第9课《庄子寓言四则》电子 课文

精读

庄子是哲学家，也是散文家。他的散文不仅在先秦诸子中独树一帜，即在后世亦罕有伦比。他能吸收神话创作的精神，大量采用并虚构寓言故事作为论证的根据，想象奇幻，形象鲜明，饶有情趣，有很强的感染力、说服力。他的语言简洁明快，句式或整或散，灵活多变。读庄子或觉如风行水上，轻快自然；或觉如万泉涌出，汪洋恣肆。品读这四则寓言，能得到一种艺术上的享受，也能领悟到一些哲理。

9 庄子寓言四则

《庄 子》

庖丁解牛1

庖丁为文惠君解牛。手之所触，肩之所倚，足之所履，膝之所踦，砉然向然，奏刀騞然，莫不中音：合于《桑林》之舞，乃中《经首》之会。

*写“解牛”而艺术化，开篇即引人入胜。

*再写近20年“解牛”的经历、感受，突出一个“道”字——依乎天理，因其固然。

文惠君曰：“嘻，善哉！技盖至此乎？”

庖丁释刀对曰：“臣之所好者，道也；进乎技矣。始臣之解牛之时，所见无非牛者；三年之后，未尝见全牛也。方今之时，臣以神遇而不以目视16，官知止而神欲行。依乎天理，批

大郤，导大窾，因其固然，技经肯綮之未尝，而况大軱乎！良庖岁更刀，割也；族庖月更刀，折也。今臣之刀十九年矣，所解数千牛矣，而刀刃若新发于硎。彼节者有间，而刀刃者无厚；以无厚入有间，恢恢乎其于游刃必有余地矣！是以十九年而

刀刃若新发于硎。虽然，每至于族2

，吾见其难为，怵然为

戒，视为止，行为迟。动刀甚微，謋然已解，如土委地。提刀而立，为之四顾，为之踌躇满志，善刀而藏之。”

*点明主旨：借“解牛”喻养生、处世之道。

*欣然自喜，有由。

*望洋而叹，有因。

*若非“至于子之门”，则必贻笑大方。

*“知之濠上“的逻辑：子非我而知我，则我非鱼亦可知鱼。

文惠君曰：“善哉！吾闻庖丁之言，得养生焉。”

望洋兴叹

秋水时至，百川灌河。泾流之大，两涘渚崖之间，不辩牛马。于是焉河伯欣然自喜，以天下之美为尽在己。顺流而东行，至于北海，东面而视，不见水端。于是焉河伯始旋其面目，望洋向若而叹曰：“野语有之曰：‘闻道百，以为莫己若者。’我之谓也。且夫我常闻少仲尼之闻而轻伯夷之义者，始吾弗信。今我睹子之难穷也，吾非至于子之门则殆矣，吾长见笑于大方之家。”

安知鱼乐

庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上，庄子曰：“儵鱼出游从容，是鱼之乐也。”惠子曰：“子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？”庄子曰：“子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐？”惠子曰：“我非子，固不知子矣；子固非鱼也，子之不知鱼之乐，全矣！”庄子曰：“请循其本。子曰：‘汝安知鱼乐’云者，既已知吾知之而问我。我知之濠上也。”

*两个“不知“，设疑。

*一个“必“字，写出顿悟。

庄周梦蝶3

昔者庄周梦为胡蝶，栩栩然胡蝶也。自喻适志与！不知周也。俄然觉，则蘧蘧然周也。不知周之梦为胡蝶与？胡蝶之梦为周与？周与胡蝶则必有分矣。此之谓物化。

思考·练习

1、《庖丁解牛》一文从不同角度理解都可以受到启迪。课后

与同学们讨论一下，归纳出这则寓言可以说明的道理。

2、如何看待《望洋兴叹》中河伯这个形象？这个形象在今天

有没有积极意义？

3、有人认为庄子在《安知鱼乐》这则寓言中采用的是诡辩

术。你同意这个说法吗？请说说理由。

4、背诵《庖丁解牛》。

描述

[←1]

选自《庄子·养生主》。庖，厨师；丁是他的名。解，剖开、分

割。［文惠君］梁惠王。［所触］接触的地方。［履］踩。［踦（yǐ）］支撑，接触。这里的意思是宰牛时抬起一条腿，用膝盖抵住牛。［砉（huā）然向然］砉，又读xū，拟声词。砉然，皮骨相离的声音。向，通“响”。［奏刀騞（huō）然］进刀时发出騞的声音。奏，进。騞然，拟声词，比“砉然”的声音更大。［中

（zhònɡ）音］合乎音律。［合于《桑林》之舞］合乎《桑林》舞乐的节拍。《桑林》，传说中商汤时的乐曲名。［乃中《经首》之会］又合乎《经首》乐曲的节奏。乃，副词，又。《经首》，传说中尧时的乐曲名。会，指节奏。［盖］通“盍”，何，怎么。

［道］大道，自然的规律。［进乎技矣］超过技术层面了。进，过。［无非牛者］没有不是全牛的，意思是跟一般人所见的一

样。［未尝见全牛也］未曾看到整头的牛了。这是说对牛的全身结构完全摸清了，不再把一头牛看成全牛，而是把它看成可以拆卸的东西。［臣以神遇而不以目视］我只用精神去和牛接触，而不用眼睛去看了。臣，庖丁自称。遇，会合、接触。［官知止而神欲行］视觉停止了，而精神在活动。意思是，解牛时可以不用感觉器官，而只靠精神活动来行事。官知，耳眼等器官的感觉，这里指视觉。神欲，精神活动。［天理］指牛的天然的生理结构。［批大郤（xì）］击入大的缝隙。批，击。郤，空隙。［导大窾

（kuǎn）］顺着（骨节间的）空处进刀。导，顺着、循着。窾，空。［因其固然］依照牛体本来的样子（即结构）。［技经肯綮（qìnɡ）之未尝］意思是“技术高妙，刀未曾经过筋肉结节的地

方”。之，助词，起提宾作用。肯，骨间的肉。綮，结合处。肯

綮，筋骨结合的地方。［軱（ɡū）］大骨。［更］换。［割］割肉。［族庖］一般厨师。族，众。［折］断，指用刀砍断骨头。

［新发于硎（xínɡ）］刚从磨刀石上磨出来的。发，出。硎，磨刀石。［彼节者有间］牛的骨节有间隙。［无厚］没有厚度。形容刀口薄而锋利。［恢恢］很宽绰的样子。

[←2]

［族］（筋骨）交错聚结的地方。［视为止，行为迟］即“视为

（之）止，行为（之）迟”，意思是，目光因为有这个交错聚结的地方而集中在那里，动作也因此而缓慢下来。［微］轻。［謋

（huò）］拟声词。骨肉离开的声音。［委］卸落、坠下。［踌躇满志］悠然自得，心满意足。［善］通“缮”，修治。这里是拭擦的意思。［养生］指养生之道。节选自《庄子·秋水》。 [时至]随着时令来到。时，指时令、季节。 [百川灌河]许多小河流的水都注入黄河里。百，众多的意思。 [泾流]直流的水波。泾，

同“径”。 [两涘（sì）渚崖之间，不辩牛马]从两岸或者从河中沙洲到水边的高岸（隔水望去），分不清是牛是马（形容水涨后河道极宽）。涘，水边、岸。渚，水中的小块陆地。崖，高的河岸。

辩，同“辨”。 [河伯]传说中的黄河之神。 [尽在己]全在自己这里。 [北海]（河东端）北方的大海。指东海的北部。 [东面]脸朝东。 [旋其面目]改变了欣然自喜的面容。旋，转变。面目，指面部。 [望洋向若]迷惘地面对海神若。望洋，联绵词，犹“茫

洋”，仰头迷茫而视的样子。若，即下文的北海若，海神名。 [野语]俗语。 [闻道百]听的道理很多。道，道理，百，泛指多。 [莫己若]没有谁比得上自己。若，比得上。 [少仲尼之闻]小看孔丘的见闻（学问）。少，动词，小看。闻，见闻、学识。 [轻伯夷之

义]轻视伯夷的义。轻，动词，轻视。伯夷，商朝末年诸侯孤竹君的长子。他认为武王伐纣是不义，商朝灭亡后，以不食周粟表明自己的义，饿死在首阳山上。所以古人称他为义士。 [今我睹子之难穷也]现在我看到您的广阔无边。子，这里指海神若。难穷，难以穷尽。 [吾长见笑于大方之家]我将长久地被大方之家耻笑。大方之家，指修养很高、明白道理的人。 节选自《庄子·秋水》。

[濠梁] 濠，水名，在今安徽凤阳北。梁，拦河堰。 [儵（tiáo）]通“鯈”。鯈鱼，一种身体狭长的银白色小鱼。 [全矣]已经完全可以肯定，无须再辩。 [请循其本]请再回到一开始的话题。 [子曰“汝安知鱼乐”云者，既已知吾知之而问我]你开始说“你怎么知道鱼乐”时，是已经知道我知道鱼乐，这才问我的。 [我知之濠上也]（那么）我站在濠梁上就能知道鱼乐（也是完全可以肯定

的）。

[←3]

节选自《庄子·齐物论》。 [栩栩然]生动活泼的样子。 [自喻适

志]自己觉得得意。喻，晓，觉得。适志，得意。 [蘧蘧（jùjù）然]惊疑的样子。 [分] 分辨，区别。 [物化]化为物。指大道时而化为庄周，时而化为蝴蝶。

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