《岩石力学》考博真题-2007年秋及答案

重庆大学二零零七年博士生(秋季)入学考试试题

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重庆大学博士生入学考试试题答案

则将破裂表述为侵入破裂，当检查图(a)情况中的破裂面时，它们中的一些部分有剪切破裂的状态。而其他一些部分显然是拉伸破裂。岩石破裂中，注意力还将集中于重要的扩容现象，它发生于岩石试件的单轴和三轴受压期间．通常，在三轴试验中，围压是由流体通过一个刚度可忽略不计的不渗透膜来施加的，在这样的试验中，试件的径间膨胀和扩容显然不会由于围压的增加而被局部或均匀地阻挡；如果试件被更多的岩石包围，象实际情形中听发生的那样，那就将是这种情况，不管围岩是否破坏，预料它所提供的阻力会有增加最小主应力值的效应，因此趋于阻止破坏和集中破裂于有限的体积内。

三. 论述影响岩石力学性质的主要因素

回答要点：

论述影响岩石力学性质的因素很多，如水、温度、风化程度、加荷速度、围压的大小、各向异性等等，对岩石的力学性质都有影响。现分述如下：

1、 水对岩石力学性质的影响。主要表现在连接作用、润滑作用、水楔作用、孔隙压力作用、溶蚀及

潜蚀作用；

2、 温度对岩石力学性质的影响。随着温度的增高，岩石的延性加大，屈服点降低，强度也降低；

3、 加荷速度对岩石力学性质的影响。随着加荷速度的降低，岩石的延性加大，屈服点降低，强度也

降低；

4、 围压对岩石力学性质的影响。随着温度的增高，岩石的延性加大，屈服点降低，强度也降低；

5、 风化对岩石力学性质的影响。产生新的裂隙、矿物成分发生变化、结构和构造发生变化。

四. 试述岩石的水理性

答：岩石遇水作用后，会引起某些物理、化学和力学等性质的改变，水对岩石的这种作用特性称为岩石的水理性。岩石的水理性包括吸水性、抗冻性和软化系数三方面，现分述如下：

所谓吸水性是指岩石吸收水分的性能，可以采用吸水率、饱水率和饱水系数来表示，即：

吸 水 率： %10011?=

d W W V 饱 水 率： %10022?=d

W W V 饱水系数： 21V V K s =

其中，W 1为岩石在标准大气压下吸入水的重量，W 2为岩石150个大气压或真空条件下吸入水的重量，W d 为岩石的干重量。

所谓抗冻性就是指岩石抵抗冻融破坏的性能，它是评价岩石抗风化稳定性的一个重要指标，可以采用抗冻系数来表示，即：

%100?-=c

cf c f C σσσ 其中，c σ为冻融实验前岩石试件的抗压强度，cf σ为冻融实验后岩石试件的抗压强度

所谓软化系数是指岩石试件在饱水状态下的抗压强度c σ与在干燥状态下的抗压强度c σ’的比值，即：

'

c c c σση= 各类岩石的软化系数大约在0.45-0.90之间。

五. 试述工程岩体中的初始地应力及其分布规律

工程岩体中的初始地应力是指未受到任何工程扰动的岩体在天然状态下所具有的内应力，主要由岩体自重及地质构造作用所引起，地形、地质构造、地震力、水压力、热应力等也会在一定的时间和空间范围内一定程度上影响到岩体中的初始地应力。

由于地质构造现象、构造应力以及岩石的种类、性态等在空间分布上的不均匀性，岩体的初始地应力状态将会随岩体所处的深度和位置不同而有所变化，但可以认为任一点处的应力都是处于相对的平衡状态的。

工程岩体中的地应力主要由自重应力和构造应力两部分组成。自重应力在岩体中的分布是随深度变化大致呈线性增长的，若设在距地表深为z 处的竖直方向的自重应力为σz ，水平方向的自重应力为σx 和σy ，则：

铅垂分量 i

i n i z z γσ∑==1

水平分量 z y x σμμ

σσ-==1

这里，γi 是第i 层地层的容重，Z i 是第i 层地层的厚度，μ是当前地层的泊松比。构造应力是由于地球自转角速度的变化、地球壳体绕地轴旋转产生的离心力和地幔对流等因素所引起的，所以在工程岩体中的构造应力是以水平应力分量为主，其大小将因地层的褶皱、断裂、升降等等地质构造现象及程度不同而异。

综合大量实测资料和近代理论，初始地应力场的一般分布规律有如下特点：1)初始地应力一般是三轴压应力状态，且受地表地形地貌、山川河流和构造影响，其分布往往十分复杂；2)三个主应力的大小一般互不相等，其中两个(近)水平方向

主应力也不相同，且最大水平主应

力的方向与区域性构造形迹密切

相关，往往是构造应力影响的结

果；3)三个主应力的方向一般偏离

铅垂或水平方向不大，引起偏离的

主要原因是构造、岩层倾角或局部

不均质影响；4)初始地应力中的铅

垂应力分量基本上等于上覆岩体

的自重，它随深度呈线性增长；5)

初始地应力的两个近水平应力分

量分布十分复杂，因地而异，且随

深度而变化；两个水平应力的平均值与铅垂应力的比值λ的统计规律可概括为侧应力系数(平均)与深度呈双曲线变化，越近地表平均水平应力相对高于铅垂应力；往下越相接近，一定深度之后变得小于铅垂应力。

进入到蠕变变形阶段，可将蠕变变形一般可分成三个阶段：(1)第一蠕变阶段(AB段),也称过渡蠕变阶*段,在这个阶段内,蠕变为向下弯曲的形状,也就是说曲线的斜率逐渐变小，若在这一阶段之中(曲线上某一点E)进行卸载，则应变沿着曲线EFG下降，最后应变为零、其中EF曲线为瞬时弹性应变之恢复曲线，而FG 曲线表示应变随时间逐渐恢复为零；(2)第二蠕变阶段(BC段), 也称稳定蠕变阶段，蠕变变形曲线近似一倾斜直线，即蠕变应变率保持常量，一直持续到C点。若在这一阶殷中进行卸载，则应变沿曲线HIJ逐渐恢复趋近于一渐近线，最后保留一定永久应变;(3)第三蠕变阶段(CD段),也称加速蠕变阶段，应变率由C点开始迅速增加，达到D点，岩石即发生破坏，这一阶段完成时间较短，严格地说，这一阶段可分为两个区间：即发育着延性变形但尚未引起破坏的阶段(CP段)和微裂隙剧烈发展导致变形剧增和引起破坏的阶段(PD 段)，它相当于褶皱形成后的断裂形成阶段。

5) 同一种岩石，其载荷值越大，在第二阶段持续的时间也就越短，第三阶段破坏出现也就越快。在载荷很大的情况下，几乎加载之后立即产生破坏。一般中等载荷，所有的三个蠕变变形阶段表现得十分明显。任何一个蠕变变形阶段的持续时间，都取决子岩石类型、载荷值及温度等因素。

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