翻译
Unit Three Thinking and Translation
要求：1．预习《英汉翻译教程》p130第四节 一;p133二。《汉英翻译教程》p135三; p154二。
2．课前翻译英译汉和汉译英的划线部分。
1．综合与分析
由于受儒家、道家学说和阴阳、五行、八卦的影响，汉语民族逐步形成了综合型思维方式，而英语民族由于受到与科学紧密联系的西方哲学的影响，逐步形成了分析型思维方式。因此，汉语句子短小，简单且疏散，以“意合”为其特征；而英语长句较多，复杂且严谨，以“形合”为其特征。例如：
①他今天没来，他母亲住院了。（意合 → 形合）
②吃得苦上苦，方为人上人。（意合 → 形合）
③The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media. （形合 → 意合）
2．悟性与理性
中国人重直觉：下意识或潜意识地直接把握事物，它不经过部分的分析，而是直接纳入，进而产生悟性。因此，汉语词义一般笼统而模糊。英语民族较为重视逻辑思维，重科学、理性，形成一种以逻辑分析为特点的思维模式。因此，词义比较精确。（试比较英汉：桌子 笔 牛 羊 你吃饭了吗？我开车来的。）例如：
①冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。 （模糊 → 精确）
②我们确定搞两个开放：一个是对内开放，一个是对外开放。（模糊 → 精确）
I have washed my hands. (精确 →模糊)
④He educated himself through correspondent courses. (精确 →模糊)
⑤She wishes to get a better husband. (精确 →模糊)
3．主观与客观
中国人受传统哲学的影响，认为人与自然是一个和谐的整体，认识了自我就认识了外界，形成了以人为中心、以人生体验为本位的非逻辑推理型的主体思维。因此在语言上，多用人称主语，多用主动语态等。西方人以自然为认知和征服的对象，这种重科学的思维传统排除主观因素，强调客观性。因此在语言上，常用非人称主语句，被动语态句有形式规范等。例如：
I. 客观 → 主观
①From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side.
②Astonishment, apprehension, and even horror oppressed her.
③The thick carpet on the corridor killed the sound of my footsteps.
④There is a great temptation to tell a lie when we are wrong.
⑤The sight of the slide always reminds me of my childhood.
⑥Dusk found him crying in the street.
⑦Nanjing witnessed the most inhuman massacre in 1937.
⑧His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest.
⑨Rising prices prompted many labor unions to demand higher wages.
⑩A very little encouragement would set the worldly woman to talk volubly, and pour out all within her.
被动语态的例子。
Poverty in
the developing countries has been ascribed by the West to low productivity, inappropriate domestic policies and inadequate national effort.
人们普遍认为开放政策利大于弊。
有人听到呼救声。
II. 试用主观 → 客观句型翻译下面各句。
①她从未想到他是个懦夫。
②我想起了一个好主意。
③我气恼了几个星期。
④人人都知道吸烟有害健康。
⑤他们对市场经济一无所知，公司因而遭受了很大损失。
⑥这几天心里颇不宁静。今晚在院子里坐着乘凉，忽然想起日日走过的荷塘，在这满月的光里总该另有一番样子吧。
a. 0f late, I have been in a rather uneasy frame of mind. Sitting in my courtyard enjoying the cool evening, I suddenly thought of the lotus pond that I pass on my way day in and day out. Tonight, it must have a charm all its own, bathed in the light of the full moon.
b. The last few days . This evening as I sat in the yard to enjoy the cool, me how different the lotus pool I passed every day must look under a full moon.
4．螺旋与直入
中国人的思维方式以直觉、具体和园式为特征，说话时爱绕弯子，往往把自己的想法和意见等关键问题保留到最后，这种含蓄的逐步达到高潮的思维方式为螺旋式思维方式。英美人士的思维方式以逻辑、抽象和直线式为特征。他们往往开门见山，径直提出要求。例如：
①不搞改革开放，就不能实现我们的战略目标。（螺旋 → 直入）
②全世界的科学家都在寻找净化空气、防治空气受到各种有害工业废气污染的有效方法。（螺旋 → 直入）
③可是父亲也来了，实在很难得。（螺旋 → 直入）
④The government is determined to keep up the pressure whatever it will pay in the end.（直入 → 螺旋 ）
⑤I do not suppose he would have loved her if she had been poor when he first knew her, but the gratitude which he felt for the help which he owed to he kindly interest in him easily developed into a sincere affection. （直入 → 螺旋 ）
5．具象与抽象
中国人着重具象思维，往往将特定的思想寄寓在具体的事物之中，也即通过具形式表达事物概念。英美人士着重抽象思维，思想较为抽象、严谨，往往使用抽象概念表达具体事物。例如：
①有人说，现在不再提心吊胆地过日子了。（具体 → 抽象）
②There had been too much publicity about his absence of position. （抽象 → 具体）
③A son , a job and housekeeping forced romance out.（抽象 → 具体）
④Wisdom prepares for the worst; but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes.（抽象 → 具体）
⑤You pass from the heat and glare of a big open square into a cool, dark cavern. （抽象 → 具体）
英译汉划线部分讲解
（用所学的五种思维方法填空）
(1)
1． ：在
叙事上顺序上，汉语往往一步步交代外围环境，直到最后才点出话语信息中心，经历一个由次要到主要，由背景到任务，从相关信息到话题的发展过程。而英语则相反。例如：
①上个月在上海，承蒙关照，万分感谢。
②He had flown in just the day before from Georgia where he had spent his vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job he had been engaged in in the South. 《英汉翻译教程》p30
③It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
④Characteristically, Mr. Harold concealed his feelings and watched and learned.
⑤…and I was again crushed by the thought that I now stood on the site of the first atomic bombardment, where thousands upon thousands of people had been slain in one second, where thousands upon thousands of others had lingered on to die in a slow agony.
2． ：英美人强调客体思维，中国人强调主体思维。译文添加了主语“人们”，句子更符合汉语习惯。例如：
①The workers were seen repairing the machine.
②It was told that the president would visit our school.
③人们越来越关心下岗工人的生活状况。
(2)
1． ：语序的调整。例如：
①Tom did not remember his mother who died when he was only two years old.
②I think it enough that my parents, such as they were, never cost me a pang, and their son, such as he is, never cost them a tear.
③上个星期天，在英语角，我见到了多年未见的英语老师。
2． ：语态的调整。活译被动语态。例如：
①(This is literally a life or death matter.) The lives of thousands of innocent people must be protected.
②They were given a hearty welcome.
③Every country will be represented by its prime minister.
④Rivers are controlled by dams.
⑤Poets are born, but orators are made.
⑥He was buried on the third day.
⑦The prisoner was released yesterday.
⑧He has been reduced to begging.
(3)
1. ：被动变主动。巧译被动语态。例如：
①The well-organized composition was written by a boy who is only six.
②He has been wedded to translation.
③一切生产事务由她分配。
2. ：切分法。对于复杂的英语长句翻译的步骤：抓主谓部分 → 其余按逻辑顺序 → 按流水句翻译。例如：
①Why should it be made longer than is necessary?
②By the middle of the year, he warned, the Soviet Union would take the United States in the land-based strategic missiles, the result of a massive Soviet effort beginning in the mid-1960s, after the Cuban fiasco, to achieve at least parity and possibly superiority in nuclear weapons.
(4) ：英语习惯用长句，并将较长的定语置于被修饰词之后；而汉语习惯用短句，定语无论长短，置于
被修饰词之前。但如果英语定语过长，汉语无法容纳。在这种情况下，汉译时，定语仍然后置，但要切分：变长句为短句。例如：
①They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.
②He will show her the place where they could make her look a proper dame——for next to nothing.
(5) ：此句句型与（4）同，注意译文中分句间的逻辑关系。例如：
①He unselfishly contributed his uncommon talents and indefatigable spirit to the struggle which today brings them(those aims) within the reach of a majority of the human race.
②The doctor examined the rat that carried the flea that harbored the germ that inflected the poor Indian.
(6)
1． ：例如：
①Despite months of anticipation, nothing could have prepared me for the impact of the actual day.
②An evening with him was an evening spent in listening to a monologue.
③我害怕起来了，而且越来越害怕。
再做些无灵主语句的翻译。
①What happened to you yesterday?
②All my courage deserted me.
③A wave of Cigar smoke accompanied him in.
④Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.
2． ：逻辑关系的调整：先因后果。例如：
David Brown, one of the most successful movie producers in America, was fired from three corporate jobs before he figured out that corporate life was not for him.
3． ：这里以which引导的非限制性定语从句兼有状语职能，译成汉语的“而”，表转折关系。
试判断下列各句中的定语从句兼有哪种状语职能（原因、条件……），并翻译全句。
①She actually works——works for the State which did its best in those dark years to prevent her from working.
②In 1974, Dr. Werner died, and Mrs. Werner’s children grew concerned about leaving their mother in the old neighborhood, where she loved to walk alone at night.
③She seeks happiness in selfish enjoyment, where it can never be found.
④He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for.
⑤He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument.
⑥He always makes fun of anyone with whom he chats.
⑦The old couple has three children, who are all grown up with families of their own.
⑧饮食中如果不含有人体健康和成长所需要的营养成分，就会导致营养不良。
⑨She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.
汉译英划线部分讲解
（用所学的五种思维方法填空）
(1) ：变松散为紧凑，变模糊为清晰。汉语没有严密的逻辑关系（但也许是为了foregrounding），结构松散，呈现“意合”特征，译
成英语时要体现“形合”特征。例如：
①该厂能生产大衣、西装、时装、衬衣、毛衣等不同类型用的花色纽扣，品种上千，规格齐全，种类凡多，造型新颖。
②西湖如明镜，千峰凝翠，洞壑幽深，风光崎丽。
③If you confer a benefit, never remember it; if you receive one, remember it always.
④As I sat down on that hot and humid evening, there seemed to be no solution to the problems thrashing around in my brain.
(2)
1． ：长句的切分。汉语句以意义的终结为断句依据，而英语则以形态结构完整为断句单位。例如：
①我们要保护环境。因为地球是我们人类唯一能够生存的地方。
②上个月，我的外祖父去世了，他患了六年的老年性痴呆症，一举一动都和小孩一样。
③他是一个好老师，胸怀宽广，思想高尚，能真正地献身于教育事业，受到学生们广泛的赞赏，他不仅课上得幽默，人也随和，能和学生交朋友，多年来坚持不懈地为英语教学工作，直到生命的最后一刻。
2． ：汉语中有些表示被动意义的句子以主动形式出现。英译时要注意这种语态的转换。如本句中的“这里发现了煤矿”、“铁路才铺进来”、“… … 渐渐废弃”。再例如：
①和谈当时正在巴黎进行。
②困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。
③An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post (January 17,2001).
④John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.
还有一种逻辑意义上的被动句，汉语有，英语也有，句中的谓语部分揭示了其主语的本质特性，反映了各自主语的内在属性、特点或质量，正因为如此，下列各句使用谓语动词的主动语态。
这布很耐洗。 The cloth well.
白色衣服容易弄脏。 White clothes easily.
搪瓷器皿容易弄干净。 Enamel wares easily.
这种材料不经久耐用。 This material won’t .
这篇文章读起来流畅。 This article smoothly.
他的新小说销路很好。 His new novel is well.
这些书容易包装。 These books easily.
这种纸一撕就破。 This paper easily.
这门锁不上。 The door won’t .
这套公寓房间每月租金500元。 The flat for 500 yuan a month.
这种金属容易切削。 This metal easily.
这车很好驾驶。 This car well.
这些苹果适于烹煮。 These apples well.
这些土豆容易削皮。 These potatoes easily.
西红柿容易碰伤。 Tomatoes easily.
这东西
好吃。 It well.
我的声音传不远。 My voice does not well.
这头母牛出奶率高。 The cow well.
并非每个习语都能这样容易译出。 Not every idiom with such ease.
房间很快挤满了人。 The room rapidly.
鸡正在烧。 The chicken is .
3． ：例如：
①这女孩在公共场合害羞，在大会上没发言。
②World War II was, however, more complex than World War I, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.
(3)只限于本句的 的思维让位于语篇（与上句的衔接），局部服从整体。例如：
A ceremony followed, in dumb show, in which, it was easy to recognize the pantomime of a marriage. At its termination, Colonel Dent and his party consulted in whispers for two hours, then….
下一单元将讲到主位── 述位推进模式：主位（theme）是已知信息，述位（rheme）是未知信息，由已知引出未知。了解这种模式对翻译和写作都有好处。做两题练习。
1. 试改正下面一段的推进类型，注意句间的衔接。
My father just bought a new house. There are four bedrooms and two bathrooms in it. I can see the garden behind the house from my bedroom window. My father has planted fruit trees in the garden. So I like my new house.
2. 比较下面两段的推进模式，试判断哪一种使上下文衔接得更紧凑。
a. The computer is a great invention of this century. The invention has greatly changed our ways of working and living ever since the first computer came into the world. A lot of things become impossible without computers. The world would not be what it is today.
b. The computer is a great invention of this century. Ever since the first computer came into the world, the invention has greatly changed our ways of working and living. Without computers, a lot of things become impossible and the world would not be what it is today.
(4) ：汉语词义模糊，而英语词义精确。例如：
①看粮食，要看中国的农业。
②为了逃避那一双双熟悉的眼睛，释放后，经人介绍，他来到湖南南县一家木器场做临时工。
③His last years were spent on a houseboat.
(5)
1． ：增加主语。例如：
①下雨了。
②无论是打仗还是改革，都经不起慢腾腾的决策。
2． ：汉语流水句，英语树形句。例如：
①上海有一千三百多万人口，是世界上最大的城市之一。
②我们采取了强硬政策，控制了通货膨胀，确保了经济的稳定增长。
3． ：汉语句子疏散，而英语句子严谨。例如：
①(A candle was burning on the table, and) an old woman, rather rough looking, but very clean, w
as sewing by its light.
②兰花和报春花之类的野花越来越少了。
4． ：原文中“引颈眺望”在译文中未得到体现，可用具象 → 抽象的方法，即用anxiously之类的词取代。在翻译中，注意这种具体与抽象的互换。例如：
①华侨离乡背井，远居海外。因此他们在感情上越来越向往祖国大陆。
②唉，那是客臣的井蛙之见喽，所谓“情人眼里出西施”啦。
③There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems; more than transient everydayness.
④With the credit card it is unnecessary to carry large amounts of cash and it is always useful in emergencies.
⑤I am sick to death of cleverness. Everybody is clever nowadays. You can’t go anywhere without meeting clever people. The thing has become an absolute public nuisance.
⑥Some newsmongers inform us, with a bright air of discovery, that they have questioned a number of female workers…
⑦The Great Wall is a must for most visitors to Beijing.
⑧He discussed greatness and excellence.
⑨It is also my firm conviction that our mutual efforts will contribute to the success of the negotiation.
⑩He is against the idea.
(1) a. 有关知识本质和教育方法的讨论从古希腊时期就已经开始了。
b.自从古希腊时期开始，人们就展开了对知识本质和教育方法的讨论。
(2) a..我们未来的医生和研究人员将不能被充分地训练去应付出现的护理环境，除非我们很快就开始面对这种不平衡。
b.除非我们很快就开始正视这种不平衡，否则，我们未来的医生和研究人员将得不到足够的训练去应付突发的护理环境。
(3) a..每隔一段时间，学生们消化掉大量事实和少量的抽象知识后，他们被要求通过一些能够反映他们对知识掌握情况的标准化考试。
b.消化了大量事实和偶尔的少量的抽象知识后，学生们还得每隔段时间参加一些标准化考试，以此反映他们掌握目前知识的程度。
(4) a. .医学像其它科学分支一样也需要能够发展“实证规则”并能将规则运用到不断流动的新信息流中以便决定哪些与自己学科相关的这类学者。
b.像所有的科学分支一样，医学需要这样的学者，他们既能开发适当的“实证规则”，又能把那些规则应用到不断变化的新数据流中，进而确定哪些信息是相关的。
(5) a. 他们的探索应该是去获得超越个体信息流以抓住整个问题及潜在的解决方法的洞察力。
b.他们的探索必定要获得各种洞察力；这样的洞察力使人超越个体数据流，以便全面把握地问题并掌握可能解决方法。
(6) a. 一个主要问题就是经营保健业的増长和随之而来的临床收入的减少，而后者在传统上一直帮助资助医学教育
方面的开支。
b.人们的一个主要忧虑是，随着保健业的兴起，临床收入会相应减少，而临床收入长期以来有利于资助医学教育的开支。
(1) a. It’s a small station which is worn out and in disrepair. I f not the rails, we could hardly find it hidden behind the pinewood. While we couldn’t help shouting cheerfully when we looked at it because we had been lost for 3 hours, and it was getting dark.
b. When it first emerged into our view in the gathering darkness, we could not help cheering and feeling greatly relieved after getting lost for 3 hours. We were led to it by the rails without which the small station could hardly be found as it was hidden behind the pinewood. The station looked worn out and in disrepair.
(2) a.50years ago, as a coal mine was found here, the rails were set up. But now the mine was out, so the rails and the station was deserted. But the man didn’t want to leave the house; he stayed to take care of the house as well as to provide light and water the drivers who came to transfer. Though the house was very old, it was built with big rocks and lumber. T here was a historical antiquity if seen afar.
b.The railway transport was set up 50 years ago because of a nearby newly-found coal mine. With the exhaustion of the resource, the station and the rail branch became gradually deserted. But the old man, who was reluctantly to leave, stayed to take care of the house as well as to provide guiding light to the train and boiled water for the engineers. The house, though old and worn, was built with big rocks and heavy lumbers, giving an impression of historical antiquity if seen afar.
(3) a. The meal was simple but special, and it was dark outside. The wind was thundering through the pinewood like a train, and we drank cheerful toasts with the old man.
b. When we enjoyed the simple but specially tasty meal and cheerfully drank toasts with the old man under the flickering lamp, it’s completely dark outside where the wind was thundering through the pinewood like a train.
(4) a.The old man tried in vain to persuade her, when the wind blew out the lamp the girl insisted on lighting it once and once again and finally the boy saw the light in the wood.
b.The wind kept blowing out the lamp; however, the girl lighted it time and time again. The old man tried to persuade not to wait like that, but she kept doing so. At last, the young man saw the light in the distant mountain.
(5) a.I thought that the station would be completely abandoned, and the heyday of busy transportation left only as history. But to us, some of the scenes would remain in our memories such as our getting lost and the girl who waited in front of the door with the lamp.
b.I thought the small station would at last be completely abandoned with its once busy transportation as a page of history. But to us, some scenes related to the station, such as our getting lost and the girl who waited in front of the door with the lam
p, would remain in our memories.
He was a good teacher. As a man richly endowed with a generous heart and a noble mind, he was widely admired for his genuine devotion to education. He could not only deliver his lectures vividly and humorously but easily make friends with students. He had applied persistent efforts to teaching English for many years until his last breath.
My father just bought a new house. In the house there are four bedrooms and two bathrooms. From my bedroom window I can see the garden behind the house. In the garden my father has planted fruit trees. So I like my new house.