美国文学史1所学知识总结
A Review:美国文学史（1）所学知识点总结
I The Colonial Period
Captain John Smith
American Puritanism
(Calvinism(TULIP:
?Total depravity (全然败坏)
?Unconditional election （无条件的挑选）
?Limited atonement （有限的待赎）
?Irresistible grace （不可抗拒的恩典）
?Perseverance of the saints （圣徒蒙保守）
Protestantism, Puritanism )
What did most of the early writers write mostly?: description of the natural scene of the new continent; religious zeal; record of their experiences of immigration and
their life in the new continent.)
II The Age of Enlightenment
“Reason ”
1. Benjamin Franklin (Deism,自然神论Deists typically reject supernatural
events (prophecy, miracles) and tend to assert that God does not interfere with human
life and the laws of the universe.
1）Autobiography;（13 virtues:1）Temperance;2) Silence
3) Order 4) Resolution 5) Frugality 6) Industry—Lose no time; be always
employed in something useful7)Sincerity 8) Justice 9) Moderation
10) Cleanliness11) Tranquility12) Chastity13) Humility
2）Poor Richard’s Almanac(a collection of proverbs)
2. Thomas Paine:
Common Sense
III Romantic Period
1. Washington Irving “Father of American Literature” the first belletrist in Am Lit;
1)“Rip V an Winkle”
2)“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”
2. James Fennimore Cooper “American Scott” * Historical Novel
“frontier, wilderness”
Leatherstocking Tales : a series of 5 novels:
The Deerslayer; The Last of the Mohicans; The Pathfinder;
The Pioneers; The Prairie
3. Nathaniel Hawthorne
His family history; his views of sin; feature of his writing: ambiguity
His major works;
E.g. The Scarlet Letter
(The Scarlet Letter；Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingworth, Arthur Dimmesdale,
Pearl,)
4. Herman Melville:
Moby Dick (symbols, major themes, characters: Ishmael . Ahab, Pequod)
5: New England Transcendentalism:
Features:
1) emphasis on spirit or the Oversoul as the most important thing in the universe
2) the individual as the most important element of society
3) nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God
Ralph Waldo Emerson: “Nature”“The American Scholar”: America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence
Henry David Thoreau: Walden (which chapter in Walden impresses you most?) “Civil Disobedience”: Nonviolent struggle
“A Plea for Captain John Brown”: his anti-slavery attitude
6. Edgar Allan Poe
Gothic Tales : Major features
a short story: “The Fall of the House of Usher”;
Poems: “The Raven”; “To Helen”
7. Two Greatest poets in 19th century America
Walt Whitman : “America’s poet”; “Father of free verse”
Free verse ; Leaves of Grass
“O Captain! My Captain!”
“Song of Myself”
“I Hear America Singing”
Emily Dickinson:
“Because I could not stop for Death”
“Wild Nights-Wild Nights ”
The subjects in her poetry;
Characteristics:
Short lines; Lack titles; Slant rhyme; Unconventional capitalization Unconventional punctuation; full of images.
IV. American Realism
(Definition; fidelity, actuality, truthful depiction of life)
1. William Dean Howells （focusing on the rising middle class）
2. Mark Twain (focusing on the lower class) (Local Colorism)
3. Henry James (focusing on the upper class)(international theme, psychological analysis)
The differences among the three writers.
American Naturalism: social and economic factors; natural and hereditary reasons
※ American Realism and American Naturalism
(3 major ideas; mood: pessimistic; objects; themes.)
Stephen Crane :
The Red Badge of Courage (war)
Maggie, A Girl of Streets
Frank Norris: Mcteague; The Octopus Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie
美国文学史及选读自考考点
The literature of colonial America John Smith 1）The1st American writer 2）作品“reports of exploration”have been de scribed as the1st distinctly American literatur e written in English,attracted Pilgrims(朝圣者) &the Puritans. 3）1608，写了封信“A true Relation of Such O ccurance&Accidents of Note as Hath Happen ed in Virginia Since the1st planting of That c olony” 4）1612，第二本书“A map of Virginia:with a Description of the Country” 5）他一共出版了八本书，公司破产以后做了向导，he sought a post as guide to the pilgrims. 1624，“General History of Virginia”讲述How the Indian princess Pocahonats Saved him. 6）他早期记录和反映的思想慢慢演变成了美国历史的基本思想，这种思想推动了美国边疆的西移。7）早期英格兰文学主要关于theological(神学), moral(道德),historical and political.
The Puritans in New England embraced hards hips,together with the discipline of a harsh church.They had toughness,purpose and cha racter,they grappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他们的基本价值观：hard w ork,thrift,piety and sobriety.（也是美国作品的主导思想） William Bradford&John Withrop 1）William Bradford：“The History of Plymouth Plantation”（从1630年写起，关于一群清教徒从英国出发到Amsterdam最后到新大陆的过程）Cotton Mather评价：“a common blessing and father to them all.” 2）John Withrop：“The History of New England”（1630，登上Arbella号去Massachusetts并keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年出版）3）Puritans -Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices.The Puritan was Would-be purifier. -Looked upon themselves as a choosen peol
美国文学史总结
ⅠColonial America(17th century)殖民主义时期文学 1.In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America and he mistook the native people on the new continent for Indians. Character of colonial literature: a.content: religious, political b.form: diary, journal, letters, travel books, sermons, history (personal literature) c.Style: simple. direct, concise d.out of humble origins Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history. The earliest settlers in America included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians and Portuguese. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿) 2.Captain Town Smith, the first American writer 3.Puritan Thoughts: hard work, thrift(节俭), piety(虔诚), sobriety(节制), 这些也成了早期 美国作品主导思想. 典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William, John Cotton was called “the Patriarch of New England(新英格兰教父)” 清教徒采用的文学体裁：narratives(日记) and journals(游记) 清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）Their voyage to the new land 2）Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3）About dealing with Indians 4）Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 4.Private literature: theological, moral, historical, political 5.The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. Anne Bradstreet is one of the most interesting of the early poets, 英国最早移民到美国的诗人. The best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor. ⅡReason and Revolution(18th century)理性和革命时期文学 1.The War for Independence (1776-1783) ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 2.Bourgeois Enlightenment 3.Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac(穷人理查德的年鉴), an annual collection of proverbs. The Autobiography, 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传 ?The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The Puritans, as a type, were very much given to self-analysis. ?The Autobiography shows Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18th-century Enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
史上最全的执业药师考试《中药学专业知识一》必考知识点归纳
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史上最全的执业药师考试《中药学专业知识一》必考知识点归纳
第一章 第一节历代本草代表作简介 （一）《神农本草经》：载药365种，分上、中、下三品。该书系 统总结了汉代以前我国药学发展的成就，是现 存最早的药学专著，奠定了本草学理论基础。 （二）《本草经集注》：魏晋南北朝陶弘景著，载药730种。在各 论首创药物自然属性分类法。初步确立了综合 性本草著作的编写模式。 （三）《新修本草》：又称为《唐本草》，是我国第一部官修本草，也是世界上最早的药典，共载药850种。 （四）《证类本草》：宋代唐慎微，该书图文对照，方药并收，使大量古代文献得以保存。
（五）《本草纲目》：明代李时珍。对世界医药学和自然科学的许多领域做出了举世公认的卓越贡献。 （六）《本草纲目拾遗》：清代赵学敏，载药921，新增716种，创古本草收新药之最，完成第六次大总结。 （七）《中华本草》：当代。中药，民族药，包括藏药、蒙药、维药、傣药各1卷。含药最多。 第二节中药的性能 一、四气：又称四性，即指药物具有的寒、热、温、凉四种药性。四气之外，还有平性，寒热偏性不明显者。 温热属阳，寒凉属阴。温次于热，凉次于寒。能够减轻或消除 热证的药物，一般属于寒性或凉性。反之能减轻或消除寒证的 药物，一般属于热性或温性。 所示作用：寒凉性药物即表示其具有清热、泻火、凉血、解热毒等作用。温热性药物，即表示其具有温里散寒、补火助阳、回 阳救逆等作用。 二、五味：指药物具有辛、甘、酸、苦、咸等味。确立依据：1.药 物的真实滋味。2.药物的功能。今药味确定，主以药效， 参以口尝。药味可以与滋味相同，也可以与滋味相异。三、五味所示效用及临床应用
美国文学史-知识点梳理
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
美国文学史笔记
文学史笔记： 一、Early American and colonial period (1607-1765) (religious conflicts Catholism vs.Puritanism) 1.Puritanism: 1.) Simply speaking , American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans,who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions.In content it means scrupulous ,moral rigor ,especially hostility to social pleasures and indulgences,that is strictness,sternness and austerity in conduct and religion. 2.)with time passing it became a dominant factor in American life , one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and literature .To some extent it is a state of mind , a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes ,rather than a set of tenets. 3.）Actually it is a code of values , a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds , also a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and level -headed in common sense . 2.The main features of this period 1).American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.
美国文学选读期末考试重点
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
美国文学史期末总结
美国文学史美国文学
全书的焦点集中于南太平洋一条名叫莫比·迪克的白鲸,以及捕鲸船皮廓德(Pequod)号的船长阿哈(Ahab)如何对它有不共戴天的仇恨.阿哈在一次航行中被莫比·迪克咬掉一条腿,立志报仇,指挥皮廓德号环航全球追踪,终于发现了它.经过三天放下小艇紧追.虽然刺中了这条白鲸,但它十分顽强狡猾,咬碎了小艇,也撞沉了大船.它拖着捕鲸船游开时,绳子套住阿哈,把他绞死了.全船人尽皆灭顶.只有一个水手借着由棺材改制的救生浮子而逃得性命.整个故事以这个水手伊希梅尔(Ishmael)自述的方式展开. The book focuses on a whale named Moby Dick lived in south pacific and the captain of whaler Pequod—Ahab. Ahab was once bite by Moby Dick and lost a leg, determined to revenge,he commanded whaler pequod do global tracking, and finally found it. After three days of hot pursuit with the skiff,while they stabbed this white whale, but it was very tenacious and cunning, eventually chewed the skiff, also sank the ship. It dragged whaler swimming away, the rope was around Ahab, he was hanged. Almost all of people on the boat drowned, only a sailor called Ishmael survived .
药学专业知识一重点总结.
药学专业知识一重点总结 第1章药物与药学专业知识 一、药物与药物命名 （一）药物来源与分类 药物主要包括化学合成药物、来源于天然产物的药物和生物技术药物。 （二）药物的结构与命名 药物的名称包括药物的通用名、化学名和商品名。通用名也称为国际非专利药品名称（INN）。 二、药物剂型与制剂 （一）药物剂型与辅料 1、制剂与剂型的概念 剂型：适合于疾病的诊断、治疗或预防的需要而制备的不同给药形式，称为药物剂型，简称剂型，如片剂、胶囊剂、注射剂等。 制剂：将原料药物按照某种剂型制成一定规格并具有一定质量标准的具体品种，简称制剂。制剂名=药物通用名+剂型名,如维生素C片、阿莫西林胶囊、鱼肝油胶丸等。 药用辅料的作用：赋型、使制备过程顺利进行、提高药物稳定性、提高药物疗效、降低药物毒副作用、调节药物作用、增加病人用药的顺应性。
3、药物制剂稳定化方法：控制温度、调节pH、改变溶剂、控制水分及湿度、遮光、驱逐氧气、加入抗氧剂或金属离子络合剂、改进剂型或生产工艺、制备稳定的衍生物、加入干燥剂及改善包装。 4、药品有效期：对于药物降解，常用降解10%所需的时间，称为十分之一衰期，记作t0.9。 （三）药物制剂配伍变化和相互作用 1、配伍变化的类型 2、注射液的配伍变化 注射剂配伍变化的主要原因：溶剂组成改变、PH值改变、缓冲剂、离子作用、直接反应、盐析作用、配合量、混合的顺序、反应时间、氧与二氧化碳的影响、光敏感性、成分的纯度。 （四）药品的包装与贮存 药品包装的分类
三、药学专业知识 1、药物化学专业知识：主要研究化学药物的化学结构特征、与此相联系的理化性质、稳定性状况，药物进入体内后的生物效应、毒副作用及药物进入体内的生物转化等化学-生物学内容。 2、药剂学专业知识：主要研究基本理论、处方设计、制备工艺、质量控制和合理应用等5个方面的内容。 3、药理学专业知识：主要研究药物的作用、作用机制及药物在体内的动态变化规律。 4、药物分析学专业知识：主要研究化学药物的结构确认、质量研究与稳定性评价，药品的质量控制方法研究与标准制定，体内药物的检测方法研究与浓度监测及数据评价。 第2章药物的结构与药物作用 一、药物理化性质与药物活性 （一）药物的溶解度、分配系数和渗透性对药效的影响 药物的吸收、分布、排泄过程是在水相和脂相间经多次分配实现的，因此要求药物既具有脂溶性又有水溶性。生物药剂学分类系统根据药物溶解性和肠壁渗透性的不同组合将药物分为四类： 内吸收就取决于该因素。 （二）药物的酸碱性、解离度和pKa对药效的影响
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.
History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1
美国文学史作品作家汇总 全
美国文学史作品作家汇总 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle 野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 .Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will 论意志自由The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended论原罪The Nature of True Virtue论真是德行的本原 Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money; Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Brace bridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travelers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 Jamie Fennimore Cooper詹姆斯?费尼莫尔?库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Little page Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leather stocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deer slayer杀鹿者 Part 3.New England Transcendentalism Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫?沃尔多?爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar 论美国学者;Divinity; The Over soul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits 英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说 Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhoda杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日
中药学重点知识总结
中药学重点知识总结
总论 一、中药的概念 1．“中药”：是指在中医中药基础理论指导下用以防病治病的一部分天然药及其加工品。 2．“草药”：实际也是中药的一部分。由于中药以植物药占多数，所以历来就有“诸药以草为本”的说法。 3．“本草学”：人们习惯称记载中药的典籍为“本草学”。 中药分类： 天然药：植物药动物药矿物药 合成药、半合成药：有机药品类、 无机药品类、 生物制品类 二、中药学中医学中的重要地位 三、中药学的内容 第一章中药的起源和中药学的发展 一、原始社会药物的起源劳动创造了医药 中药的起源，是劳动人民长期生活实践和医疗实践的结果。 二、夏商周时代（公元前21世纪~公元前221年） 酒剂、汤剂的发明和应用 《诗经》 《山海经》 三、封建社会中药学的全面发展 1．秦汉时期（公元前220年~公元264年） 《神农本草经》：现存最早的药学专著。 本书载药365种，根据药物功效分为上、中、下品三类。 上品120种，当时认为有补益作用，无毒，可以久服的药物。
中品120种，能治病补虚，有毒或无毒，酌情使用的药物。 下品125种，能治病多毒，祛邪破积，不可久服的药物。 本书对中药学的贡献： （1）是按药物功效分类的创始。三品分类法。 （2）所载药物功效大多也都是行之有效的。如：麻黄治喘、常山截疟，黄连治痢、海藻疗瘿、苦楝子驱虫、当归调血、阿胶止血、乌头止痛、水银疗疥等等。 （3）将当时的用药经验，上升为理论。提出四气五味、配伍禁忌、“七情合和”在临床的应用规律。 （4）并介绍了中药的产地、采集、炮制、制剂、配伍、禁忌、服法等用药原则问题。 （5）书中介绍了水银、铅丹、雄黄的提炼在世界制药化学史上也是处于领先地位的。 （6）它是汉以前药学知识和经验的总结，是我国最早的珍贵的药学文献，被奉为医药学的四大典籍著作之一，后世医家，在这一基础上不断补充和发展。 2．两晋南北朝时代（公元265年~580年） 《本草经集注》梁代·陶弘景：载药730种 《雷公炮炙论》：南朝刘宋时代，雷敩，是我国第一部炮制专著。 《抱扑子》：晋，葛洪，撰写了完整的炼丹著作。 3、隋唐时期（公元581年~907年） 《新修本草》（又名《唐本草》），经政府批准，由长孙无忌、李…T领衔编修，由苏敬实际负责。全收药844种，新增药物 114种。是世界上最早的一部药典。 4、宋金元时期 《经史证类备急本草》：唐慎微 ,全书 33卷，载药 1558种，较前增加 476种，附方3000余首。为后世保存了大量古代方药的宝贵文献. 5、明代 《本草纲目》, 李时珍，该书共52卷，载药1892种，改绘药图1160幅，附方11096首，新增药物374种，本书按药物的自然属性和生态条件分为16纲，60类。