html, for details.

中华全国律师协会路伟国际律师事务所

ACLA Lovells 2

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Prepared by Lovells for instructional and reference purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice. All rights

律协-路伟涉外咨询文书范本系列简介

"O VERVIEW OF C OMMON F OREIGN I NVESTMENT V EHICLES AND

T RANSACTION S TRUCTURES IN C HINA —O RIGINAL N OTE AND A DDENDUM "

(此范本文书由路伟律师事务所起草，仅供教学与参考之用，不得解释为法律意见。所有权利保留。最后一次更新时间2004年7

月。本文中所有涉及中国法律解释的内容均由东易律师事务所提供咨询。)

本咨询文书范本系列是中华全国律师协会-路伟国际律师事务所法律技能培训项目(“培训项目”)的专

题之一。从2003年1月律协和路伟合作举办第一次法律技能培训班以来，来自全国各地的2500多名

律师和企业法律顾问参加了由路伟资深国际律师和中国律师事务所资深律师主讲的250多个课时的

培训课程。培训项目的内容涉及合同/法律咨询文书制作、商业谈判、律师事务所管理以及企业法

律部门管理等等。

如果您对本咨询文书范本有任何看法或建议，请通过电子邮件与培训项目的两位主讲律师联系：

吕立山(全国律协教育委员会外国专家/路伟律师事务所北京办事处主任) robert.lewis@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a314962078.html,

江宪胜(律协-路伟法律技能培训项目专员/东易律师事务所合伙人) john.jiang@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a314962078.html,

本咨询文书范本的Microsoft Word 版本载于中华全国律师协会推出的“合同及法律咨询文书制作培

训”录音-幻灯片VCD 光盘。有兴趣订购者可通过电子邮件与中华全国律师协会培训部联系： acla@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a314962078.html,; cle@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a314962078.html,

如果您想了解有关律协-路伟培训项目的其他DVD 录像光盘、VCD 录音-幻灯片光盘、授课讲稿，

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地址与中华全国律师协会培训部联系。

O VERVIEW OF C OMMON F OREIGN I NVESTMENT V EHICLES AND

T RANSACTION S TRUCTURES IN C HINA

O RIGINAL N OTE AND A DDENDUM

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared by Lovells for instructional and reference purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice. All rights

O VERVIEW OF C OMMON F OREIGN I NVESTMENT V EHICLES

AND

T RANSACTION S TRUCTURES IN C HINA

1. I NVESTMENT I N C HINA

China’s re-entry into the World Trade Organisation (“WTO”) in December 2001 represented a fundamental shift in China’s commercial and legal environment. A new wave of foreign investment is now permitted as China begins to open certain industry segments, particularly in the services sector, that previously were closed to foreign participation. Whereas previously only major multi-national corporations were equipped to manage the complexities of investment in China, more and more small- and medium-sized foreign enterprises are entering China as it becomes the workshop for the world, increasingly in high technology areas as well as in more traditional manufactured goods.

Operations of multinational corporations in China are becoming increasingly more localized, and Chinese enterprises are becoming increasingly sophisticated and internationalized. Certain remnants of the old centrally-planned economy have not yet been fully discarded, but the direction of change in China continues to be positive and the pace of change continues to be remarkable. Thus, while conducting business in China is still challenging, the market and regulatory environment continues to improve, keeping pace with the growing importance of China as a manufacturing centre and consumer market.

1.1 WTO

In connection with its re-entry into the WTO, in addition to a schedule of tariff reductions China has agreed to certain market access undertakings in key service sectors, including telecommunications, insurance, banking, trade, distribution and logistics, etc. In the majority of these sectors, foreign investment and participation is to follow a schedule whereby initial investment caps and business scope and geographic scope limitations are gradually liberalized over a period of several years. Implementing regulations may impose additional practical restrictions, but these WTO service sector commitments do represent a major step forward in the overall opening of China to foreign investment.

1.2 Foreign Investment Framework

China's WTO commitments are reflected in the Foreign Investment Guidance Catalogue ("Catalogue"), which lists various types of foreign investment projects under the following category heads: encouraged, restricted and prohibited. All foreign investment projects not included in the Catalogue are considered to be permitted.

Establishment of foreign-invested enterprises ("FIEs") all require approval of the Ministry of Commerce ("MOFCOM") (the successor in powers and authorities of the former Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation), or its local counterpart, the provincial or municipal Commission of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation ("COFTEC"). While the process is well established, and the foreign investment vehicles in China are considered stable, MOFCOM and the local COFTEC do have some discretion in certain aspects of the FIE approval process.

Production-oriented FIEs with a minimum 25% foreign investment are currently entitled to certain tax incentives (see Section 3.2 below). FIEs with at least 25% foreign investment also have greater access to foreign loans (including shareholder loans from the foreign _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared by Lovells for instructional and reference purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice. All rights

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Prepared by Lovells for instructional and reference purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice. All rights

parent) with no practical interference by Chinese foreign exchange regulatory authorities.

Foreign investors can invest less than 25% of the equity in a Chinese-registered company,

but such investment vehicles do not qualify as FIEs or for the favourable tax and foreign

exchange treatment described above.

C OMMON I NVESTMENT V EHICLES 2.1 Representative Office

The most basic form of foreign business presence in China is the Representative Office.

A China Representative Office provides a permanent base from which its resident

personnel may conduct local sales and purchasing activities. As a practical matter, it is

desirable, and in most cases necessary, to establish a formal Representative Office for a

foreign company to do the following in China:

? Open an office with company signage

? Print company business cards showing local contact information

? Open bank accounts

? Import office equipment and supplies

? Import personal effects of resident company representatives, and

? Hire Chinese employees.

Representative Offices are prohibited from engaging in “direct business operations” and

violations may result in fines and the closure of the office. There is no precise definition

of “direct business operations”. However, it is clear that the Representative Office may

not directly enter into contracts with a view to making profits nor may it directly invest in

the PRC with a view to making profits.

[For more information on representative offices, please see Outline of Basic Legal and Practical Issues in Respect of the Establishment of a Representative Office ]

2.2

Equity Joint Ventures

The Equity Joint Venture (“EJV ”) is probably the most common of the foreign investment

vehicles in China.

(a) Legal Form

EJVs are limited liability legal person entities. The concept of limited liability now

appears to be both settled and respected in China and conforms substantially to

international custom and practice.

(b) Capital Contributions

Capital contributions to an EJV (which are referred to as the "registered capital")

must be made in cash, patented and unpatented technology, materials and

equipment and other property rights. However a recent circular released by State

Administration of Foreign Exchange ("SAFE ") has loosened the restrictions to

allow foreign parties to make capital contribution in assets other than those listed

above, such as the proceeds of investments (released through liquidation, share

transferring, capital reduction etc.) from FIEs it has previously invested in. The

investors must share the profits and bear the losses of the EJV in proportion to

their respective equity contribution percentages. The ratio of debt to equity and

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Prepared by Lovells for instructional and reference purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice. All rights

the timing of equity contributions must conform to applicable PRC legal

requirements.

(c)

Management and Operation An EJV functions substantially as a corporation in Western jurisdictions, with a

board of directors and a general management office operating under the

supervision and direction of the board. However, an EJV also shares many

characteristics of a partnership in that the directors are appointed by the parties in

general proportion to the investors’ respective equity shares. There is no concept

of a Shareholders meeting in an EJV (or any FIE) with power being concentrated

at the board level. Also, equity interests can be transferred only with the consent

of the other investors, and certain other fundamental activities require unanimous

Board resolutions to be validly executed.

[For more information on joint ventures, please see Outline of Basic Legal Issues in Respect of the Establishment of Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures .]

2.3 Cooperative Joint Ventures

(a) Forms of Cooperative Joint Ventures (“CJVs”)

In the past, CJVs took one of two different forms: a “true” CJV which did not

involve the creation of a legal person that was separate and distinct from the

contracting parties; and a “legal person” CJV in which a separate business entity

was established and the parties’ liability was generally limited to their capital

contributions.

In the case of a “true” CJV, each party was responsible for making its own

contributions to the venture, paying its own taxes on profit derived from the

venture and bearing its own liability for risks and losses. In contrast, a “legal

person” CJV, the more prevalent form today, shares more of the characteristics of

an EJV. The "true" CJV is a rare animal in today's market as few investors are

willing to entertain the prospect of unlimited liability. For purposes of this overview,

we will discuss only the "legal person" CJV structure.

(b) Parties' Investments

The primary difference between a CJV and an EJV is that parties to a CJV,

instead of or in addition to contributing to the registered capital, may provide

“cooperative conditions” that may consist of access to or use of certain assets

and/or rights that cannot be or are not assigned formally to the CJV, such as

market access rights or undertakings to supply certain services or cooperation

that will promote the business prospects of the CJV. In the most common

scenario, the Chinese party provides such non-equity “cooperative conditions” in

exchange for an agreed share of the profits, while the foreign party contributes

most or all of the true registered capital in the form of cash or other permitted in-

kind contributions.

The distribution of profits from a CJV does not have to conform rigidly to the ratio

of the parties' capital contributions. Consequently, CJVs are considerably more

flexible than EJVs, permitting schemes whereby the profit-sharing of the parties is

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Prepared by Lovells for instructional and reference purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice. All rights

not necessarily tied to the value of the contributions. Unlike EJVs, CJVs are

expressly permitted to distribute dividend in kind as well as cash.

(d) Management and Operation

A CJV must either have a board of directors or a joint management office. In

practice “legal person” CJVs typically adopt the board of directors model. The CJV

law also permits the management of a CJV to be delegated to a third party with

government approval. This arrangement has been the standard mode of

operation for the hotel industry but could be utilised in other industries as well,

although this is not so common.

(e) Recoupment of Investment

It is permitted in CJV contracts, subject to approval, to provide that the foreign

party may recoup its equity investment prior to the expiration of the term provided

that if the foreign party has already recovered its investment, all of the fixed assets

of the joint venture will revert to the Chinese party upon termination of the CJV. In

other cases, liquidation will be handled with reference to the procedures

applicable to EJVs.

[For more information on joint ventures, please see Outline of Basic Legal Issues in Respect of the Establishment of Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures .]

2.4 Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises

(a) Permitted Industries

In connection with China’s re-entry into the WTO, certain previous requirements

that a WFOE be a high-technology or export-oriented (with more than 50% of

products exported) production (but not service) enterprise have now been relaxed,

and WFOEs are permitted in a broader range of categories. However, where the

Catalogue or other PRC laws and regulations specifically refers to a joint venture

requirement, WFOEs may not be possible.

(b) Parties Involved

The foreign investor in a WFOE does not need to negotiate with a Chinese

enterprise matters such as the scope of operation, number of workers, percentage

of exports and changes in control or ownership of the business. A WFOE will

therefore be easier to establish and exit from than an EJV or CJV. In fact, in the

past few years, the WFOE has become the foreign investment vehicle of choice,

accounting now for more than half of all foreign investment in China.

Responsibility for the daily operations of a WFOE lies solely with its own

management, although financial reports must be filed regularly with the PRC tax

and financial authorities. However, such filings are for regulatory purposes only,

and PRC law prohibits interference in operation and management activities of a

WFOE pursuant to its approved articles of association ("AA ").

(d) Approval and Capitalization

Outline of Basic Legal Issues in Respect of the Establishment of Sino-Foreign

Joint Ventures relating to permitted industry sectors (Section 2.1), government

approvals (Section 2.2) preferential treatment for FIEs (Section 2.3), scope of

business (Section 2.4), capitalization (Section 3.2) and term of operation and

operating licenses (Section 3.5) also apply generally to WFOEs.

2.5 Holding Companies

(a) Scope of Holding Company Operations

For a foreign company with many investments in China, a holding company

structure can provide many advantages such as centralised management,

employment, marketing and distribution. Upon approval by the relevant authority,

a holding company may also balance foreign exchange within the group and hold

other group companies’ interests in other Chinese investments. In recent years,

the scope of permitted holding company activities has been expanded to include

R&D, buy-sell distribution and systems integration, technical training, test

marketing and holding shares in companies limited by shares, in each case

subject to certain consents and approvals.

(b) Qualifications

To establish a holding company the regulations set out high threshold tests. The

registered capital of the proposed holding company must be at least US$30

million and must be used for new investments (i.e. you cannot use it to buy-in the

interest in FIEs brought under its mantle). For a wholly-foreign owned holding

company, the applicant foreign company must have (i) had total assets in the year

prior to application of not less than US$400 million, (ii) already established FIEs in

China with paid-up capital of more than US$10 million and (iii) secured approval

for at least three more projects or, alternatively established more than ten FIEs

each with a paid up capital of more than US$10 million.

2.6 Alternative Investment Structures

(a) Acquisition of Equity Share in Existing FIE

As an alternative to establishment of a new FIE or as part of an overall acquisition

transaction involving entities in China, it is possible to acquire the registered

capital in an existing FIE held by a domestic or foreign investor. The other

party(ies) to an EJV or CJV have a pre-emptive right to acquire the equity share of

the proposed transferor, and have absolute consent rights to any transfer

generally. All transfers of registered capital in any FIE additionally require

amendment to the AA of the FIE, unanimous approval of the FIEs board of

directors and approval of the local COFTEC (or in some cases, MOFCOM).

Consequently, the transfer of registered capital in any FIE, including a WFOE, is

more complex than a simple transfer of shares in an off-shore corporate entity

generally, and the transfer of registered capital in an EJV or CJV is even more

complex as it invites a possible renegotiation of the AA as a condition to the

transfer. Tax and other related issues in respect of the sale of an equity interest in

an FIE are discussed in Section 5.1 below.

(b) Acquisition of Off-shore Vehicle

Many financial or strategic investors planning to do private placement capital

raises in anticipation of an eventual public offering set up an off-shore special

purpose vehicle ("SPV") in a tax-efficient jurisdiction to be the named foreign

investor in the FIE. Even many multinational strategic investors not planning for a

potential exit from the investment may also utilize an off-shore SPV for their China

investments for internal management purposes. Instead of selling its interests in

the FIEs concerned, the foreign investor may sell its shares in the off-shore SPV

which holds the FIE interests in China. Consents and approvals of such sale of

off-shore SPV interest are not required, as PRC law is not directly applicable to

such transaction.

However, since EJVs and CJVs operate in many respects as a partnership (and

good partner relationships are the key to the success of any such EJV or CJV),

and since the new investor may wish to negotiate amendments to the AA of the

EJV or CJV in any event as a condition to the acquisition of the SPV shares

(which will require board and COFTEC approvals), it is as a practical matter

necessary and desirable for each new investor in the SPV to cultivate a positive

working relationship with, and obtain at least tacit consent of, the other investors

before concluding the investment.

Acquisition of the shares in an off-shore SPV holding all of the registered capital of

a WFOE, of course, is much simpler. However, given the ease with which a new

WFOE can be set up, the circumstances in which acquisition of the SPV's indirect

interest in an existing WFOE will, as a practical matter, be simpler may be limited.

To establish a branch office of a foreign company in China, significant

prerequisites have to be fulfilled. Among other requirements, the applicant must

have had a Representative Office in China for over two (2) years and the

minimum working capital of the branch office must exceed US$10 million. A

branch office will not have legal person status and as such, as in the West, its

parent company will be held liable for its activities. Certain branch office

restrictions have recently been lifted in compliance with WTO provisions, which

will allow foreign companies to establish liaison offices for a local parent company.

However, approval of branch offices for other purposes is, at present, rarely given

and then only in certain industries such as banking and insurance.

(d) Foreign Invested Company Limited by Shares ("FICLS")

An FICLS essentially is a blend between an EJV and a Western stock company or

public company. An FICLS is governed by a board of directors which is

subordinate to the shareholders. For an FICLS, the board of directors must be

established in addition to the supervisory board consisting of representatives of

the shareholders and employees. Compared to EJVs, some of the advantages of

an FICLS include having perpetual existence and no requirement of unanimous

consent of “shareholders” as is required in EJVs. The foreign investor is required

to hold more than 25% of the total shares of the FICLS to qualify as an FIE. An

FICLS can be established by way of promotion with a minimum of US$30 million

of paid up capital. However, if the FICLS is set up by way of public share offering

the total investment will be substantially higher. Unlike FIEs, FICLS can, with

approval, be listed on a recognised PRC stock exchange, or even offer shares _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared by Lovells for instructional and reference purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice. All rights

overseas. Guidelines issued by MOFCOM indicate that promoters may be jointly

and severally liable to pay for the shares of an FICLS in full.

(e) Acquisition of Shares in State-owned Companies (Direct Cross-Border M&A)

Corporate law in China generally did not contemplate direct cross-border merger

and acquisition ("M&A") investments until recently (below Section 2.6(f)). In

addition, many foreign investors have been reluctant to take on the liabilities of

existing state-owned enterprises ("SOEs"). Consequently most FIE deals

involving SOEs have taken the form of asset acquisitions, in which selected SOE

assets have been contributed to or acquired by a new EJV or CJV.

However, in a landmark deal in 2002, Chinese authorities allowed a foreign

investor to acquire a stake in a Chinese state-owned bank and relevant cross-

border M&A rules for foreign purchase of equity interest or shares in SOEs were

issued shortly afterwards by the State Economic and Trade Commission ("SETC")

(now merged into MOFCOM) and other authorities. Foreign investors may acquire

a minimum of 10% (10-25% to qualify as an FIE, or more than 25% to be able to

enjoy the preferential treatment afforded an FIE) of SOEs that do business in

industries that are not prohibited to foreign investors either: (i) by acquiring certain

state-owned equity interest or unlisted shareholdings, (ii) by becoming an

additional investor in an SOE through a capital increase or issuance of new

unlisted shares, (iii) by acquiring claims of SOE creditors by way of debt transfer,

or (iv) by purchasing assets of an SOE to establish a new FIE. However the multi-

stage approval procedures are cumbersome and lack clarity, and thus take up

remains low.

(f) M&A Conversion of Domestic Enterprises

Under tentative rules jointly issued in March 2003 by MOFCOM and other

authorities and which became effective in April 2003, a foreign investor may

directly acquire an equity interest in an existing domestic enterprise (share deal),

and if the resulting foreign ownership share is more than 25% and the investment

otherwise complies with the other laws, rules and regulations applicable to FIEs,

then the target domestic company can be converted into a new FIE. Alternatively

the foreign investor can also acquire assets of a domestic enterprise and inject

these into an existing FIE or use such assets to establish a new FIE (asset deal).

For the first time, these rules introduce criteria and thresholds under which a

merger or acquisition is subject to anti-trust reporting, hearing and review

procedures. Such reporting obligations also apply to offshore-only transactions

that give rise to competitive effects in China. There remain many ambiguities in

these rules which will not be resolved until new regulation is issued in this area.

The form of M&A discussed here, is a direct form of investment, as opposed to the

typical quasi-M&A investment in which the domestic company contributes or sells

its key assets to the new Sino-foreign joint venture but the joint venture does not

assume the liabilities of the Chinese company (although typically the liabilities of

the Chinese investor must be addressed, otherwise the Chinese party will not be

able to make the investment). This is still a relatively new, untested and

procedurally intensive investment structure (formerly only available in Beijing

under rules issued in 1999 by the Beijing COFTEC) which requires substantial

negotiation among the parties and consultations with the relevant government

authorities.

It appears that these rules, which are applicable to all domestic companies that

are not FIEs, are complementary to the above-mentioned M&A rules in regard to

SOEs (above Section 2.6(e)), although there is some overlap. The merger of

SETC into MOFCOM has at least partially consolidated approval jurisdiction in this

area. However, it remains to be seen if and how the disparate cluster of M&A

related rules will be consolidated in the future.

(g) Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor ("QFII") Scheme

Foreign portfolio investment in domestic PRC A shares is now possible under a

set of new rules made effective in December 2002. Since China's currency, the

Renminbi (RMB), is not convertible on the capital account (see Section 3.3

below), the equity of PRC listed companies is split between RMB-denominated A

shares and B shares (denominated in RMB but tradable in either US dollars or

Hong Kong dollars). A shares account for most of the value of the PRC equity

market, but were previously off-limits to foreign investors. The new regulations

permit foreign institutions from 16 jurisdictions to invest in A shares, subject to

some restrictions, and repatriate profits and principal without having to establish a

PRC business vehicle.

Four different types of institutions are eligible to apply for a license for QFII status:

fund managers with at least a five (5)-year track record and US$10 billion in

assets under management; insurance and securities companies with thirty (30)

years experience, US$$10 billion in assets under management and paid-in capital

of at least US$1 billion; and commercial banks ranked within the top 100 banks

globally in terms of assets and not less than US$10 billion in assets under

management. In addition to these financial qualifications the applicant must satisfy

other requirements such as having had no record of material regulatory sanctions

in the last three (3) years.

Under the new regulations, the minimum investment quota is US$50 million and

the maximum is US$800 million. Portfolios can be managed by the QFII itself, or

by a nominated securities house, but assets must be held via a custodian. A

number of foreign invested banks are qualified to provide this service. All trades

must be executed by a licensed PRC securities house and all settlements and

offshore repatriations must be effected by the QFII custodian.

The regulations outline a somewhat restrictive liquidation mechanism devised to

encourage longer term investments.

QFIIs who are closed-end fund managers are subject to a three (3) year lock-in

period, whereas the lock-in period for other QFIIs is one (1) year. Repatriations of

principal must be made in instalments of not more than 20% of total invested

principal and must be separated by a defined period of time.

3. B USINESS O PERATIONS

3.1 Land & Buildings

Under Chinese law, land is either owned by the state or by collectives (mostly in rural areas), and individuals and enterprises are granted only fixed-term rights to use land.

Land use rights traditionally have taken one of two principal forms: allocated land use rights and granted land use rights. As indicated by the names, allocated land use rights are in the form of a personal, non-transferable, non time-limited right to use specified land. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared by Lovells for instructional and reference purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice. All rights

On the other hand, granted or transferable land use rights may be freely alienated for the balance of the term of use. In most cases, any land use rights to be acquired by an FIE will either be in the form of granted land use rights initially or be converted into a granted land use rights at the time of contribution, transfer or lease. Allocated land use rights are seen less and less these days due to the restrictions as to what you can do with allocated land and they have the downside of not being realisable asset on liquidation of the FIE.

The term for granted land use rights depends on the use. Residential property land use rights have a maximum term of seventy (70) years. Land use rights for industrial purposes have a maximum term of fifty (50) years. Commercial land use rights have a maximum period of use of only forty (40) years. Comprehensive or mixed use land use rights have a maximum term of fifty (50) years. Upon expiration of the land use rights term, the land together with all improvements thereon reverts to state ownership pending payment of a separate land use rights fee for a renewed period. Building ownership in China is however possible and is often a part of the Chinese party's capital contribution to an EJV or CJV.

3.2 Tax

China maintains a bifurcated tax system with separate tax collection on the national and on the local level. The most significant of the taxes applicable to an FIE are enterprise income tax, business tax and value added tax ("VAT").

(a) Enterprise Income Tax

Generally FIEs and other foreign enterprises with a presence in China engaged in

production and business operations are subject to enterprise income tax at a rate

of 33% on their worldwide income. The enterprise income tax regime is expected

to be modified (with overall rates reduced to 24-28%). No timeline or any

specifics have been announced, but it is anticipated that such amendments

cannot be put in place until 2006 at the earliest.

Certain income streams of foreign enterprises without a China presence such as

loan interest, rental income, royalties from trademark or copyright etc. are also

subject to enterprise income tax on a withholding basis. The usual withholding tax

rate is 20% but was reduced to 10% in January 2000 for income such as interest,

rentals, royalties etc.

(b) Income Tax Incentives

A complex system of tax incentives at the national and local levels grant

exemptions, reductions and refunds to an FIE on an approval basis depending on

the business type, invested industry or locality of investment. Some of the most

significant incentives include:

?FIEs engaging in production (manufacturing or software development but not service-oriented FIEs) with a term of more than ten (10) years may avail

themselves of a two (2)-year income tax exemption and a further three (3)-

year 50% reduction on the income tax payable from the first profit-making

year.

?For certified technologically advanced enterprises belonging to state-encouraged production projects etc., a 50% tax reduction is available for a

further three (3) years after the above-mentioned five (5)-year tax holiday

expires.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Prepared by Lovells for instructional and reference purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice. All rights

? Export-oriented FIEs may receive tax breaks in Special Economic Zones,

Economic and Technological Development Zones, Shanghai Pudong New

Area, Coastal Open Economic Zones. Also certain FIEs established in the

Special Economic Zones engaged in service industries may apply for certain

tax breaks.

Further incentives are available for investing in certain localities or zones, such as

in so-called old urban areas or in areas of Western China. Also industry-specific

incentives are provided, e.g. for certain basic infrastructure or high technology

projects.

These tax incentives for production-oriented FIEs are expected to be discontinued

when the anticipated overall modifications to the enterprise tax regime (see

Section 3.2(a) above) are implemented. In the past, when other major changes

were made to the tax regime, FIEs established prior to the effectiveness of the

new tax regime were "grandfathered" and continued to receive the benefit of the

prior more favourable tax regime. This may also be the case in connection with

these anticipated changes, but this still remains to be seen.

FIEs and foreign enterprises that are engaged in the sale or import of goods and

processing, repair and replacement services in the PRC are subject to VAT, a

kind of turnover tax. The normal VAT rate is 17%. For the sale or import of certain

goods the rate is 13%. A low VAT rate of 6% may be applicable if annual sales do

not exceed certain thresholds. Exports of goods, except those goods specially

prescribed by the State Council, are exempted from VAT.

(d) Business tax

Business tax is levied on services not covered by the VAT and based on the

income from (i) provision of labour services, (ii) sales of immovable property and

(iii) assignment of intangible assets. The tax rate normally falls in the range of 3%

to 5%, but in certain industries such as entertainment businesses the tax rate is

higher (20%). Exemptions from business tax are possible under various laws and

regulations.

3.3

Foreign Exchange System and Profit Repatriation C hina's two-tier foreign exchange ("forex ") system was abolished in 1994 and was

consolidated into a unified, controlled, floating rate system. China's WTO accession has

catalysed further liberalisation, for example with the recent abolition of the former foreign

exchange balancing requirements where FIEs were required to generate the foreign

exchange revenues needed by their business for purchasing overseas etc. However, the

continuing macro-fiscal trends such as the 1997 Asian financial crisis have brought on an

opposite trend of increased control over forex remittance transactions. Both relaxation and

tightening of forex rules in accordance with the overall fiscal situation, in an attempt to

maintain a stable RMB exchange rate, are expected to continue to be the main policy

drivers for further modifications in the forex system going forward.

(a) Forex Current Account and Capital Account

The central concept of control over inbound or outbound forex depends on

whether the nature of the transaction involves the transfer of capital or ordinary

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Prepared by Lovells for instructional and reference purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice. All rights

expenditures. If the transaction has the purpose of creating capital, i.e. equity

investments (into FIEs), loans, securities investments, guarantees benefiting a

foreign entity etc., the forex will be regarded as a so-called "capital account" item

with strict control over its movement in the PRC currency market. Such item has

to be placed in a controlled bank account and virtually all such related

transactions require the approval of the competent department under the State

Administration of Foreign Exchange ("SAFE "), which is routinely obtained without

difficulty in many circumstances. If the forex transaction is within the category of

cross-border expenditure in the ordinary course of business, e.g. payments and

receipts from international trade in goods and services, payment of interest on

forex loans (but not repayment of principal) and repatriation of dividends from an

FIE, (see subsection (c) below), the item is classified as a "current account" item

and is usually only requested to be supported by documentation checked by the

relevant bank, although such current account items may still be subject to

authentication by SAFE in certain defined cases.

(b) Remittance Control

Chinese banks remitting forex are required to confirm the authenticity of the

remittance and, in certain respects, the underlying transaction. For forex capital

account remittances requiring SAFE approval, the SAFE approval document must

be presented to the bank. Even for forex current account remittances not

requiring SAFE approval certain additional guidelines apply. For example,

remittances of payments for imported goods may be made only if proper customs

clearance documents are presented to the bank and other anti-fraud and anti-

money laundering requirements are satisfied. Similarly, remittances of royalties

under a cross-border technology license contract are subject to presentation of a

technology import registration certificate or an import permit for the license

contract.

Foreign investors may repatriate profits from an FIE without restriction subject to

compliance with certain procedural requirements, such as prior PRC accounting to

determine profits, payment of income tax and obtaining SAFE approval, which is

routinely granted.

There is no direct cap on profit repatriation. However, FIEs are required to allocate

a certain rate of after-tax profit, determined by the board of directors, to a reserve

fund and to an employee bonus and welfare fund. Joint ventures additionally have

to make allocations to an enterprise expansion fund. WFOEs are required to

allocate 10% of their after-tax profit to the reserve fund and cannot reduce this

rate until the fund reaches an amount equivalent to 50% of the registered capital.

Furthermore, profit distribution is not permitted until the WFOE has made up for

losses of previous years.

There is currently no additional PRC tax levied on distributions of profits to a

foreign investor in an FIE.

4. C OMMON T RANSACTIONS I N C HINA

4.1 Technology Transfer

(a) Introduction

China's foreign investment policy has traditionally placed a strong emphasis on

the transfer of technology to Chinese enterprises. Consequently, technology

licensing has played and continues to play a major role in foreign investment

projects in China. Applicable laws, regulations and administrative practices have

also imposed some significant restrictions on the terms on which such technology

can be licensed into China.

(b) Applicable Regulations

Prior technology transfer rules and regulations imposed certain onerous limitations

on the contents of technology transfer contracts and required centralised

government approvals. This approval/registration regime has been further

streamlined post-WTO to the effect that many of the previously more onerous

existing provisions and practices have been eliminated or further relaxed.

Under the prior technology licensing rules, without approval, a technology transfer

contract was void. It was also not permitted to include any of the following

restrictions or requirements:

(i) requiring the licensee to purchase related raw materials, parts,

components or equipment from the licensor at prices exceeding

international market prices;

(ii) restricting the export of products produced by the licensee utilising the imported technology; and

(iii) prohibiting the licensee from continuing to use the technology after expiration of the term of the contract (typically, not more than ten (10)

years).

In practice, MOFCOM also imposed a cap on the royalty payable under a

technology license contract. The general practice was to limit such royalties to not

more than 5% of the licensee’s net sales, although additional royalties could

sometimes be obtained for separate famous trademark licenses.

On a more positive note, MOFCOM practice was less intrusive on items (i) and (ii)

above, so parties had more flexibility in practice to control inputs and sales

territories without interference by MOFCOM. On the other hand, MOFCOM

routinely imposed its separate judgment on a myriad of commercial terms in a

technology license contract, thereby requiring essentially a separate negotiation

with MOFCOM on many matters not clearly restricted by the applicable legislation.

(d) New Technology License Terms

Fortunately, China agreed as part of its WTO market access undertakings to

eliminate such intrusive approval practices as well as the license term limitations.

Unfortunately, under the new PRC Technology Import-Export Management _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared by Lovells for instructional and reference purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice. All rights

Regulations issued December 10, 2001 ("New Technology Regulations"), there

is still some room for interference by MOFCOM personnel.

The New Technology Regulations provide for classification of technology as

prohibited, restricted and permitted for import-export purposes. Prohibited

technology cannot be imported or exported; restricted technology can be imported

or exported only with approval and the issue of a license; and permitted

technology can be imported or exported without approval, but registration is

required. Since registration is necessary to support remittance of royalty

payments under the license, it is important to determine how local COFTEC

officials in the relevant local jurisdiction implement the New Technology

Regulations as a practical matter.

The New Technology Regulations do contain an important improvement over the

prior technology licensing regime in respect of the term of the license. Under the

New Technology Regulations, the term is no longer strictly limited to ten (10)

years and at the expiration of the license term the licensee no longer has the

automatic right to continue to use the licensed technology on a royalty-free basis.

This will permit evergreen license arrangements covering continuously updated

technology within the scope of the license and will avoid the need to license only a

current "snapshot" of the existing technology with all improvements thereto being

licensed under separate contracts subject to separate rolling ten (10)-year license

terms.

Under the New Technology Regulations, as under the prior licensing regime, the

technology import license contract is required to include basic warranties

regarding the rights of the licensee to the subject technology and the

completeness and ability of the technology to achieve the stated objectives, as

well as relatively standard IP indemnity provisions.

In addition, the technology license import contract is not to include any of the

following provisions (which represents some improvement in some, but not all

areas):

(i) improper tie-in arrangements, including requiring the purchase by the

licensee of "unnecessary" technology, raw materials, products, equipment

or services;

(ii) requiring the licensee to pay royalties or assume other obligations in respect of expired or invalid patents;

(iii) limiting the licensee's ability to make improvements or use such improvements (and the intellectual property rights to such improvements

made by the licensee are to vest in the licensee);

(iv) restricting the licensee's right to obtain other similar or competing technology;

(v) "unreasonably" restricting the source of the licensee's raw materials, components, products or equipment;

(vi) "unreasonably" restricting the licensee's production volumes, product types or sales prices; or

(vii) "unreasonably" limiting the export sales channels of products manufactured using the licensed technology.

It remains to be seen how the above items will be implemented in practice by the

relevant local COFTEC officials. Given the use of the qualifying terms

"unnecessary" and "unreasonably" in items (i), (v), (vi) and (vii) above, these

elements should be flexible enough that the current standard practice of deferring

to the commercial agreement of the parties will be continued. However, the

absence of qualifying terms in clauses (ii) and (iii) creates some uncertainty as to

the position that will be taken as a practical matter by local COFTEC officials if the

parties agree to terms inconsistent with these requirements. It is also possible

that local COFTEC will be more intrusive in the approval context and less intrusive

in the registration context, but this remains to be seen.

[For an example of a cross-border license agreement incorporating relevant terms

addressing the above issues and other local practice matters in China, please see

the template Technology Licensing Contract.]

4.2 Distributors and Value-Added Resellers

(a) "Buy Local" Trend

As discussed, the procedures for conversion of RMB, purchase and remittance of

foreign exchange can be cumbersome. This is particularly true for cross-border

service contracts. Consequently, many China-based customers, including FIEs,

prefer to “buy local” whenever possible in order to pay for goods and services in

RMB. In addition, with the continuing crack-down on smuggling, some purchasers

of imported goods have also opted to “buy local” to avoid direct participation in the

import process. Because of the time and expense required to set up an FIE to

supply the goods or services on a domestic sale basis, many foreign companies

have instead opted to appoint domestic distributors or sub-contractors.

(b) Trading and Distribution Requirements

The selection of a local distributor in China requires a 2-step analysis of import

rights and distribution rights. Both import-export trading rights and wholesale and

retail distribution rights have been tightly controlled in China.

Under long-standing pre-WTO policy in China, most domestic Chinese companies

do not have direct import rights and so must purchase imported goods through a

licensed trading company under a 3-party contract. FIEs, on the other hand, have

import-export rights but these rights are primarily with respect to the purchase of

components for their own use and the sale of their own products.

Controls over trading (import-export) rights have now been gradually relaxed over

a post-WTO phase-in period. Instead of a handful of monolithic state corporations

there are now several thousand domestic companies to choose from. All FIEs,

which currently enjoy import rights, were granted export rights for third-party

products sourced in China, commencing at the end of 2003. All domestic

enterprises will be granted full direct import and export rights by the end of 2004.

So the prior trading restrictions will soon be eliminated completely.

However, trading rights are not the same as distribution rights. A party may

import goods for its own use but not be licensed to distribute such imported _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared by Lovells for instructional and reference purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice. All rights

products in China. Pre-WTO not all domestic companies and only a handful of trial

trading FIEs were granted the right to distribute third party products on a buy-sell

basis.

Moreover, prior to WTO, foreign investment in distribution enterprises was limited

to the handful of trial trading FIEs. This will change as a result of China's WTO

market-access commitments, which provided that minority foreign-owned joint

ventures were permitted to engage in distribution services starting from the end of

2002, majority foreign-owned distribution joint ventures were so permitted starting

at the end of 2003, and distribution WFOEs will be so permitted by the end of

2004.

[For an example of a cross-border distribution agreement for use in China, please

see the template Distribution Contract.]

If a manufacturing FIE does not obtain distribution rights, a separate distribution

FIE may be set up. However, as an alternative a manufacturing FIE may be

engaged as value-added reseller since the resulting product may be considered to

have been “made” by the FIE. The PRC government has yet to establish or

enforce clear guidelines as to minimum value-added input criteria. For domestic

companies it will still be necessary to confirm that the proposed distribution activity

falls within its approved business scope as stated in its business license, although

a domestic company with relevant manufacturing rights or a systems integration

scope of business can also be engaged as a value-added reseller as described

above.

(d) Security of Payment

Another critical aspect in selecting a distributor will be security of payment. The

common practice is to require the distributor (or import-export company, as the

case may be) to open a letter of credit drawable upon presentation of shipment

documents. However, not all qualified distributors will have the financial capability

to open a letter of credit. Even when they do, in some cases they may still insist

on cross-border payment terms that match the domestic payment terms received

from the local purchaser. This is an important issue that should be managed

carefully.

5. E XIT S TRATEGIES

5.1 Sale of Equity Interest

The most efficient way to exit from an investment in a China FIE is to transfer the equity interest to an existing partner or a third party. As noted above, transfer of the direct equity interest in an FIE requires partner consents and waivers of pre-emptive rights (not applicable in the case of a WFOE), unanimous FIE board approvals and local COFTEC (or MOFCOM) approvals. Sale of an indirect interest in an FIE via sale of shares in an off-shore SPV can be simpler but, as discussed above, will still require tacit approval and collation of remaining partners as a practical matter.

Gains on the sale of equity interests in an FIE are taxable under PRC law at a rate of 20%, or at a rate of 10% pursuant to certain double taxation treaties entered into between China's and foreign governments. If the equity interest of a foreign investor is purchased _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared by Lovells for instructional and reference purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice. All rights

by a domestic party, including an existing Chinese partner, then the Chinese purchaser will be required to withhold such tax from the purchase price remitted and present other COFTEC and SAFE approval documents to the remitting bank to support the forex remittance.

If the purchase of a foreign investor's equity interest by a domestic party results in the level of foreign equity interests being reduced below 25% of the total equity, then the FIE will no longer be entitled to preferential tax and forex treatment. If, as a result of such transfer, no foreign investment remains, then the FIE will have to be converted into and reregistered as a purely domestic company. In some local jurisdictions in China, the FIE must be liquidated and the assets acquired by the surviving domestic party, but in other localities, the transfer and remittance of the purchase price can be approved and completed as a first step and the conversion can take place post-exit.

5.2 Termination and Liquidation

Events permitting termination of an FIE are generally left to the negotiation of the parties and are set out in the FIE's AA (and, in the case of an EJV and CJV, the joint venture contract). However, termination of an FIE also typically requires an unanimous FIE board resolution (some exceptions apply), so termination of an EJV and CJV still requires consensus action as a practical matter (the parties can be put under obligation to cause their appointed directors to approve such a resolution in agreed circumstances, but parties can instruct their directors to breach such obligations, delaying the process).

Typical termination events include: breach of joint venture contract or ancillary contract, insolvency of a party or of the joint venture company, regulatory changes by PRC government authorities or force majeure with adverse effect on the joint venture's business, inability to access forex jeopardizing operations, operating losses exceeding defined ceilings etc.

Termination is followed by liquidation and dissolution of the FIE. Under the FIE Liquidation Procedures liquidation can be standard or special. In the standard liquidation, the board of directors unanimously appoints a liquidation committee which follows the procedures in the FIE Liquidation Procedures and in the FIE's constitutional documents (joint venture contract and/or AA). A creditor's meeting is not required. Special liquidation usually applies in situations where the board members of the FIE, typically a joint venture, disagree on dissolution and thus liquidation can only be triggered by an application to the original approval authority. In case of such a special liquidation, the procedures are taken out of the hands of the joint venture parties. The approval authority will appoint a liquidation committee which exercises the powers of the board of directors and reports directly to the approval authority. Also a creditor's meeting will be required. After liquidation is complete, the FIE is to complete dissolution by filing a liquidation report, approved by the board of directors, with the approval authority. Within ten (10) days of filing the liquidation report the liquidation committee has to complete FIE de-registration procedures with the tax and customs authorities, and within a further ten (10) days, with the Administration for Industry and Commerce. Finally a public announcement of de-registration has to be made in a national and local newspaper.

Termination, liquidation and dissolution can be very time consuming and expensive, and may not realise the best value for investors. Accordingly many FIE investors prefer to negotiate a buy-out by one of the parties in order to avoid having to go down that particular road.

[For sample termination and liquidation procedural clauses, please see the relevant clauses of the template Joint Venture Contract.]

6. C ONCLUSION

This overview is intended to provide only a summary of certain aspects of common investment vehicles and transaction structures in the People's Republic of China. The information contained in this publication should not be relied on as legal advice or regarded as a substitute for detailed advice in individual cases.

- end -

【高中】2017人教版高中物理必修一第一章运动的描述单元检测

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第一章.运动的描述

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）（计算从北京开往广州的的火车途中所用的时、A 间研究绕地球飞行的航天飞机相对地球的飞行、B 周期时，、沿地面翻滚前进的体操运动员C 比较两辆行驶中的车的快慢D、是正，确的中描系参关下2.列于考的述）（ A、参考系必须是和地面连在一起的物体、被研究的物体必须沿与参考系的连线运动B 参考系必须是正在做匀速直线运动的物体

或、C 是相对于地面静止的物体、参考系是为了研究物体的运动而假定D A为不动的那个物体B的半圆弧3.如右图，某一物体沿两个半径为R C ，则它的位移和路程分别 C运动到由A 是 2 ( ) A、0，0 B、4 R向下， πR C、4πR向下、4R D、4R向下，2 πR

4.氢气球升到离地面80m的高空时从上面掉落下一物体，物体又上升了10m后开始下落，若取向上为正，则物体从掉落开始至最终落在地面时的位移和经过的路程分别为（） A、80m，100m B、－80m，100m C、80m，100 m D、－90 m，180 m 5.下列关于平均速度和瞬时速度的说法中

正确的是（） A、做变速运动的物体在相同时间间隔里的平均速度是相同的 B、瞬时速度就是运动的物体在一段较短的时间内的平均速度 C、平均速度就是初末时刻瞬时速度的平均值 D、某物体在某段时间里的瞬时速度都为零，则该物体在这段时间内静止是的确正，法说的度速加于关列下 6.( ) A、物体的速度越大，加速度也就越大 B、物体的速度为零，加速度也一定为零 3 C、物体的加速度大小等于速度的变化量与时间的比值 D、物体的加速度的方向和速度的方向总是一致

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A.社会人 B.经济人 C.自动人 D.复杂人 3.大萧条以后，为资本主义的稳定和发展起到了积极的作用的经济理论是( A ) A.凯恩斯的政府干预理论 B.新自由主义取消政府干预理论 C.亚当?斯密的“小政府”理论 D.古典经济学派的限制政府干预理论 4. 最早建立了比较规范的文官制度的国家是( A ) A.英国 B.法国 C.德国 D.美国 5. 18世纪英国著名经济学家________，在他著名的经济学著作《国富论》中对政府财政的管理范围和职能进行了限定。( C ) A.威廉?配第 B.马歇尔

第一章运动的描述

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因为我们所研究的物体的运动，都是在一定的环境和特定的条件下运动。例如，当我们说一列火车开动了，这显然是指火车相对于地球(即车站)而言的因此离开特定的环境、特定的条件谈论运动没有任何意义正如恩格斯所说：“单个物体的运动是不存在的——只有在相对的意义下才可以谈运动。” 二、参考系运动是绝对的，但运动的描述却是相对的因此，在确定研究对象的位置时，必须先选定一个标准物体(或相对静止的几个物体)作为基准；那么这个被选作标准的物体或物体群，就称为参考系。同一物体的运动，由于我们所选参考系不同，对其运动的描述就会不同。从运动学的角度讲，参考系的选择是任意的，通常以对问题的研究最方便最简单为原则。研究地球上物体的运动，在大多数情况下，以地球为参考系最为方便(以后如不作特别说明，研究地面上物体的运动，都是以地球为参考系)但是。当我们在地球上发射人造“宇宙小天体”时，则应以太阳为参考系。三、坐标系要想定量地描述物体的运动，就必须在参考系上建立适当的坐标系。在力学中常用的有直角坐标系。根据需要，我们也可选用极坐标系、自然坐标系、球面坐标系或柱面坐标系等。总的说来，当参考系选定后，无论选择何种坐标系，物体的运动性质都不会改变。然而，坐标系选择得当，可使计算简化。四、物理模型任何一个真实的物理过程都是极其复杂的。为了寻找过程中最本质、最基本的规律，我们总是根据所提问题(或所要回答的问题)，对真实过程进行理想化的简化，然后经过抽象提出一个可供数学描述的物理模型现在我们所提的问题是确定物体在空间的位置。若物体的线度比它运动的空间范围小很多时，例如绕太阳公转的地球和调度室中铁路运行图上的列车等；或当物

第一章运动的描述单元测试(含答案)

《运动的描述》单元测试一．选择题（每题4分，共36分有的小题只有一个答案正确，有的小题有多个答案正确）1．“小小竹排江中游，巍巍青山两岸走。”这两句诗描述的运动的参考系分别是（） A．竹排，流水 B．流水，青山 C．青山，河岸 D．河岸，竹排 2．以下几种关于质点的说法，你认为正确的是（） A．只有体积很小或质量很小的物体才可发看作质点 B．只要物体运动得不是很快，物体就可以看作质点 C．质点是一种特殊的实际物体D．物体的大小和形状在所研究的问题中起的作用很小，可以忽略不计时，我们就可以把物体看作质点 3．下列说法正确的是（） A．“北京时间10点整”，指的是时间，一节课是40min，指的是时刻 B．列车在上海站停了20min，指的是时间 C．在有些情况下，时间就是时刻，时刻就是时间 D．电台报时时说：“现在是北京时间8点整”，这里实际上指的是时刻 4．短跑运动员在100m竞赛中，测得75m速度为9m/s，10s末到达终点时速度为10.2m/s，则运动员在全程中的平均速度为（） A ． 9 m/s B ． 9.6 m/s C ． 10 m/s D． 10.2 m/s 5．下列说法中，正确的是（） A．质点做直线运动时，其位移的大小和路程一定相等 B．质点做曲线运动时，某段时间内位移的大小一定小于路程 C．两个位移相同的质点，它们所通过的路程一定相等 D ．两个质点通过相同的路程，它们的位移大小一定相等 6．氢氢气球升到离地面80m的高空时从上面掉落下一物体，物体又上升了10m后开始下落，若取向上为正，则物体从掉落开始至地面时位移和经过的路程分别为（） A．80m，100m B．-80m，100m C．80m，100 m D．-90 m，180 m 7．如图所示为同一打点计时器在四条水平运动的纸带上打出的点,其中a , b间的平均速度最大的是哪一条? 8.以下关于加速度的说法中，正确的是： A．加速度为0的物体一定处于静止状态 B．物体的加速度减小，其速度必随之减小C．物体的加速度增加，其速度不一定增大 D．物体的加速度越大，其速度变化越快9. 关于速度，速度改变量，加速度，正确的说法是： A．物体运动的速度改变量很大，它的加速度一定很大 B．速度很大的物体，其加速度可以很小，可以为零 C．某时刻物体的速度为零，其加速度不可能为零 D．加速度很大时，运动物体的速度一定很大

公共管理学作业

《公共管理学》形成性考核作业《公共管理学》作业一简答题 1、简述构成公共组织的基本要素。构成公共组织的基本要素就是:组织人员、物质因素、组织目标、职能范围、机构设置、职位设置、权责分配、规章制度、 2、简述公共组织设计的原则。答:(1)职能目标原则;(2)完整统一原则;(3)精干效能原则;(4)法制原则;(5)职、权、责一致原则;(6)人本原则、 3、简述人力资源管理的基本职能。答:人力资源管理的基本职能就是:(1)人力资源的获取(规划、录用与选拔);(2)人力资源的发展(整合培训、职业发展、管理发展、组织发展);(3)人力资源的激励(联结报酬与绩效、工作再设计、提升工作的满足感、绩效评估);(4)人力资源的维持(人际关系与沟通问题、员工福利问题、工作环境问题、职业安全问题);(5)人力资源的研究(政策、规则、技术、方法)、《公共管理学》作业二简答题 1、简述公共财政的职能。答:(一)资源配置的职能:1、为全社会提供公共物品与公共服务; 2、矫正外部效应;3、对不完全竞争的干预;(二)调节收入分配的职能:1、经济公平:强调投入与收入的对称(等价交换、按劳分配);2、社会公平:将收入差距维持在现阶段社会各个阶层居民所能接受的合理范围内(调节贫富差距);(三)稳定经济职能:1、充分就业;2、物价稳定;3、国际收支平衡、 2、简述现代公共部门人力资源管理制度的基本精神。答:人力资源管理理论的基本精神就是:第一,确定以人为中心的管理思想;第二,把组织瞧作整体,不仅开发“力的资源”,而且开始走向开发组织、整体的“心的资源”,注重整体效益、群体目标、团队精神;第三,在管理原则上既强调个人又强调集体;第四,在管理方法上既强调理性又强调情感;第五,在领导方式上既强调权威又强调民主;第六,在管理实践中既强调能力也重视资历。《公共管理学》作业三论述题 1、谈谈您对组织变革的动力与阻力的认识。组织改革的动力 (一)组织改革的外部动力首先,适应市场经济体制就是组织改革最深层的动力。改革的本质动力就是经济体制的改革与市场化的驱动,改革的目的与任务就是适应经济发展的需求与要求。目前我国正处于市场经济体制逐步完善,市场经济迅速发展的关键时期,政府作为市场宏观调控的主体,为了更好地履行宏观调配职能,促进经济的平稳快速发展,必然要先对自身的职能与机构进行改革。其次,政治体制改革就是行政改革的直接动力。中国的战略改革系统不仅包括经济体制改革也包括政治体制改革,作为上层建筑的政治体制必须与经济体制改革的深入同时展开。目前,我国的政治体制改革还处于观念与理论研讨阶段,并没有与经济体制改革相适应,可以说就是暂落后于经济体制改革。行政改革作为政治体制改革的重要方面,其改革必将带动政治体制改革的发展,这对我国的政治改革的深入起到积极的促进作用。

第一章运动的描述

第一章运动的描述【本章阅读材料】一．参考系 1.定义：在描述一个物体的运动时，选来作为标准的假定不动的物体，叫做参考系。 2.对同一运动，取不同的参考系，观察的结果可能不同。 3.运动学中的同一公式中涉及的各物理量应以同一参考系为标准，如果没有特别指明，都是取地面为参考系。二．质点 1.定义：质点是指有质量而不考虑大小和形状的物体。 2.质点是物理学中一个理想化模型，能否将物体看作质点，取决于所研究的具体问题，而不是取决于这一物体的大小、形状及质量，只有当所研究物体的大小和形状对所研究的问题没有影响或影响很小，可以将其形状和大小忽略时，才能将物体看作质点。三．时间与时刻 1.时刻：指某一瞬时，在时间轴上表示为某一点。 2.时间：指两个时刻之间的间隔，在时间轴上表示为两点间线段的长度。 3.时刻与物体运动过程中的某一位置相对应，时间与物体运动过程中的位移（或路程）相对应。四．位移和路程 1.位移：表示物体位置的变化，是一个矢量，物体的位移是指从初位置到末位置的有向线段，其大小就是此线段的长度，方向从初位置指向末位置。 2.路程：路程等于运动轨迹的长度，是一个标量。当物体做单向直线运动时，位移的大小等于路程。五．速度、平均速度、瞬时速度 1.速度：是表示质点运动快慢的物理量，在匀速直线运动中它等于位移与发生这段位移所用时间的比值，速度是矢量，它的方向就是物体运动的方向。

2.平均速度：物体所发生的位移跟发生这一位移所用时间的比值叫这段时间内的平均速度，即t v x =，平均速度是矢量，其方向就是相应位移的方向。仅能粗略描述物体的运动的快慢程度。 3.瞬时速度：运动物体经过某一时刻（或某一位置）的速度，其方向就是物体经过某有一位置时的运动方向。大小称之为速率。它能精确描述物体运动的快慢程度。（4）极短时间内的平均速度等于某时刻的瞬时速度。六．加速度 1.加速度是描述物体速度变化快慢的的物理量，是一个矢量，方向与速度变化的方向相同。 2.做匀变速直线运动的物体，速度的变化量与发生这一变化所需时间的比值叫加速度，即t v v t v a 0-=??= 3.对加速度的理解要点：（1）加速度的大小和速度无直接关系。质点的运动的速度大，加速度不一定大；速度小，其加速度不一定小；速度为零，其加速度不一定为零；（2）加速度的方向不一定和速度方向相同。质点做加速直线运动时，加速度与速度方向相同；质点做减速直线运动时，加速度与速度方向相反；（3）物体做加速直线运动还是做减速直线运动，判断的依据是加速度的方向和速度方向是相同还是相反，只要加速度方向跟速度方向相同，物体的速度一定增大（即加速直线运动），只要加速度方向跟速度方向相反，物体的速度一定减小（即减速直线运动）。

第1章运动的描述章末检测

第一章运动的描述 (时间：90分钟满分：100分) 一、选择题(本题共10小题，每小题4分，共40分) 1．2008年9月25日晚21点10分，在九泉卫星发射中心将我国自行研制的“神舟”七号载人航天飞船成功地送上太空，飞船绕地球飞行一圈时间为90分钟，则() A．“21点10分”和“90分钟”前者表示“时刻”后者表示“时间” B．飞船绕地球飞行一圈，它的位移和路程都为0 C．飞船绕地球飞行一圈平均速度为0，但它在每一时刻的瞬时速度都不为0 D．地面卫星控制中心在对飞船进行飞行姿态调整时可以将飞船看成质点 2．明代诗人曾写下这样一首诗：“空手把锄头，步行骑水牛；人在桥上走，桥流水不流．”其“桥流水不流”中的“桥流”应理解成其选择的参考系是() A．水B．桥C．人D．地面 3．物体沿一直线运动，下列说法中正确的是() A．物体在第一秒末的速度是5 m/s，则物体在第一秒内的位移一定是5 m B．物体在第一秒内的平均速度是5 m/s，则物体在第一秒内的位移一定是5 m C．物体在某段时间内的平均速度是5 m/s，则物体在每一秒内的位移都是5 m D．物体在某段位移内的平均速度是5 m/s，则物体在经过这段位移一半时的速度一定是5 m/s 4．甲、乙两个物体在同一直线上运动(始终没有相遇)，当规定向东为正方向时，它们的加速度分别为a甲＝4 m/s2，a乙＝－4 m/s2.下列对甲、乙两物体运动情况的判断中，正确的是() A．甲的加速度大于乙的加速度 B．甲、乙两物体的运动方向一定相反 C．甲的加速度方向和速度方向一致，乙的加速度方向和速度方向相反 D．甲、乙两物体的速度都有可能越来越大 5．一辆汽车从静止开始由甲地出发，沿平直公路开往乙地，汽车先做匀加速运动．接着做匀减速运动，到达乙地刚好停止，其速度图象如图1所示，那么在0～t0和t0～3t0两段时间内() 图1 A．加速度大小之比为2∶1，且方向相反 B．位移大小之比为1∶2，且方向相反 C．平均速度大小之比为2∶1 D．平均速度大小之比为1∶1 6．物体由静止开始运动，加速度恒定，在第7 s内的初速度是2.6 m/s，则物体的加速度是() A．0.46 m/s2B．0.37 m/s2 C．2.6 m/s2D．0.43 m/s2 7. 图2

公共管理学作业

1．第1题新公共管理范式建立的学科基础为（）。 A.政治学 B.行政学 C.经济学 D.行政法学您的答案：C 2．第2题 1、新公共管理范式产生于（）。 A.19世纪60年代末70年代初 B.19世纪70年代末80年代初 C.20世纪60年代末70年代初 D.20世纪70年代末80年代初您的答案：D 3．第3题新公共管理运动肇始于（）。 A.英国 B.美国 C.德国 D.新西兰您的答案：A 4．第4题在交易费用、产权契约安排和资源配置效率之间建立起内在的联系，从而成为沟通交易费用理论与产权理论桥梁的是（）。 A.彼德原理 B.科斯定理 C.阿罗不可能性定理 D.墨菲法则您的答案：B 5．第5题新公共管理运动肇始于（）。 A.英国 B.美国 C.德国 D.新西兰您的答案：A 6．第6题公共选择理论实际上提出的是一种（）。 A.政府万能理论 B.政府失败理论 C.市场万能理论 D.市场失败理论您的答案：B 7．第7题在私人部门里，战略思想演变阶段中的战略规划阶段的特征为 A.通过努力做到与预算相符，寻求更好的运营控制 B.通过预测下一年度以后的情况，寻求更有效的成长规划 C.通过战略性思考，寻求对市场和竞争能力作出更快反应 D.管理所有资源，寻求竞争优势，取得未来的成功您的答案：A 此题得分：0.0

8．第8题目标管理的理论和方法的创立者是美国管理学家（）。 A.彼得？杜拉克C.泰勒 B.帕金森D.法约尔您的答案：C 此题得分：0.0 9．第9题政府运用供应这个手段，所针对的对象是 A.公共产品 B.私人产品 C.半公共产品 D.半私人产品您的答案：A 10．第10题在交易费用、产权契约安排和资源配置效率之间建立起内在的联系，从而成为沟通交易费用理论与产权理论桥梁的是 A.彼德原理 B.科斯定理 C.阿罗不可能性定理 D.墨菲法则您的答案：B 11．第11题在私人部门中，组织的最终目标为（）。 A.追求可持续经济利润的最大化 B.追求可持续政治利益的最大化 C.追求社会公平 D.追求公众的满意度您的答案：A 12．第12题 1、新公共管理范式产生于（）。 A.19世纪60年代末70年代初 B.19世纪70年代末80年代初 C.20世纪60年代末70年代初 D.20世纪70年代末80年代初您的答案：D 13．第13题对非政府公共组织也可称作（）。 A.第一部门 B.第二部门 C.第三部门 D.公共组织您的答案：C 14．第14题关于绩效管理对于新公共管理范式的价值，以下说法不正确的是（）。 A.绩效管理与市场模式相统一 B.绩效评价与管理是分权化改革的迫切要求

第一章运动的描述

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人教版物理必修一试题第一章：运动的描述单元练习题(新课标有答案).docx

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人教版高一物理上册运动的描述检测题(Word版含答案)

一、第一章运动的描述易错题培优（难） 1．质点做直线运动的v-t 图象如图所示，则（） A．3 ~ 4 s 内质点做匀减速直线运动 B．3 s 末质点的速度为零，且运动方向改变 C．0 ~ 2 s 内质点做匀加速直线运动，4 ~ 6 s 内质点做匀减速直线运动，加速度大小均为 2 m/s2 D．6 s内质点发生的位移为 8 m 【答案】BC 【解析】试题分析：矢量的负号，只表示物体运动的方向，不参与大小的比较，所以3 s～4 s内质点的速度负方向增大，所以做加速运动，A错误，3s质点的速度为零，之后开始向负方向运动，运动方向发生变化，B错误，图线的斜率表示物体运动的加速度，所以0～2 s内质点做匀加速直线运动，4 s～6 s内质点做匀减速直线运动，加速度大小均为2 m/s2，C正确，v-t图像围成的面积表示物体的位移，所以6 s内质点发生的位移为0，D错误，考点：考查了对v-t图像的理解点评：做本题的关键是理解v-t图像的斜率表示运动的加速度，围成的面积表示运动的位移，负面积表示负方向位移， 2．如图，直线a和曲线b分别是在平直公路上行驶的汽车a和b的位置一时间（x一t）图线，由图可知 A．在时刻t1，a车追上b车 B．在时刻t2，a、b两车运动方向相反 C．在t1到t2这段时间内，b车的速率先减少后增加 D．在t1到t2这段时间内，b车的速率一直比a车大【答案】BC 【解析】【分析】

【详解】由x—t图象可知，在0-t1时间内，b追a，t1时刻相遇，所以A错误；在时刻t2，b的斜率为负，则b的速度与x方向相反，所以B正确；b图象在最高点的斜率为零，所以速度为零，故b的速度先减小为零，再反向增大，所以C正确，D错误． 3．高速公路上用位移传感器测车速，它的原理如图所示，汽车D向右匀速运动，仪器C 在某一时刻发射超声波脉冲（即持续时间很短的一束超声波），经过时间t1接收到被D反射回来的超声波，过一小段时间后又发射一个超声波脉冲，发出后经过时间t2再次接收到反射回来的信号，已知超声波传播的速度为v0，两次发射超声波脉冲的时间间隔为△t，则下面说法正确的是（） A．第一次脉冲测得汽车和仪器C的距离为 01 1 2 v t B．第二次脉冲测得汽车和仪器C的距离为02 v t C．位移传感器在两次测量期间，汽车前进距离为 021 1 () 2 v t t- D．测得汽车前进速度为021 21 () 2 v t t t t t - +?- 【答案】ACD 【解析】【分析】【详解】 AB．超声波是匀速运动的，往返时间相同，第一次脉冲测得汽车和仪器C的距离为01 1 2 v t，第二次脉冲测得汽车和仪器C的距离为 02 1 2 v t，故A正确，B错误； C．则两次测量期间，汽车前进的距离为 () 021 1 2 s v t t =- 故C正确； D．超声波两次追上汽车的时间间隔为 12 22 t t t t ' ?=?-+ 故速度

公共管理学作业

公共管理学作业选择题 1 . (3分) 下面哪一项不是西方新公共治理的差不多理念？（C） A.政府的职能是“掌舵”而不“划浆” B.引进私营部门的治理手段和体会 C.公务员保持政治中立 D.公共服务以顾客为导向 2 . (3分) 公共治理与企业治理有（ABCD）等方面的差别。 A.限制因素不同 B.物质基础不同 C.治理人员选拔方式不同 D.绩效评估不同 3 . (3分) 在进行政策规划时，具体问题具体分析，实事求是地认识阻碍政策规划的环境因素，灵活客观地选择规划方案，是（C）原则的表达。 A.优化原则 B.变化原则 C.权变原则 D.系统原则 4 . (3分) 依照公共政策对社会有关群体的阻碍来分，公共政策可分为（AB）等 A.分配性政策 B.调剂性政策 C.元政策 D.差不多政策 5 . (3分)

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非政府公共组织的差不多特点有（ABCD）。 A.公益性 B.正规性 C.专门性 D.理想性第2 大题简答题 1 . (10分) 转型期我国政府职能的定位表达在哪些方面？答：转型期我国政府职能的定位表达在以下几方面： 1、强化公共服务，保证公共产品的供给。 2、强化社会治理，保证社会公平、公平。 3、实现宏观调控，稳固经济进展。 4、加强政府自身建设，提高公共服务质量。 2 . (10分) 公共政策规划的差不多程序包括哪几个步骤？答：公共政策规划的差不多程序包括以下几个步骤： 1、确立政策目标。 2、拟订政策方案。 3、评估政策方案。

第一章运动的描述

§1.1 质点、参考系和坐标系一.机械运动：一个物体相对于另一个物体的位置变化，叫做机械运动（简称运动）。机械运动包括：平动、转动、机械振动。物体的运动轨迹可能是直线也可能是曲线。二.质点：一个有质量的点，把实际物体看做一个有质量的点。质点是一个理想化的物理模型，实际并不存在，是为了方便描述物体的运动将实际物体抽象成一个点。这个点不同于几何点，尽管它们都是零维（零维指没有长、宽、高的维）的，但质点是有质量的，它代表着实际的物体。把一个实际的物体看做质点是抓住了事物的主要矛盾而忽略了次要因素，这也是物理学研究的一种很重要的方法。今后在物理学中经常会用到这种方法。三.实际物体能被看做质点的条件：实际物体能否被看做质点要看问题本身，同一个物体在甲问题中能看做质点而在乙问题中就不能看成质点了。具体要注意以下几点：①如果物体的几何形状和尺度对研究问题本身影响很小，以至于可以不考虑物体的形状时可以把物体看做质点。比如，我们要计算一列火车从北京到上海的时间，因为火车的几何尺度与北京到上海的距离无法比拟，因此我们可以把火车看成质点。 ②作平动的物体一般可以被视为质点，但这也不是绝对的。比如，火车的运动可以被看做平动，我们要计算一列火车从北京到上海的时间，因为火车的几何尺度与北京到上海的距离无法比拟，因此我们可以把火车看成质点。但是要计算一列火车穿越一个山洞的时间时，就不能把火车看做质点了。 ③作转动的物体一般不能看作质点，但这也不是绝对的。比如，研究一根绕固定轴转动的木棒的运动情况，就不能把木棒看作质点。但是研究作圆周运动的物体时可以把物体看做质点。 ④并不是很小的物体就一定能视为质点，而很大的物体就不能视为质点。在高中阶段我们所接触到的物体大部分是可以被视为质点的。例题： 1.关于运动员和球类能否看成质点，以下说法正确的是（） A.研究跳高运动员的起跳和过杆动作时，可以把运动员看成质点 B.研究花样滑冰运动员的冰上动作时，能把运动员看成质点 C.研究足球的射门速度时，可以把足球看成质点 D.研究乒乓球弧圈球的接球时，能把乒乓球看成质点 2.在下列物体的运动中，可把物体视为质点的是（） A.研究“神州七号”绕地球运动的圈数时 B.对“神州七号”进行姿态调整时 C.研究跳水运动员在空中的翻滚运动时 D.研究从滑梯上滑下的小孩四.参考系：为了描述物体的运动，需要先选定一个假定不动的物体作标准，看要描述的那个物体相对于这个标准物体是如何运动的，这个被选作标准的物体就叫做参考系（参照物）。

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