论文

Introduction

The Diary of Anne Frank was written by a Jewish girl, Anne Frank. In 1941, her whole family was forced to hide into her father’s company in Amsterdam. With another Jewish family, the Van Daans, and a Jewish dentist, Mr. Dussel, the eight Jews lived in the “Secret Annex” for more than two years during the Nazi Occupation in Holland. On August 4, 1944, the residents of the “Secret Annex” were betrayed and arrested.

Anne Frank was born in June 12, 1929, in the city of Frankfurt, Germany. Anne’s father, Otto Frank, is a respected businessman. Anne and her older sister Margot lived a happy life for parents’ love and care. In 1933, after Nazi came into power, along with her family, Anne left Frankfurt. Except Otto Frank, they went to Aachen. Otto Frank went to Holland and established a food products business. During the next few years, the crisis and the war were increasing, but Anne Frank lived happily in Amsterdam. She attended the Montessori school and had a lot of friends.

But all things began to change once the Germans invaded Holland in 1940. Since then Holland had already not been a safe home any longer. Anne was compelled to leave the Montessori school and attend the Jewish Lyceum. Even though things were changed, the growing number of anti-Jewish laws did not weigh heavily on her. However, Otto Frank discovered the direction of anti-Jewish clearly enough. On July 6, 1942, the Frank family left their comfortable house forever and moved into the Secret Annex, when the Franks were there, Germans was at the height of its conquests.

On August 4, 1944, a Dutch betrayed them, they were arrested by the Gestapo. The eight Jews were taken to a police station in Amsterdam. On October 6, 1944, Anne and Margot were sent to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany. At the end of February or on beginning of March 1945, Anne and Margot died at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. In May 1945, the war ended.

On June 3, 1945, the only survivor of the eight Secret Annex residents, Otto Frank, received a letter telling him that his daughters died at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.

The Diary of Anne Frank can be considered as a Bildungsroman. The term Bildungsroman refers to the novel focusing on the hero’s all-round self-development. In German, “used generally, it encompasses a few similar genres: the Entwicklungsroman, which focuses on training and formal education; and the Erziehungsroman, which focuses on

training and formal education; and the Kunstlerroman, about the development of an artist”(Hader).There are four features in common found in Bildungsroman. Firstly, characters’growth is a fundamental narrative element in the narration. Secondly, Bildungsroman is mainly about the personal experience. Thirdly, Bildungsroman has a certain narrative pattern. Fourthly, after undergoing the crucifixion in life, the hero obtains new recognition of the society, life and himself.

In 1947, Anne frank’s diary was edited by her father, and then published by a Dutch publishing house. In 1952, the English version diary soon made the Secret Annex known by the whole world. Since then, it has been translated into more than 30 languages and adapted for theater, film and television. In addition, Anne Frank inspired a Broadway play that won the Pulitzer Prize and three Tony Awards in 1955-1956, as well as many other prizes in the following 50 years. For more than 50 years, The Diary of Anne Frank demonstrated a lasting appeal of truthfulness and liveliness. Anne kept a personal diary for its original significance: she was trying to reserve her escaping experience through a writing based on daily life, driven by a continuous passion for writing. At the same time, her writing was featured by youthful wisdom and life. She observed life insightfully, and persisted to reflect on the changing environment.

In my thesis, Anne obtains her growing experiences through changes of the world and of the attitudes towards the war and the human nature. The Diary of Anne Frank as a historical document successfully reflects the Holocaust and fully records the process of Anne’s growth.

1. Historical Background

1.1 World War II

World War II was a worldwide war between the Allied Powers and the Axis Powers. The main Allied countries were Poland, Britain and France. France surrendered in 1940 and was occupied by Germany in 1944. In 1941, the Soviet Union and the United States entered the war on the side of the Allies. The principal Axis Powers were Germany, Japan and Italy. It was the largest armed conflict which the world had ever seen. Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939 .The Soviet Union cooperated with Germany, invaded Eastern Poland, attacked Finland in the Winter War, and seized the Baltic states .After battles spanning much of the globe and including military forces from more than 50 countries, victory came to the Allies in 1945.

Germany led by Adolf Hitler invaded Poland when the war started in Europe. Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The Soviet Union, acting in cooperation with Germany, invaded Eastern Poland, attacked Finland and seized the Baltic States. Most areas of Europe and North Africa and the oceans became battlefields. The Germany overwhelmed Poland in 1939, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France in 1940, and Yugoslavia and Greece in 1941. By summer 1941, Germany had conquered France and most areas of Western Europe, but it had failed to conquer Britain. Then in June 1941, Germany attacked the Soviet Union, this was bogged down upon reaching the border of Moscow in late 1941. The Soviet Union later captured the German Sixth Army at the Battle of Stalingrad from 1941 to 1943, decisively defeated the Axis during the Battle of Kursk, and broke the Siege of Leningrad. In June 1944, the Allies invaded France in a massive attack and in September 1945, the Allies had won the war.

By World War II, nearly all the Jews companies had either bankrupted under financial pressure and declining profits, or had been forced to sell out to the Nazi-German government. German Jews were prohibited from operating businesses and trades, and from offering goods and services. As the war started, Holocaust was encouraged by the Nazis, and they began to kill the Jews. During World War II, the Jews were treated like imperfections in the German community. They were arrested to concentration camps and made into slaves. They were forced to make uniforms and war equipment for Hitler. If they didn't, they were shot, shoved

into a gas oven, or eaten alive by attack dogs.

Anne Frank was a young Jewish girl who lived and died during the Holocaust. The Frank family hid from the Nazis for two long years in a Secret Annex. During that time, Anne kept a diary in which she not only wrote about the horrors of war but the everyday problems of being a teenager.

1.2 Race Superiority

Many countries in the world still have prejudices for certain group of people. They feel that men are superior to than women, whites are superior to Blacks. All these assumptions are wrong. In many areas, women are stronger than men. In terms of sports and games, Blacks are stronger than Whites.

During World War II, the Jews suffered racial discrimination from Germany. Because of laws of Hitler’s anti-Jewish, the Jews’ life was filled with anxiety. They were forced to follow anti-Jewish decrees. Jews must wear a yellow star for distinguishing them from others; Jews must hand in their bicycles; Jews are banned from trams and forbidden to drive; Jews are only allowed to do their shopping between three to five o’clock and then only in shops which bear the placard “Jewish shop”; Jews must be indoors by eight o’clock and cannot even sit in their own gardens after that hours Jews are forbidden to visit theaters, cinemas and other places of entertainment; Jews may not take part in public sports. Swimming baths, tennis courts, hockey fields and other sports are all prohibited to them; Jews may not visit Christians; Jews must go to Jewish schools and so on. The growing number of anti-Jewish decrees did heavily on Jews (Anne, 2003:286).

Under the control of the anti-Jewish decrees, German Jews lost basic rights one by one, and they were deprived of the rights to hold public office, practice professions and use public education and transportation, which can be tested by Anne’s personal experience.

Accordingly, Anne recorded that Margot had to be transferred to a Jewish school and they were segregated from the original school and for nothing but for the fact that they were Jewish children. The diary also recorded that Anne and her friends had to walk everywhere, because they were not allowed to drive.

1.3 Holocaust

The Holocaust is the term conventionally refers to the genocide of six million Jews as well as the murder of the Gypsies, Soviets and others during Nazi controlled Germany from 1933 to 1945. Accounting all the victims of Nazi persecution, the total number is estimated to eleven million.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Germany was one of the strongest countries in Europe, but in 1918, it collapsed as a result of its defeat in World War I. Since then Germany faced more difficulties, the German Empire came to his end. After that a group of democratic politicians established the German Republic. It was well-known that the new government was just the Weimar Republic. In 1919 at the Versailles Peace Conference, the Germany representatives were not permitted to join in the negotiations. The Treaty of Versailles placed the responsibility on Germany and ordered the Germany to pay the cost of all damage by the war. The Treaty for peace brought no peace at all for the German society. The representatives met with the complaints from all walks of German people. Middle-class Germans who had lost everything in the inflation of the early 1920s blamed the republican government for their poverty. Unemployed workers, impatient with the conservative republic, looked for another way to solute the problems.

Nazi (National Socialist German Workers’Party) established just at such a critical moment of the dispirited Germany. In 1921, Adolf Hitler became the leader of Nazi Party. Hitler and the Nazis blamed the decline in Germany’s power on Jews and radicals and preached the supremacy of the German and Aryan race. They made promises to the listeners to rescue them from guilt and shame, shifted all the responsibility to the Jews and convinced the irrational mob that it was the Jews who threatened the purity of the civilized German blood. In Hitler’s view, as long as Jews remained in Germany, they were a constant source of ideological infection and a threat to German racial purity.

In January 30, 1933, Hitler became the chancellor of Germany. Hitler declared that all political parties but the Nazis were outlawed. In order to expand the living space of Germany, Hitler launched the war in September 1939. In eighteen days, the German Army occupied Poland. In April 1940, the Germans seized Denmark and invaded Norway. On May 10, Hitler broke the west line. Within a few days, his armies conquered the neutral Holland and Belgium and were spreading to France. On June 22, France surrendered .At the same time, Hitler carried out his anti-Semitic program without any hesitation. A sweeping Holocaust started everywhere Nazi took power.

Form 1941 to 1945 during World War II, Holocaust spread to the Nazi-occupied Europe: Labor camps, concentration camps and ghettos were built wherever Nazi troops reached.

Those death factories were used as the basis of the Nazi final solution for the Jewish problem through mass extermination in gas chamber and massed shooting; moreover, lots of death camp prisoners died of starvation, illness, and cold and so on. There were about 8 to 10 million Jews controlled directly or indirectly by the Nazis. 60 to 75 percent of the six million people killed in the Holocaust were the Jews.

The Diary of Anne Frank was written by a 13-year-old girl during the Holocaust, so it seems difficult for Anne Frank to preciously present the ordeals or accurately perceive the historical vein.

Anne was a representative of thousands of Jews during the Holocaust. At that time, she was frightened, lonely and expected future with mixed feeling of hope and despair. However, Anne’s response to the outer pressure demonstrated that human goodness can triumph against evil and that humanity can finally survive the brutal trial.

It was known from the diary that the anti-Semitism in a girl’s eyes perhaps simply meant she could not go to the ice-cream shops by non-Jewish owner and she had to bear being marked as minority in her schooling. However, for the Franks, the situation meant more serious and great threatening force on their peaceful life, and they had to plan for a more secure solution in face of their gloomy future.

2. Process of Anne’s Growth

Anne concentrated her ink on the eight family members as well as the four helpers. They were characterized vividly despite Anne’s adolescent prejudice and family bias at times. Anne was able to portray each figure in quite a sharp way with her precious language. In the Secret Annex, the eight residents were bearing more and more pressure from the turbulent environment and the conflicting interpersonal relationships would bring more unhappiness to the hiding life. Anxiety, suspicion and depression became the predominant mood from September 1943 to January 1944. Anne complained about how her parents and the other people in the Secret Annex treat her like a child. She was sensitive to criticism, and took it to heart when people criticized her. In Anne’s diary, she wrote “Relations between us here are getting worse all the time. At mealtimes, no one dares to open their mouths (except to allow to mouthful of food to slip in) because whatever is said you either annoy someone or it is misunderstood.”(Anne, 2003:184).Almost everyone in the Secret Annex suffered from worries and depression.

2.1 Anne VS Her Parents

In Anne’s opinion, her mother was neither tender nor patient enough to care for her, and her father could not understand her inner world. Anne’s reflection in her diary proved that she was neglected by her parents.

At first, Anne hated her mother and didn’t love her. In Anne’s opinion, the mother had pushed her away, and her tactless remarks and the crude jokes had made her insensitive to any love from her inside. The reprimand from her mother gave us the opportunity to explore the tenuous relationship that exists between Anne and her mother. Mrs. Frank was displeased with Anne’s behavior and unable to understand her willfulness. In Mrs. Frank’s opinion, Anne couldn’t compare with Margot, who was courteous and dignified. Unlike her sister, Anne was rude and crafty.

Then, when the mother showed care to her, she not only refused to accept, but also said something bad to her. What she did had hurt her mother horribly. After that, she felt sorry for the mother, realized the coldness from her and saw the sorrowful look on her mother’s face, but she couldn’t apologize to her because she thought what she said was the truth. There was a

tension between Anne and her mother, for Anne found her coldness, and it was Anne's personality that she was not afraid to tell people what she really thought about. Anne was closer to her father, who she was praised often as modest and sweet. Under her father’s guidance, she continued studying various subjects, skills, and languages. She developed her writings so that the style of her diary had become more varied and vivid. The mother was upset, but Anne felt that it could not be wrong, because she told the truth about her feelings. Anne said “For myself, I remain silent and aloof; and I shall not shrink from the truth any longer, because the longer it is put off, the more difficult it will be for them when they hear it.” (Anne, 2003:130).

Furthermore, things changed from time to time. It seems as if she had grown up a lot since she had a special dream. After that, she became a more independent girl. She tried to change her parents’ideas and began to think over the relationships between her and her parents. She realized that she had the duty over the right matter. Anne felt cold towards her mother, she was ashamed that she had upset her, so she wished to improve their relationship. The intelligent people should know more on how to get along with others very well. Anne was an intelligent girl. She tried her best to do that, although sometimes she was still stubborn.

At last, Anne wrote a letter of independence declaration to her father, on May 5, 1944, the disappointment and shock of her father showed that he did not understand her daughter’s inner world well, not to mention the careless mother. Anne longed for a considerate mother in hiding days. In Anne’s criterion, the ideal mother was a woman who, first and foremost, possessed a great of tact, especially towards her adolescent children, and not one who, like her mother, poked fun at her when she cried. In fact, her parents did not carry enough weight in her growing. Anne needed help and encouragement from her parents. She was an immature girl after all.

Experiencing more and more things, Anne was ashamed of her and began to criticize and scold herself far more than anyone else did. Anne admitted that her mother’s indifference to her could be understandable, “she did love me very much and she was tender, but as she landed in so much unpleasant situations through me, and was nervous and irritable because of other worries and difficulties, it is certainly understandable that she snapped at me.”(Anne, 2003:213). It was a hint that Anne had understood and forgiven her mother. Although the alienation from her mother was not released till the last moment, it was still a symbol of reconciliation.

2.2 Anne VS Mrs. Van Daan

On July 13, 1943, the Van Daans arrived and their information was immediately written into Anne’s diary. From that on, the quarrels never stopped. As if the Van Daans was a symbol of quarrel. Anne and Mrs. Van Dann hadn’t had one peaceful day together.

At first, Mrs. Van Daan always discussed Anne about her appearance, character and manners. Mrs. Van Daan was bad-tempered. She thought Anne was bad-mannered, conceited, head-strong, pushing, stupid, and lazy and so on. Anne tolerated all of these criticisms, but she couldn’t make sure how long it would last. One time, Mrs. Van Daan directly criticized the way the Mother brought them up. After a drastic self-defense, Mrs. Van Daan was irritated. She fall her eyes on Anne. In the following days, Mrs. Van Daan still blamed her as before, but Anne became so sensible that she learnt to apply one’s reason to everything, to obey, to help, to be good and to give in.

Then, the quarrel finally broke out. When Anne said that the book Henry from the other Side was not as good as Mr.Dussel said, Mrs. Van Daan brought Anne a packet of trouble. She said Anne had been brought up in wrong way. They made a fool of Anne. Anne couldn’t bear any more. In Anne’s diary, she wrote “Mrs.Van Daan is a nice one! She sets a fine example…she certainly sets one---a bad one. She is well known as being very pushing, selfish, and cunning, calculating, and is never content. I can also add vanity and coquetry to the list. There is no question about it; she is an unspeakably disagreeable person.” (Anne, 2003:158). After long observation, Anne came to a conclusion that Mrs. Van Daan had too many defects. From these we can make a conclusion that the conflict between Anne and Mrs. Van Daan had reached the summit.

Finally, for the interpersonal relationship, Anne did not stick to her own justification; instead, she began looking for improper attitudes from her own side. In the diary on January 22, 1944, she wrote as follows:

It seems as if I’ve grown up a lot since my dream the other night. I’m much more of an “independent being”. You’ll certainly be amazed when I tell you that even my attitude towards the Van Daans has changed. I suddenly see all the arguments and the rest of it in a different light, and am not as prejudiced as I was. (Anne, 2003:232).

Anne always thought the Van Daans did all thing wrong ago. However, after that special dream, she changed her mind. Anne found shortcomings and faults from her own side and examined herself, so she changed her earlier biased attitudes.

2.3 Anne VS Peter

In the Secret Annex, the active Anne didn’t degenerate in despair, and finally found a confidant fortunate and sweet friendship soon developed into romantic love. In the bitter hiding days, Peter steeped into Anne’s life.

Anne’s longing for a girl friend was partly fulfilled when, on January 6, 1944, Anne decided to go up to Peter’s room and talk to him. Peter was a rather shy boy, two years older than Anne, and it seemed that he was not averse to having Anne come and talk to him. On January 12, 1944 Anne wrote “What do I care about the lot of them! Peter belongs to me and no one knows anything about it. This way I can get over all the snubs I receive. Who would ever think that so much can go on in the sou l of a young girl?” (Anne, 2003:228-229). We realize here that her relationship with Peter compensates for many of the difficulties of her daily life.

Another milestone of maturity was passed when Anne managed to have a conversation with Peter about sex, when he showed her his cat’s male organs. Anne felt strange, but she admired Peter for being able to talk about it in a matter-of-fact way. For Anne, it couldn’t be accepted if others said something about sex.

Anne’s growing relationship with Peter contin ued to excite and comfort her, even though she remained terribly frustrated by having to remain inside—especially when spring began. Peter confided in her about his frustration at being unable to express himself clearly, as he claimed she did, and even tho ugh she felt that this was not justified. She felt glad “because I sensed a real feeling of fellowship, such as I can only remember having had with my girlfriends” (Anne, 2003:254). On another occasion, Peter helped Anne find the smallest and sweetest pota toes, and Anne felt that he looked at her with “such a gentle warm look which made a tender glow within me. I could really see that he wanted to please me, and because he couldn’t make a long complimentary speech he spoke with his eyes” (Anne, 2003:256). She also analyzed the various phases which she had gone through after going into hiding. She spoke of her initial confusion, followed by depression and then, as she began to mature, both physically and emotionally, she described her growing self-awareness, and finally, she discovered her inward happiness through her close relationship with Peter. Anne’s happiness with Peter was not affected by the daily trials of life in the Secret Annex.

Anne was very happy when Peter kissed her for the first time. Although Peter and Anne

would put their arms around one another and occasionally kiss, their physical relationship was very innocent. Anne displayed astonishing maturity for a girl of fourteen by refusing to accept completely the extremely strict moral standards of her time. Anne wrote “we are shut up here, shut away from the world, in fear and anxiety, especially just lately. Why, then, should we who love each other remain apart? Why should we wait until we’ve reached a suitable age? Why should we bother?” (Anne, 2003:346-347).

However, things changed after a short time. Anne began to doubt if she was truly in love with Peter. She was wondering if Peter could be an understanding, sensitive confidant and listener whom she could talk about what’s deep in heart. Even around the most intimate period of time, Anne could also make sure that Peter was not the right person for her whom she would like to depend on. She also thought that Peter was not the ultimate partner.

After some emotional period and a talk with her father, she started to emphasize that Peter was a friend. She talked about love less and less. In fact, she found herself not fall in love with him as much as she had initially thought. Peter couldn’t understand her inner world and satisfy her needs. During the days in the Secret Annex, the relationship between Anne and Peter was marvelous.

3. Reflection of Anne’s Maturity in the Secret Annex

3.1 The Attitudes towards the Real-life

Throughout the diary, the growth of Anne in the Secret Annex reflects not only the mental changes of her inner world, but also an example of the youth’s responses to the outside world.

The life was oppressive in the Secret Annex, but Anne never gave up hope. Anne dreamed of being a journalist and writer, but it was too fragile under the brutal environment. However, in the Diary, Anne still wrote “I look up into the heavens; I think that it will all come right, that this cruelty too will end, and that peace and tranquility will return again. In the meanwhile, I must uphold my ideals, for perhaps the time will come when I shall be able to carry them out.” (Anne, 2003:430).

From these, readers are feeling an unyielding spirit by the growing reflections and the final maturity of a young girl. The war can destroy everything but not a heart which is strong, brave and free. Anne recognized that her optimism came from the diary she did. She also recognized that things were only as bad as one thought they were, and that unlike her, the other people in the Secret Annex were grumpy and dissatisfied, for she made a conscious effort to keep herself in good spirits.

When Anne was 15 years old, she had a tremendous change. She began to ponder over wishes and thoughts, accusations and reproaches. The trying part about her was that she criticized and scolded herself more than anyone else did. Anne began to think about problems between men and women. It was not easy for a girl to have so many ideas under the flames of war.

The hurt of the heart was never less serious than physical damage caused by the war. Anne faced with difficulty bravely. Anne was frightened, lonely and expected future with mixed feeling of hope and despair. She was a representative of thousands of Jews in hiding during the Holocaust. What made her different from others was that she could express her aspiration in the deeper mind. Anne was good at observing reality and thinking about the real-life. She increasingly investigated her inner world rather than complained about the discouraging outer world.

At any time, Anne could uphold her ideals and be able to carry them out. In her deep

heart, love, future, happiness, and beauty still existed in the world. The world, nature and beauty were all exquisite and fine. Anne knew how bad the situation was outside of the Secret Annex, so she also knew that they must keep themselves happy to avoid falling into the trap of gloom. She saw the light at the dark of the society and made sure that soon the sadness would leave.

Anne Frank’s wish “I want to go on living even after my de ath” (Anne, 2003:323) has come true. Today, people found the Anne Frank Foundation on the Prinsengracht Canal where the Franks hid for 25 months. People built it as a memorial for Anne Frank. The Foundation is also working towards the future by helping to promote better understanding about Anne and that time among young people from all over the world.

3.2 The Reactions to the War

In the diary, Anne emphasized that children suffered no less than the adult did in war time. We had to admit that it was not the faults of the residents in Secret Annex. Annex felt disappointedly without the intimate instruction when growing up.

She expressed in the Diary as follows:

I wanted to change myself in my own way. I realized I could damage

without my mother, completely and totally, and that hurt. But what affected me even more was the realization that I was never going to be able to confide in Father. I didn’t trust anyone but myself. (Anne, 2003:366)

It was the fault of the war that caused Anne feels so disappointed. Older people had formed their opinions about everything, so they were not hesitated to do things before they act. However, it was hard for young ones to maintain their opinions. Because they were young, they had their dreams. They could find a solution, but the solution didn’t seem able to solve problems finally.

On July 26, 1943, the whole day was covered under the cloud of bomb. When Anne went to bed at nine o’clock, her legs still shock. They had to keep silent, when the bombs rained down. It was amazing for a 13 years old girl to keep silent for several hours under such cruel situation. Anne had uncommon stamina. Anne had periods of depression, but beyond it all, she still was able to see that there was light and hope beyond the darkness of the war.

Anne sacrificed a lot and tried to overcome the extreme fears. What attracted the

readers’ attention most is that Anne balanced the fear she felt while living in hiding place by her vivid reflections about growing up. One detail was her new way of getting rid of fears“ I also have a brand-new prescription for gunfire jitters: When the shooting gets loud, proceed to the nearest wooden staircase. Run up and down a few times, making sure to stumble at least once.”Facing the pressure, Anne could find a proper way to relax. Anne believed that although humanity would destroy itself, it would be redeemed and started again. She was so optimistic that she could keep her spirits high and had never despaired. Readers admire the spirit of brave, smart and sensible.

“I have often been downcast, but never in despair; I regard our hiding as a dangerous adventure, romantic and interesting at the same time.”(Anne, 2003:364). Different from the pessimistic about war, Anne developed highly intelligent and philosophical insights on the war. She could face the war with her special feelings. From beginning to ending, Anne made sure that the war would come to end and the peace would finally come true.

Nevertheless, struggling to the war is never an adventure that people would choose either for themselves or for their children. People of all ages have been forced into terrible circumstances. In the Secret Annex, all the people tried their best to avoid being discovered. Their courage and intelligence gave us a lesson about resistance and optimism.

During two years, the Franks, the Van Daans and Mr. Dussel were all brave and intelligent. In the diary, Anne skillfully described the war. The war was brutal, but Anne could resist her ideals. She thought that things were going well at last, so she was getting really hopeful. Anne was so hopeful about the end of the war that she imagined returning to school in the fall.

On May 3, 1944, Anne wro te “I don’t believe that the big man, the politicians and the capitalists alone, are guilty of the war. Oh no, the little man is just as guilty, otherwise the peoples of the world would have risen in revolt long ago! There’s in people simply an urge to destroy, an urge to skill, without exception, undergoes a great change, wars will be waged, everything that had been built up ,cultivated, and grown will be destroyed and disfigured, after which mankind will have to begin all over again.” (Anne, 2003:364). With the coming of Germans including workers and farmers began to submit to Hitler. His simplifications of complex issues satisfied them. His promise of a glorious national future appealed to their pride. His willingness to assume total responsibility relieved them of the unaccustomed burdens of citizenship in a

democracy. In Anne’s opinion, it is not fair to attribute all the responsibilities to the big man, the politicians and the capitalists, common people have more guilt. Most of the Jews were killed by the common people personally. They were forced to do that, but they were never been forgiven. On January 1933, the number of Nazi had reached to 1.5 million, one third of these were the common people or workers.

If people shifted all the blame to the rulers, they would not do anything about self-questioning. If people couldn’t rethink about themselves, the war will last forever. As a victim of Nazi, Anne deeply thought about the war. Facing with the brutal real life, Anne was really strong and brave in every way. Her reactions to the war were deeper than the companions. Even at the lowest point, when they were all restless, Anne wrote about how they still loved life and had hope. They did not give up and let they fall into depression but came together and tried to make the best of their situation.

During war time, Anne could not receive enough intimate instructions she deserved. Sometimes, she had to rely on her own understanding and some times had to sacrifice herself to avoid troubles. War deprived her of the most valuable growing environment, including friends who could have shared her secrets and open nat ure, which could relieve her stress and loneliness.

If attributing the loneliness and isolation of Anne totally to the war seems a little bit unbelievable, it is proper to say that the war as well as the Holocaust can be seen as conspiracy.

3.3 The Attitudes towards the Human Nature

Under the brutal environment, Anne showed extremely brave and strong. She encouraged herself to overcome the difficulties. She wanted to make her dream come true and become a useful citizen. Anne was an open and early-maturing girl, she saw through everybody around her. She hoped that she could come to the school again to study and play with the companions.

In the Diary, Anne wrote “It’s really a wonder that I haven’t dropping all my ideals, because they seem so absurd and impossible to carry out. Yet I keep them, because in spite of everything I still believe that people are really good at heart.” (Anne, 2003:429).

When Anne died, she still believed that people were really good in nature. The

fate of Anne was tragic, but her s mile was so lovely. Anne still didn’t have sense of loss in the tragic environment, because she believed that the kind-heartedness existed in the world. The inner passion of human being emits a radiant light on the cool history. Her responses to the outer world demonstrate that goodness could triumph against evil and that humanity can finally survive the brutal war.

Conclusion

T he Diary of Anne Frank is a remarkable book. It has achieved a worldwide fame since its publication in 1947. Anne’s diary is one of the most influential Holocaust books all over the world. It successfully represents a group of young victims and hence achieves shocking effect of historical truthfulness. In Anne’s diary, it has documented the horrific Holocaust history from an adolescent girl’s points of view, and vividly represented a special hiding life of Jews during World War II. Anne portrays herself appealingly and vividly. Although the horror and the humiliation existed in her daily life, she never gave up.

For one thing, Anne matured very rapidly in these two years. It is the crucial years for a girl from 13 to 15 years old. For a long time, Anne thought about things which were very sensitive, but wrote nothing about the threat of death. She also wrote something about the relations with her parents, the developing of self-awareness and the problems of growing up. These are the thoughts and expressions of a young girl living under the extraordinary conditions. The love story of Anne and Peter reflected young people’s loneliness of inner heart. She was so optimistic that she could keep her spirits high and had never despaired.

For another, Anne’s diary not only reflected the days she experienced on her growing up into maturity, but also represented the process of the war. In the two years hiding life, she dressed her imaginative friend Kitty about her maturity, presenting us a vivid literarily readable personal account about war. It preserves a fresh memory about war and humanity, so readers are involved in her short life even in the entire world. The Diary of Anne Frank leaves the world a convincing and highly intelligent personal material of letters in understanding the Holocaust as well as the ordeals of millions of suffering Jews under persecution of Nazi occupation. Although Anne died at a young age of fifteen, her diary not only serves as precious document of the Holocaust, but also presents a wealth to the literary world.

In summary, Anne’s diary not only records the Holocaust history, but also clearly presents how a little girl changes from innocence to maturity under the terrible outward circumstances. It is appropriate to her fine spirit and the spirits of those who have worked and are working for peace.

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Acknowledgements

With the help of many people, I have been able to complete this thesis.

First, I would thank Professor Liu Xibo, my supervisor, who offered me a lot of help at different stages of my study and research. Moreover, I would like to thank all the professors and teachers who have taught me in Qiqihar University. Their teachings and personal examples will always be a treasure in my life. Then, I would also like to take the opportunity to acknowledge my thanks to my friends for their advice and help in my writing. Last but not least, I would say thanks to my parents for their love and support.

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大学期末论文

大学期末论文 题目:德国现代特殊教育的发展 院系:教育学院 专业:特殊教育专业 年级:2016级 姓名:幸顺丽 学号:2016092031 完成时间:2016年12月14日星期三

【摘要】:本文在普通教育的基础上，阐述了德国现代特殊教育的发展状况。在第二次世界大战后，随着普通教育的恢复和发展，特殊教育也得到了德国联邦政府的重视，为了恢复和发展特殊教育采取了一系列的措施。其一保障了特殊儿童的教育权利，所有特殊儿童不管其程度如何，都有受教育的权利。其二按照不同种类特殊儿童，设立了各种特殊教育机构与学校，使特殊儿童受到更专一的教育。其三为了使特殊儿童更早的得到治疗和融入社会，德国联邦政府还发展了学前特殊教育，让特殊教育从婴儿时期抓起，对相应的特殊儿童进行有专门的康复训练，使更多的特殊儿童受到康复教育。其四扩充了大量的特殊机构和学校，使得大部分特殊儿童接受到了特殊教育。 自20世纪80年代以后，德国的特殊教育有了新的发展问题，其一为了提高特殊学校的教学效果，改善了教学计划，即班级的规模和特殊学校的师生比例，使得每个特殊儿童都得到了关注。其二因特殊机构与学校的急速扩增，导致了教师人数的不足，而加重了特殊教育师资的培养。其三为使已经得到康复的特殊人群有自己的经济收入、不依附他人，联邦政府还特别重视特殊儿童及青年的职业培养。使特殊人群成为了家庭的好帮手、社会的好公民，并为社会做出了不同的贡献。 【关键字】：特殊儿童教育权利康复训练 教学计划职业培养

目录 德国现代特殊教育的发展 (1) 引言 (1) 一、二战后至20世纪70年代德国特殊教育的发展 (1) 1. 保障特殊儿童的教育权利 (2) 2. 设立各类特殊学校 (2) 3. 发展学前特殊教育 (3) 4. 扩充特殊学校数量 (4) 二、20世纪80年代以来德国特殊教育的发展 (6) 1. 发展促进学校。 (6) 2. 改善班级名额及师生比 (6) 3. 重视培养特殊教育师资 (8) 4. 重视特殊儿童及青年的职业教育 (8) 总结： (11) 附录1 德国特殊教育大事件 (12) 附录2 参考文献 (13)

思想道德修养和法律基础论文

加强道德修养锻炼道德品质 大学时期是人生道德意识形成、发展和成熟的一个重要阶段，在这个时期形成的思想道德观念对我们的一生都有着深远的影响。牢固树立社会主义荣辱观，加强思想道德修养，做一个知荣辱、讲道德的人，是党和人民的殷切期望，也是大学生全面发展、健康成长的重要条件。大学生要继承和弘扬中华民族的优良道德传统，全面把握社会主义道德建设的核心、原则，自觉恪守公民基本道德规范，努力养成良好的道德品质。 道德作为一种特殊的社会意识形式，归根到底是有经济基础决定的，是社会经济关系的反应。这就是道德的本质。同时，道德的起源是一个漫长的发展过程。马克思主义认为，道德作为一种社会现象，其产生有多方面的条件，经历了一个漫长的历史过程。道德的产生，所需要的主客观条件是统一于生产实践的。劳动创造了人和人类社会，劳动是人类到的起源的第一个历史前提。而人类最初的道德以风俗习惯的形式表现出来，随着社会生产力的发展和社会生活的日益复杂化、多样化，特别是随着人类文明时代的开始，到的逐渐从风俗习惯中分化出来，成为一种相对独立的意识形式。 因此，道德对社会、人类等具有重要的功能与作用。道德的功能，是指到的作为社会意识的特殊形式对于社会发展所具有的功效与能力。道德的功能集中表现为，它是处理个人与他人、个人与社会之间关系的行为规范及实现自我完善的一种重要精神力量。在道德的功能系统中，主要的功能是认识功能和调节功能。 道德认识功能是指道德反映社会现实，特别是反应社会经济关系的功效与能力。道德的调节功能是指，道德通过评价等方式，指导和纠正人们的行为实践活动，协调人们之间的关系的功效与能力，这是道德最突出也是最重要的社会功能。同时，道德评价是道德调节的主要形式。社会舆论、传统习惯和人们的内心信念是道德调节所赖以发挥作用的力量。在社会生活中，道德调节并不是孤立而行的，而是和其他社会调节手段密切配合、共同发挥调节作用的。 除了上述的功能，道德还具有其他方面的功能，如导向功能、激励功能、辩护功能、沟通功能等，这些功能都是道德的认识功能和调节功能在某些方面的具体体现，都建立在这两种功能的基础之上。 除此之外，道德也发挥着重要的社会作用。道德功能的发挥和实现所产生的社会影响和实际效果，就是道德的社会作用，道德的社会作用主要体现在道德能够影响经济基础的形成、巩固和发展；道德是影响社会生产力发展的一种重要的精神力量；道德对其他社会意识形态；