外文翻译

毕业设计论文外文资料翻译系部：电气工程系专业：测控与仪器姓名：刘振学号：080309064 外文出处： A. Safari and D. J. Waller quotFine Scale PZT Fiber/Polymer Composites” 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。指导教师评语：译文准确，条理比较清楚，语句较通畅，基本能符合汉语的习惯。专业用语翻译较为准确，整体翻译质量较好。签名：年月日附件1：外文资料翻译译文通过注射成型制造压电陶瓷/聚合物复合材料Leslie J. Bowen 和Kenneth W. French 原料系统有限公司摩洛哥康考德希尔克雷斯特大道53 号邮编01742摘要宾夕法尼亚州立大学材料研究室的研究已经证明通过使用压电陶瓷/聚合物复合材料可以改进检漏器水诊器潜能。作为美国海军研究局的资助计划的一部分，旨在开发针对这些合成物且具有成本效益制造技术，材料系统正在寻求一种陶瓷制造方法的注射成型。本文简要概览了陶瓷注射成型过程的关键细节，并且记叙了制造压电陶瓷/聚合物复合材料的步骤及方法论。注射成型压电陶瓷的设备和应用程序都是区别于传统的材料的加工。绪论压电陶瓷/聚合物复合材料提供了设计的多功能性和性能优势，在遥感和驱动应用方面都超越单独的陶瓷与聚合物的压电材料。这些合成物已经被开始用于高解析度超声医学以及海军的发展应用。在过去的十三年里，许多复合的配置已经按照一个实验室的规模被构造且评估。其中最成功的组合之一，被指定复合物的纽纳姆号，有一个三维连接陶瓷阶段压电纤维内含三维连接有机聚合物的阶段。检漏器的性能系数可使得这个复合物超过那些通过适当选择阶段特征和复合结构的固体材料10000 倍。宾州州立大学复合物的制备是通过在一个跳汰机和封装环氧树脂中手调挤压压电陶瓷棒，之后限制适当的厚度并极化陶瓷。除了这种材料所展示出的性能优势，宾州州立大学的工作所凸显的问题涉及合成物的大规模制造或者甚至以原型为目的。这些是：1在通过聚合物封装时大量的压电陶瓷光纤的库存和供给需求。2在极化过程中发生率高的介电击穿是起于在一个典型的大型阵列遇到一个或多个有缺陷的纤维的显著概率。在过去的五年里，为了提高制造行业的生存能力并降低材料成本已经多次尝试简化传感器的组装工艺。早期的尝试包括将压电陶瓷的固体块切割至理想的配置和聚合体阶段的空缺回填。这项技术已经被超声医学工业接受并用于制造高频传感器。最近，纤维材料公司已经证明了其用于纤维增强复合材料的编织技术在装配压电材料方面的适应性。另外的一项探索技术涉及复制多孔织物已经有适当的连通性。对于极其精密尺度的复合材料，纤维的直径大约为20 至100 微米，长宽比大于 5 以满足装置性能需要的目标。因此，这些困难再加上额外的成型与处理庞大数量且无缺陷的极其精细的纤维的挑战。最近，西门子公司的研究人员表明非常精密尺度的复合材料可以通过一种不定的模具技术来制造。然而，这种方法需要为每一个部分制造一个新的模具。本文介绍一种压电复合加工的新方法，即:陶瓷注射成型。陶瓷注射成型无论对海军的压电陶瓷/聚合物复合材料或是对于极其加工规模的压电复合材料如那些所需的高频超声医疗及无损评估都是一种具有成本效益的制造方法。注塑成型过程克服了通过网型预成型陶瓷纤维整列使装配导向陶瓷纤维进入复合材料传感器的困难。除了这个优势，该方法使得比那些以前的设想具有更复杂陶瓷元素几何的复合传感器成为可能，以致产生了为提高声阻抗匹配性的更高的设计柔性以及横向模式的取消。过程描述注塑成型被广泛应用于塑料行业作为一种较低成本、形状复杂的迅速大规模生产。此种方法最适合应用于陶瓷小截面形状，例如线程导向，以及无需烧结至很高密度的大而复杂的形状，如涡轮机的叶片铸造插入。最近，这种方法已被研究用作生产热发动机涡轮部件的技术。如图 1 所示，注塑成型方法已被用于压电陶瓷的成型。通过将热塑性塑料与陶瓷粉末的混合物有机结合并注入一个冷却模具，复杂的形状就能方便且快速的正常与塑料结合成型。预防例如像金属接触硬化的表面，尽量减少金属从混和与成型器械受到的污染。对于陶瓷，型腔必须无损拆除，迫使高的固体载荷，严格控制型腔移除的过程，以及适当的夹具。一旦型腔移除，随后点火，极化并且环氧树脂的封装过程是和那些常规压电陶瓷/复合材料类似。因此，此方法在替代制造路线上提供了很大优势：复杂，能够同时处理许多纤维的近似网状；快速的生产能力通常是一部分几秒；统计过程控制的兼容性；材料的低浪费；有关传感器设计的柔性允许PZT 中元素空间和形状的变化；以及在中量至大量之间的低成本。一般来说，由于最初加工的高成本，陶瓷注射成型的方法是最适用于复杂形状的构成，需要低成本大批量。图 1 注射成型过程流程图 2 制作合成物的预成型方法合成物的制造及评价制造1-3 压电复合材料的方法如图2a 所示，这阐述了使用一个完整的陶瓷胚型到纤维定位作用的压电陶瓷预先成型的概念。在聚合物封装后采用磨削去除陶瓷胚。除了简化许多纤维的处理，这种预先成型的方法允许广泛地选择压电陶瓷元素几何元素

范围，以使其性能最优化。工具的设计是取得注塑压电复合材料成功的重要因素。如图2b 所示的方法使用了无需导致额外重组成本的嵌入式的并允许局部变化的设计。图2c 所示如何配置个别的预加工的成品以形成大批生产在实践中，材料和成型参数必须最优化并成型工具的设计相结合以实现在成型后完整的脱模。关键的参数包括：压电陶瓷/装夹工具之比，压电元件的直径和锥度，压电陶瓷基本轴向厚度，工具表面的磨光，以及成型零件的脱模机构的设计。为了评估这些工艺参数而不承担过多的工艺成本，一种工具的设计根据实验目的采用只有两排的各自19 个压电陶瓷要素。1 每一行的要素都包括三个锥角0，和2 度以及两个直径0.5mm 和1mm。为了容许成型收缩，预加工的工件尺寸维持在50mmX50mm，以尽量减少在制模周期中的冷却部分折断外层纤维的可能性。图 3 所示的绿色陶瓷瓶坯的制造使用这种工具配置。请注意，所有压电陶瓷在成型后的完整的脱模，包括那些没有纵向尖端不方便的脱模。空气中的缓慢加热已经被发现是一个适合去除有机粘合剂的方法。最后，烧坏的粘合剂被烧结在一个理论值在97-98的富含氧化铅的气体中。在烧结这些合成物型坯时没有遇到任何控制重量减轻的问题，甚至是那些用于高频超声的高尺寸精度，高表面质量的型坯。图 3 注射成型1-3 预成型合成物图 4 电子显微镜扫描PZT 表面图 4 说明了表面为压模和作为烧结的纤维，显示出大约10um 宽的存在的浅的折线，这是在注射成型过程中特有的。那个沿其长度方向显现出微小孔型设计的纤维取决于从工具中的脱模过程。图 5 所示近似网状的成型方式用于制造非常精细尺度的型坯的能力；所示压电元件的尺寸只有30um。由作为这些烧结的表面指出，压电陶瓷的显微结构是密集且均匀的，由直径为2-3um 的细碎的等轴晶体构成。图 5 由近似网状的成型的精密尺度的合成物为了示范上述合成物制造的方法，注射成型和烧结的纤维行在用于成型合成物型坯的压电陶瓷被磨光之后，大约总体10的5H压电陶瓷合成物以及环氧树脂图Spurrs 在制造时通过环氧成对封装。 6 所示复合材料样品使用刚才复合的压电陶瓷/粘结剂混合物以及再生材料制造。回收复合物和成型的材料似乎是完全可行的，并且结果大大提高材料的利用率。表 1 比较了使用粉末制造商准备好的那些被报道的用于模压的5H 压电陶瓷样品注射成型压电陶瓷样品的压电和介电的性能。当烧结条件最优于压电陶瓷5H 的条件，压电和介电的性能都较所有材料有可比性。当压电陶瓷5H 的原料物质被考虑到受注射成型设备污染铁的敏感性，这些有关的测量方法对于这种注射成型的压电陶瓷材料可以忽略这类污染。粉末的提供方是俄亥俄州贝德福德的摩根士丹利公司，105A 街区。表1 压电陶瓷注塑成型的参数图 6 上述方法精制压电陶瓷/树脂合成物的注塑成型总结陶瓷注射成型已被证明是一种可行的制造压电陶瓷和压电陶瓷/聚合物传感器的方法。注射成型压电陶瓷的电相关特性区别于那些通过传统的准备好的粉末压模，没有证据证明在混合物以及成型设备中产生的金属杂质会产生污染影响。通过陶瓷的注射成型来制造合成物型坯，之后使用型坯来形成大批生产，此种方法已经证明用于网状大量制造压电复合物传感器。致谢这项工作由海军研究事务所的Stephen E.Newfield先生赞助指导。作者要感谢Hong Pham 女士提供的技术援助，以及材料研究实验所的Tomas Shrout博士，宾州州立大学所做的电器测量工作。参考文献 1 R. E. Newnham等著，《复合压电式传感器》，材料工程，第二卷，93-106 页，1980年12月出版2 C. Nakaya等著，IEEE超音波专业座谈会，1985年十月16-18日。P634 3 S. D. Darrah等著，《大面积压电复合材料》关于活性物质和构造的ADPA 会议，亚历山德里亚，十一月4-8日，1991年，埃德。湾诺尔斯，物理研究所出版，页139-142 。4 A. Safari and D. J. Waller著，《精密尺度的烟点陶瓷纤维/聚合物复合材料》，在关于活性物质和构造的ADPA会议上提交，亚里山德里亚，危吉利亚，十一月4-8号，1991年。

5 U. Bast D. Cramer and A. Wolff著，《一种用来制造1-3连通形压电复合材料的新方法》，第七届CIMTEC ，意大利蒙特卡蒂尼，6月24至30号，1990年，Ed.P. Vincenzini Elsevier，2005-2015页

6 G. Bandyopadhyay and K. W. French著，《网状的硅的氮化物应用于发动机的制造》，对涡轮增压器转自及动力，108，536-539页，1986年出版

7 J. Greim等著，《烧结注塑涡轮增压转子》，第三届关于热动力的陶瓷材料及构造国际研讨，内华达州拉斯维加斯，1365-1375页，Amer. Cer. Soc，1989年附件2：外文原文FABRICATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMlClPOLYMER COMPOSITES BY INJECTION MOLDING. Leslie J. Bowen and Kenneth W. French Materials Systems Inc. 53 Hillcrest Road Concord MA 01742Abstract Research at the Materials Research Laboratory Pennsylvania State University has demonstrated thepotential for improving hydrophone performance using piezoelectric ceramic/polymer composites. As part ofan ONR-funded initiative to

develop cost-effective manufacturing technology for these composites MaterialsSystems is pursuing an injection molding ceramic fabrication approach. This paper briefly overviews keyfeatures of the ceramic injection molding process then describes the approach and methodology being usedto fabricate PZT ceramic/polymer composites. Properties and applications of injection molded PZT ceramicsare compared with conventionally processed material.Introduction Piezoelectric ceramic/polymer composites offer design versatility and performance advantages over bothsingle phase ceramic and polymer piezoelectric materials in both sensing and actuating applications. Thesecomposites have found use in high resolution medical ultrasound as well as developmental Navy applications.Many composite configurations have been constructed and evaluated on a laboratory scale over the pastthirteen years. One of the most successful combinations designated 1-3 composite in Newnha m’s notation l1 has a one-dimensionally connected ceramic phase PZT fibers contained within a three-dimensionallyconnected organic polymer phase. Hydrophone figures of merit for this composite can be made over 10000times greater than those of solid PZT ceramic by appropriately selecting the phase characteristics andcomposite structure. The Penn State composites were fabricated l by hand-aligning extruded PZT ceramic rods in a jig andencapsulating in epoxy resin followed by slicing to the appropriate thickness and poling the ceramic. Asidefrom demonstrating the performance advantages of this material the Penn State work highlighted thedifficulties involved in fabricating 1-3 composites on a large scale or even for prototype purposes. These are: 1 The requirement to align and support large numbers of PZT fibers during encapsulation by the polymer. 2 The high incidence of dielectric breakdown during poling arising from the significant probability ofencountering one or more defective fibers in a typical large array. Over the past five years several attempts have been made to simplify the assembly process for 1-3transducers with the intention of improving manufacturing viability and lowering the material cost. Earlyattempts involved dicing solid blocks of PZT ceramic into the desired configuration and back-filling thespaces with a polymer phase. This technique has industry for manufacturing high frequency transducers2. More recently Fiber Materials Corp. has demonstrated the applicability of its weaving technology forfiber-reinforced composites to the assembly of piezoelectric composites 31. Another exploratory techniqueinvolves replicating porous fabrics having the appropriate connectivity 4. For extremely fine scale composites fibers having diameters in the order of 25 to 100 pn and aspect ratiosin excess of five are required to meet device performance objectives. As a result these difficulties arecompounded by the additional challenge of forming and handling extremely fine fibers in large quantitieswithout defects. Recently researchers at Siemens Corp. have shown that very fine scale composites can beproduced by a fugitive mold technique. However this method requires fabricating a new mold for every part5. This paper describes a new approach to piezoelectric composite fabrication viz: Ceramic injection molding.Ceramic injection molding is a costeffective fabrication approach for both Navy piezoelectric ceramic/polymercomposites and for the fabrication of ultrafine scale piezoelectric composites such as those required for highfrequency medical ultrasound and nondestructive evaluation. The injection molding process overcomes thedifficulty of assembling oriented ceramic fibers into composite transducers by net-shape preforming ceramicfiber arrays. Aside from this advantage the process makes possible the construction of compositetransducers having more complex ceramic element geometries than those previously envisioned leading togreater design flexibility for improved acoustic impedance matching and lateral mode cancellation. Process Description Injection molding is widely used in the plastics industry as a means for rapid mass production of complexshapes at low cost. Its application to ceramics has been most successful for small crosssection shapes e.g.thread guides and large complex shapes which do not require sintering to high density such as turbineblade casting inserts. More recently the process has been investigated as a production technology forheat-engine turbine components 67. The injection molding process used for PZT molding is shown schematically in Figure 1.By injecting a hot thermoplastic mixture of ceramic powder and organic binder into a cooled mold complexshapes can be formed with the ease and rapidity normally associated with plastics molding. Precautionssuch as hard-facing the

metal contact surfaces are important to minimize metallic contamination from thecompounding and molding machinery. For ceramics the binder must be removed nondestructivelynecessitating high solids loading careful control of the binder removal process and proper fixturing. Once thebinder is removed the subsequent firing poling and epoxy encapsulation processes are similar to those used forconventional PZT/polymer composites 1. Thus the process offers the following advantages over alternativefabrication routes: Complex near net-shape capability for handling many fibers simultaneously rapid throughput typically seconds per part compatibility with statisticalprocess control low material waste flexibility with respect to transducer design allows variation in PZT elementspacing and shape and low cost in moderate to high volumes. In general because of the high initial tooling costthe ceramics injection molding process is best applied to complex-shaped components which require low cost inhigh volumes. Figure 1 : Injection Molding Process Route. Figure 2: Preform Approach to Composite Fabrication. Composite Fabrication and Evaluation The approach taken to fabricate 1-3 piezoelectric composites is shown in Figure 2a which illustrates a PZTceramic preform concept in which fiber positioning is achieved using a co-molded integral ceramic base. Afterpolymer encapsulation the ceramic base is removed by grinding. Aside from easlng the handling of many fibersthis preform approach allows broad latitude in the selection of piezoelectric ceramic element geometry forcomposite performance optimization. Tool design is important for successful injection molding of piezoelectriccomposites. The approach shown in Figure 2b uses shaped tool inserts to allow changes in part design withoutincurring excessive retooling costs. Figure 2c shows how individual preforms are configured to form larger arrays In practice material and molding parameters must be optimized and integrated with injection molding tool designto realize intact preform ejection after molding. Key parameters include: PZT/binder ratio PZT element diameterand taper PZT base thickness tool surface finish and the molded part ejection mechanism design. In order toevaluate these process parameters without incurring excessive tool cost a tool design having only two rows of 19PZT elements each has been adopted for experimental purposes. Each row contains elements having three taperangles 0 1 and 2 degrees and two diameters 0.5 .

工业设计专业英语英文翻译

工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直

外文翻译

Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the

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外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ab16186465.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.

网络营销外文翻译

E---MARKETING (From:E--Marketing by Judy Strauss,Adel El--Ansary,Raymond Frost---3rd ed.1999 by Pearson Education pp .G4-G25.) As the growth of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ab16186465.html, shows, some marketing principles never change.Markets always welcome an innovative new product, even in a crowded field of competitors ,as long as it provides customer value.Also,Google`s success shows that customers trust good brands and that well-crafted marketing mix strategies can be effective in helping newcomers enter crowded markets. Nevertheless, organizations are scrambling to determine how they can use information technology profitably and to understand what technology means for their business strategies. Marketers want to know which of their time-ested concepts will be enhanced by the Internet, databases,wireless mobile devices, and other technologies. The rapid growth of the Internet and subsequent bursting of the dot-com bubble has marketers wondering,"What next?" This article attempts to answer these questions through careful and systematic examination of successful e-mar-keting strategies in light of proven traditional marketing practices. （Sales Promotion;E--Marketing；Internet；Strategic Planning ） 1.What is E--Marketing E--Marketing is the application of a broad range of information technologies for: Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation ,and positioning strategies；More efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution promotion,and pricing of goods,services,and ideas;andCreating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers` objectives. This definition sounds a lot like the definition of traditional marketing. Another way to view it is that e-marketing is the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in two ways. First,it increases efficiency in traditional marketing strategies.The transformation results in new business models that add customer value and/or increase company profitability.

工业设计外文翻译

Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional

外文翻译

Journal of Industrial Textiles https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ab16186465.html,/ Optimization of Parameters for the Production of Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextiles Amit Rawal, Subhash Anand and Tahir Shah 2008 37: 341Journal of Industrial Textiles DOI: 10.1177/1528083707081594 The online version of this article can be found at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ab16186465.html,/content/37/4/341 Published by: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ab16186465.html, can be found at:Journal of Industrial TextilesAdditional services and information for https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ab16186465.html,/cgi/alertsEmail Alerts: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ab16186465.html,/subscriptionsSubscriptions: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ab16186465.html,/journalsReprints.navReprints: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ab16186465.html,/journalsPermissions.navPermissions: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ab16186465.html,/content/37/4/341.refs.htmlCitations: - Mar 28, 2008Version of Record >>

国际贸易英文文献

Strategic transformations in Danish and Swedish big business in an era of globalisation, 1973-2008 The Danish and Swedish context In the difficult inter-war period, a state-supported, protected home market orientation had helped stabilise both Denmark’s and Sweden’s economies, but after WorldWar II priorities changed. Gradually and in accordance with the international economic development, restrictions on foreign trade were removed, and Danish and Swedish industry was exposed to international competition. As a consequence, several home market oriented industries –such as the textile and the shoe industry –were more or less outperformed, while in Sweden the engineering industry soon became the dominant leader of Swedish industry, with companies such as V olvo, Ericsson, Electrolux, ASEA and SKF. In the Danish case, the SMEs continued to be dominant but in combination with expanding export oriented industrial manufacturers such as Lego, Danfoss, Carlsberg and the shipping conglomerates ok and A.P. moller-Marsk. In Sweden and Denmark stable economic growth continued into the 1970s, but due to the problems during the oil crises, the economies came into fundamental structural troubles for the first time since World War II. In the beginning this was counteracted by traditional Keynesian policy measures. However, because of large budget deficits, inflation and increasing wages, both the Danish economy from 1974 and the Swedish economy from 1976 encountered severe problems. Towards the late 1970s Denmark’s and Sweden’s economic policies were thus increasingly questioned. It was clear that Keynesian policy could not solve all economic problems. Expansive fiscal policies in terms of continued deficits on the state budget could not compensate for the loss of both national and international markets and step by step the Keynesian economic policy was abandoned. The increased budget deficit also made it difficult for the state to support employment and regional development. These kinds of heavy governmental activities were also hardly acceptable under the more market oriented policy that developed first in Great Britain and the USA, but in the 1980s also in Denmark and Sweden (Iversen & Andersen, 2008, pp. 313–315; Sjo¨ gren, 2008, pp. 46–54). These changes in political priorities were especially noticeable in the financial market. After being the most state regulated and coordinated sector of the economy since the 1950s, then between 1980 and 1985 the Danish and Swedish financial markets underwent an extensive deregulation resulting in increased competition. Lending from banks and other credit institutes was no longer regulated, and neither were interest rates. The bond market was also opened as the issuance of new bond loans was deregulated in Sweden in 1983. When the control of foreign capital flows was liberalised in the late 1980s the last extraordinary restriction was now gone. Together with the establishment of the new money market with options and derivates, this opened up to a much larger credit market and the possibility for companies to finance investments and increase business domestically as well as abroad (Larsson, 1998, pp. 205–207). Another important part of the regulatory changes in the early 1980s were new rules for the Copenhagen and Stockholm stock exchanges. Introduction on the stock exchange was made much

工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：

DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.

外文翻译中文版(完整版)

毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动 学院会计学院 专业会计学 姓名张军芳 班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄

最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间，工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先，越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关，甚至变得更加活跃：他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作，同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而，这里是机构间差异较大。例如，环境报告的数量变化，每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间，结果是不那么容易诠释。第一，活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的：一些最高审计机关进入，而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二，但是，审计报告数量略有下降，1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变（1994-1996年，20％的规律性审计和44％绩效审计;1997-1999：16％规律性审计和绩效审计54％）。在一般情况下，绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来，再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。 在2000年，有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年，这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然，这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯，可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。 自1997年以来，少数环境审计是规律性审计（560篇报告中有87篇，占16％）。大多数审计绩效审计（560篇报告中有304篇，占54％），或组合的规律性和绩效审计（560篇报告中有169篇，占30％）。如前文所述，绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中，绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施（560篇报告中有264篇，占47％），符合国家环保法律，法规的，由政府部门，部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问（560篇报告中有212篇，占38％）。此外，审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统（560篇报告中有156篇，占28％）。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告：影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10％至20％。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自：S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721