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专四语法考点梳理

专四语法考点梳理一：虚拟语气

Section One：概述

虚拟语气类型

宾语从句

状语从句

名词性从句（主语从句，同位语从句，表语从句）

定语从句

特殊类型（感叹句）

省略if 的虚拟法（倒装）

Examples

The rapid change of society requires that college students adapt to the world outside campus by getting to know the society．

I would rather that you did nothing for the time being．

I wish that I were a student again．

I wished that I had followed his suggestion．

名词性从句中的虚拟

主语从句（it is ＋adj．/p．p that）

同位语从句（The ＋n．that ）

表语从句（n．＋be that）

省略if 的虚拟法（倒装）（1）

虚拟语气中如果从句引导词if / whether 省略，从句中需要倒装，提前助动词（系动词）或情态动词。

Eg．If it should rain tomorrow，we would not be able to have the sports meeting．

＝Should it rain tomorrow，we should not be able to have the sports meeting．

省略if 的虚拟法（倒装）（2）

Eg．Whether it （may）be fine or rainy，we would have the sports meeting．

＝Be it fine or rainy，we would have the sports meeting．

If she had been given more information，she could have answered the questions．

＝Had she been given more information，she could have answered the questions．

Section Two：

虚拟语气的动词标志

"insist，suggest，require，request，demand，propose，prefer，maintain，move，urge，recommend，command，order"等动词表"建议、愿望"时，其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。Should ＋V

wish其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。

虚拟语气的名词标志

1“necessity”或“suggestion”等名词后面的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。

2名词word 表“命令”时，其后主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气（should）＋V。

3wish 作名词时其后主语从句，表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气（should）＋V。

虚拟语气的形容词标志

It is ＋adj．that 句型中出现形容词如necessary，important，vital，decisive，critical，

crucial，urgent，strange，desirable，advisable，disappointing，或过去分词充当的形容词如suggested，proposed，advised，demanded，requested，required等时，that句中用should ＋V表示虚拟。

虚拟的介词标志

But for相当于if it had not been for。

But for her help，I would have lost my way．

Without，in the absence of 等组成的短语可相当于一个虚拟的条件从句。

Without the light and heat of the sun，what would become of all the animals on earth?

In the absence of water，plants would not grow well．

Under…condition，也可相当于一个虚拟条件从句。

Under more favorable conditions，we would have made more achievements．

错综时间的虚拟

条件状语从句中谓语动词的形式可与主句中谓语动词的形式不“配套”，即错综时间的虚拟。

If he had done as I had suggested then，he wouldn't be regretful now．

If they hadn't found us then，we would still be missing on the sea．

If I hadn't made sufficient preparation for the exam then，I wouldn't be in college now．虚拟和事实

（前虚拟后事实）标志：but

Eg．I would have gone to the party with you，but I was too busy．

＝If I hadn't been too busy，I would have gone to the party with you．

（前事实后虚拟）标志：otherwise

Eg．I was too busy then，otherwise I would have gone to the party with you．

More Information

was （were）＋to have done （不定式完成式）表示“原来想做而未做”后面通常but…（陈述语气）。

Eg．I was to have arrived home on time，but my car was held up by a bad traffic jam．had hoped表示过去未实现的愿望，其从句中谓语动词要用虚拟would＋V。

Eg．I had hoped that he would agree to lend me the money．

专四语法考点梳理二：反义疑问句

Tag Questions 反意疑问句

Detailed Points

首先判断是助动词还是情态动词

1．Have to

反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语有have to时，附加疑问句通常用助动词do。

You have to study hard，don't you?

I don't have to get up early，do I?

They had to obey the rules and regulations of the school，didn't they?

She didn't have to do it herself，did she?

2．Need

反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语有need时，need做情态动词，附加疑问句仍用need，need 做实义动词时，附加问句用助动词do。

They needn't make such a loud noise，need they?

He needs the money for his son's education，doesn't he?

3．Had better

反意疑问句的陈述部分为had better时，附加问用助动词had。

You had better go at once，hadn't you?

We'd better call off our appointment，hadn't we?

4．Would rather

反意疑问句的陈述部分为would rather时，附加问句用情态动词would。

You'd rather not do it，would you?

She would rather die than surrender to the enemy，wouldn't she?

5．Used to

反意疑问句的陈述部分为used to时，附加问句用助动词did。

You used to stay up late every evening watching TV，didn't you?

6．Ought to

反意疑问句的陈述部分为ought to时，附加问句用助动词should．

She ought to go by plane，shouldn't she?

We ought not to laugh at others'mistakes，should we?

7．Must

反意疑问句的陈述部分有must，附加问句分三种情况：

⑴must do—mustn't 必须

⑵must be—随人称用系动词一般现在时

⑶must have done—didn't

（4）must有必要—needn’t

①We must book the ticket in advance，mustn't we?（必须）

②She must be in the office，isn't she?（肯定）对现在事情的肯定猜测。

③He must have done his homework，didn't he? （肯定）对过去事情的肯定猜测。

4 you must go and have a look ,needn’t you?

8．Wish

反意疑问句的陈述部分是wish时，附加问句用情态动词may。

I wish to shake hands with you，may I?

人称和数

1．陈述部分主语是"I"时，附加问句的人称分二种情况：

⑴I hope that…，don't you?

I can't believe it，can you?

⑵I will be 14 tomorrow，aren't I?

I am interested in it，aren't I?

2．

陈述部分主语是everything、nothing、something等时看作单数，附加问句用it指代。

陈述部分主语是everyone、everybody、nobody、somebody、someone、no one 、anybody、any one等时看作复数，附加问句用they指代。

陈述部分主语是不定代词one时，附加问句用one指代。

3．

Nothing is amazing there，is it?

Something will have to be done about the price，won't it?

Nobody is leaving tomorrow，are they?

Everyone hopes to get promoted，don't they?

Someone left their umbrella in the bus，didn't they?

One can't be too careful，can one?

祈使句后面的附加问句

1．祈使句后面的附加问句，分三种情况；

⑴表客气、委婉、邀请、劝诱、愿望等时，用won't you 。

Have a cup of coffee，won't you?

⑵表命令、强制的要求、请求时，用will you。

Do it at once，will you?

⑶否定祈使句用will you 。

Don't close the door，will you?

2．

Let's 和let us后面的附加问句，分两种情况；

⑴let's包括对方在内，用shall we 或shan't we。

⑵let us不包括对方在内，用will you 或won't you。

Let 后接非us之外的人称如me、him、her、them等时，附加问句用will you。

3．

（1）Let句型

let's go to the movies，shall we?

let us go to the movies，will you ?

let him go，will you?

let me attend the farewell party，will you?

（2）There＋be句型的反意疑问句

There＋be句型的反意疑问句，附加问句用be there/be not there，由主语人称时态和数决定。

There won't be any trouble，will there?

There's not much news in today's paper，is there?

There has been much confusion since his arrival，hasn’t there?

（3）This/that/It is/was the third time that句型

This/that/It is/was the third time that等句型中，反意主句，用it指代。

This is the third time this week he has been late，isn't it?

It was the second time that she had been to the Great Wall，wasn't it?

主从复合句

1．

I think （suppose…）宾语从句结构，附加问句反意从句分两种情况；

⑴前肯定句，后用否定句。

I think that he is serious，isn't he?

⑵前有否定句，后面附加问句用肯定（I don't think）。

I don't suppose that she is serious，is she?

上述主从复合句主句主语是第一人称以外的人称时，反意主句。

They think Mary will pass the examination，don't they?

2．

I hope＋宾语从句结构，附加问句用don't you。

I hope that they study hard，don't you?

感叹句后的附加问句

感叹句后的附加问句指人时，根据人称、数决定用什么指代。指物时，根据单复数决定，用it /they指代。

What an interesting story，isn't it?

What a funny man，isn't he?

How silly they are，aren't they?

专四语法考点梳理三：倒装句

Inversion 倒装

带否定意义的副词置于句首时

带否定意义的词置于句首时，主谓语需要倒装。

Rarely does he go to the movies．

Not for a moment did he doubt the truth of her honesty．

Little do I know about the meaning of this proverb．

Never before the night had I felt the extent of my power．

含有否定词的介词短语在句首时

含有否定词的介词短语在句首时，句子主谓倒装。

这类介词短语包括：in no case，at no time，in no way，by no means，on no account，in no sense，under no circumstances，等等。意思为“决不，在任何情况下都不。”

“Only＋状语”置于句首时的倒装

“Only＋状语”置于句首时，主谓语需要倒装。

1）Only by practicing a lot outside class can we speak English fluently．

2）Only when I saw him did I remember that I promised to bring him a gift．

3）Only then did I know that I was wrong．

not only位于句首时的倒装

句首是not only且连接分句结构时，引起局部（部分）倒装。

Not only did we lose our money，but we were also in danger of losing our lives．

Not only can he sing very well，but he can also play some musical instrument very skillfully．

neither，nor表示“也不”时的倒装

句首是neither，nor表示“也不”时，主谓语需要倒装。

I couldn't solve the problem，neither /nor could my brother．

＝I couldn't solve the problem．My brother couldn't，either．

I didn't go to school，nor did Mary．

＝I didn't go to school．Mary didn't，either．

so表示“也是，同样”时的倒装

句首是so表示“也是，同样”时，主谓语需要倒装。

Copper is a good conductor；so is silver．

John failed in the exam；so did Mark．

He takes part in sports activities，so do his classmates．

I have been to the Temple of Heaven，so has she．

平衡倒装

There＋be或其它不及物动词come，go，happen，occur，stand，exist等结构中，为避免句子头重脚轻，平衡倒装。

There stands an old house that is being pulled down．

There existed a hostile relationship between the two families．

There are many hobbies involving the creativity of a person．

Such/so…that句型中的倒装

Such/so…that句型中such＋名词或so＋形容词，副词等位于句首时，主句中主谓倒装。

So badly was he injured in the accident that he had to stay in the hospital for treatment．

So excited was I that I didn’t know what to say．

比较状语从句中的倒装

than引导的比较状语从句中，主从句谓语趋向中间以达到平衡，此时从句要求主谓倒装。

Nowadays，with the rapid development of science and technology，man is less limited by nature than were his forefathers/ancestors．

表频率的状语至于句首倒装

表频率的状语至于句首，倒装。

Many a time has he given us sound advice．

Twice a week does he go to visit his grandparents．

More than once have we heard him make such promises．

As，though让步状语从句中倒装

在以as，though引导的让步状语从句中，从句常用倒装语序，把表语或状语提前。（名，形，副，动词）

Child that he is，he can distinguish between right and wrong．

Intelligent as/though you are，you should be modest．

Much as I admire him，I don't think he is perfect．

Try as she did，she failed again．

虚拟语气中的倒装

虚拟语气中省略“if”或“whether”时的倒装。

Were it left to me to choose，I prefer the latter to the former．

Had it not rained so heavily，we would have visited the Summer Palace yesterday．

Be we rich or poor，we should have our own dignity．

副词至于句首

Here、there、in、out、up、down等表示方位的副词至于句首时，主谓需要倒装。

Here comes the bus．

There they went．

专四语法考点梳理四：主谓一致

Subject & Verb Agreement

主谓一致

集体名词做主语

集体名词做主语时，谓语动词情况有三种

①有些集体名词如cattle、folk 、people 、youth 、clergy（教士）、police等常做复数看。

The police have caught the murderer．

集体名词做主语

②有些集体名词（表示总称）如machinery、stationery，merchandise （商品）、foliage，（树和植物叶子的总称）furniture ,equipmen t等看作单数。

?New machinery is being installed in the factory．

集体名词做主语

③有些集体名词如a rmy，audience、class、club，committee、company，crowd，family、

group，government，jury，party，staff，team，union，public 、poultry等根据意思决定，有时做单数看待，有时做复数看待。

The committee meet every Monday．He is on the committee that controls public spending．

单复数同形的名词作主语

单复数同形的名词作主语，要根据意义决定谓语的形式。

This means of transportation is the most convenient one．

There are various means of transportation being developed．

成双成对的东西的名词

表示成双成对的东西的名词，若被a pair of修饰，要求单数谓语；否则，用复数谓语形式。

A pair of gloves is a nice present．

My shoes need repairing．

My trousers want mending．

表示时间、重量、长度、距离、价值等单位的名词做主语

表示时间、重量、长度、距离、价值等单位的名词以及概念上属于整体的一个单元的名词虽然形式上是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。

Ten years is only a moment in history．

Two copies is enough．

Three hours is not a long time to wait．

表数量名词做主语

number、variety、proportion、majority、population、percent 、total等词有时做单数，有时作复数看待，从意思上决定。（分数、百分数、部分）

20 percentage of the polluted water goes into the sea．

20 percentage of the families say that they enjoy watching this TV program．

不可数名词

不可数名词前加表示数量的复数名词，后面跟复数谓语。

There are two cups of coffee．

Here are several pieces of valuable information for you to refer to / make reference to．

书名、电影名或格言等专有名词做主语

如果主语是一本书的名字、电影的名字或一个格言等专有名词，谓语动词用单数。

"Gone with the Wind" is an interesting novel．

"The Scent of a Woman" is an awarded film．

No Pains，No Gains is a widely quoted proverb．

学科名词做主语

表示学科名称的名词如physics，mathematics，economics，politics，electronics，做主语，虽然形式上以结尾，但应为单数，谓语动词多用单数。

In my opinion，physics is a difficult subject．

Politics is an interesting topic for many men．

表示疾病的名词做主语

表疾病名称的名词如diabetes，tuberculosis，measles等做主语，虽然形式上以结尾，但应为单数，谓语动词多用单数。

Diabetes is considered a disease that belongs to the wealthy/the rich．（富贵病）

Tuberculosis is no longer threatening people's life．

就近/毗邻一致原则

There或here引起的句子中主语不止一个时，谓语就近一致。

由or、either…or 或neither…nor、not only、…but also、not，…but…等连接的两个主语谓语就近一致。

谓语动词多用单数的情况（1）

Many a /More than one所修饰的名词作主语时谓语动词多用单数。

Many a brave soldier has died in that battle．

More than one question has been raised in the lecture．

谓语动词多用单数的情况（2）

Either/neither做主语通常作单数看待，谓语动词多用单数。

Either of the methods is effective．

Neither of the roads leads to the town．

谓语动词多用单数的情况（3）

each、some、any、no、every等构成的复合代词，都作单数看待，谓语动词多用单数。

There is somebody on the phone for you．

Nobody was working when I came in．

Everything is all right．

Each is given a copy of the book．

谓语动词多用单数的情况（4）

主语中包括“and”时，若表示一个单一概念，谓语动词应做单数。加：（and 连接两个单数名词前面如有each、every，many a，no等）

The poet and write r has come．

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy．

Every man and woman is eager to find a life－long companion．

谓语动词多用单数的情况（5）

主语是单数，后面尽管有with、together、with 、along with 、besides 、as well as 等引导的短语，谓语动词仍用单数。

The teacher，together with some of her students ，was cleaning the classroom．

We as well as he agree with you．

one of＋名词/代词做主语

"one of＋宾语"后的定语从句中谓语动词的形式有两种情况：

⑴（only）one of ＋宾语that…＋复数

⑵the（only）one of ＋宾语that…＋单数

He is only one of the students in our class who have passed the CET－4．

He is the one of the students in our class who has passed the CET－6．

谓语动词多用单数的情况（6）

None在代表不可数名词时总是单数．

I am afraid that we can't have coffee；there is none left．

None of ＋名词短语做主语谓语动词总是用单数。

None of us is interested in the suggestion．

None of the students has passed the exam．

谓语动词多用复数的情况（1）

由both…and连接的两个部分总是作复数看待。

Both my mother and father are satisfied with my job．

Both John and Jack have ever got a summer job．

谓语动词多用复数的情况（2）

the ＋adj（或过去分词）表一类人需作复数看待。

The old need our care．

The wounded are being taken good care of．

The young are our country's hope．

The injured were sent to the hospital immediately．

谓语动词多用复数的情况（3）

ch、sh、－ese等结尾的表示国籍的词，也作复数看待。

The British are very fond of their sense of humor．

The French are well－known for their romance．

The Chinese are famous for their hospitality．

The rest of ＋名词/代词做主语

The rest of ＋名词/代词做主语时，谓语动词有三种情况：

1）The rest of＋可数名词复数做主语，谓语动词用复数。

2）The rest of ＋可数名词单数做主语，谓语动词用单数。

3）The rest of ＋不可数名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。

what引导的主语从句

由what引导的主语从句，一般用单数谓语。若从句谓语或从句后表语为复数，则用复数谓语形式。

What he has told me is not true．

What ideas he has are his wife's．

动名词短语，不定式短语& 名词从句作主语

动名词短语，不定式短语和名词从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。

Collecting foreign coins is my favorite hobby．

To die for the people is a glorious death．

When they will come hasn't been made public．

专四语法考点梳理五：强调句

Emphatic Structure

强调句

词汇强调

用强调性形容词表示强调。（very、utter）

This is the very book I am looking for．

You are the very person whom I want to make friends with．

This is the utter place where the accident took place．

用强调性副词表示强调。（absolutely、only、just…）

What you have said is absolutely true．

I am only too happy to do that．

I have had just enough．

用反身代词表示强调。（self）

I myself did it．

I did it myself．

比较级结构中通常在形、副词比较级前加副词even、much等表示强调。

This problem is even more complicated than the previous one．

The train runs much faster than the bus．

最高级前用by far等表示强调。

She is by far the most ambitious student I have ever met．

This is by far the most urgent problem that the government should solve．

在疑问词（wh－词）后加上on earth、in the world等一些特殊词语，加强疑问语气表示强调。

What on earth do you want?

Where in the world can I find such a valuable painting?

在否定句中用at all、in the least等加强否定语气表示强调。

He was not at all satisfied with his job．

She is not in the least ignorant/foolish．

在人称代词所有格后加own表示强调。

The small boy went to the seaside on his own．

They wanted a house of their own．

She gave her own lunch to the poor old man．

So 表强调“的确，确实”。

He has succeeded in doing the experiment．

So he has．

She passed the difficult test of English．

So she did．

The small boy can recite more than 300 ancient poems．

So he can．

语法强调

用助动词（do、does、did）强调动词谓语。

I do believe that you can succeed．

He does know how to do that．

They did go there and arrest the murderer．

1．句型强调

句型what…is/was…结构可用来强调句子的表物的主语或宾语。

What I need is your support．

What matters is quality．

What was really important was that it brought about many benefits．

***It is /was＋…＋that/who可强调主语，宾语，状语等。

Last year she visited Singapore with her parents．

It was she that/who visited Singapore with

It was Singapore that she visited with …

It was with her parents that she visited S…

It was last year that she visited S…with ．．．

另：***It is not until＋a time ＋that ．．．

It was not until then that he had realized the importance of hard work．

It was not until she told me that I had known my mistake．

2．强调句型的疑问形式

It was purely by accident that I came across the book．

Was it purely by accident that you came across the book?

It is his teacher that he usually turns to for help．

Who is it that he usually turns to for help?

3．其它句型

***It is /has been＋表一段时间的词＋since…（从句中用一般过去时）

It has been a year since we last saw each other．

It is a decade since we carried out the policy of market economy．

***It/This/That is/was ＋序数词＋time that sb．has/had done sth．

This is the third time within one month that he has gone to the cinema．

That was the fourth time that he had made changes to the original design．

修辞强调

通过句子倒装表示强调。

请参考倒装一课。

From under the bush comes a strange sound．

Down jumped the man from the cliff．

In the letter I found a photo．

专四语法考点梳理六：非谓语动词

Gerund 动名词，非谓语动词

英语中，不作句子的谓语，而是用于担任其它语法功能的v ，叫非谓语动词，它不受主语人称、数等因素的限定，又被称作非限定动词。

三大非谓语动词：动名词，分词和不定式。

动名词的语法功能

1．作主语

Seeing is believing．

Listening to music is one of my hobbies．

Studying abroad has many advantages．

Getting to know the world is what the future society requires of us．

习惯用法

A．It is no use / good/harm＋Ving．

It is no use quarreling with her．

It's no use crying over the spilt milk．

B．There is no＋Ving．

There is no denying （the fact）that women are playing an important role in the world today．There is no joking about this matter．

这事开不得玩笑。

2．作表语

My favorite pastime is collecting stamps．

Her hobby is swimming and cycling．

One of the good virtues of a young person is being punctual．

My job is teaching．

One of the most difficult tasks you may encounter is learning a foreign language．

3．作动词宾语

She enjoys listening to rock music．

We appreciate your offering to help．

We must avoid making such mistakes again．

People who like travelling have their reasons．

跟动名词作宾语的v．及v．phrase

常见的能跟动名词作宾语的v．及v．phrase：

admit，appreciate，avoid，confess to，consider，delay，deny，endure（忍耐），enjoy，escape，excuse，fancy（想象），finish，forbid，imagine，mind，miss，permit，postpone，practice，

risk，can't help，feel like，give up，keep out，object to （反对），oppose，put off （推迟）．

注意：动名词作宾语后面带有补语，一般不用形式宾语it。但当宾补是一些带有“有用、明智、值得”等含义的adj时，通常要用it作形宾，而将作宾语的g．放到补语后面。

4．作介词宾语

Never put off doing what should be done today till tomorrow．

Have you got used to working on the night shift? （上夜班）

Children are fond of reading fairy tales．

Phrases：get/be used/accustomed to，be fond of，look forward to，long for，dream of，approve/disapprove of，insist on，persist in，accuse sb of，charge sb with，be keen on，be absorbed in，concentrate on，put off，prevent…from．．．

习惯用法

1）There is no point in doing sth．

做某事没有意义。

There isn't much point （in）repairing that old car again．

2）There is no gain in doing sth．

做某事没有好处。

There is no gain in being cruel/rude to people．

省掉介词

注：某些习惯用法中常省掉介词

He is busy （in）preparing a report．

They spent a lot of time （in）making preparations．

We had great difficulty （in）finding his house．

More Phrases

have a good time doing，have a hard time doing，have trouble doing，have difficulty doing，have fun doing，be busy doing，spend time doing…

I am having great trouble catching up with my fellow students in English．

动名词的逻辑主语

如动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动作的主语，则需有自己的逻辑主语。

两种形式：

1）人称代词所有格＋动名词

He insisted on my going with him to the party．

2）名词所有格＋动名词

She dislikes her husband's coming back home late．

More Information（1）

a．人称代词所有格＋动名词Compare：Tom insisted on going with them．Tom insisted on my going with them．

b．名词所有格＋动名词Compare：He hates working late．He hates his wife's working late．

More Information（2）

若动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语相同，则不应再有主语。

She regrets____idle when young．

a．to have been b．her being c．her having d．having been

Key： d

动名词和不定式作宾语的差异

1）有些动词可带动名词，也可带to do作宾语，差异不大。一般说来，作宾语的动名词更重一般情况，不定式则强调具体情况。

I like reading novels but I don't like to read this novel．

I like swimming —I like to （go to）swim．

2）意义差别较大。

More Comparison

try to do

need to do（需要做某事）I need you to help me．

want to do（想做）

used to do （过去常做）

try doing

need doing （被动）需要My coat needs mending．

want doing ＝need doing

be used to doing（习惯于）

动名词的时态

完成式：表明动名词动作在谓语动作前发生，使用having done

He was praised for having made a great contribution to his country．

His having been elected chairman of the club surprised us greatly．

The picture reminded us of having been taken to the zoo．

动名词的语态

被动式：表明动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者

He did it without being asked．

They insisted on being given the task．

The boy was criticized for being late．

Being taken advantage of is not a good thing．

专四语法考点梳理七：分词

Participles 分词

分词（过分和现分）兼有v．和adj．的特征，可带宾（现分）或状语构成分词短语When visiting Beijing，he went to the Great Wall．

It is an interesting story．

现分与过分词的区别

A．语态不同。现分表示主动的意思，过分多由及物v．变来，常表被动的意义。

surprising （令人惊讶的—主动）surprised（感到吃惊的—被动）

More Examples

an exciting story

the exploiting classes（剥削阶级）

a moving film（感人的）

a tiring journey

excited spectators

the exploited classes（被剥削阶级）

a moved audience（被感动的）

a tired football player

有些过分由不及物动词变来，只表示一个动作已完成；无被动意义．

fallen leaves，the exploded bomb， a retired miner，escaped prisoners，the risen sun．B．时间关系不同。现分表示的动作正在进行，而过分表示的往往已完成。

the changing world－－－－the changed world

boiling water－－－－boiled water

developing countries－－－－developed countries

分词的语法功能

1）作表语

The situation is discouraging．

She felt discouraged at the words．

现分作表语有主动的含义，它表示主语的性质或特征；

过分作表语有被动的含义，它表示主语所处状态或具有的情感

2）作定语

I'm reading a very attracting book．

He likes to drink cold boiled water．

一般，分词作前置定语泛指一般情况

Eg．An excited child is not easy to control．

分词作后置定语时，是特指某一特定情况下的特点，具有特殊含义。Eg．The child excited by the gift was brought under control．

There's a broken window in their classroom．

The window broken yesterday will have to be paid for．

She said she would never get married，because she didn't want to spend her life surrounded by screaming children．

The child screaming there is his son．

3）作宾语的补足语

分词作宾语的补足语只用于下列结构：

（1）当v．为表示感觉或心理状态时，这些v．包括

see，hear，feel，watch，notice，smell，find，think，observe，listen to，catch，leave，start，set

Examples

a．I saw a girl standing by the goldfish pond．

b．He felt his eyes dazzled by the bright light．

c．I found him drinking my mineral water．

d．Everyone thought the battle lost．

e．Have you ever heard a nightingale singing?

（2）当v．为make，get，have，keep等表示“致使、使得”含义时：

a．I have my hair cut every ten days．

b．He got his bad tooth pulled out．

c．She's going to have her clothes altered．

（3）在have＋宾＋p．p．结构中，have 有三种不同含义。致使，遭受，有

a．We had the problem solved．（意为“致使”有意的行为）

b．He had his arms broken in an accident．（意为“遭受”，表示无意行为）

c．I have no money left．（have有）

（4）当v．为like，want，wish，order等表示希望要求命令等意义时

a．He wanted his eggs fried．

b．He won't like such questions discussed at the meeting．

c．The boss ordered all the errors corrected．

与不定式作宾补的区别

注：有些动词如see，feel，notice，watch即可跟现分也可跟不定式作宾补，区别在于：现在分词着重说明动作正在发生，不定式说明动作的全过程。

I saw the boys climbing the wall．（在爬）

I saw the boys climb the wall．（爬了）

4）作状语

（1）作时间或原因状语，常位于句前

a．Arriving at the station，he found a crowd of people waiting there．

b．Inspired by the excellent situation，the workers worked even harder．

（2）表示让步或条件

a．Heating water，you can change it into steam．

b．Though beaten by another football team，the players of GuoAn did not lose confidence．省略

在上述两种情况下，分词所做的状语可以相当于一个状语从句。此时可在分词前加一个引导词如when，if，though，unless，before，after等，这就构成了省略。

Arriving at the station，he found a crowd of people waiting there．

＝When he arrived at the station，he……

＝When arriving at the station，he……

More Examples

Inspired by the excellent situation，the workers worked even harder．

＝After/Because they were inspired by ……

＝After/Because inspired by ……

Heating water，you can change it into steam．

＝If you heat water，you can ……

＝If heating water，you can……

Though beaten by another football team，the players of GuoAn did not lose confidence．＝Though they were beaten by ……

（3）表方式、结果及伴随状况。（不能用相当的状从替代）

a．Laughing and talking，the students went out from the cinema．

b．He came running back to tell us the news．

c．She stood there waiting for the bus．

d．The bandits fled into the mountains，pursued by the policemen．匪徒向山里逃窜，警察在后面追捕着。

分词独立结构

分词独立结构：一般分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应是句子的主语，但有时分词的逻辑主语是其它的名/ 代词，n．/ pron．＋分词的结构就是独立（主格）结构。

A new technique ____，the yields as a whole increased by 20%．（90．1 CET－4）

Answer：having been worked out．

分词独立结构的功能

1）它在句中作状语，表示谓语动作的时间，原因伴随情况，方式方法条件等

a．The question being settled，we signed the contract．

b．It being sunny，we went out for a walk．

c．The rain having stopped，the soldiers continued their march．

d．Almost all metals are good conductors，silver being the best of all．

（分词）独立结构的构成

（1）名/ 代＋分词：

a．They walked in the garden，little birds singing happily in the tree．

b．The old man was sitting at the table，the newspaper spread before him．

c．It being rainy，they had to call off their trip．

（2）省去being或分词后，由n．/ pron．＋adj．/ adv．/ 介词短语构成。

He entered the room，his nose （being）red with cold．

The meal （being）over，he went to his office again．

He stood in doorway， a hat （held）in his hand．

Club （held/being）in hand，the policeman ran after the thief．

（3）with / without 引导的独立结构，有时有分词，有时无分词，但可看作省略了分词being．

She left the room with the candle burning on the table．

He wandered in without shoes or socks on．

分词的否定结构

否定：not ＋分词

a．Not knowing what to do，she went to the professor for help．

b．I left at noon，not staying for lunch．

分词的时态

（1）现在分词的一般式表示与谓语动词的动作同时或相继发生。

a．Working together with Dr．White，we learnt a lot from him．

b．Knowing that they were going to the factory next week，the students began to make preparations．

c．He came up to me，saying “Glad to see you again”．

（2）现分的完成式，表示动作发生在谓语之前，常用作状语表时间或原因。

a．Having watered the vegetables，the women took a short rest．

b．Not having done it right，I tried again．

c．Having finished his homework，the schoolboy began to play video games．

分词的语态

（3）现在分词的被动语态：being done．表示某一被动动作在讲话时正在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生。having been done表示动作发生在谓语之前。常用作状语表时间或原因。

a．Who is the patient being operated on?

b．You will find the matter being talked about all over the town．

c．Having been told that some guests were coming，they got the rooms ready．

例句：

1）选择正确的职业对一个人来说非常关键。

Choosing a right career is vital to a person．

2）戒烟十分必要因为吸烟有害健康。

Giving up smoking / getting rid of smoking is very necessary because smoking is harmful to health．

3）培养良好的生活习惯对于一个孩子的成长至关重要。

Developing / cultivating good living habits is critical for a child's development / growth．4）守时是一个好的品德。

Being punctual is a good quality / virtue．

5）热爱祖国是每个公民的义务/责任。

Loving the motherland is every citizen's duty / responsibility．

6）住在乡村比住在城市更好。

Living in the country / countryside is better than / preferable to living in the city．

7）住在城市比住在农村更方便。

Living in the city is more convenient than living in the country．

8）拥有私车也会带来/导致一些问题。

Owning a private car will also bring about / lead to some problems．

9）婚后和父母同住会有许多不便。

Living with parents after getting married may give rise to / result in / lead to / bring about many inconveniences．

10）学好英语不是一件容易的事。

Learning English well is no easy job．

11）我们可以从参加社会活动中受益。

We can benefit greatly from taking part in social activities．

12）代沟通常是因不能彼此理解而造成的。

Generally speaking，generation gaps are resulted from not being able to understand each other．

专四语法考点梳理八：不定式

Infinitive 不定式

不定式在句中充当结构

在句中可作除谓语以外的一切成份：主、表、宾、定、状、（主、宾）补语。

1．不定式作主语

To say something is one thing，to do it is another．

It is not fair to blame them for the accident．（it 形式主语）

2．不定式作表语

My suggestion is to carry out the plan immediately．

The question is how to organize the work．（不定式的特殊结构，见后）

3．不定式作宾语

He offered to go with us．

I don't know where to get the books．

（不定式的特殊结构，见后）

常跟to do（不定式）作宾语的v：

afford，agree，arrange，ask，attempt，beg，care，choose，claim（声称），dare，

decide，decline（谢绝），desire，determine，fail，intend，learn，long，mean，offer，pretend，promise，refuse，seek，tend，undertake（承担），volunteer．不定式的特殊结构

构成：疑问代词、副词及whether / if ＋to do

常跟疑问代词、副词及whether / if ＋to do作宾语的v．有

ask，consider，decide，discover，discuss，explain，find out，inquire，forget，know，learn，remember，show（演示），tell，think，understand，wonder．Examples：

I still don't know whom to turn to for help．

They are trying to find out how to solve the problem．

Show me where to put the books．

They haven't decided yet （as to）whether to accept our offer of help．

如果不定式作宾语又跟有补语，通常要用“it”作形式宾语，而将不定式放到补语后面去。

eg．他们发现提前做好一切准备是不可能的。

They found it impossible to get everything ready in advance．

I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings．

4．作宾/ 主语补足语

Mr．Smith wants his son to become a lawyer．

The suspected man was seen to enter the building．

跟不带“to”的不定式作宾补的v：

see，hear，look at，listen to，feel，observe，watch，notice 等感官v 及let，make，have，keep．

The teacher makes us write a composition every week．．（被动语态中要加上“to”）

不定式的复合谓语结构

复合谓语结构：（两个或多个部分构成复合谓语，如：He can do it）

（1）be said （reported，known，believed，announced，claimed，stated，…）＋to do

＝>It is said ．．．that …

Beijing is known to have rich cultural heritage．

（It is known that Beijing has ．．．）

（2）seem（happen，appear，prove，tend）＋to do

I happened to be out when she called．

（3）be likely（certain，sure，willing，anxious，ready，bound，eager，reluctant）＋to do

They are likely to succeed．

She is always ready to help others．

5．不定式作定语

通常为后置修饰语：（post－modifier）

He used to have a lot of meetings to attend．

There is nothing to worry about．

6．不定式作状语

（1）目的状语

He hurried through his work so as to（in order to）catch the train．

They will go to the station to meet the guests．

To survive the severe competition in the future society，one must have all－round abilities．（2）不定式作状语：结果状语

She was so angry as to be unable to speak．

I hurried to Prof．Wang's house only to find he was out．（常表示令人不快的结果）

（3）不定式作状语：原因状语

We are overjoyed to see you．

I am happy to be here．

I feel honored to give a speech here．

专四语法考点梳理九：不定式

不定式在句中充当成分：

7．作插入语

插入语（独立成份）

To be fair，he has worked hard these days．

We don't like his idea，to tell you the truth．

He is not good at English，to say nothing of French．（let alone French）

8．逻辑主语

（1）用of ＋n．/ pron 来表示逻辑主语：当“be ＋adj．＋逻辑主语＋to do”结构中的adj．是absurd，bold，brave，careful，careless，clever，cruel，foolish，honest，kind，nice，polite，rude，silly，thoughtful，considerate，wise，wrong，typical，naughty，selfish，generous等表示人的品行的词

Examples：

a．It is thoughtful of you to come to see me．

b．I think it wrong of him not to accept our invitation．

c．It is selfish of Tom not to lend his book to Mary．

d．It is generous of you to help me with my work．

（2）用for ＋n．/ pron 表示逻辑主语：

a．It is necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases．

b．I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．

c．He gave me the phone number in order for me to contact him when we are in need of help．（他给了我他的电话号码，以便我们需要帮助时与他联系．）

9．独立结构

独立结构：（不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语不同）该结构在句中一般作说明情况的状语。

The plan was that the contending parties should reach an early agreement on basic principles，the details to be worked out later．

（这个计划是让争执的双方先在基本原则上达成协议，细节以后再磋商。）

Example：

He proposed a picnic，he himself to pay the railway tickets，and John to provide the food．不带“to”的不定式

使用不带“to”的不定式的几种句型

（1）口语中，以why开头的简单问句

Why do it that way? 为什么用这种方法来做这事呢？

Why not go out for a walk? 为什么不出去散散步呢？

（2）在had better，would rather．．．（than）．．．，would ．．．rather than，would

sooner ．．．（than），can not but．．．，can't help but．．．，may （might）as well．．．（不妨．．．）等习惯用法中

Examples：

Since she is angry，we had better let her alone．

Rather than beg in the street，he would prefer to die of hunger．（He would rather die of hunger than beg in the street．．．）

I couldn't help but wait for the next bus to come．

（3）在do nothing/anything/everything but （except）结构中

Last night I did nothing but watch TV．

John will do anything but work on a farm．

但谓语动词不是do时，but / except所跟的不定式仍须带“to”

The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．

There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．

I have no choice/alternative/option but to give in to her power．

不定式的特殊用法

一些固定结构中不定式的用法

too ．．．to 表否定含义，而enough ．．．to ．．．表肯定

a．It was too cold for us to go shopping．

（＝It was so cold that we couldn't．．．）

b．It was cold enough to freeze our fingers．

但enough to 之前如有否定词，不定式也表否定含义

The water isn't warm enough for us to go swimming．

（＝The water isn't warm enough so we can't．．．）

（all too），only too等与不定式连用表示肯定意义

He's only too pleased to help us．非常愿意/高兴帮助我们。

I shall be only too pleased to come．

too ready to 结构表肯定意义

He's too ready to promise．他太易于许诺。

He's too ready to criticize others．

不定式的语态

主动语态the last person to leave

被动语态the person to be relied on

当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者，用被动语态

He is believed to be elected monitor．

The house to be built is our dining room．

The book is said to have been translated into many languages．

It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here．

不定式的时态

一般式：to write，to be written

完成：to have written，to have been written

进行：to be writing

完成进行：to have been writing

如不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后（或与之同时发生或将要发生），用一般时

He is determined to work harder next term．

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语法考点之一：虚拟语气考点1. If从句中的虚拟语气 1、与过去事实相反：从句sb had done，主句sb would(should, could, might)+ have done； 2、省略if，从句的语序用到装，即将were, had或 should移至主语的前面，但否定词not不前移。 3、与将来事实相反：从句sb did (should+do或were+to do)，主句sb would (should, could, might)+do。 4、错综条件句：主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段。比如：从句对过去虚拟，而主句对现在虚拟，即从句sb had done，主句sb would(should, could, might)+do；考点2：表示建议、要求、命令等动词如insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, ask, require, request, demand引导的从句及it引导的相应的分词、名词和形容词从句，谓语用（should)+动词原形。考点3：It is +advisable, essential, important, imperative, incredible等从句，谓语用（should）+动词原形。考点4：it is (high/about) time that的结构中，从句使用一般过去式。例如: 考点5：much as"尽管，虽然"引导让步状语从句，从句中用would have done表示假设。考点6：if only, wish, as if/as though引导从句，与过去事实相反：had + done；与现在事实相反：动词过去式；与将来事实相反：could/would + do 考点7：would rather/sooner从句中使用一般过去式或过去完成式分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟考点8：lest / for fear that+(should ) +原形动词。语法考点之二：情态动词 *情态动词: will（愿意）, shall（将）, must（必须）, can, may, would, should (应该), might, could, ought to, used to（过去常常）, need（需要）, dare（竟敢），have to（不得不）考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：（1）情态动词+行为动词完成式（表示推测）（2）某些情态动词的特殊用法考点1. 情态动词＋have＋过去分词结构表示推测 (1) must have done表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。否定形式为：can’t / couldn’t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。 (2) could have done表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了。 (3) may / might have done 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.

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【句意】我宁愿你乘火车去，因为天气预报说明天将有大雪。【难点】would rather 后接虚拟语气的从句，用一般过去时。 7. Einstein won the Nobel Prize in 1921 and enjoyed great fame in Germany until the rise of Nazism _A___ he was expelled from Germany because he was a Jew. 7. A) 【句意】爱因斯坦于1921年获诺贝尔奖金，在德国享有盛誉。后来随着纳粹主义的兴起，他被逐出德国，因为他是个犹太人。【难点】关系副词when引导的定语从句修饰名词词组the rise of Nazism。 8. Nowhere but in the remotest region of the country __A__find a place to set 8. A) 【句意】他只能在最遥远的地方找个安身之处。【难点】Nowhere是否定副词，位于句首引导倒装句。 A 9. A) 【句意】在车祸中，他的一条腿骨折，他连走路都不行，更不用说跑了。【难点】let alone意为“更不必说”；not to mention意为“再加上”；that is to say意为“也就是说”。 B C. Disgracing 10. B) 【句意】失宠后，她过着完全隐居的生活。【难点】disgraced在这里是过去分词作状语，表示伴随状态。 C 11. C) 【句意】有时，公共汽车检票员上车查票。【难点】bus conductor意为“公共汽车售票员”；agent意为“代理人，中介人”；officer意为“军官，官员”inspector意为“检查员，视察员”。 B 12. B) 【句意】他很快恢复了健康。【难点】recovery意为“恢复，复苏”，后接介词from;relief意为“宽慰，安心”；relaxation 意为“放松”；survival意为“生存”。 C A. While B. Even though C. Now that 13. C) 【句意】既然考试的紧张已经过去，我们现在可以放松了。【难点】now that意为“既然；由于”，用于新的事情的发生，接一般现在时的句子。while 意为“虽然”；even though意为“即使”，for意为“因为”，不能用于句首。

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