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HVAC暖通空调外文文献

Measuring Sound Power in Ducted Heating,Ventilating,and Air-conditioning (HV AC)Systems for Use in Verifying Acoustical Prediction Methods Steven R.Ryherd and Lily M.Wang Architectural Engineering Program,University of Nebraska—Lincoln,PKI,1110S.

67th St.,Omaha,NE 68182;PH (402)554-2065;FAX (402)554-2080;email:sryherd@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b06809673.html, Abstract This paper discusses issues regarding in-situ methods of obtaining sound power at a point in a heating,ventilating and air-conditioning (HV AC)duct system.Such a method is being used as part of a larger investigation on acoustical prediction methods to allow for comparison of measured data to results from attenuation predictions of individual duct elements,such as elbows or dampers.Sound propagation in HV AC duct work is complex.Any measurements of sound energy in the duct must address the characteristics of sound propagation in ducts,end reflections,and air turbulence.Investigations are being conducted to understand the extents to which these acoustical issues affect measurement results.The study provides a better understanding of sound propagation in HV AC ducts for future investigation of acoustical prediction methods.Introduction The study outlined in this paper is part of a larger investigation of acoustical prediction software for heating,ventilating,and air-conditioning (HV AC)systems.The authors have previously investigated prediction software for HV AC systems along entire acoustical paths from the fan source to the receiver in a room (Ryherd &Wang,2005).Such verification of the prediction software required controlled environments with well-documented information about the actual sound source power,duct elements,and receiving room characteristics.In an attempt to verify the algorithms used against actual data measured in field installations,though,it is desired to limit other potential sources of error.This paper presents the issues surrounding an in-situ method of investigating the acoustical influence of each element in the duct path separately.To verify each duct element’s contribution,there must be dependable means of obtaining a sound power level at the inlet and outlet of the specified element.These sound power levels could then be compared to the expected attenuation of that element,as

currently D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y H u a z h o n g U n i v e r s i t y o f S c i e n c e & T e c h n o l o g y o n 12/26/13. C o p y r i g h t A S C E . F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ;

a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

projected in HV AC noise prediction software.However,in-situ measurements of this kind are not common,especially in installed HV AC systems.

Background

Sound prediction software for noise in HV AC systems utilize a collection of algorithms that calculate the attenuation contributions of each element of a system.In general,the algorithm is an empirical black box that takes an incoming sound power level and characteristic information of the element to produce an output sound power

level.For example,if a fan is used as the sound source at the beginning of a length of duct,the sound power levels at each octave band are put into the algorithm for the specific type of duct (e.g.rectangular,circular,etc.)along with the duct dimensions,duct length and amount of absorption.The algorithm calculates the amount of sound attenuation and projects the output sound power level.This process continues down the path of the HV AC system for each element of the path (silencers,elbows,branches,etc.)until the sound reaches the receiver room.At the receiving room,correction factors are applied to the estimated sound power level to calculate the equivalent sound pressure level perceived by a receiver in the space.Although the example is simply stated,the process of predicting the noise in HV AC systems is complex with many potential sources of error.There is inherent error when algorithms based on empirical data made in controlled environments are used for in-situ applications;and unfortunately,users of software programs often are not able to access even what algorithm is being used to know if its application is appropriate.Additionally,the initial source data from a fan is not always reliable and may vary based on operating conditions and installation.Ultimately,any inaccuracies at one point in the analysis of the system can compound errors further down the system path.To improve acoustical predictions along HV AC ductwork,one should first be sure to understand sound propagation in ducts.Relationship of Sound Pressure and Sound Power In acoustics of building mechanical systems,sound energy is often represented as one of two quantities:sound pressure levels or sound power levels.Sound pressure level is the most common form of describing the human response to airborne sound,and measures the changes in pressure with respect to static pressure.This quantity is dependent upon the distance of the receiver to the source and the environment in which it is measured.However,another quantity,sound power level,is independent of distance to the source and the environmental characteristics of the space.Sound power describes the rate at which sound energy is produced by a source and is used to quantify the sound energy relating to mechanical https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b06809673.html,ing an acoustical predictor that is independent of the environment allows for simple comparison of acoustical characteristics of mechanical

equipment.D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y H u a z h o n g U n i v e r s i t y o f S c i e n c e & T e c h n o l o g y o n 12/26/13. C o p y r i g h t A S C E . F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ;

a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

Although sound power is a common descriptor of acoustical energy,there is no easy way to measure sound power directly.A collection of sound pressure measurements can be used to calculate sound power.Other information is necessary including the directivity of the source,the distance of the measurements,environmental characteristics,and the area that the measurements cover.The actual equation used for converting between sound pressure level and sound power level varies with the situation (Bies &Hansen,2003).Sound Propagation in Ducts

There are three issues associated with the sound propagation in ducts that affect in-duct measurements—the characteristics of acoustical energy in ducts,end reflections,and turbulence.The first issue of acoustical characteristics depends on the dimensions of the duct and the frequencies being measured.At lower frequencies with large wavelengths,only plane waves propagate in a duct and a simple relationship can be shown between sound pressure and sound power.At high frequencies with shorter wavelengths,plane modes and higher order modes can exist.This means that sound is propagating not only parallel to the axis of the duct but also in various angles due to reflections off the wall of the duct.These modes cause variations in the sound pressure level at particular locations in a cross-sectional area of the duct.Modes in the duct will vary based on the dimensions of the duct and the frequency of the measurements.These modes can cause interference that results in a change in measured energy.The second issue when taking in-duct measurements is end reflection factors due to duct termination.An opening at the discharge of a duct can create end reflections that send a sound wave back into the duct against the airflow because of an impedance mismatch.The reflections can cause interference and generate standing waves that further complicate the patterns of sound energy being transmitted through each element of the duct system.Such standing waves in the duct can cause inaccuracies with in-duct measurements of element contributions.The third issue with in-duct measurements is turbulence caused by the movement of air in the duct.Turbulence can be caused by obstructions to the flow and other changes in pressure.The resulting turbulent eddies have flow that may not be parallel to the axis of the duct.The turbulent fluctuations in pressure can not be differentiated by a microphone measuring the pressure changes associated with acoustical energy.These pressure fluctuations affect random frequencies of measurements taken in such a condition (Liao,1990).Measuring Sound Energy in Ducts All three sound propagation issues must be addressed when making in-duct measurements to obtain reliable acoustical data.In existing standards,the three issues are addressed by obtaining the data in a controlled laboratory environment.

These D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y H u a z h o n g U n i v e r s i t y o f S c i e n c e & T e c h n o l o g y o n 12/26/13. C o p y r i g h t A S C E . F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ;

a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

existing standards can serve as a guideline to create a method of in-duct measurement for obtaining the desired sound power measurements at a particular point in a duct.

Although many standards exist for the measuring of sound power in ducts,the one most pertinent to this research is ISO 5136—Determination of sound power radiated into a duct by fans and other air-moving devices—In-duct .This standard requires that the duct be oriented in a straight line with minimal transitions to reduce turbulence,and measurements are taken at a specified distance from the source to assure that the air has laminar flow.Turbulence effects are further reduced by using a foam ball,nose cone,or turbulence screen on the end of the microphone.End reflection factors are minimized by having only one inlet and outlet of the duct with an anechoic termination.The specially designed termination limits the ability for a sound wave to reflect back into the duct by eliminating the plane of reflection and flaring the edges of the remaining duct.Finally,the acoustical characteristics are addressed by varying the location of measurements in the duct,limiting the frequency range measured,and using a modal correction factor.Unfortunately,in-situ measurements of HV AC duct systems do not provide the necessary controlled environment;however,consideration of all three issues can be addressed.The effects of the modal characteristics in the duct can be minimized by varying the location of measurements and averaging data for an equivalent value.The measurement locations will vary within the cross-sectional area of the duct and along the length of a duct.Also,measurements must be taken at a considerable distance from any major disturbance both upstream and downstream.The standard suggests approximately 6feet or four duct widths to ensure undisturbed flow conditions,and this distance requirement should also be observed for in-situ measurements.The issue of end reflections can also be limited by observing the recommended distances.The influence of the reflected sound would be diminished by the distance to the measurement location.Finally,the turbulence effects can be further diminished by utilizing one of the microphone protection devices specified by the standard.The foam ball is designed for measurements in air velocities up to 3000feet/minute (fpm),and the nose cone is designed for up to 4000fpm.Both of these devices are considered to maintain the omni-directional characteristics of the microphone.The third protective device is referred to as a sampling tube which is a long cylinder that encases the microphone with a slit down the side and a nose cone on the end.The sampling tube is designed for flow velocities of approximately 7800fpm and is strongly suggested for measurements at or below the 125Hz octave band.Conclusion Pursuing a reliable in-situ method of obtaining sound power at a point in an HV AC duct will provide a way of verifying algorithms used to account for the acoustic behavior of individual duct elements.The proposed method is part of

a D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i

b r a r y .o r g b y H u a z h o n g U n i v e r s i t y o f S

c i e n c e & T e c h n o l o g y o n 12/26/13. C o p y r i g h t A S C E . F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ;

a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

larger study to test such algorithms used to predict HV AC acoustics in many software programs.The nature of such a prediction is very complex with many sources of error.By developing a method of measuring sound pressure to obtain sound power,verification of the algorithms can be obtained for any element of the ducted system.

Three main issues must be addressed to obtain reliable sound energy data from a duct.Those three issues—characteristics of acoustical energy,end reflections,and turbulence,affect sound propagation in ducts and any measurements made in the duct.To address these concerns,measurements must be made at a great enough distance

from a disturbance upstream or downstream from the duct;they must be made in various locations;and they must be made with appropriate protection from turbulence.Further investigation is required to determine the best approach to accomplish the goal of obtaining sound power at a point in the duct while addressing each issue.References Bies,D.A.and Hansen,C.H.(2003).Engineering Noise Control—Theory and Practice ,Spon Press,New York.International Organization for Standardization.(2003).ISO Standard 5136:2003(E).Acoustics—Determination of sound power radiated into a duct by fans and other air-moving devices—In-duct method,International Organization for Standardization,Switzerland.Liao,J.(1990).Analysis of Acoustic Energy Propagation in a Circular Duct to Improve the Accuracy of In-duct Noise Measurement .Ph.D.dissertation,Tennessee Technological University.Ryherd,S.and Wang,L.M.(2005).“Acoustical prediction methods for heating,ventilating,and air-conditioning (HV AC)systems.”Proceedings of Noise-Con 2005,Minneapolis,MN ,Institute of Noise Control Engineering,Ames,IA.D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y H u a z h o n g U n i v e r s i t y o f S c i e n c e & T e c h n o l o g y o n 12/26/13. C o p y r i g h t A S C E . F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

英文参考文献标准格式

英文参考文献标准格式:论文参考文献格式规范也可以在标点.之后加上一个空格，但一定要保证所有的项目空格个数一致一、参考文献的类型参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》 [N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk)

[J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2．专著类【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码. 【举例】 [4] 刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 3．报纸类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗外文资料翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：建筑工程学院专业：建筑环境与设备工程姓名： ***** 学号： ******** 外文出处： Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。指导教师评语：签名：年月日

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗摘要：研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。关键词：建筑环境暖通空调能耗浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗能源为经济的发展提供了动力，但是由于各种原因，能源的发展往往滞后于经济的发展。近几年，中国的国民生产总值的增长率维持在约10％，但是能源的增长率只有3％～4％。这样的形势要求我们必须节能。建筑能源消耗在社会总能耗中的比例较大，发达国家的建筑用能一般占到全国总能耗的30％～40％；中国采暖区的城镇人口虽然只占全国人口的13.6％，但是采暖用能却占全国总能耗的9.6％。建筑节能是建筑发展的基本趋势，也是当代建筑科学技术的一个新的生长点。现代建筑的必要组成部分暖通空调领域也已经收到这种趋势的影响，暖通空调系统中的节能正在引起暖通空调工作者的注意，并且针对不同的国家、地区的能源特点和不同建筑的采暖、通风、空调要求发展者相关的节能技术。研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。暖通空调能耗的组成为了创造舒适的室内空调环境，必须消耗大量的能源。暖通空调能耗是建筑能耗中的大户，居统计在发达国家中暖通空调能耗占建筑能耗的65％，以建筑能耗占总能耗的356％计算，暖通空调能耗占总能耗的比例竟高达22.75％，由此可见建筑节能工作的重点应该是暖通空调的节能。从暖通空调的能耗组成可以看出：暖通空调系统的能耗主要决定于空调冷、热负荷的确定和空调系统的合理配置，空调系统的布置和空调设备的选择是以空调负荷为依据的。所以暖通空调节能的关键是空调外界负荷和内部负荷的确定，而暖通空调节能工作也应该从这个方面着手，合理布置建筑物的位置，正确选择外墙、门、窗、屋顶的形状及材料等，尽量减少空调负荷。室内环境的影响暖通空调的目标是为人们提供舒适的生活和生产室内热环境，主要包括：室内空气温度、空气湿度、气流速度以及人体与周围环境（包括四壁、地面、顶棚等）之间的辐射换热（简称环境热辐射）等。在一般的舒适性空调中，以能够使人体保持平衡而满足

中英文参考文献格式

中文参考文献格式参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为：（一）专著示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. （二）论文集示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。（三）报纸文章示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3）（四）期刊文章示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）. （五）学位论文示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998. （六）报告示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. （七）、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。参考文献的类型根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著） C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型电子文献类型以双字母作为标识： DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告

外文翻译--浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗

中文2300字 Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm Summary: The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method. Keyword: Constructing a warm of environment an air condition can consume Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm The energy provided motive for the development of the economy, but because of various reason, the development of the energy is a usually behind in economy of development. In the last few years, the growth rate maintenance of citizen's total output value of China are in about 10%, but the growth rate of the energy only have 3% ～s 4%.Such situation's requesting us has to economize on energy. The comparison that constructs the energy depletion in the society always the ability consume compares greatly, the building of the flourishing nations' use can have to the whole country generally and always can consume of 30% ～s 40%;China adopts the town population of the warm area although only 13.6% that have national population, adopt warm use an ability but have a whole country and always can consume of 9.6%.Construct the economy energy is the basic trend of the building development, is also a new growth of[with] the contemporary building science technique to order. The necessity of the modern building constitutes a part of warm, the air condition realm has already received the influence of this kind of trend as well, warm the economy energy within air condition system is cause a warm the attention of the air condition worker, and aims at different of the adopt of energy characteristics and the dissimilarity building of the nation, region is warm, well ventilated, the air condition request develop a related economy energy technique .The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and

建筑设计参考文献综述

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暖通空调毕业设计(论文)任务书

毕业设计(论文)任务书毕业设计(论文)题目：某市某综合楼空调系统设计系别能源与动力学院班级建环本121/122 学生姓名学号指导教师职称毕业设计(论文)进行地点：校内任务下达时间： 2015年 12 月 24 日起止日期：2016年 3 月1日起——至 2016年 6 月日止教研室主任年月日批准 1、论文的原始资料及依据：

（一）题目来源：某市某综合楼建筑结构图（二）设计主要技术参数（1）土建资料详见建筑图纸。 (２) 气象参数：根据本市的气象资料确定； (３)建筑参数：外墙体结构：根据地区自行选定，如δ=370 m m红砖，内外抹灰20mm 屋面：根据地区自行选定，如200mm厚混凝土板加12.5mm厚加气混凝土保温层。外窗：根据地区自行选定，如标准玻璃的单层钢窗，全部挂淡色窗帘，（４）室内空调设计参数：温度t n=26℃；湿度φn=60%；风速不大于0.3 m/s。（５）照明容量： 40W/m2 （６）房间人数：0.5人/m2，群集系数0.92 （三）设计主要技术关键正确进行空调负荷和新风量的计算，确定出冷气方案，合理地布置管道，并进行水力计算，合理选择及布置设备，做好气流组织。 2、设计（论文）主要内容及要求通过本次设计使学生系统地掌握空调系统设计的主要方法和步骤，能根据实际情况合理确定空调方案，会计算空调系统的负荷量和新风负荷量，能合理布置管道和设备，了解空调设备的型式及用途，会进行设备的选型，合理进行气流组织，会计算水管、风道的阻力，选取水泵、风机等。使学生能把所学知识灵活运用到实际当中去，让理论与实际相结合，为学生毕业以后的工作打下坚实基础。主要内容：空调系统的设计（1）、由建筑物所在地区确定室内外气象参数；夏季室内外设计计算参数；室内温度、湿度、风速、新风量等参数。

国内外中央空调研究现状及发展趋势【文献综述】

毕业设计文献综述建筑环境与设备工程国内外中央空调研究现状及发展趋势前言：中央空调在世界上已有百年的发展历史，在中国也有20多年的应用时间，随着家用空调市场的日趋成熟，不少企业逐渐把目标转向中央空调领域，希望能在中央空调这个尚未饱和的市场寻找新的发展空间和利润增长点，分得一杯羹。中央空调在2003年的市场容量是85亿元，2005年则达到200亿元以上，因此这个市场的潜力不可估量的，存在着巨大的发展空间，而其高额的利润对于在市场上境遇艰难的企业来说是极其诱人的。在如此高利润的吸引下，很多国内品牌纷纷进入这个领域，使得原来由约克、大金、开利等外国品牌所占领的国内中央空调市场开始发生变化。近几年，格力、美的、海尔、松下等企业都企图进入这一领域，以争取更多主动权。关键词：中央空调家用空调市场发展空间利润增长点 1、国内外中央空调研究现状 1.1美国中央空调研究现状美国的中央空调普及率较高，它作为世界第一经济大国，其人民生活水准较高，对居住的舒适性要求也较高，这些都促进了该国中央空调的普及使用。美国的别墅型住宅具有宽敞、高大的特点，通常是中、高收入的家庭居住。由于其层高较大，有足够的建筑空间用于布置风道。因此在美国，风管式系统在家用小型中央空调中所占的比重很大。同时，由于美国居民对家用空调舒适性的要求较高，多采用有新风的风管式系统。目前，美国风管式系统的年产量约为600万台/年，占其家用空调产量的一半左右。美国的公寓型住宅适合于中、低收入的人群居住，其家用空调的型式以窗式空调器为主，也有采用小区供冷/热水的，一般不使用家用小型中央空调。目前美国窗式空调器年产量约为600万台/年，占其家用空调产量的一半左右。美国的中央空调的型式以风管式系统为主，其具体形式多种多样。风管式单元空调系统和风管式空调箱系统在美国的应用都很广泛，此外，集成了燃气炉的家用小型中央空调系统在美国的应用也非常普遍。此种家用小型中央空调系统在供冷季由制冷机组提供冷量，在供热季由燃气炉提供热量，对室内回风和新风进行处理，消除房间空调负荷，同时也可以满

英文参考文献的格式

英文参考文献的格式英文(例子)： [01] Brown, H. D. Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy[M]. Prentice Hall Regents, 1994. [02] Brown, J Set al. Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning[J]. Educational Reasercher, 1, 1989. [03] Chris, Dede. The Evolution of Constructivist Learning Envi-ronments: Immersion in Distributed Virtual Worlds[J]. Ed-ucational Technology, Sept-Oct, 1995. [04] Hymes, D.On communicative competence[M]. J. B. Pride; J. Holmes (eds). Sociolinguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972. [05] L. E. Sarbaugh. Intercultural communication[M]. New Brunsw-ick, N.J.U.S.A: Transaction Books, 1988. [06] Puhl, A.. Classroom A ssessment[J]. EnglishTeaching Forum, 1997. [07] Thomas, Jenny. Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure[J]. Applied Linguistics, 1983, (4): 91-111. [08] William B Gudykunst. Intercultural communication theory[M]. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Pub, 1983. 1

暖通空调专业-毕业设计外文翻译

Refrigeration System Performance using Liquid-Suction Heat Exchangers S. A. Klein, D. T. Reindl, and K. BroWnell College of Engineering University of Wisconsin - Madison Abstract Heat transfer devices are provided in many refrigeration systems to exchange energy betWeen the cool gaseous refrigerant leaving the evaporator and Warm liquid refrigerant exiting the condenser. These liquid-suction or suction-line heat exchangers can, in some cases, yield improved system performance While in other cases they degrade system performance. Although previous researchers have investigated performance of liquid-suction heat exchangers, this study can be distinguished from the previous studies in three Ways. First, this paper identifies a neW dimensionless group to correlate performance impacts attributable to liquid-suction heat exchangers. Second, the paper extends previous analyses to include neW refrigerants. Third, the analysis includes the impact of pressure drops through the liquid-suction heat exchanger on system performance. It is shoWn that reliance on simplified analysis techniques can lead to inaccurate conclusions regarding the impact of liquid-suction heat exchangers on refrigeration system performance. From detailed analyses, it can be concluded that liquid-suction heat exchangers that have a minimal pressure loss on the loW pressure side are useful for systems using R507A, R134a, R12, R404A, R290, R407C, R600, and R410A. The liquid-suction heat exchanger is detrimental to system performance in systems using R22, R32, and R717. Introduction Liquid-suction heat exchangers are commonly installed in refrigeration systems With the intent of ensuring proper system operation and increasing system performance.Specifically, ASHRAE(1998) states that liquid-suction heat exchangers are effective in: 1) increasing the system performance 2) subcooling liquid refrigerant to prevent flash gas formation at inlets to expansion devices 3) fully evaporating any residual liquid that may remain in the liquid-suction prior to reaching the compressor(s) Figure 1 illustrates a simple direct-expansion vapor compression refrigeration system utilizing a liquid-suction heat exchanger. In this configuration, high temperature liquid leaving the heat rejection device (an evaporative condenser in this case) is subcooled prior to being throttled to the evaporator pressure by an expansion device such as a thermostatic expansion valve. The sink for subcooling

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