外文翻译市场营销
麦卡锡(E.J.Mccarthy)于1960年也对微观市场营销下了定义：市场营销是企业经营活动的职责，它将产品及劳务从生产者直接引向消费者或使用者以便满足顾客需求及实现公司利润，同时也是一种社会经济活动过程，其目的在于满足社会或人类需要，实现社会目标。这一定义虽比美国市场营销协会的定义前进了一步，指出了满足顾客需求及实现企业赢利成为公司的经营目标，但这两种定义都说明，市场营销活动是在产品生产活动结束时开始的，中间经过一系列经营销售活动，当商品转到用户手中就结束了，因而把企业营销活动仅局限于流通领域的狭窄范围，而不是视为企业整个经营销售的全过程，即包括市场营销调研、产品开发、定价、分销广告、宣传报导、销售促进、人员推销、售后服务等。而格隆罗斯给的定义强调了营销的目的：营销是在一种利益之上下，通过相互交换和承诺，建立、维持、巩固与消费者及其他参与者的关系，实现各方的目的。
McCarthy (E.J.Mccarthy) ,in 1960, also under the micro-marketing definition: Marketing is the responsibility of business activities, products and services will be directly from the producer towards the consumer or user in order to meet customer needs and the achievement of the company profits, but also a process of socio-economic activities with the aim to meet the social or human needs, to achieve social goals. this definition than in the United States, although the definition of marketing association a step forward that meet customer needs and realize the company's operating profit as a goal, but two definitions that marketing activities are production activities in the beginning of the end of the middle after a series of business sales activities, when the commodity to the user the hands of the end, the enterprise marketing activities and therefore is limited to the narrow scope of circulation, rather than operating as a business for sale throughout the entire process, including marketing research, product development, pricing, distribution, advertising, publicity reports, sales promotion, marketing staff, after-sales service and so on. Christian Grnroos to the definition and emphasized the purpose of marketing: Marketing is in the interests of a whole, through mutual exchange and commitment to establish, maintain, consolidate and consumers and other participants in the relationship between the parties to achieve the purpose.
新式定义
①台湾的江亘松在《你的行销行不行》中强调行销的变动性，利用行销的英文Marketing 作了下面的定义：―什么是行销？‖就字面上来说，―行销‖的英文是―Marketing‖，若把Marketing 这个字拆成Market（市场）与ing（英文的现在进行式表示方法）这两个部分，那行销可以用―市场的现在进行时‖来表达产品、价格、促销、通路的变动性导致供需双方的微妙关系。
②2004年8月，美国波士顿。在AMA（美国市场营销协会）夏季营销教学者研讨会上，AMA揭开了关于市场营销新定义的面纱，以此更新了近20年来AMA对营销的官方定义。此后，关于市场营销的新定义在美国的市场营销理论界、实践界都引起了广泛的讨论。这次
公布的市场营销新定义是在整合了来自全球的理论界和实践界众多营销者的贡献基础之上而修订出来的。
中国人民大学商学院郭国庆教授建议将这次的新定义完整的表述为：市场营销既是一种组织职能，也是为了组织自身及利益相关者的利益而创造、传播、传递客户价值，管理客户关系的一系列过程。
推动重新审视和修订AMA关于市场营销的官方定义的主要力量之一是来自于AMA的CEO丹尼斯?杜兰普。关于市场营销的第一版官方定义是1935年由AMA的前身——美国营销教师协会所采用的，1948年被AMA正式采用。1960年，当AMA重新审视第一版定义时决定依然保持不变，不做任何修改。就这样，关于市场营销的最初的定义一直沿用了50年，直到1985年的时候被重新修订了。修订后的定义也就是当今见到的关于市场营销最普遍的定义：市场营销是计划和执行关于商品、服务和创意的观念、定价、促销和分销，以创造符合个人和组织目标的交换的一种过程。
这个定义一直沿用至今，直到2004年夏天才被重新修订。这次新定义是近20年来关于市场营销定义的首次修订，无怪乎引起了广大营销者的普遍重视。当然，引起大家关注的原因也还在于AMA的地位。因而，由她来做出如此之修订，自然会引起各方面的关注。
the new definition of
①Jiang Taiwan through song in the "line of your marketing will not do," stressed the changes in marketing, the use of marketing of the English made the following definition: "What is marketing?" On the literal, the "marketing" in English is " Marketing ", if the word is split into Marketing of the Market (the market) and ing (English-style method is carried out) This two-part, and that marketing can be used" when the market is now "to express the product, price, promotion, access lead to changes in supply and demand of the delicate relationship between the two sides.
②2004 years 8 months, in Boston. In the AMA (American Marketing Association) summer workshop on teaching marketing, AMA opened a new definition of marketing on the veil in order to update the past 20 years the official AMA definition of marketing. Since then, on the new definition of marketing in the U.S. sector marketing theory, practice sector has generated considerable discussion. The publication of a new definition of marketing is in integrating the theory from the global community and the practice of community contribution to many marketers based on the amendment out.
Business School of Rennin University of China Professor Guo Guoqing proposed that the new definition of the complete expressed as: Marketing is an organizational function, but also to organize themselves and the interests of stakeholders and the creation, dissemination, forwarding, customer value, a range of customer relationship management process.
To promote re-examine and amend the AMA on the official definition of marketing is one of the major forces from the AMA's CEO Dennis ? Alison. On the marketing of the first edition of the official definition in 1935 by the predecessor of AMA - American Marketing Association, used by teachers in 1948, formally adopted by AMA. In 1960, when the first edition of the AMA to re-examine the definition of the decision remained unchanged, not any changes. In this way, on the marketing of the
original definition has been used for 50 years until 1985, when the re-amended. The revised definition is also seen on the market today, the most common definition of marketing: Marketing is the planning and execution on the goods, services and innovative concepts, pricing, promotion and distribution in order to create individual and organizational goals in line with the exchange of a process.
This definition has been in use ever since, until the summer of 2004 was revised. The new definition is nearly 20 years on the marketing of the first amendment to the definition, no wonder the majority of marketers attracted universal attention. Of course, a matter of concern is also the status of AMA. Thus, by her to make such amendments, naturally give rise to all sides.
市场营销理论
市场营销理论发展有以下四个阶段：
第一阶段：初创阶段。市场营销于19世纪末到20世界20年代在美国创立，源于工业的发展，这时的市场营销所研究的范围很窄，只是研究广告和商业网点的设置。并在伊利诺等洲的大学开设相关课程。并由“美国广告协会”改为“全美广告学与市场营销学教员协会”，给市场营销学的研究提供了组织保证。这时市场营销学的研究特点是：a. 着重推销术和广告术，至于现代市场营销的理论、概念、原则还没有出现；b. 研究活动基本上局限于大学的课堂和教授的书房，还没有得到社会和企业界的重视。
第二阶段：应用阶段。20世纪20年代至二战结束为应用阶段，此时初具规模，美国国内企业开始大规模运用市场营销学来运营企业，打开海外市场，欧洲国家也纷纷效仿。1931年成立“美国市场营销协会”，宣讲市场营销学，并于1937年上述两组织合并，广泛吸收学术界与企业界人士参加，市场营销学开始从大学讲台走向社会。此阶段市场营销的发展表现在应用上。因1929年资本主义世界爆发了空前的经济危机，经济出现大萧条、大萎缩，社会购买力急剧下降，市场问题空前尖锐。危机对整个资本主义经济打击很大。这个阶段，市场营销学的研究特点是：a. 并没有脱离产品推销这一狭窄的概念；b. 在更深更广的基础上研究推销术和广告术；c. 研究有利于推销的企业组织机构设置；d. 市场营销理论研究开始走向社会，被广大企业界所重视。
第三阶段：形成发展时期。20世纪50年代至80年代为市场营销学的发展阶段，美国军工经济开始转向民众经济，社会商品急剧增加，社会生产力大幅度提升，而与此相对应的居民消费水平却没有得到多大的提升，市场开始出现供过于求的状态。此时美国市场营销学专家W.Aderson与R.Cox提出“广义的市场营销学，是促进生产者与消费者进行潜在商品或劳务交易的任何活动。”此观点使营销开始步入全新的阶段。原先认为市场是生产过程的终点，现在认为是生产过程的起点；原先认为市场营销就是推销产品，现在认为市场营销是通过调查了解消费者的需求和欲望，而生产符合消费者的需求和欲望的商品或服务，进而满足消费者的需求和欲望；从而使市场营销学摆脱企业框架而进入社会视野，并有明显的管理导向。
第四阶段：成熟阶段。80年代至今，为市场营销学的成熟阶段，表现在：a.与其他学科关联，如经济学、数学、统计学、心理学等；b.开始形成自身的理论体系；80年代是市场营销学的革命时期，开始进入现代营销领域，使市场营销学的面貌焕然一新。
Marketing theory
The development of marketing theory has the following four stages:
The first stage: start-up phase. Marketing in the late 19th century to 20 in the United States the world's creation of 20, due to industrial development and marketing at this time by a very narrow scope of the study, but research and commercial advertising network settings. Island in Illinois and other related courses at the universities. By the "Association of American Advertising" to "National Advertising and Marketing Association of Science Teachers", to marketing research to ensure the organization. At this time of marketing research is characterized by: a. focus on marketing and advertising techniques, modern marketing theory, concepts, principles had yet to emerge; b. University research activities are basically confined to the classroom and a professor of the study, and also society and the business community did not receive attention.
Phase II: Application stage. During the 20th century to the end of World War II 20 for the application stage, begun to take shape at this time, the United States began large-scale domestic enterprises to use marketing to operate businesses, open overseas markets, European countries have to follow. Established in 1931, "American Marketing Association" Marketing preach, and in 1937 merged the two organizations, academia and the business community to absorb a wide range to join the Marketing from the University of the rostrum to the community. This stage of the development of marketing in the applications. The capitalist world in 1929 due to the outbreak of an unprecedented economic crisis, the economy of the Great Depression, large shrinkage in the purchasing power of a sharp decline in the community, the unprecedented sharp market. The whole capitalist economic crisis dealt a serious blow. This stage, marketing research is characterized by: a. there is no product to sell out of this narrow concept of; b. at a deeper study on the basis of a broader marketing and advertising technique; c. study in favor of selling the business organization set; d. beginning of the study of marketing theory to society, paying attention to the general business community.
The third phase: the formation period of development. The 20th century, the 50's to 80's for the marketing stage of development, the U.S. military-industrial economy has begun to shift the public economic, social goods, the sharp increase in social productivity improved significantly, while the corresponding consumption level of residents has not been much improvement, market began to emerge in a state of oversupply. At this point the U.S. marketing expert R. Cox and W. Aderson the "broad sense of Marketing is to promote the potential producers and consumers of goods or services of any transaction activity." This point of view to make the start into the new marketing stage. Previously that the market is the end of the production process, is now considered to be the starting point of the production process; the original that is marketing to sell products, now that marketing through the investigation to understand the needs and desires of consumers, and production in line with consumer needs and desires goods or services, which meet the needs and desires of consumers; so that from the marketing companies to enter the framework of social vision and a clear
management guidance.
Phase IV: the mature stage. Since the 80's for the marketing of the mature stage, in: a. associated with other disciplines such as economics, mathematics, statistics, psychology, etc.; b. theory began to form their own system; 80 is the age of marketing revolutionary period, begun to enter the field of modern marketing, so marketing the new look.
市场营销观念
市场营销观念的演变与发展，可归纳为五种，即生产观念、产品观念、推销观念、市场营销观念和社会市场营销观念。
（1）生产观念
生产观念是指导销售者行为的最古老的观念之一。这种观念产生于20世纪20年代前。企业经营哲学不是从消费者需求出发，而是从企业生产出发。其主要表现是“我生产什么，就卖什么”。生产观念认为，消费者喜欢那些可以随处买得到而且价格低廉的产品，企业应致力于提高生产效率和分销效率，扩大生产，降低成本以扩展市场。例如，美国皮尔斯堡面粉公司，从1869年至20世纪20年代，一直运用生产观念指导企业的经营，当时这家公司提出的口号是“本公司旨在制造面粉”。美国汽车大王亨利?福特曾傲慢地宣称：“不管顾客需要什么颜色的汽车，我只有一种黑色的。”也是典型表现。显然，生产观念是一种重生产、轻市场营销的商业哲学。
生产观念是在卖方市场条件下产生的。在资本主义工业化初期以及第二次世界大战末期和战后一段时期内，由于物资短缺，市场产品供不应求，生产观念在企业经营管理中颇为流行。中国在计划经济旧体制下，由于市场产品短缺，企业不愁其产品没有销路，工商企业在其经营管理中也奉行生产观念，具体表现为：工业企业集中力量发展生产，轻视市场营销，实行以产定销；商业企业集中力量抓货源，工业生产什么就收购什么，工业生产多少就收购多少，也不重视市场营销。
除了物资短缺、产品供不应求的情况之外，有些企业在产品成本高的条件下，其市场营销管理也受产品观念支配。例如，亨利?福特在本世纪初期曾倾全力于汽车的大规模生产，努力降低成本，使消费者购买得起，借以提高福特汽车的市场占有率。
（2）产品观念
它也是一种较早的企业经营观念。产品观念认为，消费者最喜欢高质量、多功能和具有某种特色的产品，企业应致力于生产高值产品，并不断加以改进。它产生于市场产品供不应求的“卖方市场”形势下。最容易滋生产品观念的场合，莫过于当企业发明一项新产品时。此时，企业最容易导致“市场营销近视”，即不适当地把注意力放在产品上，而不是放在市场需要上，在市场营销管理中缺乏远见，只看到自己的产品质量好，看不到市场需求在变化，致使企业经营陷入困境。
Marketing concept
The evolution of the concept of marketing and development, can be summarized into five, namely, the production concept, product concepts, marketing concepts, marketing concepts and the concept of social marketing.
(1) The production of the concept of
Production concept guiding the conduct of sales of the concept of one of the oldest. This concept stems from the 20th century during the first 20. Business philosophy is not a departure from the consumer demand, but production from the start. The main performance is "what I produce, what to sell." Production concept that, like consumers everywhere who might be able to buy and cheap products, enterprises should aim to upgrade production efficiency and distribution efficiency, expand production, reduce costs to expand the market. For example, Fort Pierce United States Flour Company, from 1869 to 20 during the 20th century has been the guiding concept of the use of production enterprises, when the company raised the slogan of "The Company seeks to create flour." ? U.S. auto magnate Henry Ford, has arrogantly declared: "No matter what the color of the needs of customers cars, I have only a black." Is a typical example. Clearly, the production concept is a re-production, and light commercial marketing philosophy.
Production concept is generated by a seller's market conditions. Capitalist industrialization in the early and end of World War II and post-war period, due to shortage of materials, market products in short supply, production in the enterprise management concept was quite popular. China's planned economy under the old system, due to the shortage of market products, businesses do not worry about sales of its products, industrial and commercial enterprises in their operation and management concepts are also pursuing the production of specific performance: focus on the development of industrial enterprises in production, too little marketing, the implementation of a定销production; business enterprises focus on sourcing efforts, what the acquisition of industrial production for what, how much the acquisition of industrial production number, not attention to marketing.
In addition to the shortage of materials, products, demand is outstripping supply, some enterprises in the product under conditions of high cost, its management is also affected by marketing products that dominate the con cept. For example, Henry Ford ? early in this century has been an all-out effort in the mass production of motor vehicles, and strive to reduce costs so that consumers can afford to buy in order to enhance the market share of Ford Motor.
(2) Product concept
It is a business concept earlier. Product concept of the view that most consumers prefer high-quality, multi-functional and have some characteristics of products, enterprises should be dedicated to the production of high-value products, and continue to be improved. Products it produces in short supply in the market of "seller's market" situation. The concept of breed products most likely to occasion is when the company invented a new product. At this point, the enterprises most likely to lead to "marketing myopia", that is improper to focus on products rather than on the needs of the market, in marketing management lack of vision, only to see the quality of their products, and do not see the market demand is changing, with the result that troubled business.
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文： 零售企业的营销策略 Philip Kotlor 今天的零售商为了招徕和挽留顾客，急欲寻找新的营销策略。过去，他们挽留顾客的方法是销售特别的或独特的花色品种，提供比竞争对手更多更好的服务提供商店信用卡是顾客能赊购商品。可是，现在这一切都已变得面目全非了。现在，诸如卡尔文·克连，依佐和李维等全国性品牌，不仅在大多数百货公司及其专营店可以看到，并且也可以在大型综合商场和折扣商店可以买到。全国性品牌的生产商为全力扩大销售量，它们将贴有品牌的商品到处销售。结果是零售商店的面貌越来越相似。 在服务项目上的分工差异在逐渐缩小。许多百货公司削减了服务项目，而许多折扣商店却增加了服务项目。顾客变成了精明的采购员，对价格更加敏感。他们看不出有什么道理要为相同的品牌付出更多的钱，特别是当服务的差别不大或微不足道时。由于银行信用卡越来越被所有的商家接受，他们觉得不必从每个商店赊购商品。 百货商店面对着日益增加的价格的折扣店和专业商店的竞争，准备东山再起。历史上居于市中心的许多商店在郊区购物中心开设分店，那里有宽敞的停车场，购买者来自人口增长较快并且有较高收入的地区。其他一些则对其商店形式进行改变，有些则试用邮购盒电话订货的方法。超级市场面对的是超级商店的竞争，它们开始扩大店面，经营大量的品种繁多的商品和提高设备等级，超级市场还增加了它们的促销预算，大量转向私人品牌，从而增加盈利。 现在，我们讨论零售商在目标市场、产品品种和采办、服务以及商店气氛、定价、促销和销售地点等方面的营销策略。 一、目标市场 零售商最重要的决策时确定目标市场。当确定目标市场并且勾勒出轮廓时，零售商才能对产品分配、商店装饰、广告词和广告媒体、价格水平等作出一致的决定。如沃尔玛的目标市场相当明确：
市场营销_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_顾客满意策略与顾客满意
顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 原文来源：《Marketing Customer Satisfaction 》自20世纪八十年代末以来, 顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额, 获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝随着时代的变迁, 社会物质财富的极大充裕, 顾客中的主体———消费者的需求也先后跨越了物质缺乏的时代、追求数量的时代、追求品质的时代, 到了20世纪八十年代末进入了情感消费时代。在我国, 随着经济的高速发展,我们也已迅速跨越了物质缺乏时代、追求数量的时代乃至追求品质的时代, 到今天也逐步迈进情感消费时代。在情感消费时代, 各企业的同类产品早已达到同时、同质、同能、同价, 消费者追求的已不再是质量、功能和价格, 而是舒适、便利、安全、安心、速度、跃动、环保、清洁、愉快、有趣等,消费者日益关注的是产品能否为自己的生活带来活力、充实、舒适、美感和精神文化品位, 以及超越消费者期望值的售前、售中、售后服务和咨询。也就是说, 今天人们所追求的是具有“心的满足感和充实感”的商品, 是高附加值的商品和服务,追求价值观和意识多元化、个性化和无形的满足感的时代已经来临。 与消费者价值追求变化相适应的企业间的竞争, 也由产品竞争、价格竞争、技术竞争、广告竞争、品牌竞争发展到现今的形象竞争、信誉竞争、文化竞争和服务竞争, 即顾客满意竞争。这种竞争是企业在广角度、宽领域的时空范围内展开的高层次、体现综合实力的竞争。它包括组织创新力、技术创新力、管理创新力、产业预见力、产品研发力、员工向心力、服务顾客力、顾客亲和力、同行认同力、社会贡献力、公关传播沟通力、企业文化推动力、环境适应力等等。这些综合形象力和如何合成综合持久的竞争力, 这就是CSft略所要解决的问题。CS寸代,企业不再以“自己为中心”,而是以“顾客为中心”；“顾客为尊”、“顾客满意”不再是流于形式的口号, 而是以实实在在的行动为基础的企业经营的一门新哲学。企业不再以质量达标, 自己满意为经营理念, 而是以顾客满意, 赢得顾客高忠诚度为经营理念。企业经营策略的焦点不再以争取或保持市场占有率为主, 而是以争取顾客满意为经营理念。因此, 营销策略的重心不再放在竞争对手身上而是放在顾客身上, 放在顾客现实的、潜在的需求上。当企业提供的产品和服务达到了顾客事先的期望值, 顾客就基本满意；如果远远超越顾客的期望值, 且远远高于其他同行, 顾客才真正满意；如果企业能不断地或长久地令顾客满意, 顾客就会忠诚。忠诚的顾客不仅会经常性地重复购买, 还会购买企业其它相关的产品或服务；忠诚的顾客不仅会积极向别人推荐他所买的产品, 而且对企业竞争者的促销活动具有免疫能力一个不满意的顾客会将不满意告诉16-20个人, 而每一个被告知者会再传播给12-15个人。这样, 一个不满意者会影响到二、三百人。在互联网普及的今天, 其影响则更大。据美国汽车业的调查, 一个满意者会引发8笔潜在的生意, 其中至少有一笔会成交。而另一项调查表明, 企业每增加5%的忠诚顾客, 利润就会增长25%-95%。一个企业的80%的利润来自20%的忠诚顾客；而获取一个新顾客的成本是维持一个老顾客成本的6倍。所以,美国著名学者唐?佩 珀斯指出: 决定一个企业成功与否的关键不是市场份额, 而是在于顾客份额。 于是, 企业纷纷通过广泛细致的市场调研、与消费者直接接触、顾客信息反馈等方式来了解顾客在各方面的现实需求和潜在需求。依靠对企业满意忠诚的销售、服务人员, 定期、定量地对顾客满意度进行综合测定, 以便准确地把握企业经营中与“顾客满意” 目标的差距及其重点领域, 从而进一步改善企业的经营活动。依靠高亲和力的企业文化、高效率的人文管理和全员共同努力, 不断地向顾客提供高附加值的产品, 高水准的亲情般的服
网络营销外文翻译
E---MARKETING (From:E--Marketing by Judy Strauss,Adel El--Ansary,Raymond Frost---3rd ed.1999 by Pearson Education pp .G4-G25.) As the growth of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a216454071.html, shows, some marketing principles never change.Markets always welcome an innovative new product, even in a crowded field of competitors ,as long as it provides customer value.Also,Google`s success shows that customers trust good brands and that well-crafted marketing mix strategies can be effective in helping newcomers enter crowded markets. Nevertheless, organizations are scrambling to determine how they can use information technology profitably and to understand what technology means for their business strategies. Marketers want to know which of their time-ested concepts will be enhanced by the Internet, databases,wireless mobile devices, and other technologies. The rapid growth of the Internet and subsequent bursting of the dot-com bubble has marketers wondering,"What next?" This article attempts to answer these questions through careful and systematic examination of successful e-mar-keting strategies in light of proven traditional marketing practices. （Sales Promotion;E--Marketing；Internet；Strategic Planning ） 1.What is E--Marketing E--Marketing is the application of a broad range of information technologies for: Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation ,and positioning strategies；More efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution promotion,and pricing of goods,services,and ideas;andCreating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers` objectives. This definition sounds a lot like the definition of traditional marketing. Another way to view it is that e-marketing is the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in two ways. First,it increases efficiency in traditional marketing strategies.The transformation results in new business models that add customer value and/or increase company profitability.
市场营销策略论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
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国际贸易、市场营销类课题外文翻译——市场定位策略(Positioning_in_Practice)
Positioning in Practice Strategic Role of Marketing For large firms that have two or more strategic business units (SBUs), there are generally three levels of strategy: corporate-level strategy, strategic-business-unit-level (or business-level) strategy, and marketing strategy. A corporate strategy provides direction on the company's mission, the kinds of businesses it should be in, and its growth policies. A business-level strategy addresses the way a strategic business unit will compete within its industry. Finally, a marketing strategy provides a plan for pursuing the company's objectives within a specific market segment. Note that the higher level of strategy provides both the objectives and guidelines for the lower level of strategy. At corporate level, management must coordinate the activities of multiple strategic business units. Thus the decisions about the organization's scope and appropriate resource deployments/allocation across its various divisions or businesses are the primary focus of corporate strategy.Attempts to develop and maintain distinctive competencies tend to focus on generating superior financial, capital, and human resources; designing effective organizational structures and processes; and seeking synergy among the firm's various businesses. At business-level strategy, managers focus on how the SBU will compete within its industry. A major issue addressed in business strategy is how to achieve and sustain a competitive advantage. Synergy for the unit is sought across product-markets and across functional department within the unit. The primary purpose of a marketing strategy is to effectively allocate and coordinate marketing resources and activities to accomplish the firm's objectives within a specific product-market. The decisions about the scope of a marketing strategy involve specifying the target market segment(s) to pursue and the breadth of the product line to offered. At this level of strategy, firms seek competitive advantage and synergy through a well-integrated program of marketing mix elements tailored to the needs and wants of customers in the target segment(s). Strategic Role of Positioning Based on the above discussion, it is clear that marketing strategy consists of two parts: target market strategy and marketing mix strategy. Target market strategy consists of three processes: market segmentation, targeting (or target market selection), and positioning. Marketing mix strategy refers to the process of creating a unique
市场营销策略外文文献及翻译
市场营销策略外文文献及翻译 Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails
营销-外文翻译
外文翻译 原文 Marketing Material Source：Marketing Management Author：Philip Kotler Marketing Channels To reach a target market, the marketer uses three kinds of marketing channels. Communication channels deliver messages to and receive messages from target buyers. They include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, mail, telephone, billboards, posters, fliers, CDs, audiotapes, and the Internet. Beyond these, communications are conveyed by facial expressions and clothing, the look of retail stores, and many other media. Marketers are increasingly adding dialogue channels (e-mail and toll-free numbers) to counterbalance the more normal monologue channels (such as ads). The marketer uses distribution channels to display or deliver the physical product or service to the buyer or user. There are physical distribution channels and service distribution channels, which include warehouses, transportation vehicles, and various trade channels such as distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. The marketer also uses selling channels to effect transactions with potential buyers. Selling channels include not only the distributors and retailers but also the banks and insurance companies that facilitate transactions. Marketers clearly face a design problem in choosing the best mix of communication, distribution, and selling channels for their offerings. Supply Chain Whereas marketing channels connect the marketer to the target buyers, the supply chain describes a longer channel stretching from raw materials to components to final products that are carried to final buyers. For example, the supply chain for women’s purses starts with hides, tanning operations, cutting operations, manufacturing, and the marketing channels that bring products to customers. This supply chain represents a value delivery system. Each company captures only a certain percentage of the total value generated by the supply chain. When a company acquires competitors or moves upstream or downstream, its aim is
外文翻译--关系营销和服务营销：文化部门价值创造的会聚性观点
Relationship marketing and service marketing: convergence point of Culture Department of value creation ABSTRACT Using the relationship paradigm as a theoretical framework, a management model for cultural services (relationship marketing of cultural organizations) is proposed, what is an unprecedented contribution in the marketing field. By combining two convergent perspectives–as relationship marketing and services marketing–, the model is structured on the basis of two large types of relationships in the management of a cultural organization: instrumental relationships and group relationships. The paper is an in-depth study of relationships regarding performing arts audience. A theoretical/empirical approach was applied, including face to face interviews to 1005 performing arts consumers and telephone interviews to a sample of 2005 individuals in Spain. Keywords: Cultural marketing erforming arts services relationship marketing 1. INTRODUCTION: The most recent literature on marketing management is demonstrating a revolutionary change in both form and content, which, undoubtedly, will result in several research projects in the short term aimed at shedding some light on this dilemma. Traditional management models and paradigms do not adapt to the requirements of new products, as there are more and more exceptions and questions on the models developed so far (Lovelock and Gummesson, 2004; Vargo and Lush, 2004). In this complex context, this paper aims to make an in-depth study of the field of cultural services management by using two concurrent perspectives –relationship marketing and services marketing–, in order to contribute to the development of the new marketing domain: cultural marketing (Kotler, 2005). This is a field still in its development phase, but has probably found, with these new trends, the right moment to grow and develop management structures and models that meet its particular requirements. From the very beginning, contributions made to the cultural sector by the marketing discipline have been very diverse. However, although they seem to have come to a consensus
外文文献(市场营销策略)
Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails selecting two or more segments and developing a separate marketing mix to reach segment. Positioning the Product Management's ability to bring attention to a product and to differentiate it in a favorable way from similar products goes a long way toward determining that product's revenues.Thus management needs to engage in positioning,which means developing the image that a product projects in relation to competitive products and to the firm's other products. Marketing executives can choose from a variety of positioning strategies.Sometimes they decide to use more than one for a particular product.Here are several major positioning strategies:
营销策略外文翻译
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 营销策略 内容提要：为了组织的销售能是成功的，它需要根据一个营销策略计划来帮助保证其努力的目标和宗旨与市场的需要想吻合。营销策略审查市场以确定潜在顾客的需要，竞争者的战略和市场地位，并且尝试制定出一套能使组织在市场上获取或维护竞争优势的相关战略。有一些因素会对营销策略计划的发展造成冲击性的影响，它包括内部因素例如组织的财产、技能和组织文化，外在因素例如各种各样的市场驱动者、市场或产业运作方式、战略窗口和竞争的本质。一个优选的营销策略计划也需具备一套意外情况防备策略以应对市场治理及组织生产能力的不确定性。 关键词：竞争优势竞争策略市场地位市场份额营销销售计划组织文化营销策略 营销策略简述 无论组织的产品或服务多么好，除非它们的价值能被传达给潜在的顾客，否则组织依然无法实现它的使命。这种传达和交流是组织内市场营销功能的职责。根据美国市场协会，营销是“一个组织效能和一套创造过程、交流和传达产品价值给顾客、处理与顾客关系的有益于组织和它的利益共享者的方式”。营销作用包括相辅相成的两方面。营销策略在市场上审查市场来确定潜在顾客和竞争者本质的需要，并且试图开发出在市场上将使组织获取或维护竞争优势的战略。操作的营销被建立在营销策略作用和贯彻各种各样的计划和策略(包括适当的混合营销的发展)吸引顾客和促进顾客忠实的基础之上的。 产品和服务营销的方法 有很多的方式能用来销售你的产品或服务包括做广告，直接响应、推销活动和宣传。然而，除非你能了解顾客、市场和产业的需要并且竞争的优势和劣势，否则这些方法是不太可能成功的。营销策略帮助一个组织尖化它的焦点和在市场顺利地竞争。营销策略与二个组分有关：目标市场和用最佳的方式传达你的产品价值或服务到那个市场。一个可实行的销售方针的发展取决于几个关键维度。首先，与组织之内的所有全球性战略一样，一个成功的销售方针需要由在组织之内的最高管理层
营销策略外文翻译文献
营销策略外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
译文: 营销策略 内容提要：为了组织的销售能是成功的，它需要根据一个营销策略计划来帮助保证其努力的目标和宗旨与市场的需要想吻合。营销策略审查市场以确定潜在顾客的需要，竞争者的战略和市场地位，并且尝试制定出一套能使组织在市场上获取或维护竞争优势的相关战略。有一些因素会对营销策略计划的发展造成冲击性的影响，它包括内部因素例如组织的财产、技能和组织文化，外在因素例如各种各样的市场驱动者、市场或产业运作方式、战略窗口和竞争的本质。一个优选的营销策略计划也需具备一套意外情况防备策略以应对市场治理及组织生产能力的不确定性。 关键词：竞争优势竞争策略市场地位市场份额营销销售计划组织文化营销策略 营销策略简述 无论组织的产品或服务多么好，除非它们的价值能被传达给潜在的顾客，否则组织依然无法实现它的使命。这种传达和交流是组织内市场营销功能的职责。根据美国市场协会，营销是“一个组织效能和一套创造过程、交流和传达产品价值给顾客、处理与顾客关系的有益于组织和它的利益共享者的方式”。营销作用包括相辅相成的两方面。营销策略在市场上审查市场来确定潜在顾客和竞争者本质的需要，并且试图开发
出在市场上将使组织获取或维护竞争优势的战略。操作的营销被建立在营销策略作用和贯彻各种各样的计划和策略(包括适当的混合营销的发展)吸引顾客和促进顾客忠实的基础之上的。 产品和服务营销的方法 有很多的方式能用来销售你的产品或服务包括做广告，直接响应、推销活动和宣传。然而，除非你能了解顾客、市场和产业的需要并且竞争的优势和劣势，否则这些方法是不太可能成功的。营销策略帮助一个组织尖化它的焦点和在市场顺利地竞争。营销策略与二个组分有关：目标市场和用最佳的方式传达你的产品价值或服务到那个市场。一个可实行的销售方针的发展取决于几个关键维度。首先，与组织之内的所有全球性战略一样，一个成功的销售方针需要由在组织之内的最高管理层签名。销售方针本质上也具有政治性的色彩：在组织之内的强有力的单位在最佳的销售方针也许不同意，并且协议也许需要谈判达成。销售方针也许受组织文化的也影响，并且那得假定这发生。例如，如果组织总是销售它的装饰物给商业主管，它也许就看不到组织之内的低层人员甚至是成人或少年的个人消费潜力。 实施战略销售计划发展的因素 存在一些能冲击战略销售计划发展的因素，这些因素首先包括组织已经拥有或它可能欣然获取的财产和技能。例如，如果组织拥有一个重大编程的部门，就为它能做和销售应用软件提供了可行性的条件。然而，如果这些人员已经在其他工作介入并且不能自由研究一个新的软件项目，并且组织没能力聘用另外的程序员，起始一条新的软件线是不妥当
新媒体营销外文翻译文献
新媒体营销外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 研究微博中承诺和信用对消费者行为倾向的影响 ——基于关系营销的角度 摘要：本研究的目的是探索消费者对企业通过微博进行关系营销的观点。这项研究是以承诺-信用理论以及消费者对企业微博形象、承诺、信用、满意度和社群意识对消费者的行为倾向的研究为基础的。这项研究的成果可以成为企业利用微博进行关系营销的准则。这项研究显示消费者的满意度对承诺、信用、社群意识和消费者的行为倾向具有积极影响。企业形象对承诺和信用的影响是成立的，但对行为倾向的影响需须经由承诺和信用产生中介效果。信用对承诺和社群意识的影响是存在的，但是对行为倾向的影响须经由承诺和社群意识产生中介效果。最后，承诺和社群意识对行为倾向的影响是成立的。 关键词：微博、关系营销、满意度、企业形象、承诺、信用、社群意识、行为倾向 1、引言 当我们在新的经济时代面临着现今的商业环境时，许多企业在短时间内就变成了一个以顾客为中心的企业。为了提高竞争力，企业必须了解他们的顾客，了解顾客的需求，并且通过专项服务满足顾客的需求。随着技术时代环境的改变，企业已经通过信息系统与客
户建立了关系。随着顾客上网历史的增加，企业可以提供给他们更多的产品信息并且在第一时间获得顾客的回复。通过这种方法，客户服务的成本可以降低；企业与客户的关系可以变得稳定；企业与客户之间可以建立更多的联系；企业与客户之间的沟通可以个性化。 基于格朗鲁斯的研究，他认为关系营销意味着企业通过发展、维护和提高与顾客的关系来达到企业的目的。越来越多的企业发展其吸引力来构建自己的形象以留住和吸引新的顾客。因此，一个企业的专业性和企业形象的构建对企业来说是很重要的。一个公司是否可以提供服务或产品以满足客户的需求影响着客户对企业的信任和忠诚度。 基于Web2.0大流行，大众媒体已经覆盖了许多拥有新颖、有趣故事的网站，吸引了更多的公众关注互联网。这些问题对因特网的常用用户来说都不是问题。因特网发展很迅速。近来微博服务供应商例如Facebook、Twitter和Plurk是新闻的热点话题，已经聚集了大量用户。根据市场研究公司的成员尼尔森最近的一份报告，在2008年二月到2009年二月间，Twitter是用户增长速度最快的一个社交网站（从475000个用户到17600000个用户）。它的绝对访客增长率在美国是1382%。在2009年五月，全国用户数量达到37300000，这是一个令人吃惊的数据。博客用户一直在讨论是否微博可以取代博客。因特网用户最关注的是微博是否可以缩短他们与朋友们之间的距离，是否可以帮助他们交到新朋友。然而，商人们最关注的是微博是否可以替代博客变为一个新的营销武器。 博客营销是指不仅让因特网用户变的亲密，也是指需要“可信的”网络发言人的赞语。博客成为值得信赖的网络发言人是由于他们长时间在某些话题上努力花费时间。通过写文章，他们在互联网用户的心中构建了“大师”的形象。结果，即使他们的一个“好”字也对有科技非常强大的影响力。这就是博客营销的有效性。博客的权利：检查实际操作者在博客上的使用对公共关系产生的影响。 对于微博，我们可以在Twitter上看到谷歌。在谷歌在Twitter上的账户建立后，立马就有16000个追随者。现在谷歌在Twitter上的追随者有1670000人。这意味着谷歌每在Twitter上发表一条新闻，1760000个人在下一秒将在互联网或手机短信上被通知。这种传播新闻的速度和范围是令人吃惊的。 再来说说戴尔，一个主要的国际电脑制造商，例如，通过微博的能力来提供信息，特别提供了可以通过短信迅速传递给所有微博用户信息的功能。因为价钱很合理，许多用户已经立即决定变成戴尔的追随者。并且戴尔继续提供给追随者们更多的第一手优惠券。结果，通过微博达到的总订单金额已经达到了新台币100000000元。通过微博，消息可以更加迅速地传递给互联网用户。然而，这并不意味着任何一种营销信息都可以通过微博随意