2013高考英语二轮复习专项—阅读理解专题五 篇章结构题

2013高考英语二轮复习专项—阅读理解专题五篇章结构题

把握文章的基本结构有利于对文章主题的理解。在近几年的高考英语试题中出现了专门考查文章结构和写作手法的考题，如安徽卷中的任务型读写题和江苏卷中的任务型阅读题就考查了考生对文章结构的理解。在《考试大纲》中也明确要求考生”理解文章的基本结构”。对文章结构的考查主要涉及两个层次：一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，二是按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。

一、按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构

文章的体裁主要分为记叙文、说明文和议论文，不同体裁的文章的组织方法是不同的。文章结构题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述的事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。

主要设题形式：

Which of the following shows the organization／structure of the passage?

How is the passage organized．?

Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?

【实例透析】

【2012北京卷D】

Wilderness

“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.

As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr.Sauven, these ”ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.

Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a

characteristic worth valuing above all others.

I look forwards to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.

This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.

67. John Sauven holds that_____.

A. many people value nature too much

B. exploitation of wildernesses is harmful

C. wildernesses provide humans with necessities

D. the urge to develop the ecosystem services is strong

68. What is the main idea of Para. 3?

A. The exploitation is necessary for the poor people.

B. Wildernesses cannot guarantee better use of raw materials.

C. Useful services of wildernesses are not the reason for no exploitation.

D. All the characteristics concerning the exploitation should be treated equally.

69. What is the author’s attitude towards this debate?

A. Objective.

B. Disapproving.

C. Skeptical.

D. Optimistic.

70. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

A. B.

C. D.

CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point(次要点) C: Conclusion 【解析】D。考查文章结构。从第一段可看出本文属于议论文，第一段提出中

心论点；第二段提出John Sauven的观点，第三段提出Lee EaBe的观点，二者的观点是

两种不同的观点；第四段作者提出自己的观点；最后一段是全文的结论。本文的结构

是议论文中常见的结构，即”总一分一总”结构。故选D。

注意：段落的组织方法理解文章的结构解题技巧

一般来说，文章是由篇首段、主体段和结论段三部分组成。篇首段揭示主题，主体段对主题分点阐述，结论段对全文归纳总结。考生在拿到一篇文章时，首先要注意文章的首段，一般这部分引出文中要讲的核心问题，从而起到统领全文的作用。

一般情况下，篇首段由引语句和主题句两部分组成。前者的目的是引起读者的兴趣，同时使读者对文章要讲的问题在心理上有所准备。后者向读者交代该文的主题或写作目的。总之，篇首段的作用就是使读者顺利地进入正文。

文章的主体段一般从不同的侧面对文章的主题展开讨论。各段阐述的内容必须与主题一致。

结论段概括全文的内容，往往使用不同的表达方式重新阐述中心思想，从而与篇首段相呼应。同时，使读者对全文有一个完整、清晰的认识。

二、按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构

作者可采用不同的方法来组织文章，如：

1．时间顺序：按时间先后顺序说明某一事物的发展，或某一研究成果由过去至现在的发展情况。

2．空间顺序：按照事物的空间结构顺序(从左到右，从内到外，从整体到局部等)进行描写或说明。

3．举例：所列举的事物用来佐证观点，通常是数据、事例等。

4．对比或类比：这类文章通常以对比各事物之间的共同点或差异为主。

主要设题形式：

The passage is mainly developed by_____________．

What is the right order of the steps in doing__________?

The second paragraph is developed by____________.

The author develops the passage mainly by_______________．

How does the writer support the underlined statement in Paragraph 2?

【实例透析】

【2012陕西卷B】

Three Boys and a Dad

Brad closed the door slowly as Sue left home to visit her mother. Expecting a whole day to relax, he was thinking whether to read the newspaper or watch his favourite TV talk show on his first day off in months. “This will be like a walk in the park,” he’d told his wife. “I’ll look after the kids, and you can go visit your mom.”

Things started well, but just after eight o’clock, his three little “good kids”—Mike, Randy,

and Alex—came down the stairs in their night clothes and shouted “breakfast, daddy.” When food had not appeared within thirty seconds, Randy began using his spoon on Alex’s head as if it were a drum. Alex started to shout loudly in time to the beat（节拍）. Mike chanted “Where’s my toast, where’s my toast” in the background. Brad realized his newspaper would have to wait for a few seconds.

Life became worse after breakfast. Mi ke wore Randy’s underwear on his head. Randy locked himself in the bathroom, while Alex shouted again because he was going to wet his pants. Nobody could find clean socks, although they were before their very eyes. Someone named “Not Me” had spilled a whole glass of orange juice into the basket of clean clothes. Brad knew the talk show had already started.

By ten o’clock, things were out of control. Alex was wondering why the fish in the jar refused his bread and butter. Mike was trying to show off his talent by decorating the kitchen wall with his colour pencils. Randy, thankfully, appeared to be reading quietly in the family room，but closer examination showed that he was eating apple jam straight from the bottle with his hands. Brad realised that the talk show was over and reading would be impossible.

At exactly 11:17, Brad called the daycare centre (日托所）.“I suddenly have to go into work and my wife’s away. Can I bring the boys over in a few minutes?” The answer was obviously “yes” because Brad was smiling.

52. This text is developed .

A. by space

B. by comparison

C. by process

D. by time

【解析】D。篇章结构题。第一段交代Brad在这一个休息日的打算，第二段讲述早上8点孩子们起床后的事情，第三段是早餐后家中混乱的场景描述，第四段讲述10点后家中已经完全失控了，最后一段讲述11：17 Brad给日托所打电话。整篇文章是以事件发生的时间先后顺序来安排的，所以本文是以时间为顺序来组织文章的。故选D。

【2012江西卷D】

…

Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far. A price has been paid, they say, for the conquest (征服) of time and distance. Travel is something to be enjoyed, not endured (忍受). The boat offers leisure and time enough to appreciate the ever-changing sights and sounds of a journey. A journey by train also has a special charm about it. Lakes and forests and wild, open plains sweeping past your carriage window create a grand view in which time and distance mean nothing. On board a plane, however, there is just the blank blue of the sky filling the narrow window of the airplane. The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly.

…

72．How does the writer support the underlined statement in Paragraph2?

A．By giving instructions．B．By analyzing cause and effect．

C．By following the order of time．D．By giving examples．

【解析】D。画线部分是一个概括性的句子，后面通过具体的boat，train，plane

三种交通方式说明”旅行是让人享受而不是让人难以忍受的事情”，由此可以看出文

章是通过举例来阐述这一句话的。故选D。

掌握分析文章结构的技能

由于这种题型出现的相对较少，某些省份或地区的阅读理解题还没有设置过文

章结构分析题，这导致考生对该类题的重视不够。而且，大部分考生在阅读文章的时

候很少关注文章的结构，把注意力主要集中在文章的主旨大意和细节理解上，忽视文

章的整体结构。要想准确、深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握

全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。这样在阅读文章时就要发挥自己的

逻辑思维能力，把握文章的写作思路，以便准确答题。

(2012·重庆卷·C)

[1]There is no better way to enjoy Scottish traditions than going fishing and tasting a little bit of whisky(威士忌)at a quiet place like the Inverlochy Castle．when Queen Victoria Visited the castle in 1873 she wrote in her diary，“I never saw a lovelier spot．”And she didn’t even go fishing．

[2]Scotland is not easily defined．In certain moments，this quiet land of lakes and grasses and mountains changes before your Very eyes．When evening gently sweeps the hillside into orange light，the rivers，teeming with fish，can turn into streams of gold．As you settle down with just a fishing pole and a basket on the bank of River Orchy，near the Invedochy Castle，any frustration(烦恼)will float away as gently as the circling water．It’s just you and purple，pink，white flowers，seeking a perfect harmony．If you are a new comer to fishing，learning the basics from a fishing guide may leave you with a lifetime's fun．For many，fishing is more than a sport；it is an art．

65．How is Paragraph 2 mainly developed?

A．By giving descriptions．B．By following time order.

C．By analyzing causes．D．By making comparisons

【解析】A。篇章结构的写作方法题。第二段的首句交代”Scotland is not easily defined．”，即：苏格兰是很难定义的，接着后面对其进行细节描述。故选A。本段不是按照时间顺序、分析原因或是对比的方式来写作的。

【能力过关】

Passage 1

Most people who move to a foreign country or culture may go through some form of

culture shock, and its degree is determined by the differences between cultures, the anxiety to adapt to a new culture and the familiarity with a new culture, etc. If you go, for example, to a culture that is far different from your own, you' re likely to experience culture shock more sharply than those who move to a new culture knowing the language and the custom of it.

It is important to understand and learn how to deal with culture shock if you are to adapt successfully to your new home' s cultures. There are four general stages of cultural adjustment, and being aware of them helps you understand that culture shock won' t last long. It' s just a process you are going through rather than a constant situation.

The first stage is usually referred to as "the honey-moon stage". Upon arriving in a new enyironment, you' 11be interested in the new culture. Everything will seem thrilling and everyone will seem friendly and helpful. During this stage you are merely taking in these impressions passively.

But it isn' t long before the honeymoon stage gives way to the second stage--" the withdrawal stage". The excitement you felt before is gone and problems arise. The language is hard to learn, people are unusual and unpredictable ,friends are hard to make, and simple things like shopping and gong to the bank are challenges. It is at this stage that you are likely to feel anxious and homesick, and you will probably find yourself complaining about the new culture or country. This is the stage called "culture shock".

At some point, if you can manage it well, you' 11 begin the transition into the next stage," the recovery stage", in which you' 11 feel more confident functioning in the new culture. Customs and traditions are clearer and easier to understand. At this stage, you'll deal with new challenges with humor rather than anxiety.

1. According to the passage, culture shock can be

A. dealt with more easily for some people

B. reduced by learning the language alone

C. avoided by knowing adjustment stages

D. got rid of by learning just the custom

2. "The honeymoon stage" here refers to

A. the first month after the wedding

B. the period of excitement

C. the stage of adaptation

D. the holiday for a newly-married couple

3. Which of the following doesn’t belong to the second stage.'?

A. Becoming upset.

B. Missing family.

C. Feeling confident.

D. Making complaints.

4. What would be probably discussed in the following paragraph?

A. Consequences of culture shock.

B. Challenges in a new country.

C. Preparations for a new culture.

D. The 4th stage of cultural adjustment.

Passage 2

"Confidence" is probably one of the most noticeable traits (特点) in the Americans. They show confidence in the way they talk the way they smile, the way they dress and the way they walk. Living and competing with all these confident American students, I find it extremely

important to be confident as an international student and a foreign instructor. As a student, being confident means you should never hesitate to raise your hand whenever a question or a point .comes to your mind. Don' t mind if it sounds simple or silly. Otherwise you will never get a chance to, speak in class at all. What's worse, the professors may think you are not prepared for the discussion or you do not have your own opinion on the issue--this is the last comment any graduate would like to receive.

Being confident for me as a foreign instructor means calmly asking the student to repeat what he or she has said if I did not get it. Pretending to understand what you actually do not may just bring yourself embarrassment or even disgrace. But the time I most need to be confident is when my students come to my office and bargain about the grades I have given for their speeches (The course I' m teaching here is Public Speaking). Modesty is a trait highly valued in China, but it won't be of much help here if you want to survive and succeed in a good American graduate program.

1. To compete with American students it' s very important to_________.

A. be quite confident

B. be polite and friendly

C. have more discussions with them

D. understand what they think about

2. A 'professor will have the worst opinion of a student who__________.

A. gives a silly or simple, answer

B. tries to seize any chance to speak in class

C. shows no interest in the course

D. is considered to have no opinion of his own

3. The author is most likely to feel embarrassed if

A. he asks a student to repeat what he has said

B. the students bargain with him

C. he pretends to know what he doesn’t'

D. he has to give a speech

4. We learn from the second paragraph that___________.

A. we Should also remain modest in America

B. modesty doesn't help you much in America

C. Americans also like modest people

D. modesty can help you get through an American graduate program

5. The passage is mainly developed by____________.

A. providing examples

B. making comparisons

C. giving different figures

D. telling personal experiences

Passage 3

For the last couple of weeks, I had been stuck in front of my computer working on a project that was very important to me. My every waking hour was consumed by the project and although I imagined that I would feel happy after completing parts of the project, I was confused to find that instead, I was feeling rather depressed. I tried a range of methods to help cheer myself up. I had a relaxing bath, cooked a delicious meal to enjoy with my family and even watched a light-hearted movie, but to no avail.It was only when I turned to meditation (沉思) for a solution that the

answer came to me: turn to nature!

The very next day, I grabbed my camera and a bottle of water and set off to spend a few hours walking in a nature reserve, even though it was pouring with rain. Within a couple of minutes I felt alive again. To be honest, I felt like a young school girl again and had to stop myself from hopping along the path singing I' m singing in the rain, a song I used to sing when I was a child. I think as adults we often try too hard to control our inner children and as a result we restrain our own spirits, which only leads to depression and stress.

Interestingly, it has been shown that people who spend 40 minutes walking in a nature reserve have a drop in their blood pressure levels, but this does' not happen when they spend a similar amount of time walking in a busy city centre.

If you feel a little low in spirits and know that you have spent too much time indoors, relax completely, remove your shoes and let your inner child come out and play.

1. The author felt depressed because she____________.

A. couldn' t consume her waking hours

B. had not seen a film for a long time

C. had not finished her work on time

D. had worked on a hard job for too long

2. The author walked in a nature reserve in the rain in order to__________.

A. take photos

B. find a solution to the project

C. hop along the path

D. cheer herself up

3. The underlined part "to no avail" in Paragraph 1 probably means " "

A. unsuccessful

B. unrelated'

C. uninteresting

D. unexpected

4. In the author' s opinion,_________________.

A. a bath can make people relaxed

B. depression is usually caused by hard work

C. walking in a busy city centre harms people's health

D. it' s good for adults to wake up their inner children when they are in low spirits

5. The last paragraph mainly serves as a (n)______________.

A. explanation

B. suggestion

C. introduction

D. reminder

Passage 4

A scientist turns out to be able to see the future by offering each of some four-year-olds a piece of candy and watching how he or she deals with it. Some children reach eagerly for the treat they see. Some last a few minutes before they give in. But others are determined to wait until the last moment.

By the time the children reach high school, something remarkable has happened. A survey found that those who are four-year-olds had enough self-control to hold out generally grew up to be more popular, adventurous, confident and dependable. The children who gave in to temptation (诱惑)early were more likely to be lonely, easily frustrated and inflexible (顽固的).

Actually, the ability to delay reward is a sign of emotional intelligence which doesn't show

up on an IQ test.

The hardware of the brain and the software of the mind have long been scientists' concerns. But brain theory can' t explain what we wonder about most, like the question why some people remain upbeat in the face of troubles that would sink a less resistant soul.

Here comes the theory of Daniel Goleman, writer of Emotions Intelligence when it comes to predicting people' s success, brain ability measured by IQ may actually matter less than the qualities of mind once thought of as "character".

EQ is not the opposite of IQ. What researchers have been trying to understand is how they work together; how one' s ability to handle stress, for instance, affects the ability to concentrate and put intelligence to use. Among the ingredients (要素) for success, researchers now generally agree that IQ counts for about 20% ;the rest depends on everything from social class to luck.

While many researchers in this relatively new field are glad to see emotional issues finally taken seriously, some few fear EQ invites misuse.

1. The experiment with the four-year-olds makes it clear that__________.

A. the age of 4 is a proper time for scientific experiment

B. emotional intelligence won't show up until adolescence

C. the ability of self-control plays a role in personal success

D. candy can be used to measure a person' s emotional intelligence

2. Which of the following is true of EQ and IQ according to the text?

A. The higher a person' s EQ is, the higher his or her IQ is.

B. The higher a person' s IQ is, the higher his or her EQ is.

C. Some people can be blessed with lots of both, but some with little of either.

D. Scientists hove already discovered the way in which EQ and IQ work together.

3. The underlined word "upbeat" in Paragraph 4 probably means____________.

A. kind

B. floating

C. excited

D. optimistic

4. Why does the author mention the experiment at the beginning of the text?

A. To amuse both the children and readers.

B. To prove the scientist’s wisdom.

C. To introduce the topic of the text.

D. To show us how to do an IQ test.

5. What is most likely to be written in the paragraph that follows?

A. Information about famous people with high EQ.

B. Examples showing the opposite voice about EQ.

C. Some reasons why EQ is a relatively new field.

D. Strong demands for basic emotional education.

Passage 5

Several hundred strangers received " love letters" from a young man on the street. The letter was written and given out by Yang Yang, a student majoring in human resources at Chongqing University of Science and Technology, who hoped to show his disappointment with

job hunting.

Yang' s story has caught media 'attention perhaps because it is similar to those of millions of recent graduates seeking jobs and struggling for survival in the country's wealthiest cities. They have diplomas, rather than professional skills, and come to big cities in hopes of better byes, only to find low paying jobs and poor living conditions.

They are China' s "ant tribe (蚁族)" ,a term coined by sociologist Lian Si from Peking University in his 2009 book ,Ant Tribe. "They're so similar to ants. They share small and narrow living areas. They' re intelligent and hardworking, yet nameless and underpaid. " The term also speaks to their helplessness in a world governed by the law of the jungle--only the strongest survive.

A survey in Lian' s another book published this year, Ant Tribe II , found nearly 30 percent of "ants" are graduates of famous universities almost three times last year' s percentage. Most had degrees in popular majors. In addition ,7.2 percent of '" ants" have at least a master's degree compared to 1.6 percent in 2009.

An "ant' s" average monthly salary is 1,904 yuan, with about 64 percent of them earning less than 2,000 yuan a month.

Another survey in the 2010 Annual Report on the Development of Chinese Talent found more than 1 million "ants" live in big cities.

"Most ants are from rural families or small towns, and their experiences in universities didn' t arm them well enough to fight with competitors in big cities' employment markets. " Professor Zhang Ming at Renmin University of China said.

The "ant tribe' s" embarrassing living situations have become a serious social problem, and the government should develop smaller cities to attract more graduates from big cities, Zhang believed.

However, "ants" expect more study and training opportunities in big cities, which keeps them positive despite their situations.

1. Yang's story is introduced in order to_____________.

A. analyze graduates' difficulties in finding jobs

B. lead to the topic of the article--" ant tribe"

C. tell readers a story about those big cities

D. show a clever way of dealing with pressure

2. The "ants" fail to find high paying jobs mainly because______________.

A. they have no diplomas from good universities

B. their majors do not meet the needs of society

C. those from rural areas are not treated equally.

D. they do not have necessary professional skills

3, "Ant tribe" members are similar to ants in the following aspects EXCEPT that________.

A. they live in narrow and small places in groups

B. they work hard but earn little for survival

C. they are in a world judged by the jungle law

D. they are pleased with being nameless and underpaid

4. Professor Zhang thought " ants" problems could be solved by .

A. creating more jobs for graduates in big cities

B. developing smaller cities to attract graduates

C. sending graduates to rural areas and small towns

D. training graduates to improve their ability

5. By writing this article ,the author mainly intends to show__________.

A. despite better education, "ants" are still struggling

B. despite difficulties," ants" have a promising future

C. better education, better job opportunities

D. Ant Tribe is a good book to help understand today' s China

【答案解析】

Passage 1

语篇解读：对大多数移居国外的人而言，文化冲击使他们面临重重困难。本文介绍了文化冲击的三个阶段以帮助你顺利适应国外文化。

1．A推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句可推知，文化冲击对那些了解当地语言和风俗的人来说更容易应对。

2．B推理判断题。根据第三段可推知，“蜜月”阶段指的是“兴奋时期”。另外，下一段中的“The excitement you felt before…”也是线索提示。

3．C推理判断题。根据倒数第二段可知，此阶段会对国外生活感到不适应。A、B、D项均符合题意。而C项属于第三个阶段。

4．D文章结构题。第二段提到有四个文化适应阶段．随后叙述了the honey moon stage。the withdrawal stage和the recovery stage三个阶段，故接下来要讲述的是第四个阶段。

Passage 2

语篇解读：谦虚是中华民族的传统美德，可是在美国，自信却尤为重要。

1．A考查细节理解。根据第一段第三句“Living and competing with all these confident American students，I find it extremely important to be confident as．…”可知自信尤为重要。2．D考查推理判断。根据第一段最后一句可知如果学生不自信，不积极发言，教授会认为他没有准备好讨论或者没有自己独特的见解，故而会对他评价很低，故D项正确。

3．C考查细节理解。根据第二段第二句话可知，不懂装懂可能会带来尴尬甚至是耻辱。故C项正确。

4．B考查推理判断。根据最后一段最后一句可知，谦虚在中国被推崇，但是在美国却没有多大用处，故B项正确。

5．D考查篇章结构。整篇文章作者都通过讲述自己的经历来阐述自信在美国的重要性，故

D项正确。

Passage 3

语篇解读：假如你的情绪不佳，那就投入到大自然的怀抱吧!身体得到放松，童心得以萌发，可以尽情玩耍。

1．D细节理解题。根据第一段的前两句可知原因是作者做一件艰苦的工作时间太长。2．D细节理解题。根据第-，段中的“I tried a range of methods to help cheer myself up．”可知作者在自然保护区中散步也是为了“让自己振作起来”。

3．A词义猜测题。根据画线部分前面的转折连词but可知洗澡、美食和电影都没有效果，都没有使作者振作起来。故A项与画线部分意思最接近。

4，D推理判断题。结合第二段最后一句中的内容以及最后一段的内容可推知作者认为成年人唤醒童心能帮助他们摆脱低落情绪。

5．B文章结构题。最后一段提到如果你感到情绪低落并且知道在室内待的时间太久，你就要彻底放松，脱掉鞋子。释放自己的童心去玩耍，显然是提供“建议”。

Passage 4

语篇解读：这篇文章讲述了情商所起的重要作用、它与智商的关系以及人们应如何看待。1．C推理判断题。从文章第二段的第二句可推出答案为C。

2．C正误判断题。从倒数第二段的第一句“EQ is not the opposite of IQ．”可知EQ和IQ 并没有相时立的关系，由此可判断C项正确。

3．D猜测词义题。从画线词所在句后面的内容“困难可打倒意志不坚定的人”可猜测出“upbeat"是“乐观的”意思。

4．C 写作意图题。文章从“make an experiment”入手。从而引出作者要谈及的话题EQ 和IQ。

5．B文章结构题。从文章的最后部分“some few fear EQ invites misuse”可推出。下文最有可能谈及少数人对EQ持否定态度的例子。

Passage 5

语篇解读：大学生就业艰难是无可争辩的事实，他们被称为”蚁族”，在大都市中默默地奋斗着，挣扎着，憧憬着

1．B文章结构题。文章用这个年轻人的故事反映出了就业的艰难，从而为下文导入“蚁族”这个中心话题作铺垫。

2．D细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句中的内容可知他们拥有文凭，但是没有职业技能，因而难以找到高报酬的工作。

3．D细节理解题。第三段中提到他们像蚂蚁一样住在狭窄的地方，聪明而勤奋，然而却不被人知而且薪水很低，但并不是说他们喜欢不被人知和低工资，故D项内容错误。

4．B细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的内容可知张教授认为解决问题的方法是发展比较小的

高考英语阅读理解训练50篇

阅读理解训练50篇（1） 1 Doctors say anger can be an extremely damaging emotion, unless you learn how to deal with it. They warn that anger can lead to heart disease, stomach problems, headaches, emotional problems and possibly cancer. Anger is a normal emotion that we all feel from time to time. Some people express anger openly in a calm reasonable way. Others burst with anger, and scream and yell.But other people keep their anger inside. They can not or will not express it. This is called repressing anger. For years many doctors thought that repressing anger was more dangerous to a person's health than expressing it. They said that when a person is angry, the brain releases the same hor- mones (荷尔蒙).They speed the heart rate, raise blood pressure, or sugar into the blood, etC．In general the person feels excited and ready to act. Some doctors say that both repressing and expressing anger can be dangerous. They believe that those who express anger violently may be more likely to develop heart disease, and they believe that those who keep their anger inside may face a greater danger of high blood pressure. Doctors say the solution is learning how to deal with anger. They say the first step is to admit that you are angry and to recognize the real cause of the anger, then decide if the cause is serious enough to get angry about. If it is, they say, “Do not express your anger while angry. Wait until your anger has cooled down and you are able to express yourself calmly and reasonably.” Doctors say that a good way to deal with anger is to find humor in the situation that has made you angry. They said that laughter is much healthier than anger. 1．“Damaging emotion” means t hat _________. A．the emotion is harmless B．the emotion is harmful C．the feeling is very strong D．the feeling is hard 2．What statement is right? A．Were you angry, you would be cancered (得癌症). B．Once you are angry, you must be cancered. C．Angry as you are often, you can't be cancered, D．Anger may cause you a cancer. 3．Expressing anger violently _________ repressing it according to some scientists. A．is just the same as B．is more harmful than C．is no better than D．is much better than 4．According to the author, you'd better _________. A．never be angry B．cool it down before you express it C．laugh and laugh when you get angry D．admit you are wrong when you are angry 二

【英语】高考英语阅读理解练习题及答案

【英语】高考英语阅读理解练习题及答案 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 There might be as many as 10 million species of complex life on this planet today —— a huge number. But add up all of the complex species that ever lived and some biologists think the grand total would be about five billion. The estimate leads to an astonishing conclusion: a staggering 99% of species are not around any more. They have been driven to extinction. More species are joining the ranks of the extinct every year. Many scientists believe we are living through an episode of remarkably rapid extinction, on a scale that has been seen only five times in the last half a billion years. They call this current episode the sixth mass extinction —— a large, global decline in a wide variety of species over a relatively short period of time. And they tend to agree that humans are the main cause. Over-hunting, overfishing, and human-driven habitat loss are pushing many species to the brink. In fact, we have changed the planet so much that some geologists are now suggesting that we have entered a new phase in Earth's history; an epoch they call the ＂Anthropocene＂. By 2100, it is expected that humans will have caused the extinction of up to half of the world's current species. Because we are living through this extinction, it is relatively easy for us to study the driving forces behind it. But how do we determine what caused other mass die-offs that happened long ago? To do so we have to look at what archaeologists, palaeontologists, geologists and other scientists have concluded from the evidence they have gathered. The trouble is, those scientists do not always agree with one another —— even about the most recent extinction event. As well as the five-or six- mass extinctions, there have also been many smaller extinctions. One of these mini extinction events happened towards the end of the Pleistocene, a few tens of thousands of years ago. It is sometimes called the ＂megafaunal＂ extinction because many of the species it claimed were particularly large animals, weighing more than 97lb (44kg). However, its cause remains a debate amongst scientists. （1）What can we learn about the sixth mass extinction？ A. Humans are the main cause of it. B. It means a global decline over a long time. C. It occurred towards the end of the Pleistocene. D. Scientists still disagree about the cause of it. （2）What can be inferred from the text about species？ A. 99% of species will not be around any more by 2100. B. By the 22nd century, there will probably be about five million on this planet. C. About eight years later we will enter what is called the ＂Anthropocene＂. D. It is not easy for us to figure out causes behind the＂Anthropocene＂. （3）Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph ? A. Land animals. B. Marine life. C. Huge animals. D. Flesh-eating creatures.

高考英语阅读理解专项训练100篇(附答案)

高考英语阅读理解专项训练100篇 (名师传授解题技巧+实战练习，值得下载) 一、阅读理解解题技巧 阅读理解题是考查学生对活的语言材料的理解能力，即通过阅读材料获得信息的能力。具体说来，阅读理解能力测试的主要要求是：（1）掌握所读材料的主旨大意，以及用以说明主旨大意的事实和细节；（2）既理解具体事实，也理解抽象的概念；（3）既理解字面意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态度、意图等；（4）既理解某句、某段的意义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并能根据文章进行推理和判断；（5）既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。根据这几项能力测试的要求，试题中常采用如下几种题型：事实询问题、推理判断题、数据推算题、识图解意题和主旨大意题。根据这一测试要求和题型设计，答题时可以采取如下解题技巧和对策。 1．首先解题时要充满自信。由于平时有些同学对做阅读理解时存在一种畏惧心理，因此考试做题时心理就难免会产生紧张感，特别是阅读时再遇到几个生词就头脑发胀，从而使自己的思路更加模糊不清。其实这是完全没有必要的，因为阅读中遇到几个生词或几个难以理解的句子是常有的事，也是正常现象。因为按大纲要求，试卷中允许有不超过3%的生词，只要认真分析，仔细阅读，这些生词和句子很可能并不影响你的解题。所以答题之前首先要有必胜的信心。 2．扫读全文，理解全文主旨大意。拿到一篇文章，首先要快速扫读全文，虽为扫读，但不可漫不经心，阅读时也应聚精会神，力求可能多地获取材料信息，只是这次遇到生词和难句先不必去处理，不要因纠缠文中的个别生词和难句而影响了对全文的主旨大意的了解。

3．对症下药，各个击破。了解全文的大概意思之后，再把短文的问题简单看一遍，弄懂题意，然后带着问题再去寻读全文。这次阅读过程中要善于抓文章中的关键词句。寻读也就是迅速的查找需要了解的信息，是为某些特定的问题而阅读，因此阅读时要有较强的针对性，对与问题有关的数据，词句等仔细阅读，认真理解，同时结合不同考查内容的题型，采取如下解题对策： （1）事实询问题：这类试题通常是以疑问词what，who，when，where，why，how 等引起的特殊问句，就文章中某一词语、某一句子、某一段落或某一具体细节和事实进行提问。解答此类试题首先要弄清题目和每一个选项的含义，然后按题目要求寻找与之相关的细节，正确估计答案来源，同时注意题目和文章中的暗示作用。特别注意辨别各种信息，确认各种信息。 （2）推理判断题：此题要求我们通过表面文字信息去推测文章隐含的意思，对文章的发展情节及作者的态度、意图等做出合乎逻辑的的推理判断。这种题要求我们在阅读时要抓住文章的主题和细节、从分析文章的结构入手，根据上下文的内在联系，充分挖掘文章的深层含义。对暗含在文章中事件的因果关系，人物的动机，以及作者未言明的倾向、态度、意图、观点进行合乎逻辑的推理、分析和判断。同时善于抓住文中实质性的东西，不要被带假象的表面信息或似是而非的东西所迷惑。并且注意推断作者态度时要力求从作者的态度、观点去思考，切勿想当然，凭个人的观点习惯看法来回答的问题。 （3）数据推算题：此题要求我们就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文章中其他信息的关系做出计算和推断，然后做出选择。这就要求我们解题时，要在理解好题意的前提下去对与数据有关的信息认真分析，若数据信息较多，还要注意弄清数据之间的关系，同时分清有用与无用信息，最终作出正确判断。 （4）主旨大意题：此题用以考查我们对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。在解答此类试题时要注意每段的中心句，抓住每一段的主题句。一般主题句都用来表达一段主旨大意，因此，只要找准每段的主题句，文章的中心思想和文章的最佳标题也就不难确定了。

2013高考英语阅读七选五(六选五)真题特色题型分类讲解

2013高考英语真题特色题型详解―阅读七选五(六选五) 一、(2013课标卷I) 第二节（共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分） 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Business is the organized approach to providing customers with the goods and services they want. The word business also refers to an organization that provides these goods and services. Most businesses seek to make a profit（利润）— that is, they aim to achieve income that is more than the costs of operating the business. 71 Commonly called nonprofits, these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers. 72 Business management is a term used to describe the techniques of planning, direction, and control of the operations of a business. 73 One is the establishment（制定） of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies; and accounting. 74 The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments. Direction is concerned primarily with supervision （监管）and guidance by the management in authority. 75 A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work. B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management. C. Examples of nonprofit business include such organizations as social service agencies and may hospitals. D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs. E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments. F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects. G. Planning in business management has three main aspects. 本文是一篇讨论商务和商务管理的说明文。虽然看似有很多专业术语，但是根据我们常说的“指路词”，以及对上下文的推理，其实要做出正确答案并不难，可谓是难度中等。 文章第一段描述了business的两个含义：一是提供顾客所要商品和服务的方法；二是提供这些商品和服务的组织。文展第二段则细述了商务管理是用来描述计划、指导以及控制公司运作技巧

高考英语阅读理解专项训练及答案及解析

高考英语阅读理解专项训练及答案及解析 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is gaining global popularity. According to a government white paper, TCM has been introduced in 183 countries and regions around the world. Westerners' understanding of TCM, however, may be limited to acupuncture, cupping and massage(针灸，拔罐和按摩). For instance, the purple, injury-like marks left on U. S. swimmer Michael Phelps，back from cupping for the purpose of relaxing his muscles and reducing pain became the center of attention during the Rio Olympics in 2016. As a matter of fact, Chinese herbs play a more important role in getting rid of diseases and keeping the body in good condition in the TCM treatment system than physical treatment. It is therefore disheartening to know that while 103 World Health Organization member countries have given approval to the practice of acupuncture, not many recognize Chinese herbal medicine. TCM falls far behind Western medicine owing partly to the slow development of Chinese herbs. Herbs are made into pills, powder and soup, and the kind of herbs used, their quality and quantity, and the processing of the ingredients (原材料) jointly determine the effectiveness of the prescription. Compared with Western medicine, which has standardized drug production processes and treatment methods, TCM lacks standardization, with the chemical composition and functions of its medicines being unclear and their effects being unstable. Fortunately, standardization has improved in recent decades, with an increasing number of factories producing patented TCM drugs. Another factor that has prevented the development of TCM prescription drugs is the lack of creativity. While Western medicine-making companies come up with new products every year, TCM drug producers tend to make medicines according to prescriptions handed down from the past. Chinese chemist Tu Youyou's winning the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her research into malaria (疟疾) treatment may drive creativity to some extent in China's TCM industry. However, the current state of affairs cannot be changed within a short time. （1）Why does the author mention the example of Michael Phelps? A. Because he was injured in his swimming. B. Because cupping is a kind of important TCM treatment. C. Because westerners know a little about TCM. D. Because westerners attach great importance to TCM. （2）Why don't some member countries of WHO recognize Chinese herbal medicine? A. Because Chinese herbs can get rid of diseases. B. Because they only approve the practice of acupuncture. C. Because Western medicine is more effective. D. Because medicine made out of Chinese herbs develops slowly. （3）Compared with Western medicine, what is the weak point of TCM in Paragraph 4? A. The methods of planting herbs. B. The effectiveness of prescription. C. Lacking in standardization. D. Its stable functions.

高考英语阅读理解真题汇编(含答案)

高考英语阅读理解真题汇编(含答案) 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 Mexico sites on an island plateau (高原) surrounded by volcanic peaks, which makes air quality a constant concern for people who live there. In April, the country took a decisive step toward improving air quality by enacting a temporary ban on private and Federal vehicles in the city. The rule forbids people from driving in the city one day each week and one Saturday each month. Electric vehicles, government service vehicles, public transport options and school buses are not included in the ban. Mexico City isn't the first urban center to be involved in car-free living. But the ban is more than an awareness-raiser. It was enacted with the direct aim of solving air pollution. In March, the city sank into a deep brown haze of smog when the pollution levels passed the 200 mark. The city ordered some 1.1m of the area's 4.7m cars off the streets and also offered free bus and subway rides. Mexico City's temporary vehicle ban raises questions about the best ways to improve urban air quality. India, whose citizens breathe some of the world's dirtiest air, has tried a variety of solutions. Earlier this year, the Indian government started a 4% sales tax on new-car purchases. Beijing also has experience with cleaning the air. The city introduced alternate-day rules in advance of the 2008 Olympic Games, which produced good results. And then there is the London congestion (拥挤) charge, introduced in 2003. The charge has had a measurable effect on air quality. For now, Mexico City — named by the United Nations as the most polluted city on the planet in 1992 — can look forward to the start of the region's rainy season, when daily showers will help lo clean the air. （1）How did Mexico ban vehicles in the city? A. By banning private and Federal vehicles one day a week. B. By forbidding private and public vehicles every Saturday. C. By limiting the number of new cars. D. By prohibiting the vehicles except public ones.（2）What did the government of Mexico do when carrying out the ban on vehicles? A. Raised the number of public vehicles. B. Offered free bus and subway rides. C. Introduced more travel options. D. Encouraged citizens to leave the city. （3）What may contribute to improving the air quality in Mexico? A. Alternate-day rules. B. Tax rises. C. Congestion charge. D. The rainy season.（4）What's the best title for the passage? A. Mexico —an Island Plateau B. A Variety of Bans on Vehicles in Mexico C. Should Cities Be Car-free Zones D. How to Improve Air Quality 【答案】（1）A （2）B （3）D （4）C

(英语)高三英语阅读理解专项训练及答案

（英语）高三英语阅读理解专项训练及答案 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 The setting was a packed gymnasium just before the start of a game against another school. There were five girls who were members of the Danville High School basketball team—all of them starters. They were not in uniform to play that night and would not be on the team for the rest of this season. They were there to admit their breaking of team rules. They were there to support their coach's decision to take them off the team. They were there to let the town know there was a problem in their little community that needed to be addressed. And they did it with sincere regret rather than defensiveness. While the school had been out for the New Year's holiday, the five girls had gone to the party with several of their friends. There was alcohol there. And they all drank some. Coach Rainville has a zero tolerance rule on drugs and alcohol for her members though it was a hard decision to make. When classes resumed and accounts of holiday parties were shared, rumors about the five girls began closing in on them. The coach said she couldn't back down on her rules. And the players—two junior students and three senior students—agreed. That night in the gym was part of their public support of the coach's decision. “We hope you will understand that we are not bad kids. What we did was definitely not worth it. We hope this event will make everyone realize that there is a big drug and alcohol problem in our community,” one of the senior students said, “And if you work with us to try to solve this problem, you will help us feel that we have not been thrown off our basketball team for nothing.” The five left the floor to deafening applause. The team may not win another game this year. But they've learnt something about personal responsibility, the effect of one's action on others, and honesty that will serve them well throughout life. （1）It can be inferred from the passage that the five girls who were kicked off the team were ________. A. very good players on the team B. addicted to alcohol and drugs C. three junior students and two senior students D. scolded by their parents for drinking alcohol （2）What did the girls do to support their coach's decision? A. They didn't fight for Danville High School any more. B. They all gave speeches to apologize in the local press. C. They admitted their mistake in public in the gymnasium. D. They would never drink any alcohol throughout their life. （3）Which word best describes the coach Rainville? A. Indifferent. B. Strict. C. Stubborn. D. Cruel. （4）Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Growing up with pain B. A bad mistake C. Team rules are everything D. Basketball girls in high school 【答案】（1）A

考吧网2013年高考英语阅读理解练习及答案(3)

Fear and its companion pain are two of the most useful things that man and animals possess if they are used. If fire didn’t hurt when it burned, children would play with it until their hands were burned away. Similarly, if pain existed but fear didn’t, a child could burn itself again and again because fear would not warn it to keep away from the fire that had burnt it before. A really fearless soldier—and some do exist—is not a good soldier because he is soon killed; and a dead soldier is of no use to his army. Fear and pain are therefore two guards without which man and animals might soon die out. In our first sentence we suggested that fear ought to be properly used. If, for example, you never go out of your house because of the danger of being knocked down and killed in the street by a car, you are letting fear rule you too much. The important thing is not to let fear rule you, but instead, to use fear as your servant and guide. Fear will warn you of dangers; then you have to decide what action to take. In many cases, you can take quick and successful action to avoid the danger. For example, you see a car coming straight towards you; fear warns you, you jump out of the way, and all is well. In some cases, however, you decide that there is nothing that you can do to avoid the danger. For example, you cannot prevent an airplane crashing into your house, and you may not want to go and live in a desert where there are no airplanes. In this case, fear has given you its warning, you have examined it and decided on your course of action, so fear of the particular danger is no longer of any use to you, and you have to try to overcome it. 1. Children would play with fire until their hands are burnt away if _________. A. they were not well educated at school B. they had never played with fire before C. they had no sense of pain D. they were fearful of pain 2. People sometimes succeed in timely avoiding danger because _________.