美国文学考试试题详解及笔记整理

1.What‘s Washington Irving‘s main contribution to American Literature?华盛顿·欧文对美国文学的主要贡献

Washington Irving‘s contribution to American literature is unique in more way than one. He did a number of things which have been regarded as the first of their kind in America. He was the first Am erican writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame:whe n he returned home in 1832, he was acclaimed as(被誉为) the one American author whom people in Europe knew about, and the Am ericans took as a sign that American literature was emerging as an independent entity（形成一个独立的实体）. To say that he was fa ther of American literature is not much exaggeration（夸大）. The short story as a genre（风格）in American literature probably bega n with Irving‘s the sketch book（见闻札记）, a collection of essay s, sketches（草图）, and tales, of which the most famous and frequ ently anthologized are ―Rip Van Winkle‖and ―The Legend of Sleep y Hollow‖. The book touched the American imagination and fore shadowed（预示）the coming of Hawthorne霍桑, Melville,梅尔维尔, and Poe爱伦·坡, in whose hands the short story attained a degree of perfection as literary tradition. It also marked the beginning of Amercian Romanticism.

2.What is Nathaniel Hawthorne‘s writing style?

纳撒尼尔·霍桑的写作风格

Hawthorne‘s vocabulary was wide and well-controlled. Writing is at the formal level. He chose his words with a sharp sense of precise meaning and a keen ear for pleasant sound. His style is also noteworthy for his frequent use of images. Metaphors and similes abound, most of them stirringly fresh and effective, he makes skillful use of colors as a means for conveying mood. His style is soft, flowing and almost feminine. His language is smooth, clear, beautiful in sound and meaning. He also frequently uses symbols and settings to reveal the psychology of the characters.

3.Make a brief comment on symbolism in the novel Moby Dick. (Herman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔)

对《白鲸记》中的象征主义做出一个简短的评论

There is symbolism in the book. The V oyage itself is a metaphor for "search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience." The Pequod is the ship of the American soul, and the endeavor of its crew represents "the maniacal fanaticism of our white mental consciousness". By far the most conspicuous symbol in the book is, of course, Moby Dick. The white whale is capable of many interpretations. It is a symbol of evil to some, readers of goodness to others, and of both to still others. He is "paradoxically benign and malevolent, nourishing and destructive,"

"massive, brutal, monolithic, but at the same time protean, erotically beautiful, infinitely variable." Its whiteness is a paradoxical color, too, signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity, innocence, and youth. It represents the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing. As Ahab and his crew do not leave it alone, it is only natural that they get drowned.

4.Give a brief introduction about Uncle Tom‘s Cabin.

对《汤姆叔叔的小屋》做出一个简短的介绍

The book opens with a Kentucky farmer named Arthur Shelby facing the loss of his farm because of debts. Even though he and his wife, Emily Shelby, believe that they have a benevolent relationship with their slaves, Shelby decides to raise the needed funds by selling two of them—Uncle Tom, a middle-aged man with a wife and children, and Harry, the son of Emily Shelby‘s maid Eliza—to a slave trader. Emily Shelby hates the idea of doing this because she had promised her maid that her child would never be sold; Emily's son, George Shelby, hates to see Tom go because he sees the man as his friend and mentor.

When Eliza overhears Mr. and Mrs. Shelby discussing plans to sell Tom and Harry, Eliza determines to run away with her son. The novel states that Eliza made this decision because she fears losing her only surviving child (she had already miscarried two children). Eliza departs that night,

leaving a note of apology to her mistress.

While all of this is happening, Uncle Tom is sold and placed on a riverboat, which sets sail down the Mississippi River. While on board, Tom meets and befriends a young white girl named Eva. When Eva falls into the river, Tom saves her. In gratitude, Eva's father, Augustine St. Clare, buys Tom from the slave trader and takes him with the family to their home in New Orleans. During this time, Tom and Eva begin to relate to one another because of the deep Christian faith they both share. During Eliza's escape, she meets up with her husband George Harris, who had run away previously. They decide to attempt to reach Canada. However, they are now being tracked by a slave hunter named Tom Loker. Eventually Loker and his men trap Eliza and her family, causing George to shoot Loker. Worried that Loker may die, Eliza convinces George to bring the slave hunter to a nearby Quaker settlement for medical treatment.

While all of this is happening, Uncle Tom is sold and placed on a riverboat, which sets sail down the Mississippi River. While on board, Tom meets and befriends a young white girl named Eva. When Eva falls into the river, Tom saves her. In gratitude, Eva's father, Augustine St. Clare, buys Tom from the slave trader and takes him with the family to their home in New Orleans. During this time, Tom and Eva begin to relate to one another because of the deep Christian faith they both share.

During Eliza's escape, she meets up with her husband George Harris, who had run away previously. They decide to attempt to reach Canada. However, they are now being tracked by a slave hunter named Tom Loker. Eventually Loker and his men trap Eliza and her family, causing George to shoot Loker. Worried that Loker may die, Eliza convinces George to bring the slave hunter to a nearby Quaker settlement for medical treatment.

Back in New Orleans, St. Clare debates slavery with his Northern cousin Ophelia who, while opposing slavery, is prejudiced against black people. St. Clare, however, believes he is not biased, even though he is a slave owner. In an attempt to show Ophelia that her views on blacks are wrong, St. Clare purchases Topsy, a young black slave. St. Clare then asks Ophelia to educate her.

After Tom has lived with the St. Clares for two years, Eva grows very ill. Before she dies she experiences a vision of heaven, which she shares with the people around her. As a result of her death and vision, the other characters resolve to change their lives, with Ophelia promising to throw off her personal prejudices against blacks, Topsy saying she will better herself, and St. Clare pledging to free Uncle Tom.

Before St. Clare can follow through on his pledge, however, he dies after being stabbed while entering a New Orleans tavern. His wife reneges on her late husband's vow and sells Tom at auction to a vicious plantation

owner named Simon Legree. Legree (a transplanted northerner) takes Tom to rural Louisiana, where Tom meets Legree's other slaves, including Emmeline (whom Legree purchased at the same time).

Legree begins to hate Tom when Tom refuses Legree's order to whip his fellow slave. Legree beats Tom viciously, and resolves to crush his new slave's faith in God. Despite Legree's cruelty, however, Tom refuses to stop reading his Bible and comforting the other slaves as best he can. While at the plantation, Tom meets Cassy, another of Legree's slaves. Cassy was previously separated from her son and daughter when they were sold; unable to endure the pain of seeing another child sold, she killed her third child.

At this point Tom Loker returns to the story. Loker has changed as the result of being healed by the Quakers. George, Eliza, and Harry have also obtained their freedom after crossing into Canada. In Louisiana, Uncle Tom almost succumbs to hopelessness, as his faith in God is tested by the hardships of the plantation. However, he has two visions, one of Jesus and one of Eva, which renew his resolve to remain a faithful Christian, even unto death. He encourages Cassy to escape, which she does, taking Emmeline with her. When Tom refuses to tell Legree where Cassy and Emmeline have gone, Legree orders his overseers to kill Tom. As Tom is dying, he forgives the overseers who savagely beat him. Humbled by the character of the man they have killed, both men become Christians. Very

shortly before Tom's death, George Shelby (Arthur Shelby's son) arrives to buy Tom‘s freedom, but finds he is too late.

On their boat ride to freedom, Cassy and Emmeline meet George Harris' sister and accompany her to Canada. Once there, Cassy discovers that Eliza is her long-lost daughter who was sold as a child. Now that their family is together again, they travel to France and eventually Liberia, the African nation created for former American slaves. There they meet Cassy's long-lost son. George Shelby returns to the Kentucky farm and frees all his slaves. George tells them to remember Tom's sacrifice and his belief in the true meaning of Christianity.

Brief Introduction

This book is about the early nineteenth century, Kentucky's farmer Shelby’s failed business, was forced to sell slaves to repay debts with Tom and little Harry. George Harris, his wife Eliza and his son Harry were fleeing to Northern Canada, twists and turns, and finally safely met each other and lived a truly free people’s lives. Honest, sincere Uncle Tom got a new owner St·Clare and his daughter Eva’s love, but unfortunately Eva was ill and died, and Mr. Clare was killed when he was going to give free to Uncle Tom. Uncle Tom died from abusing and beating by the devil incarnate of the farmer Legree.?

5.According to Henry James‘s viewpoint, what‘s the conflict between the

American personalities and European personalities?

根据亨利·詹姆斯的观点，在美国现实主义和欧洲现实主义之间有什么冲突？

He saw that Europeans were often regarded as over-refined过度细致的, degenerate堕落的, and artificial虚伪的by Americans, and that Americans were considered native土著的, vulgar粗俗的, and i gnorant无知的by many Europeans. The misunderstanding caused p ersonality conflicts性格冲突, and even where the two races found e ach other agreeable 令人愉快的and the national difference provide d an opportunity for contrast of character相反的性格. The typical American in a James‘ novel is fresh, enthusiastic and perhaps as cu ltured as he might be, but eager to le arn and basically ―good‖ in s pite of his disregard忽视of the outworn conventions陈腐的约定an d social graces社交礼仪of Europe. The European, on the other ha nd, is highly cultivated, urban, sometimes boring, but always correc t.

6.What‘s the difference between Henry Jame‘s realism and Mark Twain‘s realism?

亨利·詹姆斯的现实主义和马克·吐温的现实主义有什么不同？

In thematic terms(在主题上), James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society, whereas Mark Twain dealt largely with the lower

strata(阶层) of society. Technically(在技术上), James pursued the Psychological realism, but Twain‘s contribution to the development of realism was partly through local colorism(地方色彩) and colloquial(口语的) style. James believed that reality lies in the impressions(印象) made by life on the spectator(旁观者), and not in any facts of which the spectator is unaware. He shifted the ground of realistic art from the outer to the inner world. Mark Twain preferred to represent social life through portraits of local places that he knew best.

7.What are the characteristics of O.Henr y‘s writing?

欧亨利的写作特点是什么？

His stories are usually short. The plots are exceedingly clever and interesting, humor abounds, and the end is always surprising. Often there are two endings: first an unexpected ending, then another, which is quite a different one and a still better surprise. Many of his stories contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions that make them hard to be understood by people outside of America. Such forms of speech are used to give what is called local color, to make the stories fit in with the characters and scenes described. His own speech, both spoken and written, was always chaste and clear.

8.Give a brief introduction about The Great Gatsby.

对伟大的盖茨比做出一个简要的介绍(F.Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德)

The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922. The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession for the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan. Considered to be Fitzgerald's magnum opus, The Great Gatsby explores themes of decadence, idealism, resistance to change, social upheaval, and excess, creating a portrait of the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties that has been described as a cautionary tale regarding the American Dream.

The Great Gatsby is the single most profound commentary in American fiction on American Dream. The novel deals symbolically with the frustration and despair resulting from the failure of the American dream. It is a story of an idealist who tries to recapture his lost love but in vain and is finally destroyed by the influence of the wealthy people around him. Gatsby is the true heir to the American dream. He fails to understand that he cannot recapture the past (his fresh new love for Daisy) no matter how much money he makes. Daisy refuses to leave the security of her established position for Gatsby‘s adoration and precarious wealth.

F. Scott Fitzgerald‘s greatness lies in the fact that he found intuitively

in his personal experience the embodiment of that of the nation and created a myth out of American life. Gatsby‘s life follows a clear pattern: There is, at first, a dream, then disenchantment, and finally a sense of failure and despair. In this, Gatsby‘s personal experience approximates the whole of the American experience up to the first few decades of this century. America had been ―a fresh, green breast of the new world,‖ had ―pandered to the last and greatest of all human dreams‖ and promised something like ―the orgiastic future‖ for humanity.

Now the virgin forests have vanished and made way for a modern civilization, the only fitting symbol of which is the ―valley of ashes,‖ the living hell. Here modern men live in sterility and meaninglessness and futility as best illustrated by Gatsby‘s essential ly pointless parties. The crowds hardly know their host; many come and go without invitation. The music, the laughter, and the faces, all blurred as one confused mass, signify the purposelessness and loneliness of the partygoers beneath their masks of relaxation and joviality.

The shallowness of Daisy whose voice is ―full of money‖, the restless wickedness of Tom, the representative of the egocentric, careless rich, and Gatsby who is, on the one hand, charmingly innocent enough to believe that the past can be recovered and resurrected, but is on the other hand, both corrupt and corrupting, tragically convinced of the power of money, however it was made – the behavior of these and other people

like the Wilsons all clearly denote the vanishing of the great expectation which the first settlement of the American continent had inspired. The hope is gone; despair and doom have set in. Thus Gatsby‘s personal life has assumed a magnitude as a ―cultural-historical allegory‖ for the nation. Here, then, lies the greatest intellectual achievement that F. Scott Fitzgerald ever achieved.

This novel is narrated by Nick, is a young bachelor who returns to the Midwest before setting to the New York City. Daisy, the heroine, is Nick’s second cousin once removed and Nick knows of her husband, Tom. With the development of the novel, Nick knows that his next-door neighbor, who always hosting lavish parties of hundreds of peoples, is the wealthy Gatsby. Jordon Baker, takes interests in Nick, reveals that Gatsby had fallen in love with Daisy in 1917 as Army Lieutenant stationed near Daisy’s hometown. But Gatsby had no money to married Daisy, so Daisy married to the wealthy Tom, after that Gatsby is aiming to be a millionaire. With few years of illegal traffic and smuggling, he accumulates a great amount of wealth. He would like Nick to arrange a meeting with Daisy, Nick agrees. And invite Gatsby and Daisy to his house, so they begin a love affair again. But actually, Daisy only treats this relationship as an exciting game. Daisy invites Gatsby and Nick to her mansion, where Tom finds that Gatsby loves Daisy. Tom knows Daisy’s superficial nature very well and by taking away Daisy’s

financial security, with that Daisy is now beyond his reach. With the situation between them, Daisy runs out of the hotel and Gatsby follows her into his car, where she insists on driving because it will calm her nerves. But it fells that Daisy knocks down and kills Myrtle, Tom’s mistress. Gatsby absolve Daisy from her guilty to protect her. After that Tom talks into Myrtle’s husband to shoot Gatsby dead. So the magic bubble of love and dreams broke up. Despite Nick’s efforts, only Gatsby’s father, an woman and Nick attends his funeral. Discussed with Tom and Daisy, Nick returns to his hometown, reflecting on Gatsby’s dreams and cyclical nature of the past.

The Raven.乌鸦(爱伦·坡著)

? 乌鸦

? 从前一个阴郁的子夜，我独自沉思，慵懒疲竭，

? 沉思许多古怪而离奇、早已被人遗忘的传闻——

? 当我开始打盹，几乎入睡，突然传来一阵轻擂，

? 仿佛有人在轻轻叩击，轻轻叩击我的房门。

? ―有人来了，‖我轻声嘟喃，―正在叩击我的房门——

? 唯此而已，别无他般。‖

? 哦，我清楚地记得那是在萧瑟的十二月；

? 每一团奄奄一息的余烬都形成阴影伏在地板。

? 我当时真盼望翌日；——因为我已经枉费心机

? 想用书来消除悲哀——消除因失去丽诺尔的悲叹——? 因那被天使叫作丽诺尔的少女，她美丽娇艳——

? 在这儿却默默无闻，直至永远。

? 那柔软、暗淡、飒飒飘动的每一块紫色窗布

? 使我心中充满前所未有的恐怖——我毛骨惊然；

? 为平息我心儿停跳．我站起身反复叨念

? ―这是有人想进屋，在叩我的房门——。

? 更深夜半有人想进屋，在叩我的房门；——

? 唯此而已，别无他般。‖

? 很快我的心变得坚强；不再犹疑，不再彷徨，

? ―先生，‖我说，―或夫人，我求你多多包涵；

? 刚才我正睡意昏昏，而你来敲门又那么轻，

? 你来敲门又那么轻，轻轻叩击我的房门，

? 我差点以为没听见你‖——说着我拉开门扇；——

? 唯有黑夜，别无他般。

? 凝视着夜色幽幽，我站在门边惊惧良久，

? 疑惑中似乎梦见从前没人敢梦见的梦幻；

? 可那未被打破的寂静，没显示任何迹象。

? ―丽诺尔？‖便是我嗫嚅念叨的唯一字眼，

? 我念叨―丽诺尔！‖，回声把这名字轻轻送还，

? 唯此而已，别无他般。

? 我转身回到房中，我的整个心烧灼般疼痛，

? 很快我又听到叩击声，比刚才听起来明显。

? ―肯定，‖我说，―肯定有什么在我的窗棂；

? 让我瞧瞧是什么在那里，去把那秘密发现——

? 让我的心先镇静一会儿，去把那秘密发现；——? 那不过是风，别无他般！‖

? 我猛然推开窗户，。心儿扑扑直跳就像打鼓，

? 一只神圣往昔的健壮乌鸦慢慢走进我房间；

? 它既没向我致意问候；也没有片刻的停留；

? 而以绅士淑女的风度，栖在我房门的上面——

? 栖在我房门上方一尊帕拉斯半身雕像上面——

? 栖坐在那儿，仅如此这般。

? 于是这只黑鸟把我悲伤的幻觉哄骗成微笑，

? 以它那老成持重一本正经温文尔雅的容颜，

? ―虽然冠毛被剪除，‖我说，―但你肯定不是懦夫，

? 你这幽灵般可怕的古鸦，漂泊夜的彼岸——

? 请告诉我你尊姓大名，在黑沉沉的冥府阴间！‖? 乌鸦答日―永不复述。‖

? 听见如此直率的回答，我惊叹这丑陋的乌鸦，

? 虽说它的回答不着边际——与提问几乎无关；

? 因为我们不得不承认，从来没有活着的世人

? 曾如此有幸地看见一只鸟栖在他房门的面——

? 鸟或兽栖在他房间门上方的半身雕像上面，

? 有这种名字―永不复还。‖

? 但那只独栖于肃穆的半身雕像上的乌鸦只说了

? 这一句话，仿佛它倾泻灵魂就用那一个字眼。

? 然后它便一声不吭——也不把它的羽毛拍动——? 直到我几乎是哺哺自语―其他朋友早已消散——? 明晨它也将离我而去——如同我的希望已消散。‖? 这时那鸟说―永不复还。‖

? 惊异于那死寂漠漠被如此恰当的回话打破，

? ―肯定，‖我说，―这句话是它唯一的本钱，

? 从它不幸动主人那儿学未。一连串无情飞灾

? 曾接踵而至，直到它主人的歌中有了这字眼——

? 直到他希望的挽歌中有了这个忧伤的字眼

? ?永不复还，永不复还。‘‖

? 但那只乌鸦仍然把我悲伤的幻觉哄骗成微笑，

? 我即刻拖了张软椅到门旁雕像下那只鸟跟前；

? 然后坐在天鹅绒椅垫上，我开始冥思苦想，

? 浮想连着浮想，猜度这不祥的古鸟何出此言——? 这只狰狞丑陋可怕不吉不祥的古鸟何出此言，

? 为何聒噪?永不复还。‖

? 我坐着猜想那意见但没对那鸟说片语只言。

? 此时，它炯炯发光的眼睛已燃烧进我的心坎；

? 我依然坐在那儿猜度，把我的头靠得很舒服，

? 舒舒服服地靠在那被灯光凝视的天鹅绒衬垫，

? 但被灯光爱慕地凝视着的紫色的天鹅绒衬垫，

? 她将显出，啊，永不复还！

? 接着我想，空气变得稠密，被无形香炉熏香，

? 提香炉的撒拉弗的脚步声响在有簇饰的地板。

? ―可怜的人，‖我呼叫，―是上帝派天使为你送药，? 这忘忧药能中止你对失去的丽诺尔的思念；

? 喝吧如吧，忘掉对失去的丽诺尔的思念！‖

? 乌鸦说―永不复还。‖

? ―先知！‖我说―凶兆！——仍是先知，不管是鸟还是魔！? 是不是魔鬼送你，或是暴风雨抛你来到此岸，

? 孤独但毫不气馁，在这片妖惑鬼崇的荒原——

? 在这恐怖萦绕之家——告诉我真话，求你可怜——

? 基列有香膏吗？——告诉我——告诉我，求你可怜！‖

? 乌鸦说―永不复还。‖

? ―先知！‖我说，―凶兆！——仍是先知、不管是鸟是魔！? 凭我们头顶的苍天起誓——凭我们都崇拜的上帝起誓——? 告诉这充满悲伤的灵魂。它能否在遥远的仙境

? 拥抱被天使叫作丽诺尔的少女，她纤尘不染——

? 拥抱被天使叫作丽诺尔的少女，她美丽娇艳。‖

? 乌鸦说―永不复还。‖

? ―让这话做我们的道别之辞，鸟或魔！‖我突然叫道——? ―回你的暴风雨中去吧，回你黑沉沉的冥府阴间！

? 别留下黑色羽毛作为你的灵魂谎言的象征！

? 留给我完整的孤独！——快从我门上的雕像滚蛋！

? 从我心中带走你的嘴；从我房门带走你的外观！‖

? 乌鸦说―永不复还。‖

? 那乌鸦并没飞去，它仍然栖息，仍然栖息

? 在房门上方那苍白的帕拉斯半身雕像上面；

? 而它的眼光与正在做梦的魔鬼眼光一模一样，

? 照在它身上的灯光把它的阴影投射在地板；

? 而我的灵魂，会从那团在地板上漂浮的阴暗

? 被擢升么——永不复还！

The Raven is a narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in January 1845. It is often noted for its musicality, stylized language, and supernatural atmosphere. It tells of a talking raven's mysterious visit to a distraught lover, tracing the man's slow descent into madness. The lover, often identified as being a student, is lamenting the loss of his love, Lenore. The raven seems to further instigate his distress with its constant repetition of the word "Nevermore". The poem makes use of a number of folk and classical references.

A Psalm of Life《人生礼赞》

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗

—青年人的心对歌者说的话

不要在伤感的诗句里对我说，

人生不过是一场梦！——

昏睡的灵魂等于是死亡，

事物的真相和外表不同。

人生是真切的！人生是实在的！它的归宿不是荒坟；

你本是尘土，仍要归于尘土‖，这话说的并不是灵魂。

不是享乐，也不是受苦，

我们命定的目标和道路

而是行动；在每个明天，

都要比今天前进一步。

艺术永恒，时光飞逝，

我们的心，虽然勇敢、坚决，仍然像闷声的鼓，它正在

伴奏向坟墓送葬的哀乐。

在这世界的辽阔战场上，

在这人生的营帐中，

莫学那听人驱策的哑畜，

要做一个战斗中的英雄！

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三、十七世纪的法国文学—古典主义 1.诗歌与戏剧 Boileau 布瓦洛《诗艺》 Corneille 高乃依《熙德》 Racine 拉辛《安德洛玛克》Andromaque Moliere 莫里哀 2.散文与祭奠 拉法叶特夫人代表作（心理小说）La Princesse de Cleves 克莱夫王妃 塞维利夫人代表作（书信）Correspendance 《书简集》 拉封丹La Fontaire 寓言集 ·法国古典文学的代表作家之一，著名的寓言诗人。他的作品经后人整理为《拉·封丹寓言》，与古希腊著名寓言诗人伊索的《伊索寓言》及俄国著名作家克雷洛夫所著的《克雷洛夫寓言》并称为世界三大寓言。主要著作有《寓言诗》《故事诗》《普叙赫和库比德的爱情》等。他被19世纪法国著名文学评论家泰纳誉为“法国的荷马”。雨果的《巴黎圣母院》以及莫泊桑的《一生》都提到他是法国古典文学作家中著名的诗人。 佩罗童话故事 La Rochefoucault 《道德箴言录》 笛卡尔，帕斯卡：既是文学家也是物理学家 四、十八世纪的法国文学（启蒙时代Le siecle des Lumieres） 1.孟德斯鸠Montesquieu 《论法的精神》三权分立《波斯人礼札》 2.伏尔泰Voltaine 富裕的资产阶级家庭出身，经商天赋 《哲学通讯》《老实人》candide 《查第格》Zadig 《天真汉》Ingenu 3.狄德罗Diderot，百科全书派，美学，真善美统一 《百科全书》花了21年，共28卷《修女》la religieuse

美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.

History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1